UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

REVIEW IN MACHINE DESIGN AND SHOP PRACTICES

TOPIC: SHAFTINGS

DEFINITION OF TERMS
o SHAFT – a rotating member, usually of circular section, used to transmit power or motion.
Its primary load is torsion
o AXLE – a non rotating member which carries no torque and is used to support wheels,
pulleys and the like. It is primarily loaded with bending.
o SPINDLE – a short shaft or axle

Terms such as LINESHAFT, HEADSHAFT, TRANSMISSION SHAFT, MACHINERY SHAFT,

COUNTERSHAFT AND FLEXIBLE SHAFT are names associated with special usage

Most machine design books generally use the term shaft to mean all of the above.

FORMULAS

o SOLID SHAFT HOLLOW SHAFT

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 Where:

d = Diameter of solid shaft (D, Ds)

d1 = inside diameter of hollow shaft (Di, d)

d2 = outside diameter of hollow shaft (Do, D)

SHAFT UNDER PURE TORSION

o MAXIMUM TORSIONAL STRESS
▪ SOLID SHAFT WHERE:
SS = MAXIMUM TORSIONAL
16𝑇 STRESS
𝑆𝑆 =
𝜋𝐷3 T = MAXIMUM TORQUE
▪ HOLLOW SHAFT D = OUTSIDE DIAMETER
d = INSIDE DIAMETER
16𝑇𝐷
𝑆𝑆 =
𝜋(𝐷4 − 𝑑 4 )
TORSIONAL DEFLECTION
o ANGLE OF TWIST
𝑇𝐿 WHERE:
𝜃= , 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝐽𝐺 SS = MAXIMUM TORSIONAL
STRESS
o POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA T = MAXIMUM TORQUE
D = OUTSIDE DIAMETER
𝜋
J= 32 𝐷4 , FOR SOLID SHAFT d = INSIDE DIAMETER

𝜋
J= 32 (𝐷4 − 𝑑 4 ), FOR SOLID SHAFT
SHAFT UNDER PURE BENDING
MAXIMUM FLEXURAL STRESS
o SOLID SHAFT WHERE:
32𝑀 Sf = MAXIMUM FLEXURAL STRESS
𝑆𝑓 = = 𝑆𝑑
𝜋𝐷3 M = MAXIMUM MOMENT
o HOLLOW SHAFT
D = OUTSIDE DIAMETER
32𝑀𝐷
𝑆𝑓 = = 𝑠𝑑 d = INSIDE DIAMETER
𝜋(𝐷4 − 𝑑 4 )
SHAFT DEFLECTION FOR SPECIAL CASES
o CASES A: CANTILEVER WITH LOAD P AT FREE END

𝑃𝐿3
𝛿 = 3𝐸𝐼

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 o CASE B: SIMPLY SUPPORTED WITH LOAD P AT MIDSPAN
𝑃𝐿3
𝛿 = 48𝐸𝐼
o CASE C: FIXED SUPPORT WITH LOAD P AT MIDSPAN

𝑃𝐿3
𝛿 = 192𝐸𝐼
CLASSIFICATION OF SHAFTS

o TRANSMISSION SHAFT – shaft that connects a prime mover to a machine

o Machinery shaft – shaft that is an integral part of a machine

NORMAL DESIGN STRESS

o Sd= 0.6 Sy WHERE:
o Sd= 0.36 SU Sd = DESIGN STRESS

SU =ULTIMATE STRESS
SHEAR DESIGN STRESS
o Ssd =0.3Sy Sd = YIELD STRESS
o Ssd = 0.18 SU
NOTE: WHICHEVER IS SMALLER: IF SHAFT HAS A KEY WAY, CONSIDER A STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR
OF 0.75

OTHER USEFUL EMPIRICAL FORMULAS

ASME FORMULAS

SHAFT DESIGN STRESSES (ANGLE OF TWIST)

o TRANSMISSION SHAFT:

▪ 𝜃 = 0.01 𝑖𝑛. IF L=20D

o MACHINERY SHAFT

▪ 𝜃 = 0.080 𝑡𝑜 10 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

SHAFT DESIGN STRESSES (TRANSVERSE DEFLECTION)

o TRANSMISSION SHAFT:

▪ 𝛿 = 0.01 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

o MACHINERY SHAFT

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 ▪ 𝛿 = 0.002 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
COMBINED STRESSES
o MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS

16
▪ 𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √(𝐾𝑆 𝑇)2 + (𝐾𝑚 𝑀)2 = 𝑆𝑑
𝜋𝐷3

o MAXIMUM NORMAL STRESS

16
▪ 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜋𝐷3 (𝐾𝑚 𝑀 + √(𝐾𝑆 𝑇 )2 + (𝐾𝑚 𝑀 )2 ) = 𝑆𝑑

