4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 6 Transmission of Electrical Energy

6 Transmission of Electrical Energy

2
Practice 6.1 (p.291) V peak
1 C 7 Pmax = R
2 B
LEDs allow current to flow in one direction √P R √
Vpeak = max = 2400×48 = 240 V
only. As a result, no current flows through the Root mean square voltage
circuit. 240 √2
V peak
3 C
V1 = √ 2 = √ 2 = 240 V
8 (a) Peak voltage Vpeak = 170 V
Vrms = √ 2 Root mean square voltage
2 2
V rms V 1 V peak
170
Average power = R = 2 R
4 A = √ 2 = √ 2 = 120 V
V peak V 1
(b) T = 0.025
Ipeak = R = R
5 (a) (i) d.c. 1
(ii) Period = 0.04 s ⇒ T = 0.025 × = 60 s
1
Frequency = = 25 Hz Frequency = T = 60 Hz
(b) (i) a.c. 1 1
(ii) Period = 0.02 s
1 (c) T = f = 50 = 0.02 s
Frequency = 0.02 = 50 Hz Vpeak = √2 Vrms = √ 2 × 230 = 325 V
(c) (i) a.c.

(ii) T = 0.0125

⇒ Period = 0.0125 × = s
Frequency = 60 Hz

6 Equivalent stable current = √ mean of I 2 Practice 6.2 (p.310)

For Fig g, 1 B

√
2 2 Thicker wires have smaller resistance.
2 +(−2)
2 ∴ (1) is correct.
equivalent stable current = =2A A laminated core reduces eddy currents.
For Fig h,
∴ (2) is correct.

equivalent stable current =

For Fig i,
√
42 + 0
2 = 2.83 A
If the secondary coil is winded on the right
arm, not all magnetic flux from the primary
coil passes through the secondary coil and

√
more energy is lost.

( )
4 2
√2
+0 2
∴ (3) is incorrect.
B
A steady current produces a steady magnetic
equivalent stable current = 2 field.
=2A ∴ (1) is incorrect.
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4 Electricity and Magnetism Ch apter 6 Transmission of Electrical
Energy

A transformer may work with varying d.c. 4

16×
∴ (3) is incorrect. 7 Output voltage = 1 = 64 V
3 A 8 (a) Current in the cable
Since there is resistance in the transmission P 50 000
cables, V3 < V2 and the system is not 100%
efficient. The relationship between V1 and V4 = = 250
V = 200 A
cannot be determined from the given Power lost
information. = I 2R = 2002 × 0.15 = 6000 W
4 C (b) Potential difference across cable
Let IR be the current in the transmission cable. = IR = 200 × 0.15 = 30 V
P Potential difference across equipment
= 250 – 30 = 220 V
V
Since T1 is ideal, we have IR = 2 . ∴ The equipment can operate properly.
P2 R 9 (a) When a changing current flows in the
V 2 primary coil, a changing magnetic field
Power loss = = 2 is produced in the soft-iron core. This
On the other hand, changing magnetic field induces an
Voltage across it is VR = V2 – V3 e.m.f. in the secondary coil.
V 2R (V 2 −V 3 )2 (b) Decrease the turns ratio.
Power loss = R = R Np220 Vp
5 D N V
10 (a) Turns ratio = s = s = 10 = 22
(1) and (3) reduces the resistance of the
(b) Power = VI = 10 × 0.5 = 5 W
cables, while (2) reduces the current flowing
(c) Since the transformer is ideal, the power
in the cables.
taken from the mains is 5 W.
6 B
Since the transformer is ideal, the secondary P 5
voltage depends only on the input voltage and (d) Current = V = 220 = 0.0227 A
is not affected by the secondary circuit. Also, 11 (a)
the input power and the output power of the The turns ratio of the transformer across
transformer are the same. both A and B is 1.
After removing Y, the voltage across X does VA + VB = 12
not change. The number of turns connected to A is
∴ (3) is incorrect. the same as that connected to B.
The resistance of the secondary circuit ⇒ VA = VB = 6 V
increases. The turns ratio for C is 2.
∴ (2) is correct.
VC = 12 × = 6 V
In the secondary circuit, by P = , Therefore, all three bulbs work at their
R ↑ ⇒ P ↓ (V constant) rated value, so PA = PB = PC = 2 W.
Therefore, the input power of the transformer Power input of transformer
decreases. = power output = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6 W
∴ (1) is correct. Current in primary coil

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4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 6 Transmission of Electrical Energy

