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A catalogue for endemic birds of Ethiopia

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ISSN 2348-5914
JOZS 2016; 3(4): 00-00
JOZS © 2016
Received: 19-07-2016
Accepted: 20-08-2016
Weldemariam Tesfahunegny
Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute,
Animal Biodiversity Directorate,
P.O. Box 30726, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia
Corresponding Author:
Weldemariam Tesfahunegny
Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute,
Animal Biodiversity Directorate,
P.O. Box 30726, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia
Vol. 3 No. 4 2016
The Journal of Zoology Studies 2016; 3(4): 00-00
A catalogue for endemic birds of Ethiopia
Author: Weldemariam Tesfahunegny
Abstract
In modern sense birds can be used to provide early warning of environmental problems. Tout of
the total 926 checklists, 24 endemic bird of Ethiopia explores the current status and distribution
with a brief description and information on habitat, distribution, habits and breeding.
Furthermore, threats and IUCN category are covered. Moreover, a complete list of all known
localities is added for each species. Ornithologists and conservation biologists need to develop
plans using an interdisciplinary approach on the quality, beautiful landscapes and iconic species
to ensure conservation activities address the diversity of biological and socio-economic issues
that face on 3E birds of Ethiopia. In reality, conservation issues are complex and highly context-
specific and this catalogue helps conservationst to impasses on endemic birds of Ethiopia.
Research has shown that species richness in overall biodiversity as vital for the health and
functioning of ecosystems, which provide services such as crop pollination; flood prevention,
carbon storage, fisheries, tourism, increased soil, air and water quality upon which Ethiopia
economy depends.
Keywords: Aves, Endangered, Endemics, Ethiopia, Iconic species, IUCN
1. Introduction
Ethiopia is the largest landlocked country in Africa with an area of 1.13 million km² of which
1.12 million km² are land that is located in the northeast of Africa between 03 0 40’ and 150 N
latitude and 330 and 480 E longitude. Ethiopia is one of the top 25 biodiversity-rich countries in
the world, and hosts two of the world’s 34 biodiversity hotspots, namely; the Eastern
Afromontane and the horn of Africa hotspots EBI [6]. The altitudinal difference with the highest
peak at Ras Dashen (4620 m above sea level) and the minimum 126 m below sea level in the
Afar depression is the main reason that makes Ethiopia as one of the very few countries that is
rich in biodiversity. Ethiopia is a country where major habitat block is contained within political
boundaries with high degree of endemicity quality of its beautiful landscapes and iconic species in
both fauna and flora. Often called the roof of Africa, this fasinatic country (471775 sq
mi/1221897 sq km) has two vast areas of mountain and plateau split by the rift valley and a
great vartiety of vegetation and endemic wildlife EBI [6].
There are over 10,000 various species of birds (class Aves), grouped to 29 Orders and 181
families currently inhabits the earth, across the world BLI [4] out of which, a staggering 1,313
(13%) are threatened under extinction. As the recent data by the IUCN states, around 197
species are considered critically endangered, and 389 are listed as endangered. The rest are
categorized under vulnerable BLI [3]. However, in Africa 2355 species, 245 globally threatened
with extinction.
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 The Journal of Zoology Studies
The wildlife biodiversity of Ethiopia supporting more
than 2970 species of animals and 7,000 of higher plant
species with 12% endemics, among the fauna 320 are
mammals with 36 endemics, 926 birds with 24
endemics, 1,249 arthropods with 11 endemics, 200 fish
with 40 endemics, 202 reptiles with 17 endemics and
73 amphibians with 30 endemics EBI [6]; Weldemariam
[9]
. Birds of Ethiopia (926), 24 species are endemic.
Today birds are the most successful of all terrestrial
vertebrates. Ethiopia has 320 (36) known endemic
species of mammals, 926 (23) birds, 240 (15) reptiles,
320 (36) amphibians and 150 (6) fish species. In Africa
it ranks the fourth, surpassed by Madagascar, Zaire,
Cameroon and South Africa WCMC [10], [11]; EBI [6];
Weldemariam [9].
Birds’ classification presents thumbnail sketches of the
34 orders (29 living, 5 fossil) and 185 bfamilies (150
living, 35 fossil) in to which scientists currently group
the some 9,600 known species (8,700 living, 900
fossil) of birds in the world. The economic benefits of
biodiversity are significant as well. Economists
estimate that humans derive trillions of dollars’ worth
of ecosystem services from viable populations of plant
and animal species, clean water and air, productive
soils, functioning wetlands, and recreational
opportunities. Globally, overexploitation is one of the
main threats driving birds towards extinction globally
BLI [3].
2. Endemic Species
An ‘Endemic Species’ is one that is only found in that
region and nowhere else in the world. As such they are
of conservation concern because they are not
widespread and may be confined to only one or two
protected areas. Although more endemic species of
birds have been added to the country but until now a
total of 24 endemic species of bird are registered
Weldemariam [9]. This list combines with the status of
IUCN and distribution of the species for serious
conservation concern IUCN and UNEP-WCMC
[7]
. The Catalogue of the endemic birds species in
Ethiopia is a monumental work published in this time.
Its aim was not only to document in our Museum bird
collection, but to discuss all then-known "species" of
living birds for best conservation purpose.
3. Wattled ibis (Bostrychia carunculata)
Wing 325-380 mm
3.1 Brief description: A dark ibis usually in flocks. In
flight, makes loud raucous "kowrr-kowrr-kowrr" calls,
audible over long distances. Shows a white patch on the
upper surface of the wing and a throat wattle. These two
features, plus a large size and no white line on cheek,
distinguish this ibis from the close relative Hadada
Ibis B. hagedash.
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Fig 1: Wattled ibis (Bostrychia carunculata)
The tendency to nest in colonies in cliffs rather than
alone in trees jointly with the territorial occupation by
female indicates that this species may be much more
like Bald Ibis Geronticus eremita than Bostrychia,
despite its physical appearance and different jizz.
Therefore, this species could be a link between
Bostrychia, as typified by Hadada, and Geronticus
Vivero Pol [8].
3.2 Voice: Have a Loud, raucous "haa-haa-haa-haa"
call.
3.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Nechisar
National Park, Mago NP, Awash NP, Abijata-Shalia
NP, Bale Mountains NP, Simien Mountains NP,
Yangudi Rassa NP, Kuni-Muktar, Debre Birham, Gosh
Meda, Wondo Genet, Gefferssa Reservoir, Tefki
wetland, Lake Awasa, Choke Mountain, Sululta Plains,
Ankober, Langano, Mount Zuquala, Lake Ashenge,
Hugumburda & Grat-Kahsu Forest. One noteworthy
place to see good flocks is the Slaughtering in Addis
Ababa city.
3.4 Habitat: They may occur all over Ethiopian
highlands at altitudes ranging from 1500 m to the
highest moorlands at 4100 m. It prefers meadows and
highland river courses. It is often found in rocky places
and cliffs and olive tree (Olea africana) and juniper
(Juniperus procera) mixed forests. It has also become
well adapted to anthropic landscapes and conditions;
during the rainy season it can be seen in the hotel
lawns of downtown Addis Ababa. The wattled ibis is
common to abundant Because of its loud, raucous
"haa-haa-haa-haa" call, the Wattled Ibis is easily
recognized even from some distance away. A flock of
these ibises rising or flying overhead becomes
especially noisy and obvious. In flight a white patch
shows on the upper surface of the ibis' wing, and at
close range its tliroat wattle is visible. These two
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 The Journal of Zoology Studies
diagnostic features distinguish the Wattled Ibis from
the closely related Hadada
Ibis (Bostrychiahagedavli), which also occurs in
Ethiopia.
3.5 Breeding habits: Usually nests in small to large
colonies on rocky cliffs, over bushes hanging in the
walls; although also reported to nest singly on top of
trees or ledges of buildings. Few colonies known above
3,000 m; and those in trees found only at lower
elevations (1,800-2,000 m) in Lake Awasa. In Bale
Mountains, there are nesting colonies of 500 and more.
The courtship and brooding behaviour has not yet been
described. Nest is a platform of branches and sticks,
lined with grass stems and strips of bark; sometimes
located to east for maximum exposure to sun in early
hours of day which are very cold at high altitudes.
Seems to breed along a broad period: March-July and
occasionally in December, during the dry season. Lays
two-three rough shelled and dirty white eggs.
3.6 Threats: No reduction in numbers nor any obvious
threat reported. Therefore, it is not considered to be of
conservation concern, since the population is rather
large.
3.7 Status: Least Concer (IUCN 3.1).
3.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed
include the protection of all over Ethiopian highlands
especially open habitat and forests. More information is
needed on this species' distribution, population status and
natural history. Population monitoring is also needed
in view of the recent status.
3.9 Distribution: The Wattled Ibis occurs throughout
the Ethiopian plateau from about 1500 meters (5000
feet) to the highest moorlands; it is most common
along highland river courses with rocky, cliff-like
edges but is found also in open country and ill olive,
juniper, podocarpus, hagenia, St. Johin'swort and giant
heath forests and occasionally in eucalyptus stands.
The ibis is gregarious, often flocking in groups of 50 to
100; rarely is it found alone. Small flocks of ibis can
often be seen in Addis Ababa, flying between the old
Palace and Trinity Cathedral grounds and in the area
surrounding the National Palace. The birds normally
roost on cliff-edges; in the early morning, they fly and
call noisily while following the river courses to their
feeding areas, which are usually in open country. With
their long downward-curved beaks they probe the
ground, searching for insects and other small
invertebrates.
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4. Blue-winged goose (Cyanochen cyanoptera)
Wing 325-376 mm
4.1 Brief description: A medium-size, thick-necked
goose, with brownish ash mantle and short legs; also
with pale blue wing-patch not particularly striking at
distance. In flight shows white underwing-coverts.
Sexes are alike, but female is slightly smaller.
Fig 2: Blue-winged goose (Cyanochen cyanoptera)
Stands and walks with the head almost resting on the
back and the feathers fluffed out round it. Cannot be
confused with any other duck in its restricted range.
Taxonomically treated as a sheld-goose with only very
distant relatives in Peru and Bolivia, the Andean Goose
Chloephaga melanoptera, which frequents similar
streamside leys. One of the rarest and most localised of
all geese (Vivero Pol, 2001) [8].
4.2 Voice: A rapidly repeated soft, barely audible
whistle, a "wnee-whu-whu-whu-whu-whu-whu-whu".
The blue-winged goose is a quiet species, but both
sexes may give a soft whistle; it does not honk or
cackle likes the true geese.
4.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Important
concentrations occur on the Sululta Plains area during
the rains and post-rain period, with up to 350 birds
seen in 1992. Gefersa Reservoir frequently holds year-
round populations of up to 200 individuals, as well as
in Web Valley marshes. In Hosaina, a concentration of
over 500 was recorded in 1994. Also in Ankober,
Debre Birhan, Bale Mountains NP, Mount Zuquala,
Fincha & Chomen swamps, Akaki Wetlands, Sentara
Plains, Wadla Delanta area, Jemmu Valley and several
mountains of Arsi Range (Chilalo, Kecha).
4.4 Habitat: The Blue-winged Goose inhabits plateau
marshes, streams and damp grasslands from about
1800 meters (6000 feet) upward. Pairs or small parties
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of three to five of these geese are common and easily
seen at high elevations in small stream valleys and in
pools and marshes in the moorlands where giant
lobelia, alchemilla and tussock grass predominate and
where they nest in March, April, June and September.
During the big rains of July, August and September
Blue-winged Geese flock in groups that may include
50 to 100 or more individuals which at this time
probably undergo molt, losing the flight feathers. In the
big rains the flocks also move to lower elevations of
the plateau: for example, in one day in August 165
Individuals were counted at Gafersa Reservoir, some
20 kilometers west of Addis Ababa.
4.5 Breeding habits: Pairs remain constantly together,
and are probably territorial. Nest is exclusively
constructed by female, lying four-nine cream-coloured
eggs between March-June and September-December. In
the wild, it breeds during the dry season. Incubation is
undertaken by female only; but both parents seen
defending young in captivity.
are useful marks for identifying the species. Another
characteristic habit of the goose can be observed during
pair formation when the male struts around the female,
his head bent over his back, and his bill pointed
skywards or even behind him, exposing his blue wing
patch and uttering a rapidly repeated soft, barely
audible whistle, a "wnee-whu-whu-whu-whu-whu-
whu-whu". Parties of this goose, like other geese,
station sentinels at the periphery of the flock. An
alarmed goose produces a soft "whew-whu-whu-wliu"
and, when forced into flight, a rather nasal bark, a
"penk, penk-penk", uttered at take-off but not in flight.
5. Harwood's francolin (Francolinus harwoodi)
Wing 180-190 m

