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Numerical Prediction of Dynamic Performance of Pelton-Grupo 3
Numerical Prediction of Dynamic Performance of Pelton-Grupo 3
Ser.B, 2007,19(3):356-364
ABSTRACT : Different from the reaction turbines, the turbines[2-6]. The time-averaged steady
hydraulic performance of Pelton turbine is dynamic due to the performance prediction has little contribution to the
unsteady flow in the rotating buckets in time and space. The study of the negative scale effect of the Pelton
dynamic energy efficiency of bucket ηEB and power efficiency turbines[7].
of bucket ηPB within a short period can be predicted from the
dynamic flow pattern of the free-surface sheet flow in the
rotating bucket, whereas the dynamic discharge efficiency of
bucket ηQB is defined as the resident discharge in the bucket at
the respective moment. Under the operation of higher unit
speed nDH than the optimum one, the power efficiency of
bucket is deteriorated by the jet interference with the rear
surface of bucket ΔPrear at the first stage of the dynamic
performance, as well as the loss power due to the spilt flow
from the cutout of bucket at the later stage of performance.
Based on the dynamic performance prediction presented, the
future possibility of the quantitative investigation for the
negative scale effect of Pelton turbines was discussed.
* Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50379015).
Biography:XIAO Ye-xiang(1978-), Male, Ph. D. Student, Lecturer
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to investigate the negative scale effect of the Pelton The jet is discretized into multi-layers and
turbines. represented by the streamlines at the center of the
respective layer as shown in Fig.3. The jet enters
the splitter of bucket, then becomes the water sheet
2. NUMERICAL APPROACH TO PREDICT flow having the free-surface with the Inner Moving
DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE Boundary (IMB) and the Outer Moving Boundary
2.1 Numerical procedure of dynamic flow analysis (OMB) on the inner surface of bucket[15]. Figure 4
shows an example of the free-surface flow pattern
In order to predict the dynamic performance of
with the various depths on the upper half of rotating
the Pelton turbines, it is necessary to perform the
bucket[16,17]. The color of water sheet illustrates the
fundamental dynamic flow analysis of the rotating
distribution of water depth H in the flow pattern.
multi-buckets for a single jet. By applying the
On a relevant flow strip, all of the fluid particles
method of animated-cartoon frames[1], the
entered the bucket simultaneously[18].
fundamental flow analysis was executed for the
consecutive frames.
To consider the negative scale effect of the
Pelton turbines[7], the expansion of water jet along
the jet axis was modeled by introducing the radial
jet expansion rate kRj = (Rj–R0)/(Xj–X0), where R0,
and X0 is the jet radius and the axial position of jet
contraction, respectively, and Rj is the radius at the
position Xj as shown in Fig.1[12,13]. Under the
assumption of the constant kRj for the specific
operating condition, the dynamic jet radius RJ,i at
the entrance of the rotating bucket at a moment of Fig. 3 Fluid particle on bucket surface
Frame #i was computed for the position XJ,i as
follows:
RJ ,i = R0 + k Rj ( X J ,i − X 0 ) (1)
The contraction jet data C0, R0, X0, and the After the head of the water flow has reached
radius expansion rate kRj for the fundamental single the brim, the water sheet flowed out of the brim of
jet were numerically predicted from the bucket. The instantaneous specific hydraulic energy
axi-symmetric two-phase flow analysis[14] as shown Eijk, the relative discharge Δ Qijk, and the hydraulic
in Fig. 2. power Δ Pijk of a fluid Particle #k on the flow Strip
#
j in the water sheet flow in the rotating bucket at
the moment of Frame #i were computed from the
flow analysis data as follows[1]:
where Uijk, Cuijk, Wijk, Bnijk, and Hijk are the according to the equations similar to Eqs. (8) to
peripheral speed, the absolute circumferential (10), respectively.
velocity, the relative velocity, the breadth normal to 2.2.4 Cutflow discharge, power and specific energy
Wijk, and the depth of water sheet for the fluid from bucket
particle, respectively. If a part of water sheet flow in the bucket
2.2 Numerical procedure of performance prediction spilled out of the cutout, the instantaneous cutflow
2.2.1 Jet energy and jet discharge discharge Q cut ,i , the power P cut ,i and the specific
Under the constant specific hydraulic energy
ET of turbine, ET= gH, where H is the net head of energy E cut ,i i at the moment of the relevant Frame
#
the turbine, and the fixed needle stroke Sn and the i were obtained by integrating with the Particle #k
instantaneous kinetic energy of free jet EJ,i at the along the Cutout #j according to the equations
moment of Frame #i was computed as follows: similar to Eqs. (8) to (10), respectively.
