A Summary of Applications of D-FACTS on
Microgrid
Jing Wang Zhiqi Wang
Zhejiang University of Zhejiang University of
Technology Technology
ZJUT ZJUT
Hangzhou, China Hangzhou, China
kmhelen@zjut.edu.cn tillrise@sina.com
Abstract—Distribution flexible AC transmission system, as a
powerful tool for improving the performance of microgrid, has
received much attention at home and abroad. This paper reviews
the main functions of several typical D-FACTS in the microgrid,
the existing D-FACTS can participate in building an
independent, stable, high-quality microgrid and improve the
power quality and stability of the microgrid. Meanwhile, the
application research of D-FACTS in microgrid is detailed
analyzed, a variety of new energy in microgrid can be applied to
the development of D-FACTS devices to build the new structure
of D-FACTS and better improve the performance of D-FACTS.
Then, the concept of Power Electric Building Block (PEBB) is
introduced into microgrid in this paper to achieve the plug-and-
play, so that D-FACTS can be more flexibly applied to the
microgrid. At last, certain problems to be solved are proposed.
Keywords：DER; Microgrid; D-FACTS
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the boom of the Distributed Energy
Recourse (DER) reserch rise rapidly. On the one hand is the
theory that the DER theory improvement and development,
including the modeling and a variety of DER control strategies.
On the other hand is the application research that DER theory
develops into practice direction and has been widely used in
many fields. The DER supplied and integrated into the existing
distribution system is the future trend of the distributed
generation systems. However, the large-scale penetration of
DER also will produce a series of adverse effects of the large
grids. For example, it will cause net loss, the line flow, voltage,
power quality, protective relaying, reliability, and a series of
problems [1], which will threat the safe and reliable operation
of the grid.
In order to reduce the negative impact of DER on the grid
and improve the economics of DER, the University of
Wisconsin-Madison Professor R. H. Lasseter proposed the
microgrid concept in 2001[2]. Then the United States
Federation of Electric Reliability Technology Solutions
published a White Paper in which formally defined the
microgrid concept [3]. The White Paper pointed out that the
microgrid can take full advantage of new energy sources,
provide uninterrupted power, enhance the stability of the local
power grid, support and compensate the local grid voltage and
so on.
The National Natural Science Foundation (51147010); The most important
subjects in Zhejiang Province of information processing and automation.
978-1-4577-0547-2/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE
Lingling Xu Zongli Wang
Zhejiang University of Zhejiang University of
Technology Technology
ZJUT ZJUT
Hangzhou, China Hangzhou, China
xu8712@126.com wzlzjut@126.com
The flexible and advanced power electronics technology
play a key role in the transformation, transmission and storage
of microsource power in microgrid, and also determine the
stability and reliability of connect grid, island and seamless
transfer between microgrid and the large grid. What’s more, it
is also the guarantee to provide high-quality power supply for
sensitive user. Therefore, the advanced and flexible power
electronics is one of the key research contents.
At the same time, the D-FACTS, as the power electronics
technology applied in the distribution system, has been widely
studied. It can resolve the low-voltage distribution system
voltage sags, harmonics, unbalance, reactive power
compensation and other power quality problems, so the
background applications some parts overlap the power
electronics technology research in microgrid. At present, the
international research community has started on the D-FACTS
application research in microgrid.
Therefore, this paper review the application status and
development prospects of the D-FACTS in microgrid,
including DVR, APF, D-STATCOM, UPQC, SMES, SSCB.
On the one hand, the existing D-FACTS technology can
participate in building an independent, stable, high-quality
microgrid; on the other hand, the variety of new energy in
microgrid can be applied to D-FACTS devices development, to
build a new type of D -FACTS structure and to better improve
the performance of D-FACTS. It can be expected that studying
the D-FACTS technology in microgrid will greatly promote the
development and popularization of microgrid.