4.6 Threats: The reason for the species' limited range

is clear, since it is a grazer on short grass and
permanent grassland of this kind is found practically
nowhere else in Africa. Not threatened by hunting as
not eaten for religious reasons. The population is
apparently stable, being estimated between 5,000-
15,000, and there has been no evidence of any changes
in distribution or decline in numbers. It is almost
certainly now under pressure from the rapidly
expanding human population and resulting degradation Fig 3: Harwood's francolin (Francolinus harwoodi)
of grasslands and increased levels of disturbance.
Agricultural intensification and droughts are also 5.1 Brief description: First discovered in 1898. Has a
distinctive U-shaped pattern on the black-and-white
possible threats. Important breeding areas in Bale
Mountains national park are protected. breast feathers. The female, not described until 1978, is
very similar to male. Forms a super species with F.
4.7 Status: This species is evaluated as bicalcaratus, F. clappertoni and F. icterorhynchus.
vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). It is threatened by habitat loss. Within its range may be confused with Erckel's
Formerly classified as a Near Threatened species on Francolin F. erckelii which is much larger, has black
face and yellow legs, whereas Hardwood's has red
the IUCN Red List, new research has shown it to be
rarer than it was believed. Consequently, it is up listed ones. Also with Clapperton's Francolin F. clappertoni
which has similar call, occurs in the same area and
to vulnerable status in 2008.
shares the red eye-patch of Hardwood's; but
Clapperton's has pure white throat and much heavier
4.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed
include the protection of all over Ethiopian open black underparts Vivero Pol [8]). Voice: Loud, raucous,
habitat in highlands (plateau marshes, streams and crowing koree in early morning. Hints Best-known
damp grasslands). More information is needed on this locality is bridge over Blue Nile in Jemma valley
(Ethiopia).
species distribution, population status and natural
history of the species. Population monitoring is also
5.2 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Extremely
needed in view of recent status.
restricted range, probably less than 10,000 km 2 in the
highlands of Ethiopia, in some gorges of Blue Nile,
4.9 Distribution: The goose has a peculiar habit,
whether standing or walking, of resting its neck on its notably the Jemmu valley. Reported in Aheafeg,
Bichana, Kalo Ford, Muger river, Gibe Gorge and
back. Indeed, this posture together with the
comparatively dull body color and bluish wing-patches Dembidollo.

