Road to becoming

a Registered
Psychometrician
Tips on studying; BLEP experience; Rationalization
POINTS TO REMEMBER
1.Know your own learning style
2.Set your own review schedule
3.Assess your strengths and weakness
4.Discipline is a must
5.Reward yourself
6.Pray
Theories of
Personality
Prepared by: Prof. Rolf Gian Marcos, RPm
 References
FEIST AND FEIST, THEORIES OF PERSONALITY.
8 EDITION
TH

SCHULTZ AND SCHULTZ, THEORIES OF

PERSONALITY. 10TH EDITION
BOYD AND BEE, LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT, 6 TH
EDITION
TRULL AND PRINSTEIN, CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY,
2ND EDITION
 THREE MAJOR FORCES IN
PSYCHOLOGY
Psychodynamic Behaviorism Humanistic
(constructs) (control) (free choice)
Psychoanalytic
Theory
-Sigmund Freud
1. Lily Cruz pokes fun on Kara and Mia because of
their unusual features. Lily was also reported several
times on her school because of her insensitive and
degrading jokes and for causing humiliation to some
of her classmates. What concept under
psychoanalysis BEST explains Lily’s behavior?
a. Masochistic drives c. Aggressive drives
b. Sexual drives d. Sadistic drives
 1. Answer: C
PSYCHOANALYSIS: Sigmund Freud
Drives are characterized by:
1. Impetus- amount of force it exerts
2. Source- region where the tension arises
3. Aim- seek pleasure or reduce the tension
4. Object- person or thing that serves as a means
through which the aim is satisfied
 Application
1.Impetus- intensity of hunger
2.Source- stomach
3.Aim- to reduce the hunger
4.Object- food
 TWIN CORNERSTONES
1. Sex (Energy: Libido)
-Goal: reduce the sexual tension
- Erogenous zones- mouth, anus, genitals
- All pleasurable activities is traceable to the sexual
drive
2. Aggression (Energy: nameless)
-Goal: self-destruction or returning the organism into
inorganic state (death)
 SEXUAL DRIVE
It can take many forms: narcissism, love, sadism and
masochism.
Primary narcissism: self-centered infants. UNIVERSAL
Secondary narcissism: self-love during puberty. NOT
UNIVERSAL.
Aim inhibited love: repressed kind of love towards the
mother and/or other family members.
Sadism: sexual pleasure for inflicting pain on others.
Masochism: sexual pleasure for receiving pain from the self
or others.
 AGGRESSIVE DRIVE
It can take many forms: teasing, gossiping,
sarcasm, humiliation, humor and enjoyment of
other people’s suffering.
Aggressive tendency is present in
EVERYONE.
It serves as the explanation for wars, atrocities
and religious persecution.
 PROVINCES OF THE MIND
A. Id- pleasure principle
-completely unconscious
- Ex: Infants
B. Ego- reality principle
- conscious, preconscious,unconscious
-only region that has contact in reality
-borrows energy from the Id (Person on a horseback)
C. Superego- moralistic/idealistic principle
- grows out of the ego.
- develop during 5-6 year old
- 2 SUBSYSTEMS:
Conscience (should not) and
Ego Ideal (should)
Defense Mechanism
-used by normal individuals
-high usage leads to pathological
behaviors
-AIM: to reduce anxiety
Repression- most basic defense
mechanism
- unconscious forgetting
Suppression- conscious forgetting
Reaction formation- adopting a disguise
that is directly opposite its original form.
(limited to a SINGLE object)
Displacement- redirecting unacceptable urges onto
VARIETY of people or objects that are less threatening
Fixation- permanent attachment of the libido onto an
earlier, more primitive stage of development.
PERMANENT
Regression- reverting back to earlier stage of life.
TEMPORARY
Projection- attributing the unwanted impulse to an
external object, usually another person.
Introjection- incorporating positive
qualities of another person into their own
ego.
Sublimation- repression of the genital aim
of Eros by substituting a cultural or social
aim
Compensation- strengthen one to hide
another
Undoing- a person tries to cancel out or remove an
unhealthy, destructive or otherwise threatening
thought or action by engaging in contrary behavior.
Rationalization- making excuses
Sweet Lemon- liking someone/something that you
don’t like in the first place
Sour Grape- disliking someone/something that
you like at first
2. _______ is the healthiest defense mechanism under
psychoanalysis because _________.
a. Regression; it allows us to look back and resolve our
childhood conflicts.
b. Sublimation; it transforms our counterproductive and lustful
behaviors into a productive one.
c. Repression; it acknowledges our shadow, the first test of
courage.
d. All defense mechanisms are counterproductive. Thus, no
defense mechanism could be considered as healthy.
2. Answer: B (Sublimation)
3. Eric condemns homosexuality. Despite
Eric’s standpoint, he is unconsciously part of
the community that he hates. He attributes his
sexuality to others because he believes that
homosexuals are sinners and shall be treated
inhumanely. This situation depicts
a. Rationalization c. Reaction formation
b. Denial d. Projection
3. Answer: D (Projection)
4. Eric condemns homosexuality. Despite Eric’s
standpoint, he is unconsciously part of the
community that he hates. Later on, he decided to
join fraternity to embody masculinity and to conceal
his false heterosexuality. This situation depicts
a. Rationalization c. Reaction formation
b. Denial d. Projection
4. Answer: C (Reaction Formation)
 LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE
1. Unconscious
 contains all drives, urges, or instincts that are
beyond out awareness but that nevertheless
motivate most of our words, feelings, and actions.
Ex: A man that is attracted to a woman but the man
is unaware of the reason behind the attraction.
explains the meaning behind dreams, slips of the
tongue and certain kinds of forgetting or repression.
DISTORTED/
DISGUISED
FORM
DREAMS: rich in unconscious material
2 Sources:
Repression and Phylogenetic Endowment or
inherited unconscious images (Jung’s collective
unconscious)
* When being transferred into the conscious level,
usually takes a disguised or distorted form.
 LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE
2. Preconscious- contains all those elements that
are not conscious but can become conscious either
quite readily or with some difficulty.
2 Sources: (1) Conscious Perception:
largely free from anxiety
(2) Unconscious: disguise form
 LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE
3. Conscious
Plays a relatively MINOR role in psychoanalysis
mental elements in awareness at any given point in time.
the only level that is DIRECTLY available to us.
Sources: (1) Perceptual conscious system: what we perceive
through our sense organs, if not too threatening, enters into
consciousness.
(2) Nonthreatening ideas from the PRECONSCIOUS
(3) well-disguised images from the UNCONSCIOUS
Difference between Male and Female Oedipus Complex
Male Oedipus Complex Female Oedipus Complex

Identification with the father Identification with the

mother
First: Oedipus Complex First: Penis Envy
Second: Castration Anxiety Second: Oedipus Complex
Strong superego Weak superego
Complete resolution Partial resolution
 Freud’s Therapeutic Technique
Goal: To uncover repressed memories
1. Free Association Technique
Patients are required to verbalize
every thought that comes to their mind,
no matter how irrelevant it may appear.
2. Dream Analysis
Freud’s most favored technique
Manifest Content: surface and/or conscious recall.
Latent Content: unconscious meaning
CONTENT:(1) Expression of our wishes and desires
(2) Post-traumatic Stress Disorder:
principle of repetition compulsion
(3) Anxiety dreams: nakedness, death of a
loved one, failing an exam
Parapraxes/ Freudian Slips
Everyday slips of the tongue or pen,
misreading, incorrect hearing,
misplacing objects and temporary
forgetting names.
Not a chance accidents but reveals a
person’s unconscious intentions.
5. The following situations are the three typical anxiety
dreams according to Freud. Point the exception.
a. Jessa, who dreamed of embarrassment due to
nakedness.
b. Jessica, who dreamed of losing her husband.
c. Geoff, who dreamed of losing his job.
d. Taylor, who dreamed of failing her comprehensive
exam.
5. Answer: C
6. Which of the following concepts best
mimics Freud’s dream interpretation about
falling from the top of a building?
a. Adler’s concept of withdrawal
b. Horney’s concept of self-hatred
c. Jung’s concept of conservative principle
d. Kelly’s concept of construction corollary
6. Answer: C
Individual
Psychology
-Alfred Adler
 Life Style Types
Ruling type: DOMINANT. Low Social Interest
Leaning/getting type: DEPENDENT. Low
Social Interest
Avoiding type: PLAY SAFE. Low Social
Interest
Socially useful type: PRODUCTIVE. High
Social Interest
Tenets of Individual Psychology
I. Striving for Success and Superiority
II. Subjective Perceptions
III. Unity and Self-Consistency of Personality
IV.Social Interest
V. Style of Life
VI.Creative Power
 I. Striving for Success and Superiority as the single
dynamic force behind people’s behavior
Final Goal:
Either SUPERIORITY or SUCCESS of all humankind.

