ANKLE INJURY PREVENTION

A Minor Project Report

Submitted to
CHHATTISGARH SWAMI VIVEKANAND
TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
BHILAI (C.G.), INDIA
In partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of the Degree
of
Bachelor of Technology
in

Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

by

Aman Mandal(BG1772)
Himanshu Sen(BG1800)
Namit Rathod(BG1817)

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Prabhakar
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BHILAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHILAI HOUSE, DURG (C.G.) -491001,
INDIA

SESSION 2021-2022

DECLARATION

pg. 1
 I the undersigned solemnly declare that the report of the Project work entitled “ANKLE
INJURY PREVENTION”, is based on my own work carried out during the course of my study
under the supervision of Mr. Prabhakar, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg, Chhattisgarh.
I assert that the statements made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of the project
work. I further declare that to the best of my knowledge and belief that the report does not
contain any part of any work which has been submitted for the award of any other
degree/diploma/certificate in this University/ deemed University of India or any other country.
All help received and citations used for the preparation of the Report have been duly
acknowledged.

Aman Mandal Himanshu Sen

Roll No.:300102818052 Roll No.: 300102818054
Enrollment No.: Enrollment No.:
Department of Electronics Department of Electronics
& Telecommunication Engg. & Telecommunication Engg.
BIT, Durg BIT, Durg

Namit Rathod
Roll No.: 300102818056
Enrollment No.:BG1817
Department of Electronics
& Telecommunication Engg.
BIT, Durg

pg. 2
 CERTIFICATE BY THE SUPERVISOR

This is to certify that the report of the Project submitted is an outcome of the project work
entitled “ANKLE INJURY PREVENTION”, carried out by
Aman Mandal bearing Roll No.:300102818052 & Enrollment No. : BG1817
Himanshu Sen bearing Roll No.: 300102818054 & Enrollment No. :BG1817
Namit Rathod bearing Roll No.: 300102818056 & Enrollment No. : BG1817
carried out under my guidance and supervision for the award of Degree, Bachelor of
Technology in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering of Chhattisgarh Swami
Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai (C.G.), India.

To the best of my knowledge and the Report

i. Embodies the work of the candidate him/herself,
ii. Has duly been completed,
iii. Fulfills the requirement of the ordinance relating to the B.Tech. Degree of the
University and
iv. Is up to the desired standard for the purpose of which is submitted.

Signature of the Project Incharge Signature of the Supervisor

Mr. Pushpendra Singh Mr. Prabhakar
Asst. Professor Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics Department of Electronics
& Telecommunication Engg. & Telecommunication Engg.
BIT, Durg BIT, Durg

The project work as mentioned above is hereby being recommended and forwarded for
examination and evaluation.

Signature of
Head of the Department
With Seal

pg. 3
 CERTIFICATE BY THE EXAMINERS

This is certify that the project work entitled

“ANKLE INJURY PREVENTION”

Submitted by
Aman Mandal , Roll No.300102818050 , Enrollment No. BG1772
Himanshu Sen, Roll No.300102818054 , Enrollment No.BG1800
Namit Rathod , Roll No.300102818056 , Enrollment No.BG1817
has been examined by the undersigned as a part of the examination for the award of the
Bachlor of Engineering Degree in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering of
Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai, (C.G.).

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date: Date:

pg. 4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With deep regards and profound respect, I avail this opportunity to express my deep
sense of gratitude and indebtedness to Mr. Prabhakar, Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, BIT Durg for his valuable guidance and support. I am deeply
indebted for the valuable discussions at each phase of the project. I consider it my good fortune
to have got an opportunity to work with such a wonderful person.
I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Arun Arora, Director, Bhilai Institute of
Technology, Durg, Dr. M.K.Gupta, Principal, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg and Dr.
Manisha Sharma, Vice-Principal Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg for providing adequate
infrastructure to carry out present investigations and also motivating for research work, which
has been a constant source of inspiration in completing this work.
I take immense pleasure to thank Dr. Naveen Kumar Dewangan, Professor & HOD
(ETC), Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg, for motivating to work in research direction and
providing opportunities to connect with global research.
I whole heartedly extend my gratitude to Name of Project Coordinator, Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BIT Durg for constant feedbacks and
encouragements and endless support and help throughout this project work.
Lastly, I feel immensely moved in expressing my indebtedness to my revered parents
whose sacrifice, guidance and blessings helped me to complete my work.