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 The Journal of Zoology Studies
adjacent valleys and river catchments of North Showa
5.3 Habitat: Harwood's Francolin has been reported
from only three localities along about 160 kilometers
of valleys and gorges within the upper Blue Nile
system extending to the east and north of the Addis
Ababa-Debre Marcos-Dejen Bridge; this francolin is a
very poorly known Ethiopian endemic birds. It was
first recorded for science in 1898 at Ahiyafej, then
again in 1927 at Bichana, and in 1930 at Kalo Ford
along the banks of the Blue Nile "below Zemie". No
other record of this species has been published
although recent reports suggest that it is more widely
distributed than previously thought.
5.4 Breeding habits: Nest and eggs undescribed, with a
recorded 3 clutch-size, and possible breeding period
between December and February.
5.5 Threats: Because of the large number of people
who depend on the resources of its area, its habitat is
severely threatened, modified and degraded throughout
its range, what constitutes the main threat to its
survival. These Typha habitats are continuously
reduced to be transformed into crop fields, or to
provide material for hatching, mats and fencing; or is
simply cleared to reduce populations of crop pests,
particularly Quelea and rodents. Hunting for food,
since it seems to be considered as an excellent table
bird, as well as having medicinal values; collection of
eggs, habitat destruction, disturbance at breeding and
feeding sites can be considered as major causes of
declining, with natural enemies and lack of awareness
worsening the situation. Apart from this, the numbers
seem to be significant for such a restricted species.
5.6 Status: This species evaluated as
vulnerable (IUCN 3.1).
5.7 Conservation action: Additional actions needed
include the protection of the highlands of central
Ethiopia around the Abbay (Blue Nile) river and its
tributaries habitats from subsistence exploitation. More
information is needed on this species' distribution,
population status, natural history. Population
monitoring is also needed in view of recent declines.
Taxonomic research is needed to elucidate the the
identities of members of this very poorly known
Ethiopian endemic francolin.
5.8 Distribution: Francolinus harwoodi is restricted to
the highlands of central Ethiopia around the Abbay
(Blue Nile) river and its tributaries. According to local
reports its range extends northwards into Southern
Wello and north-west into Eastern Gojam
Administrative Zones. Research in 1996 found it
locally abundant in the Jemma and Jara valleys and the
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Zone, with an estimated maximum density of 92 birds
per km2 at Jemma valley. It is not known if birds move
between adjacent valleys but, if not, it is probable that
some subpopulations number more than 1,000
individuals (P. Robertson in litt. 1999). Surveys in
1998 found it at a number of new sites within its
known range. It is now believed to occupy a range of
200,000 km2 within the Abbay Basin, and is most
abundant in the high and middle courses of the river.
Interviews with local people suggest that the species
has declined.
6. Rouget's rail (Ralbus rougetii)
Wing 125-135 mm
Fig 4: Rouget's rail (Ralbus rougetii)
6.1 Brief description: A monotypic genus with a
unique taxonomic position among the rails, reflected in
its rather un-rail-like behaviour. May be easily
identified by the combination of unstreaked olive-
brown upperparts, cinnamon-rufous underparts and
upward tail and striking moving white undertail
coverts. All these feature distinguish the species from
all other African rails. Male and female are alike
Vivero Pol [8].
6.2 Voice: The loud, ringing, repeated ‘wreee-
creeeuw’ call of the Rouget’s rail is most often heard in
the morning and evening, and it also has a shrill,
piercing ‘dideet’ or ‘di-dii’ alarm call. It has two calls
which are useful in identification: one, a piercing alarm
note, a "dideet" or "a di-dii", and the other, a display
call, "wreeeee-creeuw-wreeeee-creeliw".
6.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Gefersa
reservoir, Awash river valley, Awi zone, Lake Tana,
Bale Mountains NP, Dessa'a Forest, Fincha & Chomen
swamps, Metu-Gore-Tepi Forest, Sululta Plains, Lake
Ashenge, Guasa, Debre Birhan, Arsi region, Addis
Ababa region and Sof Omar.
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6.4 Habitat: The Rouget's Rail is common on the
western and southeastern highlands, but its presence is
notas obvious as that of some other endemics. Once
one is able to recognize the bird's calls, one well
appreciates how common this rail is.
6.5 Breeding habits: Monogamous, apparently with a
permanent pair bond; and solitary nester. Permanent
territoriality. Pairs are formed in March and they nest
closely to other pairs. Nest is a pad or shallow cup of
dead rushes or grass placed on wet ground among
rushes or tussocks. Nests from April through October,
laying up to 8 white, ivory eggs per clutch. The
incubation is undertaken by both parents, and
immatures remain in the parental territory for a long
period after breeding.
6.6 Threats: The great increase in grazing pressure in
marshlands and along streams have so depleted the
vegetative cover that much of the habitat has become
unsuitable, even though it can survive in overgrazed,
disturbed wet pastures. This has a negative effect over
its populations. Moreover, many grassland habitats are
being ploughed up for cereal growing. Not molested by
local people, whose religion beliefs encourage the
protection of birds, but traditional beliefs are declining.
However, in 1996-97, still widespread and locally
common in highland wetlands and even in Addis
Ababa.
6.7 Status: This species is evaluated as near threatened
species on the IUCN Red List 2007.
6.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed
include the protection of open habitat in highlands,
montane grassland and moorland habitats from
subsistence exploitation. More information is needed
on this species' distribution, population status and
natural history.
6.9 Distribution: This Rail mainly lives at higher
elevations of up to 4,100 meters (13,500 feet) where it
inhabits small pockets of grass tussock and wet
hollows with plenty of cover; it is a characteristic bird
of the moorlands of Ethiopia. Rouget’s rail inhabits
marshy areas in montane grassland and moorland
where it is found in lush grass, reeds and bushes
besides pools and streams and in bogs, between 1,500
and 4,100 metres above sea level. It can also be found
on dry ground and in human-modified habitats such as
parks and gardens.
7. Spot-breasted plover (Vanellus melanocephalus)
Wing 234-240 mm
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Fig 5: Spot-breasted plover (Vanellus melanocephalus)
7.1 Brief description: A beautifully-marked, medium-
large plover with black crown and throat, small yellow
wattles in front of eye, short yellow legs, and
distinctive spotted breast. Inhabits different habitats
from other Lapwings, but likely to overlap with Black-
winged Lapwing V. melanopterus, with no wattles and
unspotted breast; and Spur-winged Lapwing V.
spinosus, with white face and black underparts. Sexes
are alike in plumage and probably also in size Vivero
Pol [8].
7.2 Voice: When calling, it produces a "kree-kree-kre-
krep-kreep-kreep", a "kueeeep-kueep" and the cry
"pewit-pewit".
7.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Bale
Mountains NP, Simien Mountains NP, Entoto Natural
Park, Choke Mountain, Guasa, Sululta Plains,
Ankober, Debre Birhan, Gosh Meda, Arsi Plateau and
Jemmu Valley.
7.4 Habitat: The Spot-breasted Plover is an endemic
usually found above 3050 meters (10,000 feet) in
marshy grasslands and moorlands with giant health,
giant lobelia and alchemilla and tussock grass in both
the western and southeastern highlands. Widely
distributed and locally common, the plover usually is
seen in pairs or in small parties or in the non-breeding
season in small flocks of up to 30-40 individuals. Its
behavior has been compared with that of the
Lapwing (Vanellusvanellus) of Europe; it is a relatively
tame, noisy bird with a swerving flight; on the ground
it makes short runs and sudden stops. It is
distinguished from other plovers by having fleshy
wattles in front of the eyes and by the breast spotted
with black. Hardly anything is known about this
plover. For example, the nest and eggs have only
recently been described; the nest a shallow scrape
within a patch of grass and moss in the giant lobelia
moorlands with small lakes, contained four eggs that
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were brownish-blue to smoke-grey and heavily marked
with black. The plover is known to breed in April in
the Bale Mountains and in August in Shoa Region.
Other aspects of its life history are unrecorded.
Although locally common, it is one of the least studied
plovers in the world.
7.5 Breeding habits: The first known nest was not
discovered until 1971, and was a shallow scrape in
patch of grass and moss in a moorland pool at high
altitude. Reported to breed in April (Bale Mountains
NP) and August in Shoa district.
7.6 Threats: Not threats recorded, but recently
reported to be evenly found at places where common
before, probably due to climatological changes.
7.7 Status: IUCN Red list concern species
7.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed
include the protection of marshy grasslands and
moorlands with giant health, giant lobelia, and
alchemilla and tussock grass in both the western and
southeastern open habitat in highlands from
subsistence exploitation. More information is needed
on this species' distribution, population status, natural
history.
7.9 Distribution: Widely distributedin the Bale
Mountains and Shoa region.
8. White-collared pigeon (Columba albitorques)
Wing 212-234 mm
28-31 cm; male 292 g, female 262 g. General colour
slate grey; primary coverts white, forming a patch on
spread wing; secondary wing-coverts with some black
chequering.
Fig 6: White-collared pigeon (Columba albitorques)
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8.1 Brief description: Uniform slaty sooty greyish
colour, with a sharply defined white collar patch and
white on wings in flight. Crown and hind neck are
darker grey in contrast to other body plumage. Folded
wings have irregular dark spots. The male and female
are alike in appearance. Despite its abundance in the
highlands and villages, where it is the dominant
pigeon, little else is known about its life history
Baptista et al., [2]; Vivero Pol [8].
8.2 Voice: Has a soft coo-oo, but rarely heard in wild
and probably largely silent.
8.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Addis
Ababa region, Sululta Plains, Ankober, Debre Zeit,
Lalibela, Shashemene, Gosh Meda, Bale Mountains
NP, Simien Mountains NP, Choke Mountain, Entoto
Natural Park, Lake Ashenge, Debre Birhan, North
Omo and Tissisat Falls. Flocks of 50-200 commonly
occurs in the centre of Addis Ababa.
8.4 Habitat: The White-collared Pigeon -
unmistakable with its uniform greyish color, white
collar patch and in flight, white on the wings is the
dominant pigeon on the plateau above 2,400 meters
(8,000 feet). It mainly inhabits rugged areas of the
western and southeastern highlands, especially cliffs
and escarpments, but it is also a common feature of
many plateau villages and towns where it lives in
association with churches and other large buildings. It
also frequents bridges on the highways and roads of the
plateau. A regular occurrence on the plateau in the
morning is the movement of White-collared Pigeons
from their roosting sites on the cliffs to grain fields
where they feed; occasionally a flock of several
hundred individuals may visit these fields. In the Bale
Mountains the pigeons roost at the higher elevations of
up to 3,800 (12,500 feet) in flocks and in meters the
morning fly to lower elevations to feed. In the Semien
Mountains they roost usually on the lower levels of the
cliffs at about 2100 meters (7,000 feet) and every
morning slowly spiral up to the tops of the cliffs at
3,200-4,400 meters (10,500-14,500 feet) before
moving inland to feed. In late afternoon they either
remain inland and roost in trees, or they return to the
cliffs where they hurtle themselves over the edge and,
passing within a few meters of the cliff-face, fly at very
high speeds to their roosting sites hundreds of feet
below.
8.5 Breeding habits: Solitary nester, monogamous.
Nest is like most pigeons' nests, made largely of grass
stalks and small sticks. Nest is sited mainly on
sheltered ledges of buildings, also inside buildings and
dark natural rock crevices and caves. Nests throughout
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the year on ledges, cliffs, bridges and houses. Lays two
creamy white eggs.
8.6 Threats: No threats identified.
8.7 Status: This species is evaluated as least concern;
not globally threatened. Restricted range, but within
this species is often abundant.
8.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed
include the protection of open habitat in highlands,
cliffs, escarpments, plateau villages and towns which
lives in association with churches and other large
buildings from subsistence disterbance. More
information is needed on this species' distribution,
population status, natural history.
8.9 Distribution: Highlands of Ethiopia. Despite this
pigeon's abundance and its occurrence in large areas of
the plateau, including cities like Addis Ababa little else is
known about its life history.
9. Yellow-fronted parrot (Poicephalus flavifrons)
Wing 160-188 mm
This bird has about 28 centimeters (11 in) long and is
mostly green with the upper parts being a darker green,
the tail being olive-brown, and the legs a dark grey-
brown.
Fig 7: Yellow-fronted parrot (Poicephalus flavifrons)
9.1 Brief description: A bright green parrot with
crown extensively yellow (olive in immature), eyes
orange red, bill with blackish upper mandible and
greyish white lower one. Sexes are alike. Within its
range, overlaps with Orange-bellied Parrot P.
rufiventris in Rift Valley and southeast, and with
Meyer's Parrot P. meyeri in the north; distinguished
from both by yellow on head. Besides the nominate
race, P. flavifrons aurantiiceps is dubiously considered
as well, differing from the former in having forehead,
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crown, cheeks and ear-coverts orange yellow. Found at
the Masango area and Gila river in West Wellega.
Clearly, further investigation and field work needs to
be done into this possible subspecies Vivero Pol [8].
9.2 Voice: They are most frequently spotted by
listening for their loud, squeaky calls and “unmusical
shrill whistles.”
9.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Arsi,
Hararghe, Akobo-Baro plains, Wondo Genet, Addis-
Ababa region (Menagesha Forest, Wuchacha
Mountain), Abijatta-Shala NP, Lake Langano, Adaba,
Zegea Peninsula (Lake Tana), Metu-Gore-Tepi Forest,
Hugumburda & Grat-Kahsu Forest, Lake Awasa, Bale
Mountains NP and Addis Ababa city, in the old airport
area and British Embassy compound.
9.4 Habitat: The Yellow-fronted Parrot occurs in
Ethiopia from approximately 600 to 3,350 meters
(2,000-1 1,000 feet) in the western and southeastern
highlands, the Rift Valley and the western lowlands in
forests and woodlands varying from St. John's wort and
hagenia to olive, podocarpus and juniper to fig and
acacia. It is an uncommon but regular visitor on the
Armed Force Hospital grounds near the old airport in
Addis Ababa. One's attention is usually first attracted
to the presence of this species by its loud squeaky calls
and unmusical shrill whistles. Typically, one then sees
the greenish parrots with yellowish heads in a small
flock of three to eight individuals, high up in a tree
where they are probably feeding. Their food is thought
to be fruit, including baobab if available, sorghum,
maize and seeds. Although this parrot is frequent to
locally common and widely distributed in the country,
little is known of its habits: the time of nesting is not
known: the nest and eggs are undescribed. In fact, this
parrot is so poorly known that practically any
information an observer discovers about it will be new
to science.
9.5 Breeding habits: Nest is a hole, reported in
Juniperus, with male and female alternatively feeding
the chickens.
9.6 Threats: Not considered neither rare nor
endangered, despite decrease in its range. Besides, it
may be threatened by illegal trade for cage birds, but the
Government of Ethiopia has highly restricted this trade,
if not banned.
9.7 Status: This species is evaluated as least
concern (IUCN 3.1).
9.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed
include the protection of forest and woodlands, western
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and southeastern highlands, the Rift Valley and the
western lowlands in forests and woodlands from
subsistence exploitation. More information is needed
on this species' distribution, population status, natural
history and the potential effects on its habits.
Population monitoring is also needed in view of recent
status. Research is needed to elucidate the time of
nesting, the identities of nest and eggs of this species.
9.9 Distribution: The yellow-fronted parrot occurs in the
western and southeastern Ethiopian highlands,
western lowland forests and woodlands and in the Rift
Valley from approximately 600 to 3,350 meters.
10. Black-winged lovebird (Agapornis taranta)
Wing 95-110 mm
The black-winged lovebird, with a length of about 16-
16.5 cm (6.25-6.5 inches), is the largest of all the
lovebirds.
Fig 8: Black-winged lovebird (Agapornis taranta)
10.1 Brief description: Green, with red face and bill,
green rump and blackish remiges, and feet black.
Female lacks the red forehead. Red-headed Lovebird
A. pullaria, which overlaps with Black-winged in
southwestern Ethiopia, differs in having a blue rump
and totally green remiges, and it inhabits only grossy
savannah Vivero Pol [8].
10.2 Voice: It has a shrill twittering call and, in flight, a
sharp whistle.
10.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Omo NP,
Abijatta-Shalia NP, Bale Mountains NP, Simien
Mountains NP, Awash NP, Addis Ababa region, Kuni-
Muktar, Lalibela, Wondo Genet, Debre Libanos, Lake
Tana, Entoto Natural Park, Koka Dam, Lake Ziway,
Hugumburda & Grat-Kahsu Forest, Lake Langano,
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Metu-Gore-Tepi Forest, Menagesha Forest, Mount
Zuquala and Lake Awasa.
10.4 Habitat: The Black-winged Lovebird is the
common, small green parrot of the Ethiopian plateau. It
is widely distributed from about 1,500-3,200m. (5,000-
10,500 feet) in the western and southeastern highlands
and in the Rift Valley in forests and woodlands of
hagenia, juniper, podocarpus, olive, acacia, candelabra
euphorbia, combretum and fig. It commonly visits
gardens, especially with seeding trees in Addis Ababa.
The lovebird flies in noisy flocks which number
usually five to ten individuals although as many as 50
to 80 individuals may be present. It flies swiftly and
makes sharp turns at high speeds; it moves its wings in
quick, short flaps, the black under the wings being
obvious then. Both sexes have a large bright red bill;
the male has a red forehead, the female and immature
do not.
10.5 Breeding habits: Its behaviour has extensively
been studied in captivity, but nothing under natural
conditions. Probably always monogamous, nesting
solitarily. The pair regularly stands as close together as
possible. Courtship is rather complex, with male
defending the nesting area. Territorial fights between
birds of same sex common in captivity. Nests in a
cavity in a tree trunk or limb lined with small pad of
vegetable material and feathers. Also uses holes in
walls, cliffs and perhaps weavers' nests. Nesting in
cliffs may be an adaptation to the increasingly tree-
impoverished landscape of Ethiopia. Lays five
rounded, white eggs (in captivity three-eight), with
laying dates between March and November, being not
clear whether linked to rains.
10.6 Threats: Numbers are increasing, possibly
benefiting from the reduction in pet trade along
roadsides, due to better enforcement of local laws
protecting the species. Nevertheless, this pet trade is
still seen in several places, mainly in the road between
Addis Ababa-Lake Langano.
10.7 Status: The black-winged lovebird is evaluated as
least concern on the IUCN Red List of threatened
species.
10.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed
include the protection of open habitat and forests, the
western and southeastern highlands in the Rift Valley
forests and woodlands from subsistence exploitation.
More information is needed on this species'
distribution, population status, natural history and the
potential effects on its habits. Population monitoring is
also needed in view of recent status. Research is
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needed to elucidate the time of nesting, the identities of egg: dull white with a very slight bluish tinge. It breeds
nest and eggs of this species. in September-October, and perhaps up to February,
unlike T. leucotis. One newly built nest has recently
10.9 Distribution: At higher altitudes are larger, but not been found between Bedre and Genale River, being
sub specifically recognized. much similar to Crow’s nest. Clutch-size is predicted as
two, as in all other congeners.
11. Prince ruspoli's turaco (Turaco ruspolii)
Wing 180-184 mm 11.6 Threats: Total population over 10,000
This frugivorous turaco measures around 40cm from individuals. Human activities represent the main threat
beak to tail, and weighs approximately 200-290g. for the species, with egg collection, wood cutting and
habitat alteration by growing man's presence in the
area as major ones. Nevertheless, T. ruspolii is a
common visitor near anthropized areas. Fires are
another considerable threat for its habitat, being
reported in March 1994.

