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General Chemistry 2: 2nd Semester - Module 6
General Chemistry 2: 2nd Semester - Module 6
Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
SHS
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
2nd Semester - Module 6
CHEMICAL KINETICS
(Rate and Order of Reaction)
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things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
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included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to
locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and
authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.
What’s In
From your previous science lessons, you learned about chemical change. These
changes result in the formation of a new substance with a new and different set of
properties. Let us check if you can still remember your lessons by answering the
activity.
Activity 1: Light Me Up
Directions: Read the short passage on how candles burn. Tell which statement is
correct. Tick the corresponding circle before each item.
All waxes are essentially hydrocarbons. When you light a candle, the
heat of the flame melts the wax near the wick. This liquid wax is then drawn
up the wick by capillary action. The heat of the flame vaporizes the liquid
wax, and starts to break down the hydrocarbons into molecules of hydrogen
and carbon. These hot gases are drawn up into the flame, where they react
with oxygen from the air to create heat, light, water vapor (H2O) and carbon
dioxide (CO2).
What is your score? If you get a score of 3 and up, then you did great! If not, try
to read and answer it again.
1
In a chemical reaction, materials are consumed to form a new one. The
substances that go away over a period of time in a chemical reaction are called
reactants. On the other hand, the substances that are newly formed with a different
set of properties from their original material are known as products.
The area of chemistry concerned with the speed or rate at which chemical
reactions occur is called chemical kinetics. This module explains why some
reactions occur faster than others and why the same reaction takes place at a slower
or faster rate depending on the conditions. So get ready and enjoy learning your new
lesson!
What’s New
Natural chemical processes like aging, fruit ripening, and rusting of nails
occur at different reaction rates. What factors influence how fast or slow chemical
reactions occur?
Activity 2: Camping Out
Direction: Read the given scenario and imagine yourself being part of the camp.
Your school organized a two-day camp to make learning science more fun and
exciting outside the four corners of your classroom. One of the challenges was to
build a fire during the night to keep you warm and lighted. The sub-camp that makes
the camp fire first and has it burning all-night long receives a badge.
Examine each of the materials and decide which you would suggest to use.
Explain your choice. Make an illustration if necessary.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
2
The activity above has something to do with the relationship of particle size
and surface area of the reactants and how these properties determine the rate of a
chemical reaction. Let us continue investigating other factors.
Would you like to work in the laboratory? Let us visit Dexter’s Laboratory in
Chemistry and check out what he is up to!
Reactants
Average Time to
Set-up Length of The Concentration of
Complete the
Aluminum Ribbon, Hydrochloric acid, M
Reaction, s
cm
A 1 2.0 30
B 1 1.5 40
C 1 1.0 50
D 1 0.5 60
So how is it going? Were you able to get all the answers right? Let us take a look at
another experiment.
Source: https://edu.rsc.org/experiments/the-rate-of-
reaction-of-magnesium-with-hydrochloric-acid/1916.article
3
1. What evidence shows that a chemical reaction occurred?
_________________________________________________________________
2. What do you think is the possible product measurable in the graduated cylinder?
_________________________________________________________________
3. What are the reactants of the reaction?
_________________________________________________________________
4. How will you improve the experiment to determine the effect of the nature of
reactants? Choose all that apply. Encircle the letter only.
A. Re-run the experiment using another metal to react with the same
concentration and amount of acid
B. Do the experiment again using another kind of acid with same amount
and kind of metal.
C. Repeat the same procedure but boiling the set-up.
D. Follow the same steps but use smaller pieces of magnesium ribbon
Can you imagine how fun it must be experimenting? Take note you may have been
experimenting at some point in your life without knowing it. Can you think of one?
High
temperature
Low
temperature
4
Activity 6: Artificial Ripening
Directions: Read the research abstract on the artificial ripening of banana fruit.
Answer the questions briefly.