Aman Mandal

Himanshu Sen

Namit Rathod

pg. 5
 ABSTRACT

In basketball, the most common injury that occurs is the ankle sprain or ankle roll. This injury
occurs when the ankle inverts or everts more than its normal range of motion, thereby tearing
ligaments and causing swelling. A tally of all injuries has shown that 13% of injuries at the
NBA level [1] and 40% of injuries at the high school level [2] are ankle injuries, making it the
most common injury at both levels of play.
Our team’s goal is to help basketball players of all levels prevent ankle injuries by monitoring
ankle stress throughout a basketball game. After collecting ankle stress data, we plan to analyze
the data and show players time instances where they put their ankle under extraneous stress,
how stable their ankle behaves on landings (bad landings is the number one cause of ankle
sprain) and whether their ankle stress patterns are similar to the patterns of a low injury-risk
player or to the patterns of a high injury-risk player. We will measure ankle stress through the
design of a shoe outfitted with the appropriate sensors. By measuring ankle stress, we can even
design a metric ankle stability that informs professional players of the reliability of their ankles
given their movement mechanics. This measure will provide valuable information for coaches
to decide players’ game time to maximize their output and minimize their injury-risk.
Today, basketball players have access to athletic shoes and ankle braces that may help to
support ankle joints, however these do not provide any sort of feedback to the player. Our
device goes a few steps further by collecting the ankle range of motion data, comparing that
data to the player’s normal range of motion, and then providing feedback as to how the player’s
ankle behaved during a game. Additionally, our solution will be easy to use and will not
interfere with a player’s performance. In the end, we expect this device to help prevent ankle
injuries among basketball players by giving both the player and the coach a better
understanding of possible ankle injury.

pg. 6
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

IR Infrared Radiation

LED Light Emitting Diode

LCD Liquid Crystal Display

IOT Internet OF things

PCB Printed Circuit Board

POT Potentiometer

pg. 7
pg. 8
 LIST OF FIGURE

Title of the Figure

Figure No Page No

4.1(a) Block diagram 23

4.1(b) Circuit diagram 24

4.3.1(a) ATMEL 328 Microcontroller 25

4.3.1(b) ATMEL 328 Microcontroller Pin Layout 26

4.3.2 Liquid Crystal Display 27

4.3.3 Flex sensor 28

4.3.4 Transistor 29
Orthogonal

4.3.5 LEDs 31

4.3.6 Electrolytic Capacitor 32

4.3.7(a) HX711 33

4.3.7(b) PCB 34

4.3.8 Ceramic Capacitor 35

MM

4.3.9 Resistor 36

4.3.10 POT 37

4.3.11 l7805cv Voltage regulator 38

4.3.12 Push to Make or Push to Break Switch 39

4.3.13 Crystal Oscillator 40

4.3.14 half bridge load cell 41

4.3.15 PCB 42

4.3.16 Pulse sensor 44

5.1 Showing the pressure applied 47

pg. 9
 5.2 Showing the angle applied 48

5.3 Showing the pulse applied 48

pg. 10
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Title Page
No.
I Introduction 14
1.1 History 15
1.2 Overview 15
1.3 Purpose 16
1.4 Objective
II
Literature Review 18
2.1 AUTHORS

III
19
Problem Identification
20
3.1 Overview
20
3.2 Problem
20
3.2 Solution

IV Methodology 21

4.1Block & circuit diagram 22

4.2 Hardware& Software Required 23
4.2.1 Hardware Required 23
4.2.2 Software Required 24
4.3 System Specification 24
4.3.1 ATMEGA 328 Microcontroller 24
4.3.2 Liquid Crystal Display 25
4.3.3 Flex Sensor 26
4.3.4Transistor 28
4.3.5 LED 28
4.3.6 Capacitor 29
4.3.7 HX711 30
4.3.8 Ceramic capacitor 32
4.3.9 Resistor 33
4.3.10 Potentiometer 34
4.3.11 Voltage regulator 35
4.3.12 Push Switch 36
4.3.13 Crystal oscillators 37
4.3.14 Half Bridge Load Cell 38
4.3.15 PCB 40
4.3.16 Pulse Sensor 40

pg. 11
 4.4 Software Specifications 42
4.4.1 Arduino IDE 42

V Results and Discussion 47-48

VI Conclusion and Future Scope 49

6.1 Conclusion 49
6.2 Future Scope 50

References 51

pg. 12
 Chapter-I
Introduction

pg. 13
1.1 History
In basketball/football, the most common injury that occurs is the ankle sprain or ankle roll.
This injury occurs when the ankle inverts or everts more than its normal range of motion,
thereby tearing ligaments and causing swelling. A tally of all injuries has shown that 13% of
injuries at the NBA level and 40% of injuries at the high school level are ankle injuries, making
it the most common injury at both levels of play.