II. D-FACTS APPLICATION IN MICROGRID
The D-FACTS technology, as FACTS technology
extending in the distribution system application ,has fast and
flexible control features. The D-FACTS in microgrid is mainly
used to improve system stability and improve power quality,
also can be combined with microgrid to build a new D-FACTS
devices.
A. D-STATCOM
D-STATCOM is an important "custom power" devices.
Compared with the other types of devices, it can to solve the
grid voltage fluctuation and flicker, current distortion, three-
phase voltage unbalance, and other power quality problems, so
it is getting much attention in distribution system and the
development direction of the reactive power compensation and
power quality control in distribution system at present [5].
As the D-STATCOM characterized by powerful function,
excellent performance and cost performance, with the rapid
development of microgrid, D-STATCOM in microgrid will be
widely used. D-STATCOM can be applied in distributed
systems is reported in [6]. The use of feed-forward
compensation strategy to achieve fast load compensation, and
that the D-STATCOM has the virtue of small size, fast
response, low noise and so on. It will replace the conventional
SVC and become an important device to improve the system
power quality. Finally, the simulation proves that the proposed
D-STATCOM for fast load compensation has a significant
response rate and a good load compensation effect. A D-
STATCOM device to solve the reactive power compensation
of the constant speed inductive motor in the thermal power
plant coal conveyor drive system is proposed in [7].Putting the
devices into work concludes that the device has a smooth, rapid
response characteristics. The D-STATCOM for voltage
regulation has been discussed detailed in [8-10].The D-
STATCOM applied to isolated island systems is proposed in
[8]. By adjusting two simple PI controllers of the PCC achieves
the three-phase load voltage compensation. The simulation of
D-STATCOM for three-phase load voltage regulation in island
system ,among recovery from the steady state, the load
increase and load decrease , got results of the D-STATCOM
can correct the power factor, regulate voltage and balance load.
The D-STATCOM for voltage regulation is further analyzed in
[9]. It gives an cite instances of a pumping station supply
system that the D-STATCOM as each microsource (PV and
Wind) inverter interface can compensate for reactive power at
PCC voltage, and also get the same results. The D-STATCOM
which can ease voltage fluctuations, voltage regulation in
micro-network system is studied in [10]. It proposes a
fundamental positive sequence conductance and fundamental
negative sequence conductance based control algorithm to
implement the fundamental positive sequence voltage
regulation and suppression. The installation location of D-
STATCOM in microgrid was discussed and the conclusion is
that the more the D-STATCOM far away from the voltage
source, the better its voltage regulation performance is.
B. SMES
The SMES applied in Power System was first introduced
by Ferrier in 1969. At that time, the research focused on small
and medium-scale SMES to suppress oscillations and improve
system stability and so on [11-14]. The SMES characterized by
fast response, high output power, high system efficiency, four-
quadrant control, etc., which can output active and reactive
power, compensate for voltage drop and load fluctuation and
active filtering and other functions [15].
The SMES in wind energy generation applications are
discussed in [16-21]. The SMES for power generation systems
to improve wind turbine output power fluctuations is studied in
[16]. Through the Matlab modeling observed that the SMES to
improve the wind system stability has a good effect. According
to the given specific wind system gets the optimal structural
design and specifications of the SMES, and also observed the
same results [17]. A detailed analysis of system stability on the
Fig. 1. The aggregated and distributed configurations of ESS in wind farms
system with SMES is shown in [18]. It also proposes a
synchronous phase detection method based SMES controller to
improve the system stability. With the conditions between use
of SMES and none, the normal operation and existing
interference are compared in transient performance, and it
achieve the same purpose [19]. The frequency oscillation of the
system with SMES is discussed in [20,21]. The management of
the wind generation output to solve the frequency oscillation
problems caused by the wind power systems has significant
meaning, and simulation analysis can be obtained that the
SMES can compensate frequency oscillation well [20].A new
control strategy for the wind system with SMES is proposed in
[21] ,which is based on [20]. It can more effectively
compensate for the frequency oscillation. The configuration
and installation locations of SMES are discussed in [22], as
shown in Fig.1. The two configurations of SMES both can
suppress the wind turbine frequency fluctuations, while the
difference is that the aggregated configuration of SMES needs
relatively smaller power capacity, but greater levels of the
inverter. The SMES devices and the SFCL device are
compared in [23].It concludes that the SMES is stronger than
the SFCL in performance of improving wind turbine stability,
but the SMES control strategy is relatively more complex than
SFCL.
