Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Organizational Analysis and Design - 21718: University of Technology Sydney
Organizational Analysis and Design - 21718: University of Technology Sydney
Organizational Analysis and Design - 21718: University of Technology Sydney
FACULTY OF BUSINESS
Graduate School of Business
PAGE NO
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………..3
STRUCTURAL DESIGN..................................................................................................4
ORGANIZATIONAL RATIONALITY................................................…………..........10
ORGANIZATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS................................................................10
ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGY.................................................................................11
ETHICAL POSTURE........................................................................................................12
CONSIDERATION OF SUSTAINABILITY..................................................................14
CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................16
BIBLIOGRAPHY...............................................................................................................17
To implement strategy a firm must have an appropriate organizational analysis and design. This
includes the process and mechanism necessary to make sure that limitations between internal
activities and external parties, such as customers, suppliers and alliance partners are flexible. A
firm’s performance will suffer if its managers do not carefully consider both of these
organizational attributes.
Organization design is the process of aligning an organization structure with its mission and
visions. This comprise of relationship between tasks, workforce, responsibility and authority by
supporting aims of the business. Good organization design helps innovation, growth,
communication, productivity where people can work efficiently and effectively. For instance
sales and production work in different department. But both need to communicate with each
other about customers need. How the work is done, information sharing and how people are
incentivized of all these activities shows how well the firm is performing (Mind tools: Essential
skill for excellent career, organizational design, aligning organizational structure with business
goals, 2010).
“Organization structure refers to the formal configuration between individuals and groups with
respect to the allocation of tasks, responsibilities and authority within organizations” (Greenberg
and baron 2008 p.584). Nowadays, managers are faced with two ongoing and vital activities in
structuring and designing their organizations. First, they must decide the most appropriate type
of organizational structure. Second, they need to assess what mechanism, process, and
techniques are most helpful in enhancing the permeability of both internal and external
boundaries. Dess notes that “Organizational structure refers to the formalized pattern of
interactions that link a firm’s tasks, people and technologies” In order to accomplish an
organization’s mission a superior structure assists to ensure that resources are used effectively, in
this regard, structure identifies the managerial, executive and administrative organization of a
business and indicates hierarchical relationships and responsibilities. In addition, it has great
impact on information flow as well as the context and nature of human interactions (Clegg,
Kornberger & Pitsis 2008). For arrangement of activity patterns, we need organizational
structure. These activities patterns cluster into levels, divisions, departments or positions.
Authority and responsibilities for particular activities become dispersed among an increasing
number of subunits, hierarchical levels and positions.
There are some organizational structures which are discussed below.
Simple Structure
The simple organizational structure is the most common and oldest form of organization. Most
organizations are very small and have a single or very narrow product line in which the top
executive (Owner-manager) makes most of decisions (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis 2008).
Advantages
This kind of structure is highly informal, direct supervision and accomplishes coordination of
tasks. Its characteristics include centralization of decision making, less task specialization, less
regulations and rules, reward system and informal evaluation. Sometimes owner-manager hires a
manager to supervise day-to-day operations.
Functional Structure
The growth of the small firms due to excessive demands obliges the own-manager to process and
obtain all of the information necessary to run the organization. The managers do not have enough
skills such as marketing, accounting, production, engineering and etc; therefore, manager has to
employ specialists in the various functional areas. This growth process in operation and hire of
new employees implies to functional organizational structure which refers to a form of an
organization in which the main of the business functions, such as, accounting, R&D, marketing,
sales and production are grouped internally. The coordination and integration of the functional
areas are an integral part of chief executive role.
Advantages
This kind of structure is suitable for businesses where there is high production volume, some
vertical integration and closely or single product (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis 2008). The
organization can improve its control and management within each of the functional area in
making decisions. This leads to economies of scale; also, professional development and career
Advantages
Separate divisions need to have separate strategic and operating control. In this regard,
improving operations in the product markets are facilitated by divisional managers who are
responsible, and organization’s staff can dedicate their time to overall strategic issues for the
whole organization. Organizations can enhance their abilities to respond quickly to important
and unpredictable changes by focusing on a division’s markets and products- by the manager of
divisions.