Ankle injuries are defined by the kind of tissue -- bone, ligament, or tendon -- that's damaged.
The ankle is where three bones meet -- the tibia and fibula of your lower leg with the talus of
your foot. These bones are held together at the ankle joint by ligaments, which are strong
elastic bands of connective tissue that keep the bones in place while allowing normal ankle
motion. Tendons attach muscles to the bones to do the work of making the ankle and foot
move, and help keep the joints stable. Ankle injuries are defined by the kind of tissue -- bone,
ligament, or tendon -- that's damaged. The ankle is where three bones meet -- the tibia and
fibula of your lower leg with the talus of your foot. These bones are held together at the ankle
joint by ligaments, which are strong elastic bands of connective tissue that keep the bones in
place while allowing normal ankle motion. Tendons attach muscles to the bones to do the work
of making the ankle and foot move, and help keep the joints stable.
Muscle and tendon strains are more common in the legs and lower back. In the ankle, there are
two tendons that are often strained. These are the peroneal tendons, and they stabilize and
protect the ankle. They can become inflamed as a result of overuse or trauma. Acute tendon
tears result from a sudden trauma or force. The inflammation of a tendon is called tendinitis.
Microscopic tendon tears that accumulate over time, because of being repeatedly over
stretched, and don’t heal properly lead to a condition called tendinosis. Tendons can also
rupture. Subluxation refers to a tendon that slips out of place.

Treatment for a sprained ankle depends on the severity of your injury. The treatment goals are
to reduce pain and swelling, promote healing of the ligament, and restore function of the ankle.
For severe injuries, you may be referred to a specialist in musculoskeletal injuries, such as an
orthopedic surgeon or a physician specializing in physical medicine and rehabilitation.

pg. 14
Grade 1 ankle sprain need 1-3 weeks to recover. Grade 2 ankle sprain need 3-6 weeks to
recover. Grade 3 may need several months to recover.

In this thesis, we have proposed a framework that will help players to prevent ankle injuries by
monitoring ankle stress throughout a game. After collecting ankle stress data, we can analyze
the data and show players time instances where they put their ankle under extraneous stress,
how stable their ankle behaves on landings (bad landings is the number one cause of ankle
sprain) and whether their ankle stress patterns are similar to the patterns of a low injury-risk
player or to the patterns of a high injury-risk player.

1.2 Overview

Our project is prevent ankle injuries by monitoring ankle stress. After collecting ankle stress
data, we will analyze the data and show players or person the time instances where they put
their ankle under extraneous stress, how stable their ankle behaves on landings (bad landings is
the number one cause of ankle sprain) and whether their ankle stress patterns are similar to the
patterns of a low injury-risk player or to the patterns of a high injury-risk player. We will
measure ankle stress through the design of a shoe outfitted with the appropriate sensors. By
measuring ankle stress, we can even design a metric ankle stability that informs professional
players of the reliability of their ankles given their movement mechanics.

1.3 Purpose
The main purpose of the proposed work is:

 To measure ankle angle at various time instant

 To calculate the amount of pressure applied by the player or person on the foot.

 To calculate pulse rate of the person.

 The overall evaluation will be calculated within the same time to save time for fast
treatment if required.

 Evaluation of risk factor or probability of player to get injured with the help of data
collected from sensor.

pg. 15
 This project will help sports persons to prevent ankle injury and also help sports persons
to analyze his or her ankle angle as well as ankle stress pattern at various time instant.
After collecting ankle stress data, we will analyze the data and show players time
instances where they put their ankle under extraneous stress, how stable their ankle
behaves on landings (bad landings is the number one cause of ankle sprain) and whether
their ankle stress patterns are similar to the patterns of a low injury-risk player or to the
patterns of a high injury-risk player.