Personal benefit Social interest

(unhealthy) (healthy)
STRIVING AS A COMPENSATION:
We strive for superiority or success to compensate for our feelings
of inferiority.
 II. People’s subjective perceptions shape their behavior and
personality
Fictionalism: our MOST IMPORTANT FICTION is the goal
for superiority or success.
It has no objective existence but it influences our behavior.
Expectations about the future (highly teleological)

Physical Inferiority: People begin life with small, weak and

inferior. So, they set a goal to become big, strong and
superior.
MARGA BARTOLOME VERSUS CASSIE MONDRAGON
III. Personality is unified and self-consistent
Our behavior serve a single purpose
Inconsistent behavior is nonexistent. All our behaviors, despite it not
seemingly relevant to our goals, are still in connection with our final goal.
Organ Dialect: the body’s organs speak a language which is usually more
expressive and discloses the individual’s opinion more clearly than words are
able to do.
Conscious and Unconscious: two cooperating parts of the unified system.
Conscious: Helpful in striving for success.
Unconscious: Unhelpful
IV. The value of all human activity must be seen from
the viewpoint of Social Interest
Gemeinschaftsgefuhl or community feeling.
Success of all people more than personal gain
Origins of Social Interest:
Mother-child relationships: if the mother has learned to give and
receive love from others, she will have little difficulty broadening her
child’s social interest.
It must be BALANCED/EQUAL:
Too focused on the child: Pampered
Too focused on the father: Neglected
Father-child relationships: the
husband must demonstrate a caring
attitude to his wife and other people. If
not, it will result to emotional
detachment (parasitic relationship on
the mother) and paternal
authoritarianism.
 V. The self-consistent personality structure develops
into a person’s style of life
Style of life: flavor of a person’s life.
- It includes a person’s goal, self-concept, feelings for
others and attitude towards the world.
- established by the age of 5 (creative power)
-People with healthy, socially useful style of life expresses
their social interest through action. They actively solve
Adler’s 3 MAJOR PROBLEMS OF LIFE:
1) neighborly love; 2) sexual love and 3) occupation.
 VI. Style of life is molded by people’s creative power
Creative Power: makes each person a free
individual.
- we are in control of our lives. (same
with BANDURA’S Agentic Perspective)
- Analogy: the law of a low doorway
7. The following statements are true about Adler’s
Final Goal. Point the exception.
a. Final goal has no objective existence.
b. Final goal is a product of our creative power
c. Final goal reduces the pain of inferiority
feelings
d. Creative power develops at the age of 4 or 5
years.
7. Answer: D
8. According to Adler, physical
deficiencies are ____________ to lead to
maladjustment.
a. necessary and sufficient
b. necessary but not sufficient
c. not necessary but sufficient
d. neither necessary nor sufficient
8. Answer: B
9. The following are in correct match regarding Adler’s
external factors to maladjustment and personality
disorders EXCEPT:
a. Exaggerated physical deficiencies: Narcissistic PD
b. Pampered style of life: Dependent PD/Borderline
PD
c. Neglected style of life: Antisocial PD/Schizoid PD
d. Neglected style of life: Avoidant PD
 9. Answer: D
ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT

Major factor: Underdeveloped Social

Interest
1.Set their goals too high
2.Live in their own private world
3.Rigid and dogmatic style of life
EXTERNAL FACTORS IN MALADJUSTMENT
1. Exaggerated Physical Deficiency
 often leads to exaggerated feelings of inferiority
Ex: Childlike body Exaggerated feelings of
inferiority
To compensate: Gym everyday; no school(Low
Social Interest; Self nalang lagi/Narcissistic)
External factors in Maladjustment
2. Neglected Style of Life
Suspicious, sees the country as enemy and
dangerous to others.
“Mama ko nga pinabayaan ako, ibang tao pa
kaya?”
Abused and mistreated children
ASPD; Schizoid PD
 External factors in Maladjustment
3. Pampered Style of Life
They expect others to look after them, overprotect
them and satisfy their needs.
Murray’s Succorance need.
Dependent PD, Borderline PD (feelings of
abandonment)
 SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES
Used by maladjusted people (Freud:
universal)
Largely conscious (Freud:
unconscious)
To protect oneself from public disgrace
1. EXCUSES (most common)
Same with Freud’s Rationalization
State something that sounds good to others then
followed by an excuse.
EX: “Yes, mag ma master’s talaga ako, but inuna ko
paglandi eh.”
“If only wala akong responsibilities sa anak ko,
malamang maaga ako natapos sa PhD ko.”
2. AGGRESSION- to protect fragile
self-esteem/superiority status
Depreciation: Devalue others.
Overvalue the self
Ex: “Buti andito ako, naging successful
yung event.”
Accusation: blame others for one’s failure
Ex: “Kasalanan mo kung bakit ako bumagsak.”
Self-accusation: Devalue the self. Self-torture
and guilt. Used to hurt others or to induce guilt to
others.
Ex: “Sorry, ako talaga may kasalanan ng lahat. Hindi
enough yung nagawa ko. Ako naman talaga yung
mali. Ako nalang aalis.”
3. WITHDRAWAL
Moving Backwards: reverting back to a more
secured phase of life
-same with Freud’s regression
-designed to elicit sympathy (for pampered children)
Standing Still: no movement; avoids
responsibilities
Hesitating: tendency to procrastinate.
-unfinished works, obsessive-compulsive
behaviors that wastes time.
Constructing Obstacles: least severe
-creating obstacles then solving it on your
own.
10. The following are in correct match about
safeguarding tendencies. Point the exception.
a. Hesitating: OCD
b. Moving backwards: Regression
c. Depreciation: Repression
d. Accusation: Bandura’s Victim Blaming
10. Answer: C
 APPLICATION OF INDIVIDUAL
PSYCHOLOGY
1. Family constellation
2. Early recollections: reveals the person’s style of
life
-present style of life shapes early recollections.
3. Dreams: solutions to future problems. (open for
reinterpretation)
Goal of psychotherapy: Enhance courage,
lessen feelings of inferiority and to increase
social interest
- Use humor and warmth to establish rapport
- Used a technique that involves an audience
(family and friends) while the therapy is
ongoing.
Analytical
Psychology
-Carl Jung
 Levels of the Psyche
Conscious: EGO- center of consciousness but NOT the core of
personality
Unconscious

Personal Collective
-individually-based -ancestors
-complexes -archetypes
-Freud’s unconscious/preconscious - Freud’s phylogenetic endow.
- Personal experiences(non-shared) -experiences of ancestors(shared)
 ARCHETYPES
Persona: public image / societal expectations
Shadow: darkest side of you / FIRST TEST
OF COURAGE
Anima: feminine side of males
Animus: masculine side of females
Great Mother: nourishment and destruction
(Sullivan’s Good/Bad Mother)
Wise Old Man: wisdom and meaning
Hero: conquers evil, with a tragic flaw
Self: represented by Mandala; archetype of all
archetypes; it balances the polarities to achieve
self-realization / individuation; image of fulfillment
and completion
 Dynamics of the Psyche
Causality Vs. Teleology
-both past and the future are important.

Progression Vs. Regression

-adaptation to the outside - inward movement
- Forward - backward
Note: Both are important. Regression will help us progress.
 Psychological Types
Attitudes: Predisposition to act
Introversion: (inward/subjective) more comfortable when alone
Extroversion: (outward/objective) people-oriented

Functions:
Intuition: hunches, gut-feeling, illogical.
Sensation: when senses are stimulated
Thinking: what you have sensed are now given meaning.
Feeling: subjective evaluation of the stimulus
Self Realization or Individuation
Highest level of human development
Process of becoming an individual or whole
person
Integration of opposing polarities
Balance between all aspects of personality
 Method / Techniques
Goal: help the client achieve self-realization
1. Word Association: to uncover complexes (P.U.)
2. Dream Analysis: Explaining past events and
making decisions in the future (P.U;C.U.)
3. Active Imagination: self-expression then
interpretation; collective images (C.U.)
11. All of the following are correct about the dynamics of
the psyche. Point the exception.
a. Jung believed that human behavior is shaped by both
causal and teleological forces.
b. Both regression and progression are essential to
achieve self-realization.
c. Jung criticized Freud for overemphasizing causality.
d. Only progression is beneficial to achieve individuation.
11. Answer: D
12. According to Jung, Self is the archetype of
all archetypes. Leona clings to her overly
sensitive and judgmental attitude to which she
hides from others. The second test of courage
of Leona is called?
a. Persona c. Animus
b. Shadow d. Anima
12. Answer: C.
13. Transformational leaders are
considered by Jung as ______
a. Extroverted Thinking
b. Introverted Thinking
c. Extroverted Intuition
d. Introverted Intuition
13. Answer: C
14. Cathartic method of Freud is similar to Jung’s
______, while Case Study Method of Freud is similar
to Jung’s___________.
a. Symptom analysis; Life History Reconstruction
b. Active imagination; Archetypal Methodology
c. Dream analysis; Personal Unconscious Mechanism
d. Word association test; Collective Unconscious
Documentary
Symptom Analysis: 14. Answer: A

-focuses on the symptoms reported by the

patient and attempts to interpret the
patient’s free associations to those
symptoms.
-Similar to Freud’s Cathartic Method.
LIFE-HISTORY RECONSTRUCTION
- Jung’s type of case study that involves
examining the person’s past experiences to
identify developmental patterns that may
explain present neuroses.
- Critique: Unreliable due to subjective
interpretation and unrepresentative sample.
15. As the psychometrician in MMM Company, you are
tasked to interpret the test score and utilize analytical
psychology to explain further the test taker’s behavior.
Which of the following constitutes Entropy principle?
a. A tendency towards balance
b. A continuing redistribution of energy within a personality
c. Existence of two different polarities that is necessary to
generate psychic energy
d. A preoccupation to maintain disequilibrium
 15. Answer: A