11.7 Status: This turaco is considered to be an

endangered species and is included in the "Red Book"
of endangered animals of the world. However, recent
sightings in juniper forests and especially in dry water
courses which include figs, the rubiaceous tree,
Adina, and undergrowth of acacia and Teclea shrubs,
suggest that the species may be more common than
thought and evaluated as vulerable.

11.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed

Fig 9: Prince ruspoli's turaco (Turaco ruspolii)
include the protection of the juniper forests and
woodlands with dense evergreen undergrowth from
11.1 Brief description: First described in 1896.
subsistence exploitation. More information is needed
Presents a fresh green cheek, a red bill and a narrow
on this species' distribution, population status, natural
crimson lined above by a wattled eyelid nicely lobed.
history and the potential effects on its habits.
Similar to White-cheeked Turaco T. leucotis but has
Population monitoring is also needed in view of recent
the forehead and front part of crest greenish-grey,
status. Research is needed to elucidate the time of
followed by a tuft of red feathers on the nape; besides
nesting, the identities of nest and eggs of this species.
lacks white patch on side of the neck Vivero Pol [8].
11.9 Distribution: Its restricted range coupled with
11.2 Voice: Its call has been described as a low "chirr-
infrequent sightings has given the Ruspoli's Turaco a
clia" and short "te".
reputation for being close to the brink of extinction.
However, recent evidence suggests that the species is
11.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Found only in
not as uncommon as once thought, though its
Borena zone, in a few scattered localities around
distribution is very small. The Ruspoli inhabits many
Arero, next to Neghelli and close to Wadera: Arero
of the same areas as the White-cheeked Turaco (T.
Forest, Genale River, and Mankubsa-Welenso Forest.
leucotis), but remains distinct by reason of habitat and
Occurs in an area no larger than 8,000 km2, still
temporal segregation. Also present from 1250-1860m,
reasonably unfragmented.
Ruspoli's Turaco prefers acacia or conifer woodland
and is primarily frugivorous. The typical Ruspoli
11.4 Habitat: Prince Ruspoli's Turaco is known in the
measures around 40cm from beak to tail, and weighs
literature from two areas in southern Ethiopia in
approximately 200-290g. CITES II: Endangered, but
juniper forests with dense evergreen undergrowth: one
more numerous than once thought and evaluated as
is at Arero and the other 80 kilometers north of
vulerable. Its range is restricted and subject to
Neghelli: both localities are 1800 meters (6000 feet) in
deforestation and degradation.
elevation.
The Prince Ruspoli's Turaco or Touraco De Ruspoli is
11.5 Breeding habits: Not much has been reported on
listed amongst the fifty rarest birds of the world and is
breeding records or nesting activities. Just one note in
native Sidamo and Bale provinces of Ethiopia,
1996 describing what was presumed to be a ruspoli's
preferring subtropical or tropical dry forest habitats.

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 The Journal of Zoology Studies
This turaco is related to the white-cheeked turaco and
inhabits much of the same area. Its restricted range,
coupled with infrequent sightings, has given the
Ruspoli's Turaco a reputation for being close to the
brink of extinction. However, recent evidence suggests
that the species is not as uncommon as once thought,
though its distribution is very small.
12. Banded barbet (Lybiusun datus)
Wing 79-84 mm
Fig 10: Banded barbet (Lybiusun datus)
12.1 Brief description: One of the least known
barbets. Easily separated from all other barbets in its
range by black-and-white barred plumage. Sexes are
alike. Red patch on head recalls Red-fronted Barbet
Tricholaema diademata, but latter has streaked
upperparts and spotted white underparts, with no black
on throat. Four subspecies can be considered: a) L.
undatus leucogenys in southwestern and central
Ethiopia; like nominate race but yellower below and
rather narrower barring. This race is subject to partial
albinism in moustachial area, chin and throat (usually
black but often with white marks or patches from
centre of throat to sides of neck). Also to melanism,
with a wholly black specimen reported. b) L. undatus
undatus from northwestern to central Ethiopia, like
leucogenys but throat and hindneck to back black,
supercilium white behind eye, belly barred only
slightly and lacks white-marked throat of leucogenys.
c) L. undatus salvadori in southeastern Ethiopia, like
undatus but base of black throat patch breaking into
wedge-tips and white flecking at rear of supercilium
and on side of neck. d) L. undatus thiogaster in
northeastern Ethiopia, paler than others, underparts
streaked rather than barred, with strong white flecking
on hindneck and wings duller and browner Vivero Pol
[8]
. face.
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12.2 Voice: Its call notes are metallic and it produces
also a "gr-gr-grgrgr..." in rising tempo.
12.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Awash NP,
Abijatta-Shalia NP, Bale Mountains NP, Bahir Dar-
Lake Tana, Entoto Natural Park, Wondo Genet,
Lalibela, Jemmu River, Debre Libanos, Debre Zeit, Sof
Omar, Mount Zuquala, Metu-Gore-Tepi Forest,
Menagesha Forest, Bonga Forest and Lake Awassa.
12.4 Habitat: The little-known Banded Barbet is very
widely distributed throughout Ethiopia between 300
and 2400 meters (1000-8000 feet). Although the
numbers and abundance of this species have not been
determined, it seems to vary from being uncommon in
the North West and cast to locally common elsewhere
in the country, living singly or in pairs in trees near
water.
12.5 Breeding habit: It has been reported to nest in
holes in branches or stump, with a few feathers lining
bottom of cavity; mostly close to water. Some clues
point as breeding period between March and July. The
author recorded a nest in mid-April. Eggs undescribed.
12.6 Threats: No threats reported.
12.7 Status: This species is evaluated as least concern.
12.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed
include the protection of occupied forest and
woodland, thorn scrub, Acacia forest and fruiting trees
near water courses trees near water from subsistence
exploitation. More information is needed on this
species' distribution, population status, natural history
and the potential effects on its habits. Population
monitoring is also needed in view of recent status.
Research is needed to elucidate the time of nesting, the
identities of nest and eggs of this species.
12.9 Distribution: Widely distributed in the north west of
Ethiopia.
13. Golden-backed woodpecker (Dendropicos
abyssinicus)
Wing 89-99 mm
13.1 Brief description: Has a red patch on hindcrown
and nape, moustachial stripe, white throat; yellow to
golden back with rump and uppertail-coverts red.
Underparts white with blackish brown streaks, broadest
on breast. The crown and nape of the female are ash
brown, not bright red. The only confusing species in its
limited range with golden green back and bright red
rump is Grey Woodpecker D. goertae. Abyssinian is
smaller with streaked underparts and striped pattern on
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13.7 Status: This species is evaluated as least concern.

13.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed

include the protection of western and southeastern
highlands of forests, woodlands and savannas from
subsistence exploitation. More information is needed
on this species' distribution, population status, natural
history and the potential effects on its habits.
Population monitoring is also needed in view of recent
status. Research is needed to elucidate the time of
nesting, the identities of nest and eggs of this species.
13.9 Distribution: It occurs in western and
southeastern highlands in forests, woodlands and
Fig 11: Golden-backed woodpecker (Dendropicos savannas and seems to be more uncommon in the
abyssinicus) northern than in the southern parts of Ethiopia.
Also reported similar to some races of Cardinal 14. White-tailed swallow (Hirundo megaensis)
Woodpecker D. fuscescens, but the latter has distinct Wing 100-105 mm
and larger light spots on wing coverts Vivero Pol [8].

13.2 Voice: Has a characteristicrattling-whinnying call.

13.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Awash NP,

Bale Mountains NP, Simien Mountains NP, Awi zone,
Entoto Natural Park, Mount Zuquala, Metu-Gore-Tepi
Forest, Mugo Highlands, Menagesha Forest, Tiro
Boter-Becho Forest, Jemmu River, Debre Libanos and
Wondo Genet.

13.4 Habitat: The Golden-backed Wood pecker is a

very uncommon, not often seen endemic of the
Ethiopian highlands from about 1,500 to 2,400 meters
(5,000-8,000 feet), although it has been seen up to
approximately 3,200 meters (10,500 feet). It lives in Fig 12: White-tailed swallow (Hirundo megaensis)
western and southeastern highlands in forests,
woodlands and savannas and seems to be more 14.1 Brief description: First described in 1942. A
small blue and white swallow with an almost wholly
uncommon in the northern than in the southern parts of
the country. It has been reported to haunt especially white tail. The only other blue and white swallow in
the area is Ethiopian Swallow H. aethiopica, which is
candelabra euphorbias, junipers and figs. The male
Golden-backed Woodpecker has a green unbarred back larger and longer-tailed, with white in tail confined to
row of white spots, forehead chesnut, not pure white,
and bright red crown, nape, rump and upper tall
coverts. The crown and nape of the female are ash and incomplete blue breast-band. The White-tailed has
the greater part of the tail white, being very
brown, not bright red.
conspicuous in flight. The female has shorter outermost
tail feathers. It is related to the Pied-winged Swallow
13.5 Breeding habits: Reported breeding between
February-May, and in November. One newly pecked H. leucosoma of western Africa and Pearl-breasted
Swallow H. dimidiata of southern Africa Vivero Pol [8].
nest has been reported having one very small creamy
egg, in the trunk of Cordia africana between
14.2 Voice: The white-tailed swallow has a high-
Shashamene and Dodola.
pitched ‘twittering’ call (3).
13.6 Threats: As most of the forest bird species, it is
being severely affected by the progressive clearance 14.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Occupies
and ongoing depletion of forests and woodland patches an area of roughly 10,000 km2 in open country between
throughout the area. Its numbers have hence fallen in Mega and Yavello in Borena region. Frequent to
recent years. common on 60-km stretch of road between both

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localities. As for the other endemic bird of the area, the the Hirundinidae family. It is endemic to Ethiopia. Its
Ethiopian Bush-Crow, its restricted distribution has not natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-
been so far well explained, since apparently suitable altitude shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
habitat occurs elsewhere. Range - The white-tailed swallow is endemic to
Ethiopia and restricted to a range around the towns of
14.4 Habitat: The White-tailed Swallow was first Mega and Yabello in the south of the country.
introduced to science in 1942 when C. W. Bensoii
reported it in southern Ethiopia from Yabelo to Mega 15. Abyssinian long-claw (Macronyx flavicollis)
in short grass savana with small acacia thorn bush. This Wing 83-95 mm
endemic, related to the Pied-winged 15.1 Brief description: A small long-claw with yellow
Swallow (Hirundoleucosom a) of western Africa and throat, solid dark necklace, strongly patterned
the Pearl-breasted Swallow (H. diniidiata) of southern upperparts and more white in outer portion of tail than
Africa, is common but restricted to an area of about any except Sharpe's Longclaw M. sharpei.
4850 square kilometers (3000 square miles) between
1200 and 1350 meters (4000-4500 feet). This
restriction has baffled scientists because there is no
obvious explanation, particularly no natural barriers or
boundaries which mark off the area, for such a limited
distribution. In recent years there have been reports of
the swallow in the Addis Ababa area. Studies of this
species in the future may show that its distribution is
not as limited as thought.