2.2.5 Loss power with rear-interference and
C J2,i discharge loss
E J ,i = , (i < ilastIn ) (6a) In the operation of higher unit speed nDH, the
2 jet velocity C0 decreases under the constant
peripheral speed Uref, and the rear surface of bucket
C J2,i _ lastIn pushes the trailing-edge of the retarded jet truncated
E J ,i = , (i > ilastIn ) (6b) by the bucket. This rear-interference[19] at the
2
moment of the Frame #i was numerically acquired
by the instantaneous negative power Δ Prear,i
where CJ,i is the dynamic jet velocity at the splitter
position XJ,i according to Eqs. (1) and (2), and ilastIn
the frame at the last inflow to the bucket, ΔVrear,i
ΔPrear,i = Ω ( ρ Ω Rrear,
2
i) (11)
respectively. The turbine discharge per a single Δt F
nozzle Q0 was computed referring to the jet
contraction: where Δ Vrear,i is the virtual volume of the jet
trailing-edge to be displaced by the rear surface,
Q0 = C0π R02 (7) Δt F the elapsed time per a frame, and Rrear,i the
rotating radius of the virtual volume, respectively,
2.2.2 Inflow discharge, power and specific energy as shown in Fig.5.
to bucket
The instantaneous inflow discharge Qin,i, the
power Pin,i and the specific energy Ein,i at the
moment of the relevant Frame #i were obtained by
integrating with the Particle #k along the Splitter #j,
respectively, as follows:
rotating bucket
the moment of the relevant Frame #i were obtained At the moment of the relevant Frame #i, the
by integrating with the Particle #k along the Brim #j dynamic specific hydraulic energy EB,i of a bucket
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ηQB ,i =
QB ,i
=
∑Q i in,i − ∑ i Qout,i − ∑ i Qcut,i
=
EB ,i = Ein,i_lastIn − Eout,i − Ecut,i , (i > ilastIn ) (12b) Q0 Q0
PB ,i EJ ,i EB ,i QB ,i PB ,i
ηhB ,i = = =
ET ρ Q0 ET EJ ,i Q0 EB ,i ρ QB ,i
Fig. 6 Unsteady discharge loss due to ineffective jet η J ,iη EB ,iηQB ,iη PB ,i (19)
2.2.7 Dynamic efficiency of Pelton turbine At the moment of the relevant Frame #i, the
The dynamic jet efficiency η J ,i instantaneous three or four buckets are simultaneously interacting
at the Frame #i is with a single jet as shown in Fig.1. The dynamic
hydraulic efficiency η hT,i of the Pelton turbine was
E J ,i computed by integrating the respective bucket
η J ,i = (15)
ET efficiency η hB,i in Eq. (19) for the whole relevant
buckets in a runner.
The dynamic energy efficiency η EB,i of a
bucket is defined based on the jet energy EJ,i at the 2.2.8 Time-averaged overall efficiencies and
entrance of bucket as follows: deficiencies in Pelton turbine
In order to get the time-averaged overall
E B ,i Ein,i − Eout,i − Ecut,i efficiency of the Pelton turbine, the dynamic
η EB ,i = = = ein − eout − ecut hydraulic power PB,i of a bucket in Eq. (14) was
E J ,i E J ,i
integrated to get the power PR,i of a runner and
(16) time-averaged to obtain the overall output power PT.
where ein=Ein,i/EJ,i, etc. are the non-dimensional By applying the usual turbine energy ET and the
specific hydraulic energies, respectively. turbine discharge QT specified in the IEC model
The dynamic discharge efficiency of a bucket acceptance code, the time-averaged overall
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discharge efficiency η QB of bucket decreases to because the outflow emerges from the brim in the
11.2. There is no discharge loss due to the reverse direction to the rotation of bucket. The
ineffective jet. amount of the cutflow energy ecut = Ecut,i/EJ,i is not
negligible due to the large circumferential
component Cucut of the cutflow velocity. The
variation of dynamic energy efficiency η EB of the
bucket, η EB = EB/EJ,i is not remarkable.