DIFFERENT PSYCHIC
ENERGIES
 PRINCIPLE OF ENTROPY
Tendency towards balance or
equilibrium.
- Equal distribution of psychic energy all
over the structures of the personality.
- Never be attained.
PRINCIPLE OF EQUIVALENCE
- The continuing redistribution of energy within a
personality.
- If the energy expended on certain conditions or
activities weakens or disappears, that energy is
transferred elsewhere in the personality.
- Ex: Nawalan ng gana sa pagbasa ng novels, nahilig
naman sa Mobile Legends.
PRINCIPLE OF OPPOSITES
- Primary motivator of behavior and
generator of energy.
- Conflict between opposing processes or
tendencies is necessary to generate
psychic energy.
Psychoanalytic
Social Theory
-Karen Horney
Assumptions: social and
cultural conditions, especially
childhood experience are
largely responsible for shaping
personality.
 HORNEY AND FREUD COMPARED
1. Strict adherence to orthodox psychoanalysis would
lead to stagnation is both theoretical thought and
therapeutic practice.
2. Feminine psychology
3. Man is ruled not by the pleasure principle but by
safety and satisfaction
4. Horney’s view was optimistic and believed that
personality could be changed
 Impact of Culture
MODERN CULTURE: Based on COMPETITION
Competitiveness and Basic Hostility Feelings of
Isolation
Low self-esteem,
increased hostility, basic
anxiety, more Need for Affection
competitiveness and
continuous excessive
need for love. Overvalue love
(dev’t of neurosis)
 Impact of Childhood Experiences
Difficult Childhood: Responsible for Neurotic Needs

Traumatic events Lack of Genuine

like abuse, beatings, Warmth and
rejection. Affection
• CHILDREN NEED TO EXPERIENCE BOTH LOVE AND
DISCIPLINE
• WE HAVE A TENDENCY TOWARDS SELF-REALIZATION
 If parents do NOT satisfy the child’s needs for
SAFETY AND SATISFACTION

BASIC HOSTILITY (repressed)

BASIC ANXIETY
(A feeling of being isolated and helpless in a world conceived as
potentially hostile)

Move Towards Move Away

Move Against
Compulsion – salient
characteristic of all neurotic drives

Neurotic Needs – attempts to

combat basic anxiety
 HOW DO WE COMBAT WITH BASIC ANXIETY?
NORMAL DEFENSES NEUROTIC DEFENSES

Spontaneous Movement (Flexible) Compulsive Movement (Rigid)

Toward People: Friendly, loving Toward People: Compliant

personality Personality
Against People: A survivor in a Against People: Aggressive
competitive society Personality
Away from People: Autonomous, Away from People: Detached
serene personality Personality
 NORMAL NEUROTIC

Conscious Unaware

Free to choose activities Forced to act

Mild conflict Severe conflict

Variety of strategies Limited to single thread

 Neurotic Trends
1.Moving Towards
The cling and depend on others.
Compulsively seeks attention, affection and
acceptance
Sila na yung niloko, sila padin yung susuyo
 2. Moving Against
Hostile, exploitative, ruthless or aggressive.
Easily angered.
If I have a power, no one will hurt me.
Nanuntok ka para matakot sayo. Inunahan
mo na kesa sila pa manakit sayo.
(EXTERNALIZATION/ Freud’s projection)
 3. Moving Away
Self-sufficient and independent
When in love, they will neglect
their feelings
If I withdraw, no one can hurt me.
 Neurotic Needs
Moving Towards
1. Affection and Approval
Desperada masyado magkajowa para masatisfy yung lack
of affection that should come from the parents.
2. Powerful Partner
Lalandiin ko si President para makapag-gain ng
confidence ganon! (Confidence arise from affection)
3. Restrict one’s life within narrow boarders
Okay na ko dito. I can settle for less.
 Moving Against
4. Power
Killing their opponent politicians to secure the spot and gain power.
5. Exploit others
Kakaibiganin ko sya kasi marami ako natututunan sa kanya.
6. Social Recognition and Prestige
Gusto ko mag top sa BLEPP para bida ako!
7. Personal admiration
If matalino self-concept ko, dapat yun din tingin nila sakin
8. Ambition and Personal Achievement
Dapat maabot ko pangarap ko, kahit sa maling way pa yan.
 Moving Away
9. Self-sufficiency and independence
If may task, gusto nila sila lang gagawa para maipamukha sa atin na
kaya nila mag-isa.
Kaya ko mabuhay kahit wala ka! (Playboy na palit ng palit ng babae)
10. Perfection and unassailability
Takot sila magkamali kasi feeling nila, kapag nagkamali sila, ang weak
weak na nila.
Bawal ako magkamali sa performance ko kasi ang talino ko tas palpak,
ano kaya yun?
16. Whenever Polly loses in a game, he exhibits
aggressive behavior wherein his playmates finds
problematic. When asked, Polly reveals that he
wanted to win at all cost. This scenario depicts
a. Idealized Self-Image Syndrome
b. Neurotic Competitiveness
c. Intrapsychic Conflict
d. Frustration Intolerance
 16. Answer: C
Neurotic Competitiveness:
- An indiscriminate need to win at all cost.
People who score high in neurotic competitiveness tend to be:
- Neurotic
- Narcissistic
- Authoritarian
- Low in Self-Esteem
17. Ken believes that he is the most competent in his
batch. On the contrary, his professors revealed that he is
an average student and that his claim is disproportionate
to what they objectively observed. Whenever his self-
entitlement was challenged, he resorts to isolating
himself and telling that people are just envious of his
accomplishments. This shows Horney’s concept of
a. Externalization c. Superiority Complex
b. Projection d. Detached Personality Syndrome
 17. Answer: A
EXTERNALIZATION:
-A way to defend against the conflict caused
by the discrepancy between an idealized
and a real self-image by projecting the
conflict onto the outside world.
Holistic-Dynamic Theory

-Abraham Maslow
18. According to Maslow, Jonah Complex
is most typically seen among/to _______.
a. Nearly everyone
b. Low self-esteem people
c. Neurotic people
d. Self-actualizing people
18. Answer: C.
Maslow’s View of Motivation
➤Holistic Approach to Motivation - the
whole person, not any single part or
function, is motivated
➤Motivation is usually complex - a
person’s behaviour may spring from
several separate motives
➤People are continually motivated by one
need or another - when one need is
satisfied, it ordinarily loses its motivational
power and is then replaced by another need
➤All people everywhere are motivated by the
same basic needs
➤Needs can be arranged on a hierarchy
 HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
• Lower level needs must be satisfied or at least
relatively satisfied before higher level needs become
motivators
• Conative Needs or Basic Needs - have a striving
or motivational character
• Prepotency - they must be satisfied or mostly
satisfied before higher level needs become activated
HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
 PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS
• The most basic needs of any person including food, water, oxygen etc.
• Physiological needs are the most prepotent of all
• When people do not have their physiological needs satisfied, they live primarily for
those needs and strive constantly to satisfy them
• Physiological needs differ from other needs in two aspect
1. They are the only needs that can be completely satisfied
2. It has a recurring nature
 SAFETY NEEDS
• Includes physical security, stability, dependency,
protection and freedom from threatening forces
such as war, terrorism, illness, fear, danger, and
natural disasters. The needs for law, order and
structure.
• Safety needs differ from physiological needs in that
they cannot be overly satiated
• If unsatisfied, it could lead to Basic anxiety
LOVE AND BELONGINGNESS
• Includes desire for friendship, the wish for a
mate and children, the need to belong to a
family, a club, a neighborhood, or a nation,
some aspects of sex and human contact as
well as the need to both give and receive
love
 3 Different kinds of people:
1. People who have had their love and belongingness needs
adequately satisfied from early years do not panic when
denied love
2. People who have never experienced love and
belongingness are incapable of giving love
3. People who have received love and belongingness only in
small doses
Adults need love too but their attempts to attain it are
sometimes cleverly disguised
 ESTEEM NEEDS
• Includes self-respect, confidence, competence, and the
knowledge that others hold them in high esteem
Two levels of esteem needs:
1. Reputation
2. Self-esteem
• Self-esteem is based on real competence and not
merely on others’ opinions
 SELF-ACTUALIZATION NEEDS
• Once esteem needs are met, they do not always move to the level
of the self-actualization
• Includes self-fulfillment, the realization of all one’s potential, and a
desire to become creative in the full sense of the word
• People who have reached this level become fully human, satisfying
needs that others merely glimpse or never view at all
• Self-actualizing people maintain their feeling of self-esteem
even when scorned, rejected, and dismissed by other people
Three other categories of
needs:
1. Aesthetic
2. Cognitive
3. Neurotic
 AESTHETIC NEEDS
• These needs are not universal but at least
some people in every culture seem to be
motivated by the need for beauty and
aesthetically pleasing experiences
• Includes strong desire for beautiful and
orderly surroundings
 COGNITIVE NEEDS
• Most people have a desire to know, to solve
mysteries, to understand, and to be curious
• When cognitive needs are blocked, all needs
on Maslow’s hierarchy are threatened
• Maslow believed that healthy people desire
to know more
 NEUROTIC NEEDS
• Leads to stagnation and pathology
• Are nonproductive
• They perpetuate an unhealthy style of life and have no value
in striving for self-actualization
• They serve as compensation for unsatisfied basic needs
• A neurotic person may be able to establish a close
relationship with another person but that relationship may
lead to a pathological relationship rather than genuine love
REVERSED ORDER OF NEEDS
•Even though needs are generally
satisfied in the hierarchical order,
occasionally they are reversed
•Ex: Sacrificing the lower level needs
just to satisfy higher level needs.
UNMOTIVATED BEHAVIOR
• Even though all behaviors have a cause,
some behaviours are not motivated
• Some behavior is not caused by needs
but by other factors such as conditioned
reflexes, maturation, or drugs
• Expressive behavior
EXPRESSIVE AND COPING BEHAVIOR
Expressive behavior - unconscious and usually takes place
naturally and little effort. It has no goals or aim but is merely
the person’s mode of expression. Ex. slouching, looking
stupid, being relaxed, showing anger, and expressing joy
• Expressive behavior is unlearned, spontaneous, and
determined by forces within the person.
Coping behavior - conscious, effortful, learned and
determined by the external environment. Serves some aim or
goal and it is always motivated by some deficit need
 DEPRIVATION OF NEEDS
• Lack of satisfaction of any of the basic needs leads to some kind of
pathology Deprivation of:
• Physiological needs results in malnutrition, fatigue, loss of energy,
• Safety leads to fear, insecurity, and dread
• Love and belongingness results in defensive, overly aggressive, or
socially timid
• Esteem results in self-doubt, self-depreciation, and lack of confidence
• Self-Actualization less to pathology or metapathology
Metapathology - the absence of values, the lack of fulfillment, and the loss
of meaning in life
INSTINCTOID NATURE OF NEEDS
• One criterion for separating instinctoid needs from
noninstinctoid needs is the level of pathology
upon frustration
• Instinctoid needs are persistent and their
satisfaction leads to psychological health.
Noninstinctoid needs are temporary and their
satisfaction is not a prerequisite for health
 THE JONAH COMPLEX
• It is the fear of being one’s best. It represents fear of success, a
fear of being one’s best and s feeling of awesomeness in the
presence of beauty and perfection.
• Maslow’s own life story demonstrated the Jonah Complex. Despite
an IQ of 195, he was only an average student, and as a world
famous psychologist, he frequently experienced panic when he
called out to deliver a talk.
 PSYCHOTHERAPY
Aim of therapy:
• to embrace the Being-values
•follow hierarchy of needs.
• satisfy love and belongingness needs. Therefore, psychotherapy
is largely interpersonal process.
•A healthy interpersonal relationship between client and therapist is
therefore the best psychological therapy. This accepting relationship
gives clients confidence of being worthy of love and facilitates their
ability to establish other healthy relationships outside therapy.
Person-
Centered
Theory
-Carl Rogers
 ROGERS’ PERSON-CENTERED THEORY
Basic Assumptions:
(1)Formative Tendency: all matter, both organic and
inorganic, tends to evolve from simpler to complex
forms.
Example: From seed to a plant
(2) Actualizing Tendency: all living things, including
humans, tend to move toward completion or fulfillment of
potentials.
NEEDS UNDER ACTUALIZING TENDENCY:
Maintenance needs : food, air, and
safety; our tendency to resist change and
to maintain our self-concept as it is.
Enhancement needs: needs to grow and
to realize one's full human potential.
(Example: Riding a bike)
THE SELF AND SELF-ACTUALIZATION
Two subsystems:
(1) SELF- CONCEPT: all those aspects
of one's identity that are perceived in
awareness
(2) IDEAL-SELF: our view of our self as
we would like to be or aspire to be.
LEVELS OF AWARENESS
(1) IGNORED/DENIED: When not fit to our belief system
(2) DISTORTED: When needs to be reshaped to fit self-
concept
(3) ACCURATELY SYMBOLIZED: Fit with the existing
self-structure
Any experience not consistent with the self-concept—even
positive experiences—will be distorted or denied.
Defensiveness
- Protection of self-concept against anxiety and threat by
denial / distortion of experiences inconsistent with it.