1.4 Objective
The main objective of the proposed work is:

 To measure ankle angle at various time instant

 To calculate the amount of pressure applied by the player or person on the foot.
 To calculate the pulse rate of the person.
 The overall evaluation will be calculated within the same time to save time for fast
treatment if required.
 Evaluation of risk factor or probability of player to get injured with the help of data
collected from sensor.

pg. 16
 Chapter II
Literature Review

pg. 17
Matt Miller , Erin Sarver & Skyler Shi [2020] - In this paper, the authors have reviewed to
help basketball players of all levels prevent ankle injuries by monitoring ankle stress
throughout a basketball game and prevent ankle injuries among basketball players by giving
both the player and the coach a better understanding of possible ankle injury.

Ryan Sean McCann [2017] - In this Theses, the authors aimed to accomplish the following
through three aims: 1) determine the ability of baseline clinical tests to predict acute lateral
ankle sprain (LAS) in an understudied athletic population, 2) describe the degree of residual
impairments and activity limitations in athletes returning to play from a LAS, and 3) determine
the ability of patient- and disease-oriented outcomes to predict recurrent ankle sprains in
athletes returning to play in the same competitive season.

Zachary Choffin, Nathan Jeong, Michael Callihan, Savannah Olmstead, Edward

Sazonov, Sarah Thakral, Camilee Getchell and Vito Lombardi [2021] - In this Article, the
authors predicted the ankle angles by developing a footwear pressure sensor and utilizing a
machine learning technique to study the ankle injury prevention techniques. The footwear
sensor was composed of six FSRs (force sensing resistors), a microcontroller and a Bluetooth
LE chipset in a flexible substrate. Twenty-six subjects were tested in squat and stoop motions,
which are common positions utilized when lifting objects from the floor and pose distinct risks
to the lifter.

Aripriharta, Muladi, Ilham Ari Elbaith Zaeni, Adim Firmansah, Akhmad Afrizal Rizqi,
and Gwo Jiun Horng [2020] - In this paper, the authors evaluated the performance of smart
shoes designed with an integrated sensor to capture the signal from the dorsalis pedis pulse for
accurate heart rate measurement.

Stephen B. Thacker, Donna F. Stroup, Christine M. Branche, Julie Gilchrist,Richard A.

Goodman, and Elyse A. Weitman [1999] - In this Journal, the authors identified many studies
reporting the risk of ankle sprains in sports, methods to provide support, the effect of these
interventions on performance, and comparison of prevention efforts.

Amanda Carroll [2009] - In this Article, the author examined how sex, sport, bracing, taping,
and session (competition/practice) influence the injury rates of the ankle among high school
athletes. The evidence suggests that football and basketball have higher amounts of injuries,
males are injured more than females, competition injuries are more severe than practice
injuries, and taping and bracing were better than no protection with taping being slightly better
than bracing.

pg. 18
 Chapter III
PROBLEM
IDENTIFICATION

pg. 19
3.1 OVERVIEW

A tally of all injuries has shown that 13% of injuries at the NBA level [1] and 40% of injuries
at the high school level [2] are ankle injuries, making it the most common injury at both levels
of play. In basketball, the most common injury that occurs is the ankle sprain or ankle roll.

3.2 PROBLEM

The problems identified in the above research papers are:

• Ankle injury occurs when the ankle inverts or everts more than its normal range of
motion, thereby tearing ligaments and causing swelling.
• Football’s strenuous and fast-paced nature makes ankle sprains one of the most
common football injuries. A football player typically suffers from an ankle sprain as a
direct result of a tackle, while other causes include running, jumping or falling.
• An ankle sprain is a highly common injury to occur to basketball players on the court.
These injuries are very common because basketball players rely on the quickness of
their feet to move around their opponent, or when they rebound the ball and land on the
foot awkwardly.