C. DVR
Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is a series compensation
device, its good dynamic performance and high cost
performance make it the most economical and effective
solution for the dynamic voltage problem, especially voltage
sag [24]. In general, DVR is at the front end of the sensitive
load. When the system voltage temporarily rise or reduce,
DVR can fast compensate voltage between the normal system
voltage and the fault voltage that suppress voltage sag ,reduce
the sensitive loads disturbance, make load at normal operation
[25].
The DVR can be applied into distributed generation is
proposed in [26]. It puts forward a new DVR with amplitude
modulation voltage injection technique which can adjust the
control speed by the PI controller. The simulation certifies that
the proposed DVR can effectively compensate voltage sag. The
calculation method of the DVR compensating voltage is
studied in [27]. The introduction of the DVR to the distribution
generation for voltage compensation and a specific method of
calculating the compensation voltage are detailed discussed.
The simulation results show that the DVR can effectively
regulate the voltage fluctuations caused by distributed
generation, in order to protect sensitive loads. The control
techniques of the DVR are discussed in detail in [28-31]. A
new control strategy based on the DVR is proposed in [28],
which is applied into electric arc furnace system to improve the
current imbalance. The proposed DVR can make the electric
arc furnace system achieve higher production efficiency, can
avoid the use of mechanical control systems with slow
response speed and also can improve the current imbalance,
harmonic interference, poor power factor, power quality of the
electric arc furnace system and others. In addition, reducing
costs make manufacturers achieve higher economic efficiency.
The application of DVR into wind system is studied in [32].
The proposed DVR can improve the low voltage ride through
capability in wind system. It is primarily used to control the
load terminal voltage sag, swell, unbalanced and so on, and the
proposed DVR tests and verifies through a real small wind
farm DVR distributed system. The options of the DVR power
levels for distributed generation are studied in [33]. It presents
a new DVR power design method that only depending the load
parameters can design the DVR power, and the simulation
results show that the designed DVR power reduces nearly 30%
and can effectively reduce the cost, increase economic
efficiency.
D. APF
In the early 1970s, Japanese scholars had proposed the
active power filter (APF) concept [34]. APF with the
characteristic of high controllability and quick response, which
can compensate the changing frequency and amplitude
harmonic and the changing reactive power at the same time and
can overcome the shortcomings of the traditional passive filters
and reactive power compensator, is a good power quality
improvement device [35].
The APF is mainly used to suppress harmonics and
improve power quality [36-40]. The APF applied into
distributed generation system for harmonic suppression is
proposed in [36]. It proposes a load current and harmonic
voltage detection based APF compound control strategy that
can compensate nonlinear load harmonic like traditional
current detection based APF and also the distributed generation
system harmonics. The simulation achieves the desired results.
The different control strategies of APF for different distributed
systems are discussed in [38-40]. The APF with variable
frequency harmonic mitigation techniques is discussed in [38].
It can solve the harmonic problems of permanent magnet
synchronous wind power system that mitigate the permanent
magnet synchronous wind power system current harmonics,
reduce the loss caused by the harmonics and the thermal effect
caused by the current harmonic components that can extend the
life of the permanent magnet synchronous wind power system.