P 6 Since there are more turns in the secondary

coil than in the primary coil, this is a step-up
= = 12 = 0.5 A
V
transformer.
(b) The turns ratio of the transformer for
each of the bulb is 2. ∴ (1) is correct.
The input can be a varying d.c.
∴ (3) is incorrect.
VA = VB = VC = 12 × = 6 V 8 D
All bulbs work at their rated value. The mains voltage 220 V is the r.m.s. value.
Similar to (a), the current in the primary ∴ (1) is incorrect.
coil is 0.5 A. The power dissipated in the bulb is maximum
(c) The turns ratio of the transformer for when the voltage across it is at a peak value.
When a 220-V voltage is applied, the bulb
each of the bulb is . Similar to (b), the dissipates a power of 60 W.
current in the primary coil is 0.5 A. ∴ (2) is correct.
1 2 For sinusoidal a.c., a 5-A a.c. fuse can
withstand an r.m.s. current of 5 A, which has a
12 (a) Voltage ratio = 3.5 = 7 peak current larger than 5 A.
7 ∴ (3) is correct.
100×
(b) Number of turns = 2 = 350 9 C
(c) The magnetic field in the core will be The output power is less than the input power,
weakened and the secondary voltage so the efficiency is less than 100% and the
decreases. transformer is not ideal.
∴ (1) and (3) are correct.
Revision exercise 6 The turns ratio is equal to the voltage ratio as
long as there is no flux leakage.
Concept traps (p.314)
∴ (2) is incorrect.
1 F
10 C
An alternating current is one which reverses
its direction periodically. 17
2 T Vrms = √ 2 = 12.02 V
3 F P 50
A step-up transformer only increases the
transmitted voltage, but the transmitted power V
Irms = rms = 12.02 = 4.16 A
is unchanged or decreased. 11 B
4 F Energy E dissipated in one period

[ ]
The function of the soft-iron core is to ensure
( )
2
that all field lines from the primary coil pass T I0 T
I 2 R× + R× ×2
through the secondary coil.
=
0 4 3 4
5 T
The voltage of a dry cell is steady and cannot 5
I 2 RT
induce an e.m.f. in the secondary coil of a =9 0
transformer. 5
I 2R
Multiple-choice questions (p.314) Average power = = 9 0
12 C
6 B
Let V0 be the input peak voltage.

√
2 2
V 0 +(−V 0 ) V0
Vrms = √V 2
= 2 = V0 Peak voltage across PS = 2
7 C V0 1 V0
×
Peak voltage across PQ = 2 1+ 3+16 = 40

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4 Electricity and Magnetism Ch apter 6 Transmission of Electrical
Energy

V0 l
ρ
R.m.s. voltage across PQ = 40 √ 2 19 (a) By R = A , 1M
V0 RA 0. 5×3×10−6
l = ρ = 1 . 68×10
−8
Therefore 40 √ 2 = 6 V = 89.3 m 1A
⇒ V0 = 339 V (b) Voltage across cable
13 D = IR = 12 × 0.5 = 6 V 1M
240 Supply voltage = 220 – 6 = 214 V 1A
(c) Power supply = VI 1M
Voltage across PS = 2 = 120 V = 220 × 12
1 = 2640 W 1A
120×
Voltage across PQ = 1+3+16 =6V (d) Power loss
1+3 = I 2R = 122 × 0.5 = 72 W 1M
120× Percentage power loss
Voltage across PR = 1+3+16 = 24 V
72
14 (HKALE 2007 Paper 2A Q37) ×100 %
15 (HKALE 2008 Paper 2A Q19) = 2640 = 2.73 % 1A
16 (HKCEE 2011 Paper 2 Q42) Vp
17 (HKDSE 2014 Paper 1A Q30)
20 (a) Turns ratio = V s 1M
Conventional questions (p.316) 220
18 (a) A.c. can be easily stepped-up and = 110
stepped-down while steady d.c. cannot. =2 1A

= rms √
1A I × 2
Stepping up the voltage before (b) Peak current 1M
transmitting power though long cables = 0.6×√ 2
reduces the power loss. 1A = 0.849 A 1A
As a result, power transmission over (c) Operating power = VI 1M
long distances has a smaller power loss = 110 × 0.6
if a.c. is used. 1A = 66 W 1A
(b) Factors affecting the efficiency (any one
output power
of the following): 1A ×100%
Resistance of wires (d) Efficiency = input power 1M
Magnetization and demagnetization of output power
the core
Induced currents in the core Input power = efficiency
Ways to improve efficiency 66
(corresponding to the above): 1A = 98 %
Use thicker wires. = 67.3 W 1A
Use a soft iron core. (e) If the transformer is not used, the current
Use a laminated core. flowing in the printer will be twice its
(c) Use thicker cables. 1A rated value. 1A
This overlarge current can damage the
printer. 1A
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4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 6 Transmission of Electrical Energy

P Consider Figure m.