Two Chief Defenses

a. Distortion – nakasakit ako. Self-concept = harmless; sya
kasi nang provoke, nadala lang ako ng emotions
b. Denial – s.c harmless; hala hindi ko sya sinaktan, wala
akong ginawa.
When these defenses failed to operate, it will
lead to:
- Disorganization: When the incongruence
become too obvious/suddenly
- Shattered Self-Concept- Self-concept has
been broken and thus behavior appears
bizarre and confusing
THREE NECESSARY AND
SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS
 1. CONGRUENCE

IDEAL SELF SELF-CONCEPT

INCONGRUENCE

IDEAL SELF SELF-CONCEPT

(1)VULNERABILITY: Present when there
is a huge incongruence between self-
concept and organismic experiences.
(2)ANXIETY: Dimly aware of the
incongruence.
(3)THREAT: Clearly aware of the
incongruence.
2. EMPATHY
3. UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD
Positive regard – need to be
loved, liked, accepted by another
person; a prerequisite of positive
self-regard
 CONDITIONS OF WORTH
•―MAMAHALIN KITA, PERO
DAPAT MA-PERA KA‖
 PSYCHOTHERAPY
CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY:
AIMS TO PROVIDE ALL THREE
NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT
CONDITIONS
 Stages of Therapeutic Change
1. Ayaw magshare completely. Extremely rigid and resistant
2. Slightly less rigid. Talks about the personal feelings objectively
3. Talks about oneself more. More past/future tense. Avoid
persistent feelings
4. Deeper feelings. Avoid presently felt emotions
5. Begin significant change. Present. Begins to make own
decisions and acc. Responsibility
6. Irreversible. Termination. Dramatic growth. More awareness, C.
UPR. E
7. Person of tomorrow. Outside-therapy application
 Stages of Therapeutic Change

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Ayaw Slight Shares

Shares
About
mag (Object Past/Futur About
Past/Future
share ive) e Significant
Change
With Termination
No feelings
feelings
Present (3 N and S Person of
Oriented Conditions) Tomorrow
PERSON OF TOMORROW
1. More adaptable. Less conforming. More likely
to survive.
2. Open to experiences and accurately symbolized them. Trust in their
OWN organismic selves. (own decision criterion)
3. Live fully in the moment. Existential living. Appreciation of the present
moment.
4. Harmonious relations with others. Authentic set.
5. More integrated. Congruent. Don’t need to please others.
6. Basic trust of human nature. Social interest. Helpful.
7. Greater richness in life.
19. Lovely always consider the opinion of others about her
outfit-of-the-day. She felt like she should dress well in order
for her to be accepted by many. She receives praise on her
looks and it makes her feel good about herself. According
to Rogers, external evaluations could lead to_______.
a. Positive regard
b. Positive self-regard
c. becoming psychologically healthy
d. becoming psychologically unhealthy
19. Answer: D.
20. As a follower of Rogers, who among the following do not depict
organismic valuing process?
a. Celine attach a positive value to her studies because she said
that it helps her grow.
b. Rihanna tend to disconnect to her friends that fosters unhealthy
relations.
c. Whenever Beyonce fails her examinations, she became even
more motivated and continues to persevere.
d. Mariah places greater amount of attention to her colleagues
which harshly criticize her work ethics despite absence of
evidence.
ORGANISMIC VALUING PROCESS 20. Answer: D
- The process by which we judge experiences
in terms of their value for fostering or
hindering our actualization or growth.
- Ex: Desirable = Positive Value (Promotes
Growth)
Not Desirable = Negative Value (Hinders
Growth)
Psychology
of the
Individual
-Gordon Allport
ALLPORT’S PSYCHOLOGY
OF THE INDIVIDUAL
• Emphasizes the uniqueness of the individual
• Against Psychoanalysis and Animal-based learning
theory
• Used Morphogenic science (individualized-way of
studying human personality) over nomothetic
methodologies
CHARACTERISTICS OF A HEALTHY PERSON
(1) an extension of the sense of self
(2) warm relationships with others
(3) emotional security or self-acceptance
(4) a realistic view of the world
(5) Insight and Humor
(6) Unifying philosophy of life
STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY
Personal Dispositions:
Peculiar to the individual
Common Traits: present to
nearly everyone
LEVELS OF PERSONAL DISPOSITIONS
Cardinal Dispositions: One quality that is so obvious
and cannot be hidden.
Ex: Narcissus – narcissistic
Central Dispositions: 5-10 most outstanding
characteristics around which a person’s life focuses.
Secondary Dispositions: less conspicuous but greater
than the number of central disposition. Not central to
personality and occur only on situational events.
LEVELS OF PERSONAL DISPOSITIONS
Motivational Stylistic Dispositions
Dispositions
- intensely - less intensely
experienced experienced
dispositions - guide action
- initiate actions - maslow’s expressive
- maslow’s coping behavior
behavior
Behaviors that are not functionally autonomous:
(Maslow’s Expressive behavior)
(1)biological drives, such as eating, breathing, and sleeping;
(2)motives directly linked to the reduction of basic drives;
(3)reflex actions such as an eye blink;
(4)constitutional equipment such as physique, intelligence, and temperament;
(5)habits in the process of being formed;
(6)patterns of behavior that require primary reinforcement;
(7)sublimations that can be tied to childhood sexual desires, and
(8)some neurotic or pathological symptoms.
 PROPRIUM
- Refers to the behaviors and characteristics that people
regard as warm, central and important in their lives.
- Personhood, ego, core of an individual
- Important to self-identity and self-enhancement
- Includes person’s values / personal conscience
- Freud’s concept of EGO
- THAT IS ME/ THIS IS MINE (peculiar to the individual)
 MOTIVATION
Functional Autonomy: some (but
not all) human motives are
functionally independent from the
original motive responsible for a
particular behavior
 TWO LEVELS
(1) Perseverative Functional Autonomy
- more elementary
- based on simple neurological principles
- addiction to alcohol, tobacco or drugs
- uncompleted tasks
(2) Propriate Functional Autonomy
- master system of motivation
- self-sustaining motives related to
proprium
- occupations, hobbies and interest
close to the core of personality
 PROPRIUM=EGO
Functional Autonomy= Theory of changing motives
1st Motivation 2nd Motivation
Perseverative Complete Half of the Complete the whole
Functional Autonomy Puzzle for 50 Million puzzle for the sake of
completing it itself

Propriate Functional Working in a hospital Working in a hospital

Autonomy for financial aid as part of his/her
passion and
individuality
21. Linda initially get into her job for the sake of
assisting her finances. As time went by, she learned
to love her job and regarded it as part of her
individuality. This is an example of?
a. perseverative functional autonomy
b. propriate functional autonomy
c. personal dispositions
d. proprium
21. Answer: B.
Five
Factor
Trait
Theory