How did you find the activities? Was it fun? Were you able to answer all the
guide questions? You just did an excellent job doing your activities. You are now ready
to learn the Chemistry behind your activities.
What Is It
Various factors determine the rate of a given chemical reaction. In this module,
five (5) factors are presented. These are:
5
A. Surface Area of Reactants
Burning a piece of wood can be done in many ways. If you burn it as one big block
or log of wood, it will take a few hours before the whole block gets totally burned. But if
you use wood shavings, chips, or sawdust, it would take only a few minutes to burn it
all up. Particle size explains it all.
small cubes
wood block
A block of wood has 6 sides. Each of the surfaces comes in contact with oxygen in
the air. If you make the particle size of the wood smaller, it increases the number of
surface areas exposed. This consequently results in an increase in the contact area
between the wood and oxygen. Thus the rate of burning increases.
Did you know that a spark can cause coal dust in a mine to explode and yet not
cause an explosion with charcoal in a barbecue grill? The surface area of reactants can
explain this phenomenon.
B. Concentration of Reactants
The Collision Theory suggests that reacting particles must bump properly with
each other with a sufficient amount of energy so that a chemical reaction can occur. An
increase in the concentration of the reactants means that there will be more particles
colliding with each other in a given amount of time, thus increasing the possibilities that
a reaction takes place.
The reaction rate varies with the nature and reactivity of the substances involved.
Generally, fast reactions include acid reactions, the formation of salts, and ion exchange.
Reactions tend to be slow when covalent bond formation takes place between the
molecules and when large molecules are formed.
In the reaction between the magnesium and the acid, both reactants are gradually
used up. However, the acid is in excess, so it is mainly the loss of magnesium as the
6
surface area becomes smaller that causes the change in the rate. The reaction is fastest
at the start. But as the magnesium is used up, the rate falls until the reaction has
stopped and no more gas is produced, as evidence.
Magnesium reacts faster in hydrochloric acid compared to less reactive metal like
aluminum. Thus replacing magnesium with aluminum will require a longer period of time
for the reaction to complete.
Similarly, when you replace hydrochloric acid with weaker acid like acetic acid, the
reaction takes place slower. Hence, reacting equal amounts of magnesium ribbon in
equal amounts of different types and strengths of acids will change the production rate
of hydrogen gas.
Over a period of time, canned goods spoil inside the metal tin cans, as the acid in
food reacts with the metal coating and corrodes it producing gas and lumps up inside.
So the next time you go with your mother to the grocery store, inspect the canned goods
for any signs of bulging metal containers.
D. Temperature
7
Photo Credits to https://igcseandialchemistry.com/factors-affecting-the-rate-of-reaction/
This explains why ripe fruits are placed inside the refrigerator to slow down the
ripening process. However, meat is cooked faster in a pressure cooker because of the
higher temperature inside the cooking vessel. Did you know that the normal body
temperature is about 37˚C? The chemical reactions inside our body take place at this
temperature. When we get injured, the biochemical reactions that cause inflammation of
tissues can be slowed down by applying a cold compress on the affected area.
E. Presence of a Catalyst
Ethylene is a natural plant hormone that promotes ripening. The natural ripening
of fruits takes a long time. However, the process can be hastened to meet the demands
of the market. That is why artificial ripening is practiced. This process is mimicked using
chemicals. One of the artificial ripening agents used is ethephon (2-chloroethyl
phosphonic acid). It penetrates the fruit and decomposes ethylene. Another compound
that is used regularly is calcium carbide locally known as kalburo, which produces
acetylene, which is an analogue of ethylene. However, it has traces of arsenic and
phosphorus that are considered as carcinogenic.
What’s More
During a chemical reaction, the amount of reactants decreases with time while
simultaneously the amount of products increases. Hence, reaction rate can be
expressed as the change in the concentration of any of the reactants or products in a
specific span of time.