3.3 SOLUTION

During this work, we will would place the flex sensor, force sensor, pulse sensor in the shoes
of the sports person. With the above flex sensor the ankle angle at which the ankle angle will
be measured, force sensor will measure the force that is applied whereas the pulse sensor will
measure the pulse rate. When the ankle is twisted by angle greater than a critical angle then the
buzzer will produce sound, LED will glow and LCD will show the ankle angle, force and pulse
rate of the player. The ankle angle limit and force limit can be varied according to the various
sports requirement. The ankle angle, force and pule rate will recoded when it is above the limit
so that the coach as well as player can understand time instances when the player put their
ankle under extraneous stress, how stable their ankle behaves on landings and compare the
data of the player with the ankle stress patterns of low injury risk player.

pg. 20
 Chapter IV
METHODOLOGY

pg. 21
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM

4.1(a)Block diagram

4.1(b)circuit diagram
pg. 22
4.2 Hardware and Software Required –

4.2.1 Hardware Requirement –

1. Atmega 328 Microcontroller

2. LCD Display
3. Flex Sensor
4. Half Bridge load cell
5. Pulse rate sensor
6. Transistor
7. Led
8. Capacitor (electrolytic )
9. Diode
10. Ceramic capacitors
11. Potentiometer Pot
12. Crystal Oscillator
13. Switch
14. PCB
15. Button

16. HX711

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

1. ARDUINO IDE

4.3 System Specifications-

4.3.1 Atmega 328 Microcontroller
The Atmega328 is a single-chipmicrocontroller created by Atmel in the
megaAVR family (later Microchip Technology acquired Atmel in 2016). It has a
modified Harvard architecture8-bitRISC processor core.

pg. 23
 The Atmel 8-bitAVRRISC-based microcontroller combines 32 KB ISPflash
memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1 KB EEPROM, 2 KB SRAM, 23
general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible
timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial
programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial port, 6-
channel 10-bit A/D converter (8-channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages),
programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and five software
selectable power saving modes. The device operates between 1.8-5.5 volts. The
device achieves throughput approaching 1 MIPS per MHz.

Fig.4.3.1 (a) ATMEL 328 Microcontroller

Fig. 4.3.1(b) ATMEL 328 Microcontroller Pin Layout

4.3.2 Liquid crystal display

pg. 24
 A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically
modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid
crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly, instead using a backlight or
reflector to produce images in color or monochrome. LCDs are available to
display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display) or fixed
images with low information content, which can be displayed or hidden, such as
preset words, digits, and seven-segment displays, as in a digital clock. They use
the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of many
small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. LCDs can either be
normally on (positive) or off (negative), depending on the polarizer arrangement.
For example, a character positive LCD with a backlight will have black lettering
on a background that is the color of the backlight, and a character negative LCD
will have a black background with the letters being of the same color as the
backlight. Optical filters are added to white on blue LCDs to give them their
characteristic appearance.

Fig.4.3.2 Liquid Crystal Display

4.3.3 Flex sensor

A flex sensor or bend sensor is a sensor that measures the amount of deflection or bending.
Usually, the sensor is stuck to the surface, and resistance of sensor element is varied by
bending the surface. Since the resistance is directly proportional to the amount of bend it is
used as goniometer, and often called flexible potentiometer. A flex sensor is a kind of
sensor which is used to measure the amount of defection otherwise bending. The designing of
this sensor can be done by using materials like plastic and carbon. The carbon surface is
arranged on a plastic strip as this strip is turned aside then the sensor’s resistance will be
changed. Thus, it is also named a bend sensor. As its varying resistance can be directly
proportional to the quantity of turn thus it can also be employed like a goniometer.
pg. 25
The pin configuration of the flex sensor is shown below. It is a two-terminal device, and the
terminals are like p1 & p2. This sensor doesn’t contain any polarized terminal such as diode
otherwise capacitor, which means there is no positive & negative terminal. The required
voltage of this sensor to activate the sensor ranges from 3.3V -5V DC which can be gained
from any type of interfacing
 Pin P1: This pin is generally connected to the +ve terminal of the power source.
 Pin P2: This pin is generally connected to GND pin of the power source.

This sensor works on the bending strip principle which means whenever the strip is twisted
then its resistance will be changed. This can be measured with the help of any controller.
This sensor works similar to a variable resistance because when it twists then the resistance
will be changed. The resistance change can depend on the linearity of the surface because the
resistance will be dissimilar when it is level.
When the sensor is twisted 450 then the resistance would be dissimilar. Similarly, when this
senor is twisted to 900 then the resistance would be dissimilar. These three are the flex sensor’s
bending conditions.