-Mccrae
and Costa
 CORE COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY
BASIC TENDENCIES
-includes five stable
personality traits, cognitive
abilities, artistic talent,
sexual orientation,
psychological processes
underlying acquisition of
language
-basis in biology
-stability over time and
situation
CHARACTERISTIC
ADAPTATION
-develop as people adapt to
environment
-unlike basic tendencies,
characteristic adaptation is
flexible
-what we learn. (differ from
culture to culture)
SELF CONCEPT
-a type of character
adaptations
-knowledge, views and
evaluation of the self: gives
sense of purpose and
coherence to life
-Self-concept: intelligent.
More likely to enter
intellectually stimulating
environment
PERIPHERAL COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY
BIOLOGICAL OBJECTIVE EXTERNAL
BASES BIOGRAPHY INFLUENCES
-genes, - personal life -how we respond
hormones and experience/objective to the opportunities
brain structure -everything the person and demands of the
does think or feel context.
across the whole life - Includes cultural
span norms and
situations.
 INTROVERSION EXTROVERSION
CARL JUNG SUBJECTIVITY OBJECTIVITY
MCCRAE AND ISOLATION SOCIABILITY
COSTA
EYSENCK HIGH CORTICAL LOW CORTICAL
AROUSAL AROUSAL
(REACTIVE TO (LESSER REACTION
MINIMAL SENSORY TO SENSORY
STIMULATION) STIMULATION)
Biological
ly-based
Factor
Theory
-Hans Eysenck
Extraverts – will engage in sex earlier, more
frequently, wider range of partners, greater number
of positions, large variety of sexual behaviors longer
precoital love play

Introverts – less likely to become bored and less

likely to become uninterested in routine activities
carried on with the same people
Extravert Introvert
- low level of cortical - high level of cortical
arousal arousal
- higher sensory - lower sensory
threshold threshold
- lesser reaction to - greater reaction
sensory/stimuli sensory stimuli
Neuroticism / Stability
- anxiety hysteria and OCD
- overread emotionally and have difficulty
returning to a normal state after arousal
- sometimes psychosomatic concerns
are present (headache and backache)
Psychoticism – egocentric, cold, conforming, impulsive,
hostile, aggressive, suspicious, psychopathic and antisocial

Superego – altruistic, highly socialized, empathic, caring,

cooperative, conforming and conventional

Increasing P and Increasing Stress – psychotic disorder;

more vulnerable to stress than lower P scores
It follows Diathesis Stress Model
Note: All 3 factors are
independent of each other
A Model of the Major Components of Eysenck’s
Theory of Personality
Classical
Conditioning

-Ivan Pavlov
22. In Classical Conditioning of Pavlov, Bell
represents the _______ after being paired
with the food.
a. unconditioned stimulus
b. unconditioned response
c. conditioned stimulus
d. conditioned response
 22. Answer: C

Before Conditioning:
Before Conditioning
Repeated pairing (conditioning)
After Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
-B.F. Skinner
OPERANT CONDITIONING
- Most human behaviors are learned
through operant conditioning.
- Reinforcement does not cause
behavior, but it increases the likelihood that
it will be repeated
Skinner’s Behavioral Analysis
Emerged from laboratory studies
Radical behaviorist (strong adherence to observable
behavior)
Determinist (there’s no free choice; behavior is being
controlled by environmental conditions)
Environmentalist: Environment controls our behavior
Scientific Behaviorism: We have to study behavior under
the law of science.
TYPES OF REINFORCERS:
Conditioned Reinforcer (ex: money)
- Secondary reinforcers not by nature satisfying but become
so because they are associated with such unlearned or primary
reinforces

Primary Reinforcers – food, water, sex and physical comfort

Generalized Reinforcer – associated with more than one primary

reinforcer
 5 Important
Generalized Reinforcers
a. Attention
b. Approval
c. Affection
d. Submission of others
e. Tokens (money)
23. Eating is an example of _____.
a. Positive Reinforcement
b. Negative Reinforcement
c. Positive Punishment
d. Negative Punishment
 OPERANT CONDITIONING
Uses a consequence to form or modify a behavior
FOUR PROCEDURES:
1. Positive Reinforcement: Presentation of desirable stimulus
Promotion in the job after years of hardworking
Hugas plate, 5 pesos.
2. Negative Reinforcement: Removal of undesirable stimulus
Getting freed from the jail.
Removal of hunger
 23. Answer: B
3. Positive Punishment: Presentation of
undesirable stimulus
Pag di ka naghugas, kukurutin kita!
4. Negative Punishment: Removal of desirable
stimulus
Pag confiscate ng phone
SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT
A.Continuous: Receive a reinforcement after
EVERY response
B.Intermittent: Receive a reinforcement after
SOME response
Ratio: No. of correct response
Interval: length of time
Fixed Ratio : specified number of correct
responses (5 shoots, 1 candy)
Variable ratio: Unspecified number of responses
(slot machines)
Fixed Interval: specified time (100 pesos per
hour)
Variable Interval: Unspecified time (Waiting sa
jeep)
 Four Reasons for Extinction
1. Forgotten
2. Interference of preceding or subsequent
learning
3. Disappeared due to punishment
4. Extinction – tendency of a previously
acquired response to become progressively
weakened upon non-reinforcement
 Operant Extinction
– withholding reinforcement
- Decreases the probability that
the behavior will occur again.
Self-Control – achieved
through manipulating the
variables within their own
environment.
Social
Cognitive
Theory
-Albert Bandura
24. Marc faces a legal complain due to catcalling. During
the hearing, Marc explained that he was entitled to catcall
the complainant because she has worn a very revealing
clothes. What form of Disengagement of Internal Control
under Social Cognitive Theory is visible in this situation?
a. Moral Justification
b. Diffuse responsibility
c. Distortion of consequence of their actions
d. Dehumanize or blame the victims
24. Answer: D.
 BANDURA’S
SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY
AGENTIC PERSPECTIVE:
Humans have some ability to
control their lives.
Skinner – enactive
behavior/reinforcement
Bandura – learning
exists through
observation
 Criteria for Models and Observers
1. Characteristic – high status, competent
and powerful
2. Observer’s Characteristics – people who
lack status, skill or power; children or newbies
3. Behavior being modeled is valued by the
observer (models receiving punishment)
 Processes Governing Observational Learning
1. Attention – frequently associate; attractive models; we
observe behavior that we think is important/ valuable to us
2. Representation – memory (not necessarily verbal);
verbal doing for retention (children/infancy)
3. Behavioral Production - how can I do this; what am I
doing; am I doing this right; videos – performance tasks
4. Motivation – O.L is most effective when learners are
motivated to perform modeled behavior
 ENACTIVE LEARNING
Learning by doing
Experiencing it yourself
Triadic Reciprocal Causation
Chance Encounter: Person
Unintended meeting of person’s unfamiliar
to each other

Fortuitous Event: Situation

Environment experiences that is unexpected
and unintended
 HUMAN AGENCY
-essence of humanness: humans are
defined by their ability to organize,
regulate, and enact behaviors that they
believe will produce desirable
consequences.
CORE FEATURES OF HUMAN AGENCY
1. Intentionality – include planning; involves actions
2. Forethought – to set goals, anticipate like outcomes of
their actions, select behavior that will produce desired
outcomes and avoid undesirable ones.
3. Self-reactiveness – monitoring and regulating their own
actions
4. Self-reflectiveness – evaluation of own motivations,
values and the meaning of life goals and adequacy of own
thinking
 SELF EFFICACY
The belief in your ability to perform a certain task or function
Refers to P (personal factors)
Met the sole determinant (combines with TRM)
Foundation of Human Agency
People’s belief in their capability to exercise some measure of
control over their own functioning and over environmental events

Outcome expectations: people's prediction of the likely

consequences of their behavior.
 CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO SELF-EFFICACY
(1)mastery experiences or performance,
(2)social modeling, or observing someone of equal
ability succeed or fail at a task
(3)social persuasion or listening to a trusted person's
encouraging words; and
(4)physical and emotional states, such as anxiety or
fear, which usually lowers self-efficacy.
High self-efficacy and a responsive environment are the best
predictors of successful outcomes
RESPONSIVE UNRESPONSIVE
ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT
HIGH SELF- Successful Activist
EFFICACY Either will give up or will
seek a responsive
environment
LOW SELF- Depressed. Apathy, resignation,
EFFICACY Task seems difficult helplessness
for them
PROXY AGENCY: reliance on other’s expertise

COLLECTIVE EFFICACY: people’s shared beliefs in their

collective power to produce desired results
2 measures: Add all individual SE or TEAM efficacy

Note: people may have high SE but low CE

Note: CE is high in collectivistic cultures
 SELF-REGULATION
By using reflective thought, humans can
manipulate their environments and produce
consequences of their actions, giving them
some ability to regulate their own behavior.
Bandura believes that behavior stems from a
reciprocal influence of external and internal
factors.
 Disengagement of
Internal Control
- We disengage ourselves from
the consequences of our
behavior through justifying the
morality of our actions
1. Redefine the Behavior
- Cognitive restructuring to minimize or escape responsibility

a. Moral Justification
Okay lang pumatay kasi kalaban/ masama sila
b. Palliative Comparison
Atleast ako nangopya lang, eh ikaw nagkodigo
c. Euphemistic Label
Revenue enhancement kesa tax
2. Disregard or Distort Consequences of Behavior
- cognitive restructuring to minimize or escape responsibility

a. Minimize the consequence of their Behavior

―She’s not really hurt badly. She’s going to be okay
b. Disregard/ Ignore Consequences of their Actions
Ikaw nag-utos ng war pero you don’t attribute the dead on
your decision/command
c. Distort/ Misconstrue the Consequences of the Actions
Nasugatan anak mo kakapalo pero sabi mo disiplina lang.
3. Dehumanize or Blame the Victims
- I sexually harassed you kase naka maiksing shorts ka