NOTE: IF Km AND KS ARE NOT SPECIFIED, USE Km = KS = 1.0

TRANSMISSION SHAFTS FROM PSME CODE

POWER FORMULAS
o MAIN POWER TRANSMITTING SHAFT (MAIN SHAFT)

𝐷3 𝑁
▪ 𝑃= 80

o LINE SHAFTS CARRYING PULLEYS

𝐷3 𝑁
▪ 𝑃= 53.5

o SMALL, SHORT AND COUNTERSHAFT

𝐷3 𝑁
▪ 𝑃= 38
EMPIRICAL FORMULAS FROM MACHINERY HANDBOOK

REQUIRED SHAFT DIAMETER

o FOR ALLOWABLE ANGLE OF TWIST NOT EXCEEDING 0.08 0 PER FOOT OF LENGTH
4
▪ 𝐷 = 0.29 √𝑇
o FOR AN ALLOWABLE ANGLE OF TWIST NOT EXCEEDING 10 IN A LENGTH OF L=20D
3
▪ 𝐷 = 0.1 √𝑇
o FOR SHORT, SOLID SHAFT SUBJECTED ONLY TO HEAVY TRANSVERSE SHEAR
1.7𝑉
▪ 𝐷=√ 𝑆𝑆

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 SHAFT SUPPORTED LENGTH VS SHAFT DIAMETER
o NO BENDING ACTION EXCEPT KITS OWN WEIGHT
3
▪ 𝐿 = 8.95 √𝐷2

o SUBJECTED TO BENDING ACTION DUE TO PULLEYS

3
▪ 𝐿 = 5.2√𝐷2

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. The shear strength of a shaft not exceed 30 Mpa. The shaft is 100 mm. What is the
greatest torque that can be place on it?
2. A steel shaft 1.4375 inches in diameter transmits 40 hp at 1400 rpm. Assuming a modulus
of rigidity of 12 x 106 psi, find the torsional deflection of the shaft in degrees per foot in
length.
3. Find the torsional stress in MPa. If a 40 mm diameter shaft that transmits 20.53 kW at
600 rpm.
4. A round steel shaft transmits 50 kW and rotates at 150 rad/s. Find the angle twist for a 3
meters length shaft if allowable shearing stress of 40 MPa and G = 69 GPa.
5. Compute the polar section modulus of a solid shaft with a diameter of 101.6 mm.
6. A line shaft runs at 360 rpm. An 18” pulley on the same shaft is belt connected to a 12”
pulley on the countershaft. From a 15” pulley on the countershaft motion is transmitted
to the machine. Compute/check the required size of the pulley on the machine to give a
spindle speed of 660 rpm
7. A solid circular shaft is used to transmit 200 hp at 1000 rpm. If a hollow shaft is used
having an inside diameter equal to the diameter of the solid shaft determine what must
be the outside diameter of this shaft if the angular twist of the hollow and solid shaft is
to be equal? The allowable maximum shearing stress is 20,000 psi.
8. A 3“diameter short shaft carrying two pulleys close to the bearings transmit. How much
horse power if the shaft makes 280 rpm?
9. A solid cylindrical shaft 48.2 cm long is used for a transmission of mechanical power at
rate of 37 kW running at 1760 rpm. The Ss is 8.13 MPa. Calculate the diameter.
10. A steel shafting transmit 50 hp at 1400 rpm. If the allowable stress is 5000 psi. find the
shaft diameter.
11. Compute the twisting moment in in-lb developed when a shaft delivers 20 Hp at 1200
rpm.