According to these three cases, the resistance will be normal in the first case, the resistance will
be double as contrasted with the first case, and the resistance will be four-time when compared
with the first case. So the resistance will be increased when the angle is increased.

The specifications and features of this sensor include the following.

 Operating voltage of this sensor ranges from 0V to 5V
 It can function on low-voltages.
 Power rating is 1 Watt for peak & 0.5Watt for continuous.

 Operating temperature ranges from -45ºC to +80ºC

 Flat resistance is 25K Ω
 The tolerance of resistance will be ±30%
 The range of bend resistance will range from45K -125K Ohms

pg. 26
 Figure [4.33]: Flex sensor

pg. 27
4.3.4 Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals
and electrical power. Transistors are one of the basic building blocks of
modern electronics.[1] It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least
three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair
of the transistor's terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the
controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can
amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found
embedded in integrated circuits.

fig-4.3.4 transistor

4.3.5 LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light

when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with
electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. The color of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined by the energy
required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor. White light is
obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor
on the semiconductor device.
 Fig. 4.3.5 LEDs

4.3.6 CAPACITOR

A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is a

passiveelectronic component with two terminals.

The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some capacitance

exists between any two electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit, a
capacitor is a component designed to add capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor
was originally known as a condenser or condensator. The original name is still
widely used in many languages, but not commonly in English.

The physical form and construction of practical capacitors vary widely and
many types of capacitor are in common use. Most capacitors contain at least
two electrical conductors often in the form of metallic plates or surfaces
separated by a dielectric medium. A conductor may be a foil, thin film, sintered
bead of metal, or an electrolyte. The nonconducting dielectric acts to increase
the capacitor's charge capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics include
glass, ceramic, plastic film, paper, mica, air, and oxide layers. Capacitors are
 widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.
Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. When an electric
potential, a voltage, is applied across the terminals of a capacitor, for example
when a capacitor is connected across a battery, an electric field develops across
the dielectric, causing a net positive charge to collect on one plate and net
negative charge to collect on the other plate. No current actually flows through
the dielectric. However, there is a flow of charge through the source circuit. If
the condition is maintained sufficiently long, the current through the source
circuit ceases. If a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads of the
capacitor, the source experiences an ongoing current due to the charging and
discharging cycles of the capacitor.

Fig. 4.3.6 Electrolytic Capacitor

4.3.7 HX711:

HX711 is an electronic scale module, whose working principle is to convert the measured
changes in resistance value changes, through the conversion circuit into electrical output. The
module communicates with the host computer through TTL RS232.

It is a 24-bit analog to digital converter a (ADC) IC. It as built-in a preamplifier that is used to
amplify low volt aage signals. HX711 chip takes voltage signals as an input and provides
digital values. The preamplifier handles low voltages. It has an on-chip power supply
regulator that provides analog power due to which you don’t need an external supply
regulator. You can directly interface with a bridge sensor. This chip has two analog channels
such as A and B. We can program channel ‘A’ gain either 128 or 64. On the other hand,
channel B has constant gain of 32.
Pinout diagram shows the pin assignment of each pin. This ADC has 16 pins. As you can
depict from pinout that it has two ADC channels and each channel converts an analog signal
into a 28-bit long digital value.

Fig 4.3.7(a) HX711

Fig 4.3.7(b) PCB

4.3.8 Ceramic capacitor

Ceramic capacitors are the common types of capacitors used in most of the electrical
instruments as they are more reliable and cheaper to manufacture.

These capacitors consist of ceramic or porcelain discs and are said to exist in a non-polarized
form which is used in various types of industries. Ceramic material is known to be an
excellent dielectric because of its poor conductivity and also an efficient supporter of
the electrostatic fields.

A fixed value type of capacitor where the ceramic material within the capacitor acts as a
dielectric is the Ceramic Capacitor. This capacitor consists of more number of alternating
layers with ceramic and also a metal layer which acts as an electrode. The composition of this
ceramic material in this capacitor tells about the electrical behavior along with its
applications.

Ceramic material is an inorganic, non-metallic, often crystalline oxide, nitride, or carbide

material. Example: carbon and silicon.