4. Displace or Diffuse the Responsibility

Displacement – bagsak ako kase pangit magturo yung prof
Diffuse the responsibility – spread it so thin that no one person
is responsible
―That’s the way things go around here‖
―That’s just policy‖
Therapy
Ultimate goal = self-regulation
1. Instigate some change in behavior
2. Generalize specific changes
3. Maintenance of newly acquired
behaviors
 Several Basic Treatments Approaches
1. Overt/ Vicarious Modelling – less anxiety if you
see someone performing the feared act.
2. Covert/ Cognitive Modelling – visualize
models performing fearsome behavior
3. Enactive Mastery – perform feared behaviors
4. Cognitive Mediation – when people use
cognition to increase self-efficacy
25. Marielle have a high self-efficacy. However,
his environment has been unresponsive. What
would potentially happen to Marielle?
a. be satisfied and contented
b. will feel depressive symptoms
c. will either give up or seek another environment
d. apathy, resignation and helplessness
25. Answer: C
26. Which of the following contributes
MOST to one’s self-efficacy?
a. Social Persuasion
b. Social Modeling
c. Mastery Experiences
d. Physical and Emotional states
26. Answer: C.
27. In treating fears and phobias, Bandura mentioned
about Covert Modeling. Which of the following
exemplifies this technique?
a. Facing the feared situation
b. Avoiding the feared situation
c. Watching a live model then participating with the
model
d. Imagining a model coping with the threatening
situation
Bandura’s Behavior Modification
Techniques: 27. Answer: D
For Fears and Phobias:
(1)Guided Participation- watching a live model and then
participating with the model.
(2)Covert Modeling- subjects are instructed to imagine a
model coping with a feared or threatening situation; they do
not actually see a model.
28. Rotter’s Internal Locus of Control and Bandura’s concept of
Self-Efficacy both states that as humans, we have control
over situations. What distinguishes the two?
a. Bandura has high conviction that the two concepts are
exactly the same.
b. Rotter limits internal locus of control to intelligent people
solely while Bandura did not mention any restriction.
c. Bandura limits self-efficacy to intelligent people solely while
Rotter did not mention any restriction.
d. They differ on the degree of applicability.
 28. Answer: D
Locus of Control- can be generalized over
many situations
(consistent)
Self-efficacy- tends to be specific to a
particular situation.
(inconsistent)
Personal
Constructs
Theory -George Kelly
-
PERSONAL CONSTRUCTS THEORY
Metatheory, or a theory about theories.
It holds that people anticipate events by the meanings or
interpretations that they place on those events. Kelly called these
interpretations personal constructs.
His philosophical position, called constructive alternativism,
assumes that alternative interpretations are always available to people
Basic Postulate: Human behavior is shaped by the way people
anticipate the future.
SUPPORTING DEFINITION EXAMPLE
COROLLARIES
CONSTRUCTION Similarities among events Same sunset, but no sunset in
COROLLARY (Different event, same perception) entirely the same
INDIVIDUALITY Perceive same event differently Birthday parties
COROLLARY (same event, different perception)

ORGANIZATION Arranging constructs into a GOOD- Review

COROLLARY structured and organized BAD- Too much social media usage
hierarchy
DICHOTOMY Opposing poles Choice: Right or Wrong?
COROLLARY Dichotomous thinking (BPD)
CHOICE We choose an alternative that Choosing to review because
COROLLARY will give us future choices passing the boards will allow us to
have many more future choices.
RANGE COROLLARY Limited to a particular range of Kaartehan: only in terms of
convenience picking foods
EXPERIENCE As we experience things, we Napatunayang mababait ang
COROLLARY validate our constructs mga bakla nung natulungan sya
ng mga ito
MODULATION Modification of constructs due Nabago ang pananaw sa bakla
COROLLARY to previous experiences nung nagkaroon ng mabait na
gay friend
FRAGMENTATION Inconsistent behaviors Patient to patients, impatient to
COROLLARY strangers
COMMONALITY Similarities among people Similar culture, same beliefs
COROLLARY
SOCIALITY Construing the belief systems Prediction of what others will tell
COROLLARY of others
29. The following statements are NOT TRUE about
Kelly’s conception of psychologically healthy people
EXCEPT:
a. Strict adherence with only one neurotic trend.
b. Unsatisfied conative needs.
c. Repeated use of personal construction despite
consistent invalidation.
d. All of the above are correct.
29. Answer: C.
Personology
-Henry Murray
30. In Murray’s Personology, all of the following are NOT
TRUE about his principles EXCEPT:
a. Murray believe that our action isn’t about reducing
tension. Thus, he opposed Freud’s view about tension-
reduction.
b. As opposed to theories stating that personality is
amenable to alter, Murray has stood for the stability of
personality despite our encounters in life.
c. Murray, with his conception of psychogenic needs,
emphasized similarities over uniqueness.
d. Causality best explains Murray’s principles.
30. Answer: D
DIVISION OF PERSONALITY
1. Id: Same with Freud. Amoral, primitive and lustful. However, Murray
believed that it also contains positive qualities such as empathy and love.
2. Superego: internalization of the culture’s values and norms, by which we
come to evaluate and judge our behavior and that of others. Includes the
impact of culture, peers, parent-child relationships and authority figures.
Ego-ideal: long range goals for which a person strives
3. Ego: rational governor of personality
Freud: Superego and Id ang nagdidictate
Murray: Ego ang nagdidictate
 AMBITION NEEDS
ACHIEVEMENT To accomplish a difficult
task
EXHIBITION To impress others

RECOGNITION To show achievements to

others
 MATERIALISTIC NEEDS
ACQUISITION To acquire things

RETENTION To keep things

ORDER To make things clean

CONSTRUCTION To make and build things

 POWER NEEDS
ABASEMENT To accept blame and
punishment
AGGRESSION To overcome an opponent, to
take revenge
AUTONOMY To resist coercion
BLAME AVOIDANCE To avoid blame
CONTRARIANCE To oppose the attempted
persuasion of others.
 POWER NEEDS
DEFERENCE To admire a superior person