The APF used in aircraft electronic power system is introduced
in [39]. The proposed optimal harmonic elimination strategy
based APF integrates into the aircraft power electronic system,
which can effectively regulate the load terminal voltage,
eliminate harmonics, improve power factor and reduce the
power load imbalances. The APF in photovoltaic power
generation system is detailed discussed in [40].It proposes a
MPPT method from combinations of constant power tracking
and incremental conductance that have a virtue of quick
tracking speed, high control precision and so on. It also
proposes an amplitude limiting that not only ensure full
utilization of photovoltaic energy, but also effectively improve
the impact of harmonics.
E. UPQC
In 1996, the Japanese scholar H.Akagi first proposed
unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) concept. The UPQC
combined the function of voltage compensation device with
current compensation device, which can compensate both the
load harmonics and the reactive current in order to eliminate
the impact of load to the grid and also can control the voltage
quality of the client to reduce the impact caused by grid voltage
problems on users, is recognized as a promising series and
parallel compensation regulation device [41].
The UPQC is mainly used to improve the system power
quality problems [42-48]. The UPQC applied to distributed
generation systems is studied in [42], which improves the
system voltage sags, voltage swells, voltage and current
harmonics, reactive power compensation and other power
quality problems. A new UPQC applied into grid-connected
mode and island mode is discussed in [43]. It detailed analyzes
the ability UPQC to compensate voltage sags and interrupts at
positive power flow and reverse power flow modes. It also
builds an experimental prototype to verify the proposed new
UPQC has a good compensation effect. The UPQC control
strategies are studied in [44-46].The UPQC used in wind farms
is discussed in [44]. It proposes a new UPQC control strategy
combines voltage compensation with phase recovery.
Comparing the proposed strategy with the traditional
compensation strategy in three aspects of the low voltage ride
through capability, voltage sag compensation and DC bus
voltage controller operation, the simulation shows that the
wind farm performs better in the new control strategy. A new
UPQC structure applied to three-phase four-wire distributed
systems is discussed in [47], which improves the system power
quality. A concept of OPEN-UPQC is proposed in [48].The
UPQC integrates with other power electronic devices. In view
of the different users in the future have different requirements
for power quality, power system management can provide
different power quality power at different price levels, while
the OPEN-UPQC in the client end can achieve this
functionality.
F. SSCB
In the early 1990s, the U.S. Electric Power Research
Institute (EPRI) had organized experts to conduct specialized
research to the distribution network, and proposed the design
and specific application requirements of using gate turn-off
thyristor [49]. The solid-state circuit breaker (SSCB) acts fast,
can accurately control the switch time, but its higher cost than
conventional mechanical circuit breakers, so it is generally
applied to a number of occasions requiring high power
reliability [50].
Because of the SSCB characterized by their fast switch
action, it can be applied to microgrid. A low distributed level
Fig. 2. The configuration of UPQC system with photovoltaic Grid-connected
function
solid-state circuit breaker is proposed in [51]. Compared to the
traditional circuit breakers, the device switching time is only Fig. 3. The topology of the dynamic voltage restorer with flywheel energy
100 microseconds that its rapidity makes it be the best choice storage system
to replace the modern mechanical switches. According to the
System control
DC characteristics of the system, a new type of DC SSCB
structure is proposed in [52]. The proposed SSCB realizes soft
turn-on and fast turn-off functions. The simulation results show
that the new structure has a strong reliability and flexibility, Application control
and it can be applied to distributed generation system both in
grid-connected and island mode. Nowadays, more and more
developed countries have begun to utilize the DC transmission PLL， ↔dqTransformations
line, so the protection of DC source and the system control id/iq current control
requirements become more sophisticated. And there are also
many DC transmission line in the microgrid, so the application
of DC SSCB to microgrid can be studied in future. Modulator

III. THE NEW D-FACTS DEVICES IN MICROGRID Converter

swithing logic
The D-FACTS can not only improve the microgrid system
stability to solve a series of power quality problems in 2nd level
microgrid, but also can be combined with microgrid to form protection
some new devices with more powerful functions.