14.5 Breeding habits: Recorded nesting in holes in tall

chimney-stack termitaria, common within its range.
Breeds in the main rainy season April-May, with nests
being found in early May on rafters inside traditional
houses in the Yavello area.

14.6 Threats: Although common within its range,

remains putatively at risk from any development of its
Fig 13: Abyssinian long-claw (Macronyx flavicollis)
habitat. No population estimate has been made, but
constant densities and slightly larger geographical
No other longclaw occurs within its range but,
ranges have recently been reported, although clearance
nevertheless, it is very similar both in appearance and
of bush and increase in grazing pressure were apparent.
behaviour to the Yellow-throated Long-claw M.
A 2,537 km2 Yavello Sanctuary was "set up" for this
croceus of other parts of Africa. Separated from pipits
species and the Ethiopian Bush-Crow in 1985, but has
by longclaw shape, colour of underparts, voice and
never been gazetted and involves no active
behaviour. Sexes are alike. Albinistic examples occur
management.
sometimes Vivero Pol [8].
14.7 Status: This species is evaluated as
15.2 Voice: It makes "a clear trilling little song from a
vulnerable (IUCN 3.1).
perch or on tile wine, and a piping call note".
14.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed
15.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Bale
include the protection of short grass open savana with
Mountains NP, Simien Mountains NP, Entoto Natural
small acacia thorn bush and subtropical or tropical
Park, Gefersa reservoir, Dilu Meda, Koffe Swamp,
high-altitude shrubland from subsistence exploitation.
Metu-Gore-Tepi Forest, Mugo Highlands, Sululta
More information is needed on this species'
Plains, Tiro Boter-Becho Forest, Ankober, Debre
distribution, population status, natural history and the
Birhan, Gosh Meda, Sof Omar and Addis Ababa area.
potential effects on its habits. Population monitoring is
also needed in view of recent status. Research is
15.4 Habitat: The Abyssinian Long-claw - very
needed to elucidate the time of nesting, the identities of
similar in both appearance and behavior to the Yellow-
nest and eggs of this species.
throated Long-claw (Macronyxcroceus) of other parts
of Africa is a common grassland bird of the western
14.9 Distribution: The white-tailed
and south eastern highlands except in the extreme north
swallow (Hirundomegaensis) is a species of bird in

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where it does not occur. Like other long-claws, this 16. White-winged cliff-chat (Myrmecocich
Ethiopian endemic inhabits grasslands and has lasemirufa)
plumage markings similar to those of meadowlarks of Wing 106-122 mm
North and South America (passerine birds that are not
related to long-claws). The Abyssinian Long-claw
occurs largely between 1,200 and 3,050 meters (4,000-
10,000 feet) but occasionally reaches the grassland
moorlands up to 4100 meters (13,500 feet); it is most
common between 1,800 and 2,750 meters (6,000-9,000
feet).

15.5 Breeding habits: Breeds in January-February

(dry season) and between June-August, during rains.
Nest is a cup of dry grass, lined with plant fibres,
rootlets and horsehair; either on the ground or up to 10
cm above it, in grass tuft. It has also once been found
nesting in crops. Lays two-four subelliptical to ovate,
glossy, pale greenish white eggs.
15.6 Threats: It was suggested that their numbers have
been reduced through an increase in cultivated land and a
consequent increase in grazing pressure elsewhere. It
was once considered widespread but at all of the nine
sites at which recorded during a survey in 1996 it was
described as uncommon.
15.7 Status: It is classified as Near Threatened on the
IUCN Red List
15.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed
include the protection of the open habitats, western and
southeastern Ethiopian highlands from subsistence
exploitation. More information is needed on this
species' distribution, population status, natural history
and the potential effects on its habits. Population
monitoring is also needed in view of recent status.
Research is needed to elucidate the time of nesting, the
identities of nest and eggs of this species.
15.9 Distribution: Although the Abyssinian longclaw
is a common grassland bird of the western and
southeastern Ethiopian highlands, it is classified as
Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List. It inhabits
areas between 1,200 and 3,050m, occasionally
reaching grass moorlands of up to 4,100m, but is most
common between 1,800 and 2,750m. It is most
frequently spotted sitting on a rock, mound of dirt,
small bush or fence either in a pair or alone. While
perched, the black “necklace” and saffron throat are
quite visible. The Abyssinian longclaw call is a clear
and thrilling song with a piping call note. They nest in
February and June through August and are considered
to be “tame and friendly” while breeding. The nest is
built on the ground in a cup shape and lined with grass.
Fig 14: White-winged cliff-chat (Myrmecocich
lasemirufa)
16.1 Brief description: A striking bird of the
highlands, male glossy black with orange belly and
undertail coverts and white patch at base of primaries,
shown conspicuously when wing folded as well as in
flight. Female brownish black, with fine orange-buff
bars on underparts, orange undertail coverts, and same
white patch in wing as male. Mocking Cliff-Chat M.
cinnamomeiventris occurs in same habitat and
altitudes, but males have white shoulders and no white
in primaries; and female has no white in wing at all
Vivero Pol [8].
16.2 Voice: It has a "modulated flute-like song".
16.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Bale
Mountains NP, Mago NP, Simien Mountains NP,
Yavello NP, Addis Ababa region, Entoto Natural Park,
Mount Zuquala, Lake Tana, Lalibela, Debre Libanos,
Jemma Valley gorges, Axum, Debre Birhan, Wondo
Genet, Adwa and Ankober.
16.4 Habitat: The White-winged Cliff-Chat is a bird
which is locally frequent too common in the highlands
of most of Ethiopia where it lives in gorges, on cliffs,
on scrubby mountain-sides and in open country among
rocks and grasslands. The Chat occurs usually above
2000 meters (6500 feet) and rarely below 1500 meters
(5000 feet). Its preferred habitat in the country varies.
For example, in Eritrea the White- winged Cliff-Chat
lives on rocks and in mountain gorges from 1800 to
2400 meters (6000-8000 feet). In the south in Sidamo it
occurs slightly lower between 1500 and 1800 meters
(5000-6000 feet) in hilly downland rather than rocky
country.