Disadvantages
This approach can be very expensive. Costs can be increased because of personnel duplication,
investment and operations since each division must staff multiple functional sectors. They can
lead to a dysfunctional competition among sectors, since each division exclusively follows its
operation and strategy. In addition, when many divisions provide different products and services,
they have different targets and goals; therefore, different quality and image may occur across
sectors.
Matrix Structure
Matrix organizational structure is one approach that tries to overcome the insufficient inherent in
the other structures, which is combination of the divisional and functional structures. It refers to
a structure which has multiple lines of authority, but some individuals have two bosses and have
to report to at least two managers (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis 2008).
• Qualities required for organization positions are increasingly measured in terms of formal
credentials.
• Different positions in the hierarchy are differentially paid and otherwise stratified.
• Based on Logic.
• Based on Rationality.
• Lack of flexibility.
(Maureen Cutajar)
An organizational design is the plan of an organization’s rationally designed structure and mode
of operation. The formal structure of an organization is its framework of roles and procedures.
An organizational design creates a rational model of formal organization. The study of
organizational design is often the study of things that do not happen - but which should,
according to the rational model. (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis 2008)
Rationality is a very important element for the efficient working of any organization. The motive
behind rationality is based on that managers of every company should answer properly to the
environment by assessing known facts estimating possible outcomes and judging those outcomes
with respective costs. Rational behaviour would help to assist a culture of rational thought that
establishes set of laws and principles of behaviour for organizations. It helps us to know what
marketing, finance, R & D, H R departments and employees are supposed to do and what are the
expectations they need to fulfil for the efficiency of our organisation.
ORGANIZATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
Organization will have the following characteristics, according to rational views of them.
• The action that occurs within the organization will be oriented to achieve these purposes,
objectives and goals.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGY
“The most important decisions managers make are those that structure the future strategy of the
organization” (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis 2008)
• External Assessment
• Internal Assessment.
First strategy explains current and long term objectives and how to differentiate from
competitors and short term vision and mission. Mission is always to be profitable by fulfilling
shareholders, customers, government and suppliers requirement.
External assessment strategy involves defining clearly why customers will buy your product, by
assessing their bargaining power that benefits which a customer seeks. Industry and competitive
analysis is very important component of organizational strategy to be at advantage an
organization needs to examine direct and indirect competitor’s strength, weakness and strategies
by analysing current ongoing market circumstances.
Internal assessment evaluates management process and how efficiently it will use value chain
analysis approach. For marketing department have branding of products, marketing plan with set
of vision and mission, proper data to track customer and market information and efficient
Organizational Analysis and Design -21718
11
product and service management. For finance department, utilizing appropriate pricing models
for products, performing within financial goals and aiming of effective financial plan. For R & D
department, integrating with other department and creating innovative products by using latest
technology.
ETHICAL POSTURE
“Business ethics refers to the study of people’s tendencies to behave in morally appropriate ways
in organizations” (Greenberg & Baron 2008, p.54)
Factors influencing ethics of an organization are family influences, life experiences, peer
influences, personal values and morale and finally situational factors. (Davidson et al 2009). An
organization should follow three principle of ethics firstly by showing respect for core human
values by providing them better and safe working conditions, treating equally with respect and
dignity, promoting healthy workplace and refusing doing business with unethical suppliers or
companies. Secondly, demonstrating sensitivity to host country tradition where it can accept the
culture and working standards which are considered ethical. Finally, being ethical requires taking
under consideration the nature of adjustment in which act occurs. (Greenberg & Baron 2008, p.