B
The absolute value of the negative outflow energy efficiency η PB,i once decreases with decreasing pin,
eout becomes smaller, and turns to be positive and turns to increase by the decrease of pout. There
because of the higher positive component of the is no cutflow power pcut.
outflow velocity. The cutflow energy ecut becomes In the case of higher unit speed as shown in
very large with increasing nDH. Fig. 9 (c), the rear-interference power deficiency
3.4 Dynamic power efficiency of bucket δ PB,I = Δ Prear,i/(EB,i QB,i) occurs in the first stage.
At the optimum unit speed as shown in Fig. 9 The amount of cutflow power pcut increases with
(b), the non-dimensional inflow power pin= increasing nDH. As a result, the dynamic power
Pin,i/(EB,i ρ QB,i) to the bucket is very large (out of efficiency η PB,i is damaged by the rear-interference
scale close to 1.0) at the beginning stage of frames power deficiency δ PB,i at the first stage and by the
due to the small denominator, and decreases toward
cutflow power deficiency at the last stage of
zero at the frame of the last inflow. The outflow
Frames.
power pout is negative corresponding to the negative
3.5 Dynamic hydraulic efficiency of Pelton turbine
outflow energy eout, and sharply increases from the
According to Eqs. (15) and (16), the product of
Frame #77 to the last outflow from Bucket #91 due
to the small positive eout. There is a small amount η J and ηEB gives the energy efficiency η E of
of cutflow power pcut during the frames between turbine as follows:
Frame #60 and Frame #80. The dynamic power
efficiency η PB of the bucket η PB = PB/(EBI, ρ QB,i) EB ,i
η E ,i = = η J ,iηEB ,i (26)
B
Those deficiencies have the tendency to Fig.11(a), the absolute outflow velocity is very
increase with increasing Reynolds number, and large and its direction is opposite to jet. In the case
become more serious in the multi-nozzle Pelton of higher unit speed as shown in Fig.11(c), besides
turbines[20]. The quantitative study of those dynamic the outflow, there are cutflow and ineffective jet
deficiencies will be the urgent future task to clarify within it.
the negative scale effect of the Pelton turbines. In Table 1, the computational results are
The performance equations presented are not yet compared with the experimental results for the
elegant, nevertheless, may be a milestone for the time- averaged overall efficiency ηhT at different
dynamic performance prediction considering the nDH. The errors between the computed and
negative scale effect. experimental results for the various nDH are about
1.2%, 1.4% and 2.1%, respectively. In the case of
lower nDH, the key factor to decrease the efficiency
is the shorter residence of water flow in the open
bucket. On the contrary, in the case of higher nDH,
the rear-interference, the ineffective jet and cutflow
cause the efficiency deterioration rapidly.
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS
The fundamental equations of dynamic
hydraulic performance have been derived for the
Pelton turbine under the single jet operation through
the flow analysis based on the animated-cartoon
frame method. As a result of the dynamic
performance prediction for the various unit speed
nDH under the optimum needle stroke, the following
conclusions can be reached.
(1) The smaller efficiency decrease at the
lower nDH is mainly resulted from the shorter
residence of water flow in the open bucket.
(2) On the contrary, the larger efficiency
deterioration at the higher nDH is due to the
rear-interference deficiency in the first stage, the
discharge deficiency due to the ineffective jet, and
Fig. 11 Dynamic water flow in model test of Pelton turbine
the cutflow deficiency due to the spilt flow from the
cutout of the bucket in the last stage of the dynamic
performance.
3.6 Time-averaged overall efficiency ηhT of
(3) The ineffective jet and the cutflow may
turbine introduce the jet interference in the multi-nozzle
The hydraulic performance of this Pelton Pelton turbines.
turbine was resulted from model experiment. At the
optimum unit speed as shown in Fig.11(b), the (4) The three dynamic deficiencies are the key
absolute outflow velocity is close to zero. When the words for the negative scale effect of the Pelton
unit speed is lower than the optimum as shown in turbines.
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