It is important to understand that capacitor polarity is one of the essential points to be

considered while connecting capacitors in an electric circuit. Capacitors can be classified into
two groups based on their polarity:

 Polarized capacitor

 Non-polarized capacitor

When a capacitor is polarized, it will have two terminals, and they are known as anode and
cathode. These terminals are considered while connecting them in a circuit. Whereas when the
capacitor is non-polarized, there is terminal involved and therefore can be used in either way.

The ceramic capacitor is a non-polarity device which is found commonly in every electrical
device and the dielectric material that is used in the capacitor is a ceramic material. Non-
polarity device means the capacitor has no polarities.
 Fig4.3.8 Ceramic Capacitors

4.3.9 RESISTOR

A resistor is a passivetwo-terminalelectrical component that implements

electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used
to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active
elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power
resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat, may be used
as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for
generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with
temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust
circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing
devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits

and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete
components can be composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are
also implemented within integrated circuits.

Fig. 4.3.9 Resistor

4.3.10Potentiometer (POT)

The instrument designs for measuring the unknown voltage by comparing it with the known
voltage, such type of instrument is known as the potentiometer. In other words, the
potentiometer is the three terminal device used for measuring the potential differences by
manually varying the resistances. The known voltage is drawn by the cell or any other supply
sources.
The potentiometer uses the comparative method which is more accurate than the deflection
method. So, it is mostly used in the places where higher accuracy is required or where no
current flows from the source under test. The potentiometer is used in the electronic circuit,
especially for controlling the volume. The potentiometer is very accurate because its works on
the comparing method rather than the deflection pointer method for determining the unknown
voltages. It measures the null or balance point which does not require power for the
measurement. The working of the potentiometer is free from the source resistance because no
current flows through the potentiometer when it is balanced.

Fig4.3.10 Potentiometer (POT)

4.3.11.Voltage regulator

IC 7805 is a 5V Voltage Regulator that restricts the output voltage to 5V output for various
ranges of input voltage. It acts as an excellent component against input voltage fluctuations
for circuits, and adds an additional safety to your circuitry. It is inexpensive, easily available
and very much commonly used. With few capacitors and this IC you can build pretty solid
and reliable voltage regulator in no time. A Circuit diagram with pinout is given. It also
comes with provision to add heatsink.

The maximum value for input to the voltage regulator is 35V. It can provide a constant steady
voltage flow of 5V for higher voltage input till the threshold limit of 35V. If the input voltage
is near to 7.2V to 12V then it does not produce any heat and hence no need of heatsink.
Higher the input volts - the more it gets heated up, and excess electricity is liberated as heat
from 7805. Hence the provision of heatsink. IC7805 also comes as smaller SMD component
as well.

IC 7805 is a series of 78XX voltage regulators. It’s a standard, from the name the last two
digits 05 denotes the amount of voltage that it regulates. Hence a 7805 would regulate 5v and
7806 would regulate 6V and so on.

The schematic given below shows how to use a 7805 IC, there are 3 pins in IC 7805, pin 1
takes the input voltage and pin 3 produces the output voltage. The GND of both input and out
are given to pin 2

Fig 4.3.11 l7805cv Voltage regulator

4.3.12Push switch
A pushbutton switch (push switches) are devices that are pushed to make or break an
electrical circuit. Or to put simply, an object you push to make a device do or stop something.
These come in all shapes and sizes, with a multitude of options.

A PCB switch is a switch that is directly mounted onto a PCB (Printed Circuit Board).
Surface mount PCB switches (SMD/SMT) are designed to sit flat, directly on top of a PCB.
Through-hole or ‘thru-hole’ PCB switches are inserted into a drilled hole on the printed
circuit boards and soldered to pads on the opposite side.

A Push to make or ‘Normally Open’ (NO) switch is when an electrical flow is activated in a
circuit when the button is pressed. And when the button is released the circuit is then broken
and the electrical flow is stopped. This is the most common switch type.
Whereas a Push to Break switch or ‘Normally Closed’ (NC) works in the opposite way, once
pressed it stops an existing electrical flow through the circuit.

Fig4.3.12 Push to Make or Push to Break Switch

4.3.13Crystal oscillators

Crystal oscillators operate on the principle of inverse piezoelectric effect in which an

alternating voltage applied across the crystal surfaces causes it to vibrate at its natural
frequency. It is these vibrations which eventually get converted into oscillations.