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 The Journal of Zoology Studies
16.5 Breeding habits: Nest is a compact construction
of grass stems and moss, lined with hair and feathers,
sited in a rock crevice or hole in stone wall. Lays three
glossy, white or greenish white eggs, covered with fine
pale rufous speckling. Nesting during the rains,
between June and August, although reported in
September as well. The species is sometimes
associated with human habitation, nesting in holes in
stone walls.
16.6 Threats: Since occurs around farms and
uncultivated areas, there is no reason to suspect that its
numbers or distribution have changed for the worse in
recent years.
16.7 Status: This species is evaluated as least concern.
16.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed
include the protection of the highlands in gorges, on
cliffs, on scrubby mountain-sides, in open country
among rocks and grasslands from subsistence
exploitation. More information is needed on this
species' distribution, population status, natural history
and the potential effects on its habits. Population
monitoring is also needed in view of recent status.
Research is needed to elucidate the time of nesting, the
identities of nest and eggs of this species.
16.9 Distribution: The white-winged cliff chat
(Thamnolaeasemirufa) is a species of bird in the
Muscicapidae family. It is found in rocky wooded
gorges, among boulders and in road cuttings within the
Ethiopian Highlands. Length 19-21 cm. The male has
a striking chestnut belly which the female lacks.
Juvenile is spotted buff above and below. Both sexes
show striking white secondary in flight. The white
patches in the primaries are diagnostic of this species.
17. Ruppell's chat (Myrmecocichla melaena)
Wing 85-94 mm
Fig 15: Ruppell's chat (Myrmecocichla melaena)
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17.1 Brief description: A rare and local species of the
arid western highlands, sometimes locally frequent. A
large wholly black chat, except for inner webs of
primaries and innermost secondaries which are white
and very conspicuous in flight. The short tail is very
characteristic. Larger than the White-fronted Black
Chat M. albifrons, the latter occurs at lower altitudes, is
more arboreal and male has white forehead. Sexes are
alike Vivero Pol [8].
17.2 Voice: Has basic song like a musical warbled
thrush like refrain.
17.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Simien
Mountains NP, Mugo Highlands, Ankober-Debre Sina
escarpment, Debre Libanos, Lalibela, Muger Falls and
Jemmu escarpment.
17.4 Habitat: Ruppell's Chat is uncommon to locally
frequent in the western highlands of Shoa, Gojjam,
Gonder, Wollo, Tigre and Eritrea regions. It has not
been recorded in the southeastern highlands or in the
southern portion of the western highlands. This chat,
living singly, in paris or In small parties, inhabits edges
and sides of cliffs and gorges and associated bare rock
above 1800 meters (6000 feet); it shows a distinct
preference for high elevations of the plateau around
waterfalls and wet rocks on the tops of precipitous
ravines and cliffs.
17.5 Breeding habits: Nests in cracks in cliff-faces,
being reported in June and December.
17.6 Threats: No threats recorded.
17.7 Status: This species is evaluated as least concern.
17.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed
include the protection of the high elevations of the
plateau around waterfalls and wet rocks on the tops of
precipitous ravines and cliffs from subsistence
exploitation. More information is needed on this
species' distribution, population status, natural history
and the potential effects on its habits. Population
monitoring is also needed in view of recent status.
Research is needed to elucidate the time of nesting, the
identities of nest and eggs of this species.
17.9 Distribution: The Ruppell's Chat is one of the
poorest known of all Ethiopian endemics and
uncommon to locally frequent in the western highlands
of Shoa, Gojjam, Gonder, Wollo and Tigray regions. It
has not been recorded in the southeastern highlands or
in the southern portion of the western highlands. This
Chat, living singly, in pairs or in small parties, inhabits
edges and sides of cliffs and gorges and associated bare
rock above 1800 meters (6000 feet); it shows a distinct
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preference for high elevations of the plateau around
waterfalls and wet rocks on the tops of precipitous
ravines and cliffs. The Ruppell's Chat is a wholly black
bird except for a white patch on the inner surface of the
wing (inner webs of the primaries and innermost
secondaries) which contrasts sharply with the black
when the bird flies. When sitting, the Chat has the habit
of flitting its tail high over its back. Its time of nesting
has not been definitely recorded although in December
a pair was once seen building a nest in a crack on a
cliff face in Eritrea. Details of the nest have not been
recorded nor have the eggs.
18. Abyssinian catbird (Parophasma galinieri)
Wing 83-91 mm
Fig 16: Abyssinian catbird (Parophasma galinieri)
18.1 Brief description: A taxonomically unique
species, the only member of its genus with unknown
affinities. It is currently grouped with the babblers, and
its shape, size and behaviour is intermediate between
babblers and illadopsises, but used to be considered a
flycatcher. Its melodious song further confuses its
taxonomic status, as it is a cry far from the noisy
cackling of other babblers. General colour sooty grey,
with black spot in front of the eye, forehead dirty
white, lower belly and undertail coverts chesnut. Sexes
are alike Vivero Pol [8].
18.2 Voice: Vigorously produces a long clear ringing
song/: the female answers with a churring or purring
note.
18.3 Geographic distribution/Localities: Bale
Mountains NP, Simien Mountains NP, Addis Ababa
region, Awi zone, Entoto Natural Park, Mount
Zuquala, Mugo Highlands, Menagesha Forest, Sululta
Plains, Hugumburda & Grat-Kahsu Forest. In Addis
Ababa town is easily seen in the British Embassy
compound.
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18.4 Habitat: The Abyssinian Catbird - one of the
finest, if not the finest singer of all the birds of Africa -
is frequent too common in the western and southern
highlands between 1800 and 3500 meters (600-11,500
feet) in giant heath, St. John's wort, highland bamboo,
juniper, podocarpus and olive forests. It lives singly, in
pairs or in parties up to eight often in thickets and vines
that fringe these forests. It is found as far north as the
Semien Mountains. The catbird is a resident garden
bird of plateau cities; for example, it is a regular
inhabitant in Addis Ababa in gardens with large trees,
for instance, embassies, hotels and many private
compounds.The Abyssinian cat bird, or juniper
babbler, (Parophasmagalinieri) is a species of bird in
the Sylviidae family. It is monotypic within the genus
Parophasma. It is endemic to Ethiopia. The catbird's
natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests.
18.5 Breeding habits: Probably breeding from
February to August. The nest is a small, thin, cup-like
structure of plant stems placed loosely in a tangle of
vines. The two eggs laid are pale flesh-coloured with a
few dark chestnut spots.
18.6 Threats: No threats reported. Seems to be
abundant where the habitat is not heavily damaged.
18.7 Status: This species is evaluated as least
concern (IUCN 3.1).
18.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed
include the protection of the subtropical or tropical dry
forests from subsistence exploitation. More
information is needed on this species' distribution,
population status, natural history and the potential
effects on its habits. Population monitoring is also
needed in view of recent status. Research is needed to
elucidate the time of nesting, the identities of nest and
eggs of this species.
18.9 Distribution: Perhaps the finest singer of all the
birds in Africa, the Abyssinian catbird is common in
the western and southern highlands between 1,800m to
3,500m. It lives either alone, in pairs or in groups of up
to eight individuals in dense thickets that surround
forests. They are territorial, nesting from February to
July. Their nests are made of plant stems constructed
around vines, each containing two flesh coloured eggs
with dark brown spots. They feed on juniper berries.
During the rainy season, the male and female sing
duets frequently. The male stretches out his neck while
holding his wings out at the bend, producing a long,
clear, ringing sound while the female responds with a
purring note. It is believed that the Abyssinian catbird
is in fact a babbler, whose closest relatives may be the
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bush blackcap also known as the bush babbler of
eastern South Africa.
19. White-backed black tit (Parus leuconotus)
Wing 71-81 mm
19.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed
include the protection of the woodlands, thickets and
forests in the western and southeastern highlands from
subsistence exploitation. More information is needed
on this species' distribution, population status, natural
history and the potential effects on its habits.
Population monitoring is also needed in view of recent
status. Research is needed to elucidate the time of
nesting, the identities of nest and eggs of this species.

19.9 Distribution: The white-backed black tit

(Parusleuconotus), also known as the white-backed tit, is
a species of bird in the Paridae family. It is found in
Eritrea and Ethiopia. Its natural habitat is boreal
forests. Principally in highland Hagenia forests, also
mixed podocarp-juniper-olive (Podocarpus).

20. Yellow-throated seed-eater (Serinus flavigula)

Wing 64-70 mm
Fig 17: White-backed black tit (Parus leuconotus)

19.1 Brief description: Adult male glossy blue black,

including wings and tail, with mantle buffish white.
Female is duller than male.

19.2 Voice: Calls include buzzing “bee-bzz-bzz”, dry

“tchu-chu-chu” like that of a sparrow (Passer).

19.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Bale

Mountains NP, Simien Mountains NP, Kuni Muktar,
Addis Ababa region, Entoto Natural Park, Mount
Zuquala, Bahir Dar-Lake Tana, Debre Libanos and
Washa river.

19.4 Habitat: The White-backed Black Tit, wholly

Fig 18: Yellow-throated seed-eater (Serinus flavigula)
black with a whitish mantle, is found in woodlands,
thickets and forests in the western and southeastern
20.1 Brief description: It belongs to the difficult and
highlands from 1800-3500 meters (6000-11,500 feet).
varied group of yellow-rumped serins of Ethiopia and
It is locally frequent to occasionally common except in
it is the second taxonomically dubious species of this
Eritrea, where it is uncommon. One usually notices
book, since it barely appears as independent species,
first its typical tit-like call, it is seen in small parties or
Serinus xanthopygius. During the 19th century and the
in pairs, in trees or bushes especially along small
first half of 20th, it was alternatively considered as a
stream valleys in the wooded areas high up on the
subspecies or as a species as a such. Thus it was called
plateau. Its habits have not been recorded. It may nest
as S. atrogularis xanthopygius Ruppell, S. reichenowi
in January; its nest and eggs are not described. It is
Salvadori, S. atrogularis reichenowi Salvadori, and
indeed little known.
finally named with the scientific name of S.
xanthopygius Ruppell. No much recent information is
19.5 Breeding habits: Possibly in January.
reported on the species in the most authoritative
references. For instance, Clement et al. [8] merely
19.6 Threats: No obvious changes in its distribution or
consider it as a subspecies of Yellow-rumped
status due to habitat destruction have been reported.
Seedeater Serinus atrogularis. And other authors
subordinate it to Reichenow's Serin S. reichenowi. A
19.7 Status: This species is evaluated as least
small yellow-rumped serin, greyer than S. atrogularis,
concern (IUCN 3.1).
that generally lacks any streaks on underparts with chin
and throat off-white. S. reichenowi is browner, with a

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pale forehead and supercilium and brown spots on
breast Vivero Pol [8].
20.2 Voice: The voice of the bird is a jumbled chirpy
song and its call is canary like zeee-zsreee.
20.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Only
known from three century-old specimens, most recent
dating from 1886, taken in one small area of 30 km 2 at
the foot of the eastern escarpment near Ankober, Shoa
province, namely Kolla di Aigaber, Ambokarra and
Malca-Ghebdu. Rediscovered within this range in
March 1989, when at least seven birds were found in
Aliyu Amba-Dulecha, in the Melka Jebdu River 1,390
m.
20.4 Habitat: The Yellow-throated Seed-eater is
known from a few isolated areas in acacia-grass
savanna in southern and southeastern Ethiopia. It is a
species of questionable taxonomic status since it may
be a hybrid between the Yellow-rumped Seed-eater (S.
atrogularis) and the White-bellied Canary (S.
dorostritus). It has a grey back and is similar in size to
the Yellow-rumped Seed-eater but has streaks on the
back and a long tail like the White-bellied Canary.
Further evidence for considering the Yellow-throated
Seed-eater a hybrid is that it is known only from
localities where both the Yellow-rumped Seed-eater
and the White-bellied Canary would be expected to
occur as well.
20.5 Breeding habits: One nest has been reported on the
rim of Fantalle crater in Awash NP on September 1999.
It was a very tiny nest on the top of a small Acacia,
with two white eggs having blue spots. This is the first
nesting record for the species.
20.6 Threats: None is known, except that the range is
likely to be very restricted and, apparently, it is
uncommon within its known range.
20.7 Status: This species is evaluated as
endangered (IUCN 3.1).
20.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed
include the protection of the acacia-grass savanna in
southern and southeastern from subsistence
exploitation. More information is needed on this
species' distribution, population status, natural history
and the potential effects on its habits. Population
monitoring is also needed in view of recent status.
Research is needed to elucidate the time of nesting, the
identities of nest and eggs of this species.
20.9 Distribution: The yellow-throated seedeater
(Crithagraflavigula) is a species of finch in the
Fringillidae family. It is found only in Ethiopia. Its
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natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry
shrubland and subtropical or tropical dry lowland
grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss. The voice of
the bird is a jumbled chirpy song and its call is canary
like zeee-zsreee. The bird favors semi-desert areas with
thick patches of scrub on rocky hill sides, scattered
trees in savannah type areas. It also prefers highlands
rather than low lands. The yellow-throated seedeater
was formerly placed in the genus Serinus but
phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear
DNA sequences found that the genus was polyphyletic.
The genus was therefore split and a number of species
including the yellow-throated seedeater were moved to
the resurrected genus Crithagra.
21. Black-headed siskin (Serinus nigriceps)
Wing 74-80 mm
Fig 19: lack-headed siskin (Serinus nigriceps)
21.1 Brief description: A distinctive and abundant
finch of the highlands of Ethiopia, first described in
1840. Sexes differ. Male has an all-black head and dull
green upperparts, with bright yellow scapulars
contrasting with dark wings in breeding plumage.
Females are similar but duller, the head dark grey and
they lack bright yellow scapulars. At all ages black on
the head easily separates it from Yellow-crowned
Canary S. canicollis, found in similar habitat; and male
African Citril S. citrinelloides has black restricted to
face only Vivero Pol [8].
21.2 Voice: Has very musical, constant metallic twitter
interspersed randomly with chipped notes.
21.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Bale
Mountains NP, Simien Mountains NP, Choke
Mountain, Entoto Natural Park, Lake Ashenge, Mugo
Highlands, Dessa'a Forest, Sululta Plains, Ankober,
Gefersa reservoir, Gosh Meda and Debre Birhan.
21.4 Habitat: The Black-headed Siskin is common to
locally abundant in tile western and southeastern
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highlands from 1800-4100 meters (6000-13,500 feet).

Almost always in flocks, this little-known finch
inhabits moorlands with giant lobelia, alchemilla,
tussock grass and giant heath, highland grasslands and
the open areas of montane forests, especially St. John's
wort and hagenia. Flocks are regularly seen alongside
the road to Gefersa Reservoir west of Addis Ababa.
The male Black-headed Siskin is the only yellow finch
with a black head in the highlands of Ethiopia. The
female is similar but her head and neck are dull olive
green with some black present oil the top and sides of
head, chin and throat.