Peak current = rms √

21 (a) Current through bulb = V 1M I × 2 1M
24 5
= 12
×√ 2
= √2
=2A 1A
=5A 1A
(b) Since the step-down transformer is
(c) (i)
100% efficient,
Ip Ns
By I s = N p , 1M
Ns
I s 1 ×2
N
Ip = p = 20 = 0.1 A
Power loss = I 2R 1M (I is zero for more than half a
= 0.12 × 10 period) 1A
= 0.1 W 1A (Current passes through only when
(c) Since the step-up transformer is 100% it is greater than a certain positive
efficient, value) 1A
Current drawn from input
Ns
I s 20 ×0 .1
N
= p = 1 =2A 1A
(d) Consider the step-down transformer.
Np
V s 20
VBD = N s = 1 × 12 = 240 V 1M (Correct graph) 1A
Voltage drop across cables (ii) The average power decreases in the
= IR = 0.1 × 10 = 1 V case of Figure m and unchanged in
VAC = 240 + 1 = 241 V 1M the case of Figure n. 1A
Consider the step-up transformer. As seen from the above graphs,
Voltage of the input a.c. energy is sometimes not dissipated
Np 1 in the former case 1A
Vs but the energy dissipation is not
= Ns = 20 × 241 = 12.1 V 1A affected in the later case. 1A
Or Since the step-up transformer is 100%
efficient,
Input power = 24 + 0.1 = 24.1 W 1M 23 S is S is closed
input power open case (i) case (ii)
Power of X P P 4P
Input voltage = input current 1M
24 .1 Voltmeter
V V V
reading
= 2 = 12.1 V 1A Ammeter
22 (a) The one in Figure m is an a.c. and the I 2I 2I
reading
one in Figure n is a d.c. 1A 6 × 1A
(b) Since the resistance and average power 24 (a) Magnetic field
are the same in the two cases, the r.m.s. μ 0 NI
current must be the same.
= l 1M
Consider Figure n.

√
−7
4 π×10 ×2500×6
52 +0 5
= 0.2
Irms = 2 = √2 1M = 0.0942 T 1A

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4 Electricity and Magnetism Ch apter 6 Transmission of Electrical
Energy

(b) Induced e.m.f. 66 000

ΔNΦ = 220
= Δt 1M = 300 1A
NA ΔB (ii) If the voltage is higher, the current
in the cables is smaller. 1A
= Δt 1M By P = I 2R, the smaller the current,
−4
500×12×10 ×0. 0942 the smaller the power loss. 1A
= 0 .5 27 (a) An a.c. reverses its direction periodically
= 0.113 V 1A 1A
(c) Reduce the turns ratio. 1A while a d.c. always travels in one
(d) Zero 1A direction. 1A
25 (a) A sudden change in the primary current
causes a sudden change in the magnetic
field in the transformer. 1A
This induces a large e.m.f. in the
secondary coil. 1A
The large number of turns in the
secondary coil also contributes to the
high secondary voltage. 1A
(b) Increase the rate of change of the
primary current. 1A (Correct example of a.c.) 1A
This will increase the rate of change of (Correct example of d.c.) 1A
the magnetic flux through the secondary (b) To transmit power at a high voltage. 1A
coil, thus increase the induced e.m.f. (c)
1A
26 (a) (i) Maximum current
P
= V 1M
440 000
= 220
= 2000 A 1A
(Correct drawing of structure) 1A
(ii) Maximum power loss
(Correct labels) 1A
= I 2R 1M
(Correct turns ratio) 1A
= 20002 × 0.1
Ip 30 N s
= 4 × 105 W 1A
(iii) Maximum voltage drop (d) I s = slope of graph ≈ 1 = N p
= IR 1M The transformer is ideal. 1A
= 2000 × 0.1 28 (HKCEE 2009 Paper 1 Q12)
= 200 V 1A 29 (HKCEE 2011 Paper 1 Q10)
Vp
(b) (i) Turns ratio = V s 1M Experiment questions (p.319)

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4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 6 Transmission of Electrical Energy

30 (HKDSE Sample Paper 2008 Paper 1B Q13)

Physics in article (p.320)

31 (a) The magnetic field produced by the two
currents cancel each other 1A
so the meter’s reading is zero. 1A
(b) Both of them make use of the mutual
inductance 1A
and works only with a current that is
changing. 1A
(c) No, 1A
The coil is parallel to the magnetic field
of the a.c. 1A
The change in magnetic field through the
coil is always zero. 1A
(d) It cannot be used to measure a steady
d.c. 1A
(Or other reasonable answers)
32 (HKDSE 2012 Paper 1B Q9)

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