DOMINANCE To control people and

environment
HARM AVOIDANCE To avoid pain, injury or
death
INFAVOIDANCE To avoid being humiliated
STATUS-DEFERENCE NEEDS
COUNTERACTION To make up for a failure
DEFENDANCE To defend oneself against
attack or blame
INFAVOIDANCE To avoid being humiliated or
embarrassed.
 AFFECTION NEEDS
AFFILIATION To be close and loyal to another person,
pleasing them and winning their friendship
and attention.
NURTURANCE To help the helpless, feeding them and
keeping them from danger.
PLAY To have fun, laugh and relax, enjoying
oneself.
 AFFECTION NEEDS
REJECTION To exclude others
SEX To form relationship that lead
to sexual intercourse
SUCCORANCE To have one's needs satisfied
by someone or something
 INFORMATION NEEDS
COGNIZANCE To seek knowledge and ask
questions about things in
order to understand.
EXPOSITION To provide information and
educate others.
31. Which Murray’s psychogenic need is
closely related to Philippine concept of
“pagbawi”?
a. Contrariance
b. Defendance
c. Deference
d. Counteraction
31. Answer: D
32. Marcus was described by his friends as
a good fellow of the Philippines because he
always obey the rules and laws in the
community. In Personology, what
psychogenic need is present in the situation?
a. Conservance c. Deference
b. Order d. Contrariance
32. Answer: C (Deference)
33. Marga obtained a very high score on Ambisyosa scale. The
said scale was anchored to Murray’s psychogenic needs. Thus,
the following are expected to be seen in Marga’s behavior
EXCEPT:
a. Uploading her achievements on social media to get reactions
from her followers
b. Being motivated to accomplish tasks that are difficult and
challenging
c. Seeking information and knowledge to enhance one’s
intellectual capacity
d. Wanting to impress other people in any way possible
33. Answer: C.
34. You are hired as a psychometrician and you are tasked
to administer sensation-seeking scale. Who among the
following would you expect to have the lowest score?
a. Mae, who hates staying at home.
b. Leo, who engages in sexual intercourse for thrice a week.
c. Marc, who is a police officer.
d. Vickie, who loves to volunteer for psychology
experiments.
34. Answer: D
 Sensation
Seeking
Theory
-Mark Zuckerman
Mark Zuckerman:SENSATION SEEKING
What is Sensation Seeking?
- The need for varied, novel, and complex
sensation and experiences, and the
willingness to take physical, social, legal
and financial risks for the sake of such
experience.
 FOUR COMPONENTS OF
SENSATION SEEKING
1.Thrill and Adventure Seeking
- A desire to engage in physical activities
involving speed, danger, novelty, and
defiance of gravity such as parachuting,
scuba diving or bungee jumping.
2. Experience Seeking
- The search for novel experiences
through travel, music, art or a
nonconformist lifestyle with
similarly inclined persons.
3. Disinhibition
- The need to seek
release in uninhibited
social activities.
4. Boredom Susceptibility-
An aversion to repetitive
experiences, routine work, and
predictable people, and a reaction
of restless discontent when
exposed to such situations.
35. Through factor analysis, Zuckerman
identified four aspects of sensation seeking.
Point the exception.
a. Boredom Susceptibility
b. Experience Seeking
c. Thrill and Adventure Seeking
d. Inhibition
35. Answer: D
36. Assume that Savanah scored high on Eysenck’s
Psychoticism Scale. If you are a follower of Zuckerman,
where will you classify Savanah?
a. Good type or non-impulsive socialized sensation
seeking.
b. Bad type or impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking.
c. Good type or impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking.
d. Bad type or non-impulsive socialized sensation seeking.
36. Answer: B
 GOOD TYPE OR
NON-IMPULSIVE SOCIALIZED
SENSATION SEEKING
- Involves thrill and adventure-
seeking component
 BAD TYPE OR
IMPULSIVE UNSOCIALIZED
SENSATION SEEKING
- High scores on disinhibition, experience
seeking and boredom susceptibility
components as well as high scores on
Eysenck’s Psychoticism Scale.
37. During case conference, you are tasked to explain the
personality of the patient. As Sullivan’s follower, you would say
that
a. The patient’s personality was shaped within the social context.
b. The patient’s personality was rooted from ancestral
experiences.
c. The patient’s personality could be explained using biological
perspective.
d. The patient’s personality was defined through analyzing the
safety-satisfaction principles.
37. Answer: A
Interpersonal Theory
-Harry Stack Sullivan
 PERSONALITY: Built from our interpersonal relations
ENERGY SYSTEM (Same with Freud):
(1) Tension: Potentiality for action
(2) Energy Transformation: Transform tension into covert
or overt behaviors.
AIM: a) reduce anxiety
b) satisfy a need
 TENSION
• May or may not be experienced in
awareness.
• Example: Anxiety, premonitions,
drowsiness, hunger, sexual excitement
(felt but not always on a conscious level)
 2 TYPES OF TENSION:
NEEDS
(1)Biological component: phys. needs
(2)Psychological component:
TENDERNESS- the most basic
interpersonal need. Classified under
GENERAL NEED which affects the
overall well-being (unlike ZONAL
NEEDS which arises and affects
specific body part alone)
Note: Tenderness requires at least 2
people.
ANXIETY
- Chief disruptive force that blocks
psychological growth.
- Originates from empathy between
the child and the mother
Anxiety is vague, has no positive
value and blocks satisfaction of needs
while fear is clear, has positive value
and aids in satisfying security needs.
 DYNAMISMS: Typical pattern of behavior
DYNAMISM CLASSIFICATION MEANING
Malevolence Disjunctive -Feeling of living among one’s enemies
dynamism -Has a difficulty in giving and receiving tenderness
Intimacy Conjunctive -Close personal relationship between two people of
dynamism equal status
-Facilitates interpersonal development while
decreasing anxiety and loneliness
Lust Isolating dynamism - Can be satiated in absence of others.
- Based solely on sexual gratification
Self-system Most inclusive of all -Protects the self from anxiety and maintains
dynamism interpersonal security.
Conjunctive -Security Operations: Dissociation and Selective
dynamism Inattention
 PERSONIFICATIONS: People have acquired images of
the self and others throughout the developmental stages
Personification Functions/Specifics
Bad Mother, Bad mother: originates from infants’ experience of a nipple that
Good Mother produces insufficient nourishment.
Good mother: when an infant is mature enough to grasp the
tenderness that mother is showing.
Me (1)Bad me: grows out when an action is punished or disapproved
Personification (2)Good me: action was approved and rewarded
(3)Not me: allows a person to dissociate or selectively inattend the
experiences related to anxiety
Eidetic Includes imaginary playmates for preschool-aged children which allows
Personification them to have a safe, secure relationship with another person, even that
person is imaginary,
 LEVELS OF COGNITION:
Ways of perceiving things
Prototaxic • Experiences that are impossible to put into words or
Level communicate to others
• Occurs mostly but not limited to new born infants
Parataxic • Experiences that are prelogical and nearly impossible to
Level accurately communicate to others.
• Includes erroneous assumptions about cause and effect, which
is termed as parataxic distortions.
Syntaxic • Experiences that are accurately communicated to others.
Level • Develops during 12 months to 18 months when words spoken
by others begin to have the same meaning to them.
SULLIVAN’S STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
STAGE SIGNIFICANT INTERPERSONAL IMPORTANT
OTHERS PROCESS LEARNING
Infancy Mothering one Tenderness Good/Bad Me; Good
(0-2) and Bad Mother
Childho Parents Imaginary Syntaxic Language
od (2-6) Playmates
Juvenile Playmates of Orientation towards Competition,
Era (6-8 Equal Status living in the world of Compromise and
½) peers Cooperation
38. Sullivan’s concept of parataxic distortions, or
illogical belief that cause and effect relations exist
between two events in close temporal proximity is
related to Jung’s __________.
a. External locus of control
b. Person archetype
c. Shadow archetype
d. Principle of synchronicity
 38. Answer: D
Principle of Synchronicity
- Acausal connecting principle
- Meaningful coincidence of two events that
has occurred simultaneously
- May appear meaningful due to events’
proximity and collective unconscious
39. Alexis attempts to act like his father while Viene
avoids anxiety thru remaining occupied with his praying
rituals which has been proven effective to him. Viene
exemplifies ______ while Alexis demonstrates
_______.
a. Acting out; Obsession
b. Obsession; Preoccupations
c. Preoccupations; Dramatizations
d. Dramatizations; Acting out
39. Answer: C
 Processes learned during
childhood stage
DRAMATIZATIONS Attempts to act, like or sound like
significant authority figures, especially
the mother and the father.
PREOCCUPATIONS Strategies for avoiding anxiety and
fear-provoking situations by remaining
occupied with an activity that has
earlier proved useful or rewarding
Sociocultural
Theory
--Lev Vygotzky
40. ―Social interactions are the most
important contributors to a child’s cognitive
development.‖ Which of the following
theorists would most likely support this
statement?
a. Piaget c. Vygotzky
b. Bronfenbrenner d. Freud
40. Answer: C.
 LEV VYGOTZKY’S
SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY
Assumption: social interactions among
children are critical to both cognitive and
social development rather than in the
child’s private explorations, as Piaget
thought. Human learning is largely a
social process.
 SCAFFOLDING
According to Vygotsky, children’s learning of new cognitive
skills is guided by an adult (or a more skilled child, or older
sibling), who structures the child’s learning experience.
- Example: parents of a beginning reader provide a scaffold
when they help him sound out new words.
- Assisted discovery/ Guided learning. Parents, peers,
teachers and the culture helps children to develop their
higher order functions
 ZONE OF PROXIMAL
DEVELOPMENT
- higher capacities of the child that is
not yet actualized, but is capable to
become so through guidance.
Cognitive
Developmental
Theory
-Jean Piaget
41. When first presented with a drinking cup, 8-
month-old Judy attempted to suck the liquid
out. Which of Piaget’s concepts explains
Judy’s behavior?
a. assimilation c. cognition
b. accommodation d. equilibration
41. Answer: A.
 JEAN PIAGET’S COGNITIVE-
DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY
SCHEME- internal cognitive structure that provides an
individual with a procedure to follow in a specific
circumstance.
- Example: when you pick up a ball, you use your picking-up
scheme.
- Built-in schemes: looking, tasting, touching, hearing and
reaching.
These built-in schemes develops into more complex schemes
through the following mental processes as proposed by
Piaget:
(1)Assimilation- process of using schemes to make sense of
experience.
(2)Accommodation- changing the scheme as a result of new
information acquired through assimilation.
(3)Equilibration- process of balancing assimilation and
accommodation to create schemes that fit the environment.
 HOW DOES LOGICAL THINKING DEVELOPS?
AGE STAGE ACHIEVEMENT/OVERCOMED AREAS
0 to 18 months Sensorimotor Object Permanence- an object or person exists even not
being seen
18 months to 6 Preoperational Conservation- quantity does not change despite different
years modes
Animism- inanimate object moves just like how it functions
in reality
6 to 12 years Concrete Egocentrism- inability to understand other people’s view
Operational Irreversibility- inability to reverse the sequence of events
Centration- focusing on one characteristic alone.
12 years and Formal Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
above Operational Abstract thinking- providing deeper explanations
 Bioecological
Theory
- Urie Bronfenbrenner
42. Which theorist developed a
model of the interactive contexts
in which children develop?
a. Bronfenbrenner c. Vygotzky
b. Lorenz d. Bandura
42. Answer: A
 BRONFENBRENNER’S
BIOECOLOGICAL THEORY
Assumption: contextual variables or
relationships between people and
their environments shapes one
personality development
According to Urie Bronfenbrenner, the contexts of
development are like circles within circles.
 MACROSYSTEM
(1) Macrosystem - the cultural context -
contains values and beliefs of the
culture in which a child is growing up.
- Example: society’s belief that education
is important.
 EXOSYSTEM
(2) Exosystem - the socioeconomic context - includes the
institutions of the culture that affects the children
indirectly.
- Example: funding for education
- - Cultural context: we need education
- - Socioeconomic context: is our country wealthy enough
to accommodate our children to school despite lack of
funds?
 MESOSYSTEM
(3) Mesosystem or Microsystem - the immediate
context
- includes variables to which people are exposed
directly, such as their families, schools, religious
institutions and neighborhoods.
- Example: Does the parent supports the child in
his/her education?
 PERSON
(4) Person - the biological context
- child’s genetic make up
- -Example: A student who hasn’t mastered the skill
of reading isn’t likely to benefit from an enriched
literature program.
- Solution: tailor the teaching program to students’
individual needs.
Theory of Moral
Development
-Lorenz Kohlberg
LORENZ KOHLBERG’S THEORY
OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
LEVEL STAGES DESCRIPTION
Level 1: Stage 1: Punishment A wrong action is one that is being
Preconventional and Obedience punished. Child obeys the parent
Orientation because adults have superior power.
Stage 2: They follow rules because it is their
Individualism, immediate interest. A good action is
Instrumental Purpose something that gives them pleasant
and Exchange results.
LEVEL STAGES DESCRIPTION
Level II: Stage 3: Mutual Being good is based on
Conventional Interpersonal the standards that has
Expectations, been set by your family
Relationships, and or any significant group.
Interpersonal
Conformity
Stage 4: Social Moral actions are based
System and on the standards set by
Conscience (Law and larger social group.
Order)
LEVEL STAGES DESCRIPTION
Level III: Stage 5: Social Acknowledging individual rights yet
Post Contract or preferring an action that will benefit the
conventional Utility and majority.
Individual Rights
Stage 6: A small number of adults who have
Universal Ethical reached the stage 6 has developed and
Principles followed self-chosen ethical principles
(well thought-out, articulated and
consistently followed) in determining
what is right.
43. Joshua recently got employed in one of the
psychiatric hospitals in Manila. Despite the
achievement, Joshua was feeling down and lonely. In
addition, he reported that he was unconscious about its
underlying cause. Which of the following best explains
the case?
a. Behavioral Perspective c. Biological Perspective
b. Humanistic Perspective d. Psychodynamic Perspective
43. Answer: D
 MODELS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
MODEL EXPLANATION EXAMPLE OF ABNORMAL
BEHAVIOR
BIOLOGICAL Problems in Central Schizophrenia due to excess in
Nervous System dopamine
DEVELOPMENT Maladjustment arises Depression due to dysfunctional
AL from a distortion in path family that makes it hard to learn
PSYCHO- or trajectory in healthy appropriate coping skills
PATHOLOGY adaption
PSYCHO- Intrapsychic conflict Anger management issues due to
DYNAMIC unconscious hostility towards
parents
 MODELS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
MODEL EXPLANATION EXAMPLE OF ABNORMAL
BEHAVIOR
LEARNING Learned the same way Specific phobia learned thru
normal behavior is learned classical conditioning

