10.6 Extraction of Metals 10.

9 Extracting Zinc
METAL EXTRACTION METHOD  Ore = Zinc Blende = Zinc Sulphide (ZnS)
K - Potassium  Zinc blende is roasted in air to convert it to zinc oxide
Na - Sodium  Zinc oxide is reduced using coke to zinc and carbon

More powerful/expensive method of extraction

Ca – Calcium Reduction via monoxide in the furnace
 As zinc is volatile, the gaseous metal is distilled leaving

Ores more difficult to decompose

Mg – electrolysis
Magnesium less-volatile impurities behind.
Al – Aluminum Zinc is condensed and liquid is run into mould.
CARBON
10.10 Uses of Metal
Zn – Zinc Reducing via heating
 Aluminum
Fe – Iron with Carbon or Carbon
o Airplane/Cars (Strong/Low density/resistant to
Pb – Lead Monoxide corrosion)
HYDROGEN o Cans/Foil (Resistant to corrosion/malleable)
Cu – Copper o Overhead cable (Good conductor of
Ag – Silver Occur naturally electricity/ductile)
Au – Gold  Zinc
o Galvanizes Iron = coats it to stop it rusting
10.7 Extracting Iron o Alloys – brass/bronze
 Ore = hematite (Fe2O3) o Batteries
 Uses of slag o Sacrificial Protection
o To make roads  Copper
o To make cement o Electrical Wiring (Good conductor of
 Coke burns with air electricity/Ductile)
carbon + oxygen  carbon dioxide o Cooking utensils (Malleable/good conductor of heat)
 Carbon dioxide reacts with o Roofs (hard wearing against weather
coke
carbon dioxide + carbon 
carbon monoxide 11. AIR AND WATER
 Carbon monoxide reduces Iron(III) oxide to iron
iron(III) oxide + carbon monoxide  iron + carbon dioxide 11.1 Tests for Water
 The limestone reacts with impurities to form slag TEST TYPE OF TEST POSITIVE RESULT
calcium carbonate + silicon dioxide  calcium silicate + carbon dioxide
Blue Cobalt(II) Chemical Paper turns from
10.8 Iron to Steel Chloride Paper blue to pink
 Molten iron from blast furnace is poured into an oxygen Anhydrous Chemical From white
furnace. Copper(II) powder to blue
 Calcium oxide is added, and a jet of oxygen is turned on. Sulphate powder crystals
 The calcium oxide neutralizes acidic impurities, forming Test m.p. and b.p. Physical m.p. at 0°C and
slag that is skimmed off and oxygen burns the other b.p. at 100°C
impurities away.
 The carbon content is checked continually until it is just 11.2 Purification of Water
right then the oxygen is turned off.  Water is pumped into screens, which remove solid
o Mild Steel (0.25% carbon) – Used in machinery and floating debris.
car bodies  Aluminum sulfate is added to coagulate (stick together)
o Medium carbon steel (0.5%) – Used in railway lines small pieces of clay so that they are easily removed.
o High carbon steel (1.5% carbon) – Used in knives and  The water is then filtered through coarse sand to remove
blades larger, insoluble debris.
 The water encounters more flocculants (chemicals that
make particles move down to bottom of tank) and is
filtered again through fine sand.
 Chlorine gas is bubbled through the water to kill  It is compressed, causing it to heat up. Cooled by
bacteria. This makes the water slightly acidic, so to recycling cold air
reverse this appropriate amounts of sodium hydroxide  The cold compressed air is passed through a jet, into a
(an alkali) is added. larger space. It expands rapidly, making it very cold.
 Some countries also add fluorine  This is repeated, cooling the air more. By -200°C it is
liquid except for neon and helium. These gases are
11. 3 Use of Water removed. They can be separated from each other by
AT HOME IN INDUSTRY absorption on charcoal.
 Drinking  Dissolve  The liquid air is pumped into the fractioning column.
 Cooking  wash and cool things There it is slowly warmed up. The gases boil off one by
 Washing  In power stations where one, and are collected in tanks or cylinders.
 On farms for animals & steam is used to turn  Sources of methane: oil and natural gas, decomposition
crops turbines of vegetation, and waste gases from digestion in animals