8
Mathematically, it can be determined as:
The negative sign indicates a decrease in concentration with time. However, rate is
always expressed as a positive quantity. The concentration of all substances is expressed
in molar units. Therefore, units of reaction rates are generally given as mol/(L • sec).
Sulfur is a non-metallic element which burns but does not ignite until heated to
about 232˚C. The combustion reaction is: S (s) + O2 (g) → SO2 (g)
1. What happens to the concentration of sulfur and oxygen in a certain period of time?
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. What happens to the amount of sulfur dioxide over a given time?
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the correct expression for the appearance of sulfur dioxide gas? Encircle the
letter only.
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑢𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛
A. Rate of appearance of sulphur dioxide = -
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Sometimes a particular reactant will have a greater effect on the reaction rate. To
show the relationship between reactant concentrations and the rate of reaction, the rate
law is used. This mathematical equation takes the general expression of:
Rate = k [A]m [B] n
where k is the rate constant that is determined experimentally and changes with
temperature
A and B are the reactants; and
the powers of m and n are the reaction order.
9
For example, the following reaction: 2 NO(g) + 2 H2(g) → N2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
By experimental results, it follows the rate law of: Rate = k [NO]2 [H2]. Stoichiometric
coefficients have nothing to do with rate law.
Note that doubling the concentration of hydrogen, H2 will only double the rate since
its concentration is only taken to the 1st power. However, doubling the concentration of
nitric oxide, NO, will cause a fourfold increase in the rate since its concentration in the
rate law is squared.
The overall order of reaction gives an indication of how changing the concentration
of the reactants will change the speed of the reaction. That is why, for higher orders of
reaction, changing the concentration of the reactants results in large changes in the rate
of reaction.
Did you know that nitric oxide (NO) is a major pollutant produced during the
combustion of fossil fuels and has many deleterious effects? To limit its release to the
atmosphere, strict environmental regulations have been passed in, and scientists work
harder toward the development of more efficient methods to decrease NO emitted from
combustion processes.
10
____ 1. Changing the concentration of the reactant will have no effect on its rate of
reaction.
____ 2. It depends on the concentration of one reactant.
____ 3. The rate law is rate = k [A].
____ 4. The rate is expressed as rate = k.
____ 5. May be expressed in any of the following equations: rate = k [A] 2 , rate = k [B]2,
rate = k [A][B].
Did you know that the decomposition of ammonia (NH3) in the presence of
molybdenum or tungsten is a zero-order reaction?
𝑴𝒐
2NH3 → N2 + 3H2
11
What I Can Do
Activity 10: You Complete Me
Directions: Examine the given factors and decide on their effect on the rate at which
certain reactions may occur. Write INCREASE if it makes the reaction go faster. Write
DECREASE if it slows down a chemical process.
Great job Senior High student! Now let us determine how far you have learned.
Assessment
Directions: Read thoroughly the questions. Choose the best answer. Circle the letter of
your choice.
12
4. Knowing that a more active metal will replace a less active metal in a compound,
which of the following statements is true?
Most Least
active active
A. Gold would replace silver
B. Mercury would replace lead
C. Silver would replace copper
D. Lead would replace copper
5. Which of these is a reason why surface area of reactants is increased?
A. To stabilize the reaction
B. To speed up the reaction
C. To prevent a compound from forming
D. To produce lesser amount of products
6. Assuming that each of the following graphs has the same concentration (y) and
time (x) axes, which has the greatest initial rate of disappearance of reactant?
A. B. C. D.
7. Which is the correct expression for the reaction rate of this reaction?
N2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2NO (g)?
∆[𝑁2 ] ∆[𝑁𝑂]
A. 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = C. 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
𝑡 𝑡
∆[𝑂2 ] −∆[𝑁𝑂]
B. 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = D. 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
𝑡 𝑡
8. What is the reaction order for the reaction: CHCl3(g) + Cl2(g) → CCl4(g) + HCl(g)
if experimentally the rate law is: Rate = k[CHCl3][Cl2]1/2?