COGNITIVE Due to maladaptive Depression due to negative

cognitions views of self, others and nature.

HUMANISTIC Neglect of one’s own self- Psychosis due to incongruent

view and overreliance on ideal self and self-concept
what other people’s opinion.
Incongruity
44. Mimi has Major Depressive Disorder. For several
months, she believes that her life is not worth living
anymore. Her failure has made her feel that she cannot
succeed in any challenge that she will face in the coming
years. Mimi’s case could be BEST explained by what
particular perspective.
a. Learning Perspective c. Psychodynamic Perspective
b. Cognitive Perspective d. Socio-Cultural Perspective
44. Answer: B.
45. Marj has GAD. She exposed that she has relative neglect
of one's own self-view and that she was overly reliant on the
appraisals of other people. What particular theory of
psychopathology best explains Marj's case?
a. Cognitive Perspective c. Learning Perspective
b. Humanistic Perspective d. Psychodynamic Perspective
45. Answer: B
46. Specific Phobia, as explained by the
classical conditioning process, leans with
what type of psychopathology model?
a. Biological Perspective c. Learning
Perspective
b. Behavioral Perspective d. Cognitive
Perspective
46. Answer: C.
47. Mae is an in-patient at Marcos Psychological Hospital. During
the cooking activity, Mae wants to eat the dish that the interns
have cooked. Mae is aware that the patients are only allowed to
eat if they have joined the activity, so she’s surprised that the
interns allowed her to eat even if she did not join the activity.
While she was eating, she noticed that the interns mocked her
for eating without participating. This is a clear example of
__________.
a. Embarrassment-Provoking Model c. Cognitive Therapy
b. Aversive Therapy d. Exposure Therapy
 47. Answer: B.
What is Aversive Therapy?
• Providing uncomfortable condition to the
patient whenever he or she engages in a
nonproductive or undesirable behavior.
• Used to eliminate a nonproductive
behavior.
Filipino Psychology
FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY
• The study of diwa (psyche) which Filipinos
directly refers to the wealth of ideas referred
to by the philosophical concept of essence
and an entire range of psychological
concept from awareness to motives to
behavior.
 ANO ANG
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO?
• Isang sikolohiya na base sa kultura,
pananaw at karanasan ng mga Pilipino.
• Ayon kay Dr. Enriquez, ito ay tumutukoy
sa kaisipan at karanasang Pilipino na
inuunawa sa perspektibong Pilipino.
 MGA MAHAHALAGANG
ELEMENTO NG SIKOLOHIYANG
PILIPINO
•KULTURA
•PANANAW
•ORYENTASYON
FORMS OF INDIGENIZATION
INDIGENIZATION INDIGENIZATION FROM
FROM WITHOUT WITHIN
• Application of western • Application of local’s own
theoretical models to methods in eliciting
indigenous research culture-specific social
conducted in a local behaviors.
setting.
48. The following belongs under
Confrontative surface values. Which is
not?
a. Bahala na
b. Utang na loob
c. Pakikibaka
d. Lakas ng loob
48. Answer: B.
 WHAT IS KAPWA?
• A recognition of shared identity.
• An inner self shared with others.
• The core construct of Filipino Psychology.
• ―Do not do unto others what you don’t
want others do unto you.‖
 PAKIKIPAGKAPWA
• A social behavior that is emanated from the concept of
Kapwa.
• Accepting and dealing with the other person as equal.
• A regard for the dignity and being of others.
• Has a similarity with Adler’s social interest and
Rogers’ Unconditional Positive Regard and Empathy
 CORE KAPWA (SHARED IDENTITY)
VALUE
Pivotal Pakikiramdam: pagiging sensitibo sa
Interperson kapwa. Mabisa sa pagsasagawa ng
al Value pananaliksik sa eryang pangnayon o rural.
Accommo- Hiya: sense of propriety
dative
Utang na loob: gratitude or solidarity
Surface
Value Pakikisama: pakikipagkapwa
 CORE
VALUE
KAPWA (SHARED IDENTITY
Associated Biro: jokes
Behavior Lambing: sweetness
Pattern Tampo: affective disappointment
Confrontati Bahala na: Paggawa sa abot ng makakaya, pagiging
ve Surface positibo at pag kapit sa pagdarasal.
Value Lakas ng loob: Courage. Handa nyang harapin ang
lahat ng pagsubok upang makamit ang pangarap o
masolusyonan ang problema.
Pakikibaka: Revolution against an enemy
 Psychology takes into account the study
of the following:
KALOOBAN AT Emotions and experience of the knowledge
KAMALAYAN
ULIRAT Awareness of one’s surrounding

ISIP Information and understanding

DIWA Habits and behavior

KALULUWA Soul, the way to learning about people’s conscience

49. Jonille is cyberbullying victim. Despite the
incident, she still continue her life and pursue
her dreams. People were judging her as if the
rumors circulating online are true. In this case,
we could say that Jonille gives importance to her
______ over ______.
a. Puri; Dangal c. Kapwa; Sarili
b. Dangal; Puri d. Sarili; Kapwa
 49. Answer: B

Puri: External
Dangal: Internal
 KARANGALAN
DANGAL
• Root of the concept.
• Worth of the person as
appreciated by himself.
• This self-evaluation may not
have a relation with the
society’s viewpoint.
PURI
• External manifestation of
karangalan.
• Given to or earned by a person
through accomplishments and
recognition.
• Entirely from without
KATEGORYANG IBANG KATEGORYANG HINDI
TAO IBANG TAO
PAKIKITUNGO PAKIKIPAGPALAGAYANG
LOOB
PAKIKISALAMUHA PAKIKISANGKOT
PAKIKILAHOK PAKIKIISA
PAKIKIBAGAY
PAKIKISAMA
 IBANG TAO
Pakikitungo Transaction or in civility with, right behaviors
towards authorities (casual lang mamsh)
Pakikisalamuha Interaction with, adaptation (chika lang
ganern)
Pakikilahok Joining or participating (join sa mga ganap)
Pakikibagay In conformity with (bili ka rin milk tea)
Pakikisama Being along with (masakisama kahit di close)
 HINDI IBANG TAO
Pakikipagpalagayang Being in rapport with,
loob understanding, acceptance with
(Palagay na ang loob ng crush ko
sakin hehe)
Pakikisangkot Getting involved (Pakeelamera, in
a good way)
Pakikiisa Being one with (Ang problema mo
ay problema ko rin. We are one.)
 VIRGILIO GASPAR ENRIQUEZ
• Kilala rin bilang Doc E.
• Ama ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino
• Sinanay ng kanyang ama na maging mahusay sa
pagpapahayag at pagsasalita sa sariling wika. Ang
kanyang ama rin at dalawang kapatid ang nag
impluwensya sa kanyang makabayang pananaw.
• Itinatag nya ang Philippine Psychology Research
House o kilala ngayon sa pangalang Philippine
Psychology Research and Training House.
• Lumikha ng katutubong panukat na tinatawag na
Panukat ng Ugali’t Pagkatao (PUP)
• Outstanding Young Scientist of the Philippines (1981)
50. According to Carlos Villa, the first
psychologists/psychotherapists in the
Philippines were the _________.
a. Spanish priests
b. Babaylans
c. Dr. Enriquez
d. None of the above
 50. Answer: B.
Ayon kay Carlos Villa:
Babaylan: Katutubong Pilipinang manggagamot
at pinuno ng pamayanan na kinikilala ng mga
kaibigan at pamilya na nagtataglay ng hindi
pangkaraniwang kapangyarihan at may
kakayahang makita ang mga mangyayari sa
hinaharap.
MGA KATANGIAN NG BABAYLAN:
1.Sisidlan ng karunungan.
2.Nagbibigay ng katatagan sa istrukturang
panglipunang komunidad.
3.May kakayahang pumasok sa mundo ng mga
espiritu.
4.May kakayahang makapagpagaling ng mga
may sakit.
Thank you for
listening!!!