11.4 Air 11.7 Catalytic Convertor

 Clean air is composed of approximately  In the combustion engine, insufficient amounts of
o 79% nitrogen oxygen lead to incomplete combustion of the carbon
o 20% oxygen containing fuel
o Remainder: noble gases, water vapor & carbon  Gases produced: (a) carbon monoxide (b) oxides of
dioxide nitrogen
 A catalytic convertor catalyzes the reduction of NO2 to
11.5 Pollutants in Air nitrogen gas N2 and catalyzes the oxidation of CO to CO2
POLLUTANT SOURCE PROBLEMS CAUSED
Reacts with 11.8 Rust Preventition
Incomplete haemoglobin,  Coating with something to prevent contact with air and
Carbon moisture
combustion of preventing it from
Monoxide o Plastic, paint and grease
carbon-containing carrying oxygen;
CO o Electroplating with tin or chromium
substances death due to oxygen
o Galvanising: dipping in molten zinc
starvation
 Sacrificial protection: attaching a piece of metal that is
Irritates eyes and
Sulphur From combustion of more reactive that iron to object, commonly magnesium
throat, causes or zinc. This will corrode in the place of iron.
Dioxide fossil fuels which
respiratory problems
SO2 contain sulfur
and causes acid rain 11.9 Fertilizer
Oxides of Causes respiratory  NPK used in fertilizers because:
Nitrogen From car exhausts problems and forms o Nitrogen is needed for chlorophyll and other proteins.
NOx acid rain o Phosphorus helps roots grow and crops ripen.
From burning of o Potassium helps make proteins and resist diseases.
Causes damage to
Lead petrol as lead is  All alkalis (except ammonia) will react with ammonium
brain and nerve cells compounds, removing ammonia, for example:
compounds added to it for better
in young children
performance 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑢𝑚 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 + 𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑐ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑒 → 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑒 + 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑎

11,6 Fractional Distillation of Air 11.10 Greenhouse Gases

 Air is filtered to remove dust
 Water vapor and carbon dioxide removed, (because they
would freeze and block the pipes):
o air is cooled until water vapor condenses
o then passes over absorbent beads to trap carbon
dioxide
 The greenhouse gases are: carbon dioxide and methane.
 They stop heat escaping in to space.
 Too much greenhouse gases leads to climate change.
 This will cause the ice poles to melt, rising sea levels,
more droughts, storms, floods and famine; global
warming
 11.11 Formation of Carbon Dioxide 12.2 Uses
 Carbon dioxide is produced whenever carbon or any of SULFUR SULFUR DIOXIDE
its compound are completely burned in excess oxygen  As a food preserver; kills  Manufacture of
 It is also formed as a product of respiration bacteria sulphuric acid
 It is produced as product of reaction between an acid  As a bleach in the  To bleach wool, silk and
and carbon manufacture of wood wood pulp for making
 From the thermal decomposition of a carbonate pulp for paper paper
 In car batteries as  As a sterilising agent in
11.12 Haber Process electrolyte making soft drinks and
 Industrial manufacture of ammonia NH3  In manufacture of jam, and in drying fruit;
sulphuric acid (through stops growth of bacteria
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇌ 2NH3 (g)
Contact process) and moulds.
 Raw materials:
o Nitrogen: from the air 12.3 Contact Process
o Hydrogen: methane + steam → carbon dioxide +  Sulphur is first burned in air producing sulphur dioxide
hydrogen
 It is then mixed with more air and passed over four
 Essential conditions: separate beds of catalyst, Vanadium (V) oxide, at 450°C
o Temperature: 450°C to form sulphur trioxide
o Pressure: 200atm
 It is then dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid
o Catalyst: Iron
forming a thick fuming liquid called oleum
11.13 Carbon Cycle  It is then mixed carefully with water to form
concentrated sulphuric acid.
 Essential conditions:
o Catalyst: Vanadium (V) oxide
o Temperature: 450°C
o Pressure: 2atm

12.4 Properties of Sulfuric Acid

 Forms salts called sulphates
 When concentrated, it’s a dehydrating agent, and a thick
oily liquid
 It turns blue litmus red
 It is a strong acid and has the properties of a typical
strong acid: reacts with bases, low pH, high conductivity

13. CARBONATES
12. SULFUR
12.1 Sources
 Found as an element, in large underground beds
 Found around the rims of volcanoes.
 It occurs in metal ores e.g. lead sulphide
 Sulphur compounds also occur naturally in the fossil
fuels e.g. coal

 Uses of quick lime:  Lime is manufactured by limestone by heating

o Making steel from iron  CaC03 + heat → CaO + CO2
o To neutralise acidity in soil
o Drying agent in industry  Uses of limestone:
 Uses of slaked lime and lime: o Making cement: made by mixing limestone with clay,
o Neutralise acidity in soil, and in lakes affected by acid heating mixture strongly in a kiln, adding gypsum
rain, (calcium sulphate), and grinding up the final solid to
o Neutralising acidic industrial waste products, e.g. flue give a powder
gas desulphurisation o Making iron from iron ore: limestone reacts with
sand) forming slag (calcium silicate), which is then
used for road building.