9/8/2018

TOPIC 07
Network Model (Analysis)
Precedence Diagram

Prepared by:
Dr. Khaled Khodary & Dr. Wael Alattyih & Dr. Sunny Narayan

CONTENTS

 PRECEDENCE DIAGRAMMING.

 HAMMOCK ACTIVITY.

 MILESTONES.

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PRECEDENCE DIAGRAMMING

 An important extension to the original activity-on-node

concept which appeared around 1964.

 Precedence diagramming includes precedence

relationships among the activities. In Addition, one may
specify a “lag time” associated with any of the
precedence relationships, which can be used to
account for overlapping times among activities.

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Lag / Lead Times

 In many cases, there is a delay between the completion of one
activity and the start of another following or there is a need to
show that one activity will overlap another in some fashion.
 A successor "lags" a predecessor, but a predecessor "leads" a
successor.
 Lag time can be designated on a dependency line with a
positive, negative, or zero value.
 Limitations and Disadvantages of Lag:
 Lag would complicate the scheduling process.
 Lags are not extensively used except where the time effects
are substantial for special project type.
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Precedence Diagramming Relationships

1. Start-to-Start (SSij)
SSij is equal to the minimum number of time units that must be
complete on the preceding activity (i) prior to the start of the
successor (j). “Lag” is always applied to SS relation.
2. Finish-to-Finish (FFij)
FFij is equal to the minimum number of time units that must
remain to be completed on the successor (j) after the
completion of the predecessor (i).

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Precedence Diagramming Relationships

3. Finish-to-Start (FSij)
FSij is equal to the minimum number of time units that must
transpire from the completion of the predecessor (i) prior to the
start of the successor (j).
4. Start-to-Finish (SFij)
SFij is equal to the minimum number of time units that must
transpire from the start of the predecessor (i) to the completion
of the successor (j).

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Precedence Diagramming Relationships

5. Start-to-Start and Finish-to-Finish (ZZij):

ZZij is a combination of two constraints, i.e., a start-to-start and
finish-to-finish relationship. It is written with the SSij time units
first, followed by the FFij time units.

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Precedence Diagramming Computation

Forward Pass Computations

Initial Time
EFi + FSij
[1] ESj = Max. all i ESi + SSij
EFi + FFij – Dj
ESi + SFij - Dj

[2] EFj = ESj + Dj

Initial time is the starting time of the project

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Precedence Diagramming Computation

Backward Pass Computations

Terminal Time
LSj - FSij
LFj - FFij
[3] LFi = Min. all j
LSj - SSij + Di
LFj - SFij + Di

[4] LSi = LFi  Di

Terminal time is the end time of the project

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Start-to-Start example

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Finish-to-Finish example

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Finish-to-Start example

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Start-to-Finish example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example – Forward Path

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Example – Backward Path

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Example – Critical Path

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HAMMOCK ACTIVITY
 An activity that extends from one activity to
another, but which has no estimated duration of its
own.
 It is time-consuming and requires resources, but its
duration is controlled, not by its own nature, but by
the two activities between which it spans.

 Its ES and LS times are determined by the activity

where it begins and its EF and LF times are dictated
by the activity at its conclusion.

 Examples: Dewatering, Haul road maintenance

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MILESTONES

 Milestones are points in time that have been identified as

being important intermediate reference points during the
accomplishment of the work.
 Milestone events can include dates imposed by the
customer for the finishing of certain tasks as well as target
dates set by the project manager for the completion of
certain segments of the work.
 Distinctive geometric figure is preferred to represent a
milestone (circles, ovals, or other shapes) can be used.
 Any information pertaining to a milestone and considered
to be useful may be entered.
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