A. First order with respect to Cl2
B. Zero order with respect to CHCl3
C. Second order with respect to CCl4 and HCl
D. 1.5 over-all order of reaction
13
Additional Activities
Activity 12: When Things Turn Sour
Directions: Perform the simple experiment at home. Observe the following safety
precautions. Better yet, ask for adult supervision.
Procedure:
1. Measure two (2) equal parts of milk. If you are using powdered milk, dissolve it
first in tap water.
2. Place the milk samples in separate clean and dry drinking glass and cover.
3. Label the glasses of milk as A and B.
4. Place set-up A inside the refrigerator.
5. Place set-up B in a safe corner at room temperature.
6. Leave the two (2) set-ups for 2 days.
7. Take note for any change in the appearance of the milk.
8. Return the set-ups and allow them to stay undisturbed for 5 days.
9. Record your observations.
Data Table
Observations
Set-up
After 2 days After a week
14
Guide Questions
1. What evidences were shown to indicate that a chemical reaction has occurred?
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. What can you infer on the effect of temperature on the rate of spoiling the milk?
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. At molecular level, how will you explain the effect of temperature on the rate of a
chemical reaction?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Cite two (2) other applications on the effects of temperature on the rate at which a
chemical reaction occurs.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
15
Answer Key General Chemistry 2 Module 6
16
References
AP Chemistry Chapter 14 Chemical Kinetics. Retrieved from
https://www.currituck.k12.nc.us/cms/lib4/NC01001303/Centricity/Domain/149/chapte
r_14_outline_full_1516.pdf
Application of Apple as Ripening Agent of Banana. Retrieved from
http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/13810/1/IJNPR%203(1)%2061-64.pdf
Candle Science. Accessed on February 7, 2021 at https://candles.org/
Chemistry Concepts and Applications: A Study Guide Teacher Edition. Glencoe McGraw-Hill:
New York
Essential Sciences for University-bound Students. The Loyola Student Center and Publisher:
Manila.
How to Detect Artificially Ripened Bananas. Retrieved from https://www.quora.com/How-can-I-
detect-artificially-ripened-banana on February 8, 2021.
Ibrahim, I. (2011). Integrated Science Chemistry: A Topical Course Assessment for Lower
Secondary Levels. Singapore Asia Publishers: Singapore.
Laboratory Manual of General Chemistry II. Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and
Mathematics, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology.
Mike Sugiyama Jones (May 27, 2014). Sketch graphical representations for zero-, first- and
second-order reactions. Accessed on February 8, 2021 at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SuZkqJ79BKk
Padolina, M.C. D. Conceptual and Functional Chemistry: Modular Approach. Vibal Publishing
House: Manila.
Rates of Reaction-Collision Theory. Accessed on February 8, 2021 at
http://www.chemhume.co.uk/ASCHEM/
Reactivity Series. Retrieved from https://byjus.com/chemistry/reactivity-series/ on February 8,
2021
Stages of Ripening Bananas. Accessed on February 7, 2021 at
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Different-stages-of-the-banana-ripening-
process_fig1_343092038
Standardized Test Practice in Physical Science: Student Edition. Glencoe McGraw-Hill: New York
Wood Block. Accessed on February 7, 2021 at https://www.cleanpng.com/png-wood-block-
speaker-stands-plywood-wood-898675/preview.html
Wood Shavings. Accessed on February 7, 2021 at
https://www.pngitem.com/middle/TwhRwx_wood-shavings-png-pile-of-wood-chips-
transparent/
Yunhai Bai and Manos Mavrikakis (May 8, 2017). Mechanistic Study of Nitric Oxide Reduction
by Hydrogen on Pt(100) (I): A DFT Analysis of the Reaction Network . J. Phys. Chem. B
2018, 122, 2, 432–443 . Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b01115
Zero Reactions. Retrieved from https://www.askiitians.com/iit-jee-physical-chemistry/chemical-
kinetics/zero-order-reaction.aspx
Region IX: Zamboanga Peninsula Hymn – Our Eden Land
Here the trees and flowers bloom Gallant men And Ladies fair Cebuanos, Ilocanos, Subanons, Boholanos, Ilongos,
Here the breezes gently Blow, Linger with love and care All of them are proud and true
Here the birds sing Merrily, Golden beams of sunrise and sunset Region IX our Eden Land
The liberty forever Stays, Are visions you’ll never forget
Oh! That’s Region IX Region IX
Our..