64)
Some of ethical practise which a organization emphasis are avoiding conflicts of interest
between employee and employer, avoiding the use of insider information by employees for
undue benefit, accuracy of accounting records, avoiding misuse of company assets, fraud and
deception, the needs and right of suppliers, protecting environment, avoiding discrimination
• Code of ethics – Code of ethics is general document stating general and specific rules of
what organization stands for. Codes cover all employees from lower to higher authority.
Although codes differ i.e. responsibilities for employee include quality of goods and
services to be produced, protecting environment, duties and responsibilities. Relationship
with people and restriction towards working with inappropriate behaviour.
• Ethics training – Provide training programmes to employees that inculcate the company
ethical standards and values. It includes imparting training through lecture, surveys, case
studies, videos, simulation and analysing past experience.
• Establishing ethics committee –An ethics committee which comprise of senior level
managers from various areas which evaluate company ethics policies that are called
ethics officer who are responsible to provide strategies in order to ensure smooth working
throughout organization. This committee monitors, investigate, clears, identify and
analyse the corporate code of ethics and investigate its problem.
• Ethics help lines – An organization should have special phone lines number which gives
right to employee to ask question related to ethical behaviour and they can also report any
unethical acts which they may observe within organization and serious action to be taken
if found on the wrong side of the law.
• Ethics audit –An ethics audit whereby behaviour of employee is investigated which are
further then discussed to avoid in future. Audit supervises employee behaviour which
detects ethical and unethical acts and finally a straightforward policy for disciplining rule
violators. (Greenberg and Baron 2008, pp 68-71)
• Strategy- An organization puts together long term economic and social aspect in business
strategy while maintaining global reputation. Strategy is adopted by analysing internal
and external environment which helps to gain profit by maintaining sustainability.
Corporate social responsibility is defined as” the notion that corporations have an
obligation to constituent groups in society other than stockholders and beyond that
prescribed by law or union contract” (Kreitner & Kinichi 2008 p. 21)
T
Carrol global corporate social responsibilities pyramid (Kreitner & Kinichi 2008, p.21)
1. Philanthropic responsibilities: - they are all about being a good citizen. Such
as contributing resources to the community and improving the quality of life.
3. Legal responsibilities: - it is all about obeying the law. Law’s are society’s
codification of what is right and what is wrong. Play by the Rules.
CONCLUSION
Hence, it can be safely concluded that organizational design and structure form the backbone of
any organization without which sustainability and long term effectiveness could become matters
of concern. No report on this topic can be completed without an in-depth understanding of Max
Weber’s Bureaucratic theory. His insights into the world of organization design have largely
been questioned over the years. But, what needs to be recognized here is that his theory forms an
invaluable part of modern day organizational design and analysis. It is very hard for any existing
organization to claim that they perform in a non Bureaucratic manner. Irrespective of how hard
someone may try, it is almost impossible for any multi-dimensional organization to survive
without the influence of bureaucracy within its frame work.
ACCSR: Australian centre for corporate social responsibility, online resources, defining
corporate social responsibility, viewed 5 September 2010.
<http://www.accsr.com.au/html/definecsr.html>
Burton, Richard M. & Obel.B. 1998, Strategic Organizational Diagnosis and Design,
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
Mind tools essential skill for excellent career, Organizational design, Aligning
organizational structure with business goals, viewed 3 September 2010
<http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newPPM_95.htm>
Paul Davidson, Alan Simon, Peter woods and Ricky W.Griffin, 2009, Management –
Australasia management, 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Australia.
Robert Kreitner and Angelo Kinicki, 2008, Organizational Behavior, 8th edition, The
McGraw-hill Companies Inc, New York.
Stewart Clegg, Martin Kornberger and Tyrone Pitsis, 2008, Managing & Organizations:
An introduction to theory & practice, 2nd edition, Sage publication ltd, London
Stephen Linstead, Liz Fulop and Simon Lilley. 2009, Management and organization: A
Critical Text, 2nd edition, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.