21.5 Breeding habits: Breeds in the higher levels of the

plateau at any month following heavy rains. Nest
reported in low shrubby growth less than one-metre-
high, but also seen in medium trees. The nest is a well-
made deep cup-like structure fitted with moss, lichens,
stems and small roots. The eggs, two-three, are bluish-
white with few brown spots.
21.6 Threats: Although still common and widespread in
highland areas, changes in farming practices have
possibly affected this species adversely.
21.7 Status: This species is evaluated as least concern.
21.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed
include the protection of the subtropical or tropical
high-altitude grasslands from subsistence exploitation.
More information is needed on this species'
distribution, population status, natural history and the
potential effects on its habits. Population monitoring is
also needed in view of recent status. Research is
needed to elucidate the time of nesting, the identities of
nest and eggs of this species.
21.9 Distribution: The black-headed siskin is a species
of finch found only in subtropical or tropical high-
altitude grasslands above 2,000 meters. Flocks of 50 to
100 birds can be seen. Black-headed siskins nest in low
bushes or in hanging boughs in a well-made nest
composed of roots and stems with a finer lining. They
lay two to three eggs that are bluish white in colour
with a few brown spots. They breed in May and June
and again in September and October. The black-headed
siskin (Spinusnotata) is a species of finch in the
Fringillidae family.
22. White-billed starling (Onychognathus
albirostris)
Wing 151-165 mm
Fig 20: White-billed starling (Onychognathus
albirostris)
22.1 Brief description: A glossy, blue-black starling,
with darker crown in male and greyish in female; edges
of the wings chestnut, when stretched and in flight the
chestnut gets broader and very distinct. Bill is longer,
slightly decurved and very white. Its squared tail and
white bill distinguish this species from other red-
wing/chesnut-wing starlings Onychognathus spp
Vivero Pol [8].
22.2 Voice: Its call is "loud and monotonous".
22.3 Geographic Distribution/ Localities: Debre
Sina, Awash NP, Simien Mountains NP, Entoto
Natural Park, Lake Ashenge, Mount Zuquala, Addis
Ababa region, Lalibela, Debre Libanos, Mekelle and
Jemmu valley.
22.4 Habitat: The White-billed Starling is frequent to
locally abundant in the western and southeastern
highlands, being most common in the north. Widely
distributed in the country, it usually lives in association
with cliffs and gorges near waterfalls. It also inhabits
moorlands with giant lobelia, alchemilla, tussock grass
and giant heath and highland grasslands: it rarely
travels below 1800 meters (6000 feet).
22.5 Breeding habits: It nests in June in Eritrea in
crannies high up on sheer cliffs, sometimes in
association with White-collared Pigeon Columba
albitorques. Seen throwing out White-collared Pigeon's
eggs, so as to use its nest. Also reported nesting in
buildings in Ankober, in October. Close to Lalibela, in
Neacute Leab church they regularly nest in groups.
22.6 Threats: No threats have been recorded.