These oscillators are usually made of Quartz crystal, eventhough other substances like
Rochelle salt and Tourmaline exhibit the piezoelectric effect because, quartz is inexpensive,
naturally-available and mechanically-strong when compared to others.

On supplying the power to the oscillator, the amplitude of the oscillations in the circuit
increases until a point is reached wherein the nonlinearities in the amplifier reduce the loop
gain to unity. Next, on reaching the steady-state, the crystal in the feedback loop highly
influences the frequency of the operating circuit. Further, here, the frequency will self-adjust
so as to facilitate the crystal to present a reactance to the circuit such that the Barkhausen
phase requirement is fulfilled.
Crystal oscillators are compact in size and are of low cost due to which they are extensively
used in electronic warfare systems, communication systems, guidance systems,
microprocessors, microcontrollers, space tracking systems, measuring instruments, medical
devices, computers, digital systems, instrumentation, phase locked loop systems, modems,
sensors, disk drives, marine systems, telecommunications,etc.

Fig4.3.13 Crystal Oscillator

4.3.14 Half Bridge Load Cell:

The 50kg Half-bridge Experiments Body Scale Load Cell Sensor is measuring; the correct
force is applied to the outer side of the strain E-shaped beam portion of the sensor (i.e., a
strain gauge affixed to the intermediate, adhesive coating with white beam arms); and the
outer edges to form a shear force in the opposite direction, i.e., middle strain beam bending
necessary changes can occur under stress, strain beam side by another force should not be a
barrier.

A load cell is based on an electrical circuit called Wheatstone bridge.

Fig. 4.3.14 half bridge load cell

Specifications:

1. Internal 1000Ohm half-bridge strain gauge load cell, the range is 50kg, half-
bridge structure.
2. Widely used in hopper scales, platform scales, platform balance, belt scales,
and other electronic weighing devices.
3. This is a half-bridge load sensor, which is widely used in weight scales. When
the half-bridge is being stretched, it sends the signal via the red signal wire.
4. Alloy Steel wired weighing load cell, high accuracy, simple structure, simple
installation.

You can use multiple load sensors simultaneously to increase the capacity
range, Parallel use to add additional capacity.

4.3.15 PCB

A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically

connects electrical or electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and other
features etched from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet
layers of a non-conductive substrate. Components are generally soldered onto the PCB to both
electrically connect and mechanically fasten them to it.
Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products. They are also used
in some electrical products, such as passive switch boxes.

4.3.15 PCB
4.3.16 Pulse Sensor

Pulse Sensor is a well-designed plug-and-play heart-rate sensor for Arduino. It can be used by
students, artists, athletes, makers, and game & mobile developers who want to easily
incorporate live heart rate data into their projects. The sensor clips onto a fingertip or earlobe
and plugs right into Arduino with some jumper cables. It also includes an open-source
monitoring app that graphs your pulse in real time.
The Heartbeat rate information knowing is very useful while doing exercise, studying, etc.
But, the heartbeat rate can be complicated to calculate. To overcome this problem, the pulse
sensor or heartbeat sensor is used. This is a plug & play sensor mainly designed for Arduino
board which can be used by makers, students, developers, artists who can utilize the heartbeat
information into their projects. This sensor uses an easy optical pulse sensor along with
amplification & cancellation of noise to make a circuit. By using this circuit, we can get fast
and reliable heartbeat readings. This circuit can be operated with 4mA current and 5V voltage
to use in mobile applications.

The main specifications of this sensor mainly include the following.

 This is a hear beat detecting and biometric pulse rate sensor
 Its diameter is 0.625
 Its thickness is 0.125
 The operating voltage is ranges +5V otherwise +3.3V
 This is a plug and play type sensor
 The current utilization is 4mA
 Includes the circuits like Amplification & Noise cancellation
 This pulse sensor is not approved by the FDA or medical. So it is used in student-level
projects, not for the commercial purpose in health issues applications.

PIN Configuration

 Pin-1 (GND): Black Color Wire – It is connected to the GND terminal of the system.
 Pin-2 (VCC): Red Color Wire – It is connected to the supply voltage ( +5V otherwise
+3.3V) of the system.
 Pin-3 (Signal): Purple Color Wire – It is connected to the pulsating o/p signal.
 4.3.16 Pulse Sensor

4.4 Software Specifications-

4.4.1 