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 12. A hollow shaft has an inner diameter of 0.035 m and outer diameter of 0.06 m. Determine
the polar moment of inertia of the hollow shaft. Compute for the torque if the shear stress
is not to exceed 120 MPa in Nm.
13. The shaft whose torque varies from 2000 to 6000 in-lb has 1 ½ in in diameter and 60000
psi yield strength. Compute for the shaft mean average stress
14. The torsional deformation of a SAE 1040 steel shaft is to 0.8 o in a length of ½ meter. The
shear stress is 69 Mpa. Compute the diameter of the shaft in millimeter. Steel modulus of
elasticity is 79,300 Mpa or N/mm2
15. The maximum bending moment of a beam simply supported at both ends and subject to
a total load W uniformly distributed over its length L is expressed by the formula.
16. The maximum moment induced in a simply supported beam of 20 foot span, by a 2,000
pound load at midspan is.
17. An axle 1m long is supported by bearing at its end. It carries a flywheel weighing 30 kN at
the center. If the allowable design flexural stress is not to exceed 60 Mpa, find the
diameter of the axle.
18. What is the limiting speed of a 63.42 mm diameter shaft transmitting 75 kW if the stress
is not to exceed 26 MPa
19. A 76 mm solid shaft is to be replaced by a hollow shaft of equal torsional strength.
Determine the percent saving in weight by using hollow shaft. The outside diameter of
the hollow shaft is 100mm.
20. Find the inside and outside diameter of the hollow shaft which will replace a 76 mm solid
shaft made of the same material. The hollow shaft should be strong in torsion but it
weighs only half as much as the solid per meter.
21. Compute for the diameter in inches of a SAE 1030 steel shaft to transmit 12 hp at 120 rpm
with torsional deflection limited to only about 0.08 deg / foot length as recommended.
22. A marine propeller shaft is to transmit 3700 kW at 126 rpm with out exceeding a torsional
stress of 42 MPa or twisting through more than 1 deg in a length of 20 diameters. The
modulus of rigidity is taken as 83 GPa. Find the required shaft diameter.
23. An SAE 1030 steel is used as a shaft in transmitting 200 hp at 600 rpm. Considering a shear
yield strength of 36 ksi and a design factor of 3, what shaft diameter is required?
24. A solid steel shaft, whose Sy= 300 MPa and Su= 400 Mpa is used to transmit 300 kW at 800
rpm. Determine its diameter.
25. A 2 inch diameter steel shaft with S y= 48 ksi and Su= 65 ksi, is used as a 2 feet long
cantilever that supports a load at its free end . Neglecting any torsional load, determine
the maximum value of F. consider a combined shock and fatigue factor of 1.5
26. Find the power, in watts, transmitted by a main shaft with a diameter of 65 mm and a
speed of 200 rpm.
27. What is the diameter of the line shaft that transmits 150 kw at 15 rps?
28. A 16ft steel line shaft has no bending load except its own weight. What power in Hp can
the shaft deliver at a speed of 200 rpm?

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 29. Determine the size of a horizontal section of a square bar, which is to be held firmly at
one end and to support a weight of 1600 kg at the other end, the bar is to be 1m long and
is to be made from steel with a yield strength of 500 MPa. Use a factor of safety of 3 and
a concentration factor of 1.3.
30. A small counter shaft, 1-1/2 inch in diameter, has an allowable stress of 8500 psi. find the
horsepower that can be safely delivered by the shaft at a speed of 15.7 rad/sec.
31. The shaft of a vertical turbo- generator set in a hydroelectric power plant has an outside
diameter of 305 mm and an inside diameter of 254 mm. the shaft transmit 5000 Hp at
750 rpm. The total weight of the shaft and the turbine runner is 54 metric tons. Determine
the maximum normal stress in the shaft.
32. The axle of a heavy duty tractor transmit 120 kW at 600 rpm. It acts as a cantilever
supporting a load of 280 N located 60 cm from the fixed end. The allowable normal stress
is 137 MPa and the allowable shear stress is 62 Mpa. If the axial load is negligible, find the
the axle diameter.
33. The shaft of a machine supported on bearing 6 feet apart is to transmit 250 Hp at 200
rpm, while subjected to a bending load of 1003.28 lb located at a distance of 2 ft from
one bearing. Allow a maximum shearing stress of shear stress of 6000 psi and maximum
bending stress of 12000 psi. Assume a combined shock and fatigue for bending of 1.5 and
a combined shock and fatigue factor for shear of 1.0. Determine the shaft size.

ANSWERS:
1. 5900 J 18. 550 rpm
2. 0.246 deg 19. 56.56%
3. 26 MPa 20. 74.35 mm, 91.74 mm
4. 5.7 deg 21. 2 -7/8 in, 2.6 in.
5. 205.9 cm3 22. 340.38 mm
6. 12.25 in 23. 2-1/8 in
7. 1.755 in 24. 65 mm
8. 199 Hp 25. 510 lb
9. 50 mm 26. 31,254 W
10. 1.32 in. 27. 58.1 mm
11. 1050 in-lb 28. 51.1 Hp
12. 1.125 x 10-6 m, 4500 N-m 29. 90.23 x 90.23 mm
13. 6036 psi 30. 13.40 Hp
14. 62.3 mm 31. 32.08 MPa
15. wL2/8 32. 54 mm
16. 10 000 ft-lb 33. 4.25 in.
17. 108.4 mm P.H.D., ME

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