CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………… I

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………… II

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-2

1.1 History of Speed cameras 1-2

CHAPTER 2 SPEED DETECTION CAMERAS 3-8

2.1 Categories of Speed cameras

2.1.1 Video image processors 3

2.1.2 Speed Camera using Radar system 3

2.1.3 Traffic Light Cameras 4

2.1.4 Infrared detectors 5

2.1.5 Inductive Loops 5

2.1.6 Ultrasonic detectors 6

2.1.7 Photoelectric 7

2.1.8 Spread spectrum wide band radar 7

2.1.9 Magnetic detectors 7

2.1.10 Acceleration detectors 8

CHAPTER 3 SPEED DETECTION WITH IMAGE PROCESSING 9-19

3.1 Need of Image Processing based Speed cameras 9

3.2 Working of Image Processing based Speed Cameras 10

3.2.1 Preprocessing 10

3.2.2 Moving Vehicle Detection 11-16

3.2.3 Feature Extraction 17

3.2.4 Vehicle Tracking 18

3.2.5 Speed Determination 18-19

CHAPTER 4 ALGORITHM 20

CHAPTER 5 ADVANTAGES 21

CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS 22

CHAPTER 7 FUTURE WORK AND CONCLUTIONS 23

REFERENCES 24