22.7 Status: This species is evaluated as least concern.

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22.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed
include the protection of rocky habitats the western and
southeastern highlands lives in association with cliffs
and gorges from subsistence exploitation. More
information is needed on this species' distribution,
population status, natural history and the potential
effects on its habits. Population monitoring is also
needed in view of recent status. Research is needed to
elucidate the time of nesting, the identities of nest and
eggs of this species.
22.9 Distribution: This species has a very large range,
and hence does not approach the thresholds for
Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of
Occurrence <20,000 km2 combined with a declining or
fluctuating range size, habitat extent/quality, or
population size and a small number of locations or
severe fragmentation). The population trend appears to
be stable, and hence the species does not approach the
thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend
criterion (>30% decline over ten years or three
generations). The population size has not been
quantified, but it is not believed to approach the
thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size
criterion (<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing
decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three
generations, or with a specified population structure).
For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least
Concern.
23. Black headed forest oriole (Oriolus monacha)
Wing 128-145 mm
Fig 21: Black headed forest oriole (Oriolus monacha)
23.2 Brief description: Head and neck black, rest of
upperparts olivaceous golden yellow; wings black with
grey edges to flight feathers, coverts of inner primaries
edged with grey; broad white tips to primary coverts;
rest of underparts golden yellow; dull red bill. Sexes
are alike. The distinction with the other species of
Black-headed Oriole O. larvatus is not very marked,
and field notes are unreliable in the northern areas of
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their range whose range overlaps. Two subspecies are
distinguished, O. monacha monacha present from
Eritrea as far south as Shoa. And O. monacha meneliki,
that differs from the nominate race in having a certain
amount of black in the tail, and ranges from northern to
south-western Ethiopia, not present in Eritrea. This
subspecies intergrades with the nominate race between
Lake Tana and Shoa area Vivero Pol [8].
23.3 Voice: It has three calls: a rich and loud "li", a
harsh "skaa-skaa" and three or four liquid whistling
notes slurred together/ Song “wocheelywo”,
“cheelowah”, kocheelo”, “wokachilly”.
23.4 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Abijatta-
Shalia NP, Bale Mountains NP, Mago NP, Simien
Mountains NP (Harena Forest), Entoto Natural Park,
Fincha & Chomen swamps, Menagesha Forest, Lake
Awasa, Wondo Genet, Debre Libanos and Gonder.
23.5 Habitat: The distribution, numbers, time of
nesting and life history of the Black-headed Forest
Oriole are not clearly understood because of the
difficulty of distinguishing it from the Black-headed
Oriole (Orioluslarvatus). The two are separable by the
color of parts of wings feathers, features that are not
easy to see in the field. In the field the two species are
partially separable by habitats, the haunts of each
differing somewhat. The Black-headed Forest Oriole
inhabits evergreen forest (olive, podocarpus) and
juniper woods of the highlands; it is absent in lowland
dry acacia thorn scrub country. The Black-headed
Oriole lives in the lowland dry acacia thorn scrub
country and the juniper woods of the highlands; it does
not inhabit the highland evergreen forest. The Black-
headed Forest Oriole occurs in the western and
southeastern highlands, the Rift Valley and southern
Ethiopia from about 1200-3200 meters (4000-10,500
feet). It is frequent in the north, common to abundant in
the south. It breeds in August and possibly July. It has
three calls: a rich and loud "li", a harsh "skaa-skaa" and
three or four liquid whistling notes slurred together.
The nest, eggs and other aspect of its life history have
not been described.
23.6 Breeding habits: Breeds in February and July-
August. No records on nest nor eggs.
23.7 Threats: No threats reported, but since inhabits
mixed forests and woodlands it will definitely
experience habitat reduction, due to the increasing
depletion of forests in the country.
23.8 Status: This species is evaluated as least
concern (IUCN 3.1).
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23.9 Conservation action: Additional actions needed
include the protection of the forests throughout the
highlands, the lowland dry acacia thorn scrub country
and the juniper woods of the highlands from
subsistence exploitation. More information is needed
on this species' distribution, population status, natural
history and the potential effects on its habits.
Population monitoring is also needed in view of recent
status. Research is needed to elucidate the time of
nesting, the identities of nest and eggs of this species.
23.10 Distribution: Damp highland forests, mostly
between 950 m and 2000 m, e.g. gallery woodland,
evergreen forests. It inhabits dry tropical forests,
especially acacia and broad-leaved woodlands, and
dense shrubland areas, where it is more often heard
than seen despite the brightness of its plumage. The
voice is a liquid-sounding warble, accompanied by
imitations and whistles. It forages in the canopy,
feeding on small fruit as well as large insects. The
young are fed mostly with caterpillars.
24. Stresemann's bush-crow (Zavattariornis
stresemanni)
Wing 137-150 mm
Fig 22: Stresemann's bush-crow (Zavattariornis
stresemanni)
24.1 Brief description: The Bush-Crow looks
somewhat like a starling, its nest is starling-like,
associates with starlings but several features as the
curved bill and the cobalt-blue bare area around the
eyes definitely assign it to the Corvidae family,
probably related to choughs. It is creamy, off-white in
the upper- and underparts, with a very broad black
stripe crossing the wing (primaries, secondaries and
wing coverts). Black tail and bill. First reported to
science in 1938. This species is quite remarkable both
for its habits (possibly a cooperative breeder) and for
its uncertain affinities (probably a crow, possibly a
starling), what has generated considerable debate
(Vivero Pol, 2001) [8].
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24.2 Voice: The only reported call of the bush-crow is a
high pitched "chek".
24.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Confined to
6,000 km2 around Yavello, Mega and Arero, in the
Borana zone. Could easily suffer from habitat
alteration. No population estimate has been made, but
brief surveys in 1989 and 1990 suggested densities had
remained constant through the 1980s. Frequent in this
restricted area, especially around Yavello.
24.4 Habitat: Stresemann's Bush-Crow - reported to
science for the first time in 1938 - is a frequent to
common bird in a restricted area of about 2400 square
kilometers (1500 sq. miles) around Yabelo, Mega and
Arero in southern Ethiopia. This species' distribution to
the north and south is limited probably by elevation
and consequent change in habitat: in the north the land
be- comes higher and mountainous, in the south, lower
and more open. The areas to the east and west of its
present distribution are of similar elevation and include
park-land acacia country of the type that it is found in;
yet the bush-crow does not occur in either area. This
phenomenon has fascinated scientists ever since the
species was discovered.
24.5 Breeding habits: A gregarious species, moving in
small flocks 10-30, but nesting in pairs not in colonies.
Builds a globular nest in February-March, on Acacia
trees; though has also been recorded in May-June, and
hence birds may be double brooded. The structure is
about 60 cm diameter with a top entrance through a
tunnel and whose floor is lined with dung and dry
grass. Clutch size is up to six. Normal for three birds to
attend the nest, what may be interpreted as a
cooperative breeding behaviour. Lays up to six eggs,
smooth, glossy and cream coloured.
24.6 Threats: The threats affecting its survival are
destruction of bird's habitat, removal of trees from the
area for charcoal making and firewood; increased
agricultural activities, fires and urbanisation.
Regarding the latter, Bush-Crows seem to well
associate with human settlements. Although land use
changes have taken place in recent years, including
local bush clearing and tree felling, the species seems
to be doing well. The Yavello Sanctuary was set up in
1985 with the primary objective of conserving the
Bush-Crow and the White-tailed Swallow, which
occupies the same area. But this sanctuary involves so
far no active management. The anomalous record of
the species from near Lake Tana has not been
confirmed since.
24.7 Status: This species is evaluated as endangered.
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24.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed
include the protection of the open savanna covered
with mature acacia and Commiphora thornbushes from
subsistence exploitation. More information is needed
on this species' distribution, population status, natural
history and the potential effects on its habits.
Population monitoring is also needed in view of recent
status. Research is needed to elucidate the time of
nesting, the identities of nest and eggs of this species.
24.9 Distribution: This species is endemic to central-
southern Ethiopia. It lives in a small area
circumscribed by the towns of Yabelo, Mega, and
Arero in Sidamo Province.Its total range covers about
2,400 square kilometers (930 sq mi).The Stresemann's
bushcrow lives in flat savanna covered with mature
acacia and Commiphora thornbushes. The bird prefers
open short-grass savannas with scattered stands of
these mature thornbushes. The soil must be deep and
rich to support the bushcrow. It is most numerous when
these stands are next to agricultural fields. For many
years it was unknown why the species could be
completely absent from areas of suitable habitat near
seemingly identical but inhabited land. However recent
research has revealed that the bird appears to inhabit an
area with a very precise average temperature extreme,
all of the seemingly suitable but uninhabited
surrounding land actually has a slightly higher average
temperature that appears to prevent the birds from
successfully colonising. It is also not found near the
scattered broadleaf woodland made up of Combretum
and Terminalia. Its habitat is between 1,300 and 1,800
meters (4,300 and 5,900 ft) above sea level.
25. Thick-billed raven (Corvus crassirostris)
Wing 427-472 mm
Fig 23: Thick-billed raven (Corvus crassirostris)
25.1 Brief description: One of the largest of all
corvids, closely-related to the White-necked Raven C.
ruficollis, but isolated from it in the Ethiopian
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highlands where their ranges do not overlap. Differs
from the latter in having a considerably longer, wedge-
shaped tail, an even larger, more massive, swollen-
arched bill and the large white nape patch on upper
nape, rather than lower nape as in White-necked.
Range overlaps with Fan-tailed Raven and Pied Crow
but neither likely to be confused. Sexes are alike
Vivero Pol [8].
25.2 Voice: Their typical call note, however, is a
throaty "phlurk-phlurk" which has been described also
as harsh and guttural or as a croak, which sounds as if
the bird had "lost its voice" and was suffering from a
"sore throat". Its calls include a harsh nasal croak, a
low wheezy croak, a "raven-raven", and sometimes a
"dink, dink, dink" sound. Like many corvids, the thick-
billed raven is capable of vocal mimicry; however, this
behavior is rare in the wild, and is normally recorded
only in captivity.
25.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Nechisar NP,
Awash NP, Bale Mountains NP, Mago NP, Simien
Mountains NP, Yabello sanctuary, Kuni Muktar,
Abijatta-Shalia NP, Yangudi Ressa, Addis Ababa
region, Choke Mountains, Lake Awasa, Arba Minch,
Shashemene, Gosh Meda, Lalibela, Wondo Genet,
Ankober and Lake Langano.
25.4 Habitat: The Thick-billed Raven, closely related
to the White-necked Raven (Corvusalbicollis) of East
and South Africa, is a bird which is common to
abundant from about 1200 to at least 4100 meters
(4000. 13,500 feet). It visits many habitats including
alpine screes, Cliffs and gorges, giant lobelia-chemilla-
tussock grass-glant heath moorlands, highland
grasslands, giant lieath, St. John's wort, bamboo,
juniper, podocarpus, olive and lowland subtropical
humid forests. It is especially abundant at higher
elevations where it is obvious and sometimes bold
around camps, villages and cities including Addis
Ababa.
25.5 Breeding habits: Solitary nester. During
courtship, the male feeds the female. Nest is a large
structure of branches, constructed on a cliff face or in a
tree. Clutch size four. Eggs are turquoise, marked with
pale and reddish brown, mainly to the large end.
Laying period between December to February.
25.6 Threats: No threats identified. Relatively
common over its limited range.
25.7 Status: This species is evaluated as least concern
species.
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25.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed
include the protection of the alpine screes, cliffs and
gorges, giant lobelia-chemilla-tussock grass-glant
heath moorlands, highland grasslands, giant lieath from
subsistence exploitation. More information is needed
on this species' distribution, population status, natural
history and the potential effects on its habits.
Population monitoring is also needed in view of recent
status. Research is needed to elucidate the time of
nesting, the identities of nest and eggs of this species.
25.9 Distribution: Its habitat includes mountains and
high plateau between elevations of 1500 to 3400
meters. This species has a very large range, and hence
does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under
the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000
km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range
size, habitat extent/quality, or population size and a
small number of locations or severe fragmentation).
The population trend appears to be stable, and hence
the species does not approach the thresholds for
Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (>30%
decline over ten years or three generations). The
population size has not been quantified, but it is not
believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable
under the population size criterion (<10,000 mature
individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be
>10% in ten years or three generations, or with a
specified population structure). For these reasons the
species is evaluated as Least Concern.
26. Liben Lark, formerly Sidamo Lark
(Heteromirafra sidamoensis)
Wing: 14 cm; Size Length: 16 - 17 cm; Weight 30 g
Fig 24: Liben Lark, formerly Sidamo Lark
(Heteromirafra sidamoensis)
26.1 Brief description: Not described until 1975. A
small, short-billed, rather short tailed lark with robust,
pale legs and long hind claw, finely-streaked brown
crown with pale median stripe, and richly-patterned
rufescent-brown back. Distinct whitish superciliary
stripe, prominent dark eye, and white underparts with
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close, fine and distinct small streaks on sides of breast;
white throat. This third species of Heteromirafra,
though geographically between the two others, the
South African Rudd's H. ruddi and Somali Archer's H.
archeri Long-clawed Larks, is quite distinct Vivero Pol
[8]
.
26.2 Voice: Song is short: 3-5 melodious, clipped
whistles, given in high display-flight. Hints Runs very
rapidly on ground to avoid danger. It calls with a series
of melodic, clipped whistles, typically heard as it flies
high in the air.
26.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: This lark
was seen 12 km southeast of Neghelli; and in 1998
around 10 were observed on the Liben plains (IBA
047). Therefore, it is commonly thought to have a
wider distribution around Neghelli and Filtu, and not
previously detected due to its unobtrusive habits and
the fact that previous searches have been adversely
affected by a combination of drought conditions and
military activity.
26.4 Habitat: This species is listed as Critically
Endangered because it has an extremely small range, it
is only confirmed to occur at a single location and its
range size is decreasing. Remaining habitat is rapidly
being degraded, and the number of mature individuals is
decreasing (the total population is now believed to
number fewer than 250 mature individuals). A
potentially skewed sex ratio may mean the effective
population size is even smaller, and there is a very real
possibility that the species will become
26.5 Breeding habits: The bird collected in May 1968
was in breeding plumage. Apart of this, its nest or
habits are not known.
26.6 Threats: Both original localities were found in
1989 to be affected by man, one being under
cultivation, the other being a military training area, and
no birds were seen at that time. In 1994, the military
camp no longer existed, the airstrip was disused and
there was little sign of human activity. However, there
are plans to develop part of the site as a new airport for
Neghelli. The most immediate threat is from new
settlements of Somali refugees; together with large
numbers of cattle and goats. Like the other two larks in
the genus, the range of this species is likely to prove
very much restricted. There is however plenty of
apparently suitable habitat around the type locality.
26.7 Status: Listed as Critically Endangered; is listed as
‘Critically Endangered’ on the IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species.
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26.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed
include the protection of open savanna, the plains of
Borena zone and lowlands of Ethiopia from
subsistence exploitation. More information is needed
on this species distribution, population status, natural
history and the potential effects on its habits.
Population monitoring is also needed in view of recent
status. Research is needed to elucidate the time of
nesting, the identities of nest and eggs of this species.
26.9 Distribution: The tiny Lark is only found in the
plains of southern Ethiopia, and it could become
Africa’s first recorded bird extinction (with population:
90-256 individuals). Its population dropped by 40%
between 2007 and 2009, and thanks to habitat loss
that’s chiefly due to agriculture expansion, the lark
may not have long to live.
27. Conclusion
Generally, in Ethiopia the various ecosystems of high
biological importance as far as birds concerned are
threatened by several anthropogenic and natural factors
which needs strong conservation action. The most
important threatening factors are flooding, shrinkage of
lakes and wetlands due to livestock grazing, industrial
and agricultural development, the expansion of
cultivated land, the negative attitude of people in some
areas towards some birds particularly those that
damage crops and burning to control long grasses.
Therefore, dramatic change in outlook and policy to
reverse these threatening factors are urgently required.
Based on the surveyed knowledge in the scientific
literature we recommended the following points:
implementing eco-friendly on the development of
constructions, infrastructures and huge industries. The
status of endemic birds visiting waste disposal sites
should be studied so as to manage their decline from
chemical contamination in the freely cast-off wastes.
As well, the presence of aquatic birds in the dumping
site may have an ecological implication on the
deterioration of wetlands. Thus, further ornithological
survey should be conducted on details of avian
ecology. Unless timely, protective policy intervention
measures put in place, there might be a serious
environmental degradation which ultimately ends up
with a complete collapse of the whole ecosystem.
Policy-makers need to develop policies and practices
that distinguish between situations where conservation
and development goals are compatible and situations
where there may be conflicts. Therefore, seeking an
innovative way of saving the endemic birds of
Ethiopia, autecological and behavioral studies of a
focal bird species attempt to identify the environmental
factors that influence population processes and
behavior, with the global and regional catastrophe that
witnessed the disappearance of ecosystems to inform
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policy. The decline in avian species could be
associated with a range of threatening practices halting
the conservation of high biological value sites which
supports Avifauna. Moreover, to our understanding
conservation efforts of avifauna along the livelihood of
the adjacent local community is poorly prioritized.
Therefore, participatory approach of avian
conservation is decisive. Besides, further intensive
study of avian community over different season of the
year could help to notice conservation action of
Avifauna of the biosphere reserve.
28. References
1. Avibase. Avibase - the world bird database.
2014. Retrieved March 30, 2015, from file://
F: \ Avibase - Bird Checklists of the World -
Ethiopia checklist. html.
2. Baptista LF, Trail PW, Horblit HM. White-
collared Pigeon (Columba albitorques). In:
delHoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie,
D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds). Handbook of the
Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions,
Barcelona. (Retrieved from
http://www.hbw.com/node/54101 on 12
November 2015).
3. BLI (Bird Life International). Birds are very
useful indicators for other kinds of
biodiversity. Presented as part of the Bird Life
State of the world's birds website. 2013.
Available from:
http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sowb/casest
udy/79. Accessed on: 18/04/2016.
4. BLI (Bird Life International). State of the
world’s birds: indicators for our changing
world. Cambridge, UK: Bird Life
International. 2004.
5. Clement P. Black-headed Siskin
(Carduelisnotata). In: DelHoyo, J., Elliott, A.,
Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E.
(eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World
Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved
from http://www.hbw.com/node/61351 on 12
November 2015).
6. Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute. Ethiopia’s
national biodiversity strategy and action plan
2015-2020. 2015.
7. IUCN and UNEP-WCMC. The World
Database on Protected Areas (WDPA),
August 2014. Cambridge, UK: UNEP-
WCMC.
8. Vivero Pol, JL. A guide to endemic birds of
Ethiopia and Eritrea. Shama Books, Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia. 2001.
9. Weldemariam Tesfahunegny Bezabh. A guide
to a complete annotated checklist of the birds
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of Ethiopia. International Journal of Current 11. World Conservation Monitoring Centre

Research. 2016; 8(06): 33029-33050. (WCMC). Biodiversity Guide to Ethiopia.
10. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (cited World conservation MonitoringCenter,
as WCMC). Global Biodiversity: Statusof the Cambridge. 1991; 75pp.
Earth's Living Resources. London: Chapman
and Hall. 1992.

Tesfahunegny W. A catalogue for endemic birds of Ethiopia. Journal of Zoology Studies. 2016; 3(4):00-00.

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