Here the Badjaos roam the seas Hardworking people Abound, Eden...
Here the Samals live in peace Every valleys and Dale Land...
Here the Tausogs thrive so free Zamboangueños, Tagalogs, Bicolanos,
With the Yakans in unity
My Final Farewell
Farewell, dear Fatherland, clime of the sun caress'd Let the sun draw the vapors up to the sky,
Pearl of the Orient seas, our Eden lost!, And heavenward in purity bear my tardy protest
Gladly now I go to give thee this faded life's best, Let some kind soul o 'er my untimely fate sigh,
And were it brighter, fresher, or more blest And in the still evening a prayer be lifted on high
Still would I give it thee, nor count the cost. From thee, 0 my country, that in God I may rest.
On the field of battle, 'mid the frenzy of fight, Pray for all those that hapless have died,
Others have given their lives, without doubt or heed; For all who have suffered the unmeasur'd pain;
The place matters not-cypress or laurel or lily white, For our mothers that bitterly their woes have cried,
Scaffold or open plain, combat or martyrdom's plight, For widows and orphans, for captives by torture tried
T is ever the same, to serve our home and country's need. And then for thyself that redemption thou mayst gain
I die just when I see the dawn break, And when the dark night wraps the graveyard around
Through the gloom of night, to herald the day; With only the dead in thei r vigil to see
And if color is lacking my blood thou shalt take, Break not my repose or the mystery profound
Pour'd out at need for thy dear sake And perchance thou mays t hear a sad hym n resound
To dye with its crimson the waking ray. 'T is I, O my country, raising a song unto thee.
My dreams, when life first opened to me, And even my grave is rem embered no more
My dreams, when the hopes of youth beat high, Unmark'd by never a cross nor a s tone
Were to see thy lov'd face, O gem of the Orient sea Let the plow sweep through i t, the spade turn it o'er
From gloom and grief, from care and sorrow free; That my ashes may carpet earthly floor,
No blush on thy brow, no tear in thine eye. Before into nothing ness a t last they are blown.
Dream of my life, my living and burning desire, Then wil l oblivion bring to me no care
All hail ! cries the soul that is now to take flight; As over thy vales and plai ns I sweep;
All hail ! And sweet it is for thee to expire ; Throbbing and cleansed i n thy space and air
To die for thy sake, that thou mayst aspire; With color and lig ht, wi th song and lament I fare,
And sleep in thy bosom eternity's long night. Ever repeating the fai th that I keep.
If over my grave some day thou seest grow, My Fatherland ador'd, tha t sadness to my sorrow lends
In the grassy sod, a humble flower, Beloved Filipinas, hear now my last good -by!
Draw it to thy lips and kiss my soul so, I give thee all : parents and kindred and friends
While I may feel on my brow in the cold tomb below For I go where no slave be fore the oppressor bends,
The touch of thy tenderness, thy breath's warm power. Where fai th can never kill , and God reigns e'er on high!
Let the moon beam over me soft and serene, Farewell to you all, from my soul torn awa y,
Let the dawn shed over me its radiant flashes, Friends of my childhood i n the home dispossesse d!
Let the wind with sad lament over me keen ; Give thanks tha t I rest from the wearisome day!
And if on my cross a bird should be seen, Farewell to thee , too, swe et friend that lightened m y way;
Let it trill there its hymn of peace to my ashes. Beloved creatures all, farewell! I n death there is rest!