A/D&D/A 6 A/D&D/A
An UPQC topology integrated with PV grid-connected
converter and a new control strategy are proposed in [53], as
shown in Fig. 2. The proposed device utilize the MPPT to
Gate drives
make the injected power which is photovoltaic array to the &protection
system reach a maximum, and it also can achieve T FB 1.6
comprehensive management of power quality, PV grid- VDC IA/B/C

connected generation and power interruption compensation and VA/B/C

other functions. Compared with the other conventional devices,

the new device has greater advantages in the performance and
economy and it is characterized by high promotion value and
flexible wiring, even the UPQC dc side power can supply to
load directly in the distribution network fault to ensure the load
uninterrupted work. The simulation study and topology design
is done to verify the strategy. Although the randomness of
sunlight limits the system ability to compensate for power
interruption, PV as an important microsource in microgrid, can
introduce other distributed generation technologies to solve
thisproblem, their complement which is a trend of the new
energy application.
A flywheel energy storage system (FESS) based DVR is
proposed in [54], as shown in Fig.3. Compared with other
energy storage, the FESS has a virtue of long life, fast charge
and discharge and no pollution. The proposed DVR new
topology eliminates the auxiliary rectifier bridge existing in
traditional topology and reduces system cost. However, it will
Fig. 5 PEBB functionality and interfaces
bring a negative impact on the load, so it is suitable for the load
whose phase is not sensitive. In order to verify the correctness
of theoretical analysis and practical feasibility of the proposed
scheme, it builds an experimental prototype (completed in
Tsinghua University). The experimental results validate that
the new structure and the proposed charge control strategy are
effective. The FEES as an important energy storage devices in
microgrid also can be combined with the D-FACTS as the
same as microsource, so these complementary devices that
apply the D-FACTS to the microgrid can be studied in future.
 A PV based DVR is proposed in [55]. It utilizes PV as the
DVR energy storage device, and by exploiting the boost circuit
to build a photovoltaic system, establishes a detailed
mathematical model. The simulation results show that PV can
be utilized as an effective energy storage device for DVR to
compensate for voltage sags and other problems. The Power
Electronics Building Block (PEBB) concept is mentioned in
[56], as shown in Figure 5. The PEBB that can integrate
different power electronics into a smaller electronic module,
and its uniform interface for plug-and-play is easy to upgrade,
reduce costs and simplify the communication and data transfer
within the power electronic the system. As a large number of
D-FACTS applied to the microgrid, the concept of PEBB can
be introduced to microgrid, namely the power electronics such
as D-FACTS can integrate a power electronics module.
The PEBB applied to the distributed system is studied in
[57], which is further evidence that the PEBB can utilized in
microgrid. The introduction of PEBB concept makes the D-
FACTS applied to microgrid more flexible, and also it is a way
of building the future intensive power system and a direction of
D-FACTS development in the microgrid.
IV. CONCLUSION
As distributed generation with high flexibility, small size,
close to the client and clean and green, etc., which can provide
uninterrupted power to enhance the stability of the local grid,
support and compensate for the local grid and so on, has a very
good application prospects. However, the distributed
generation power quality problems and the traditional
distribution fixed pattern limit its development. Microgrid that
is an effective way to solve the distributed generation power
quality problems will become a trend of the future grid. D-
STATCOM, SMES, APF, SMES, UPQC, SSCB and other D-
FACTS as powerful means to improve the grid performance
will be widely applied to the development of microgrid in the
future. The further research of D-FACTS in microgrid include :
1) Utilizing the D-FACTS to improve power quality and
system stability in microgrid plays a key role in improving the
microgrid performance and getting high-quality power supply
for sensitive customers.
2) D-FACTS can be reversed to get the support of
microgrid to build a new type of D-FACTS that optimizes its
functionality and performance.
3) As a large number of D-FACTS applications in
microgrid and the plug-and-play concept, the introduction of
PEBB concept can make D-FACTS apply to microgrid more
flexible, and also it is a way of building the future intensive
power system and a direction of D-FACTS development in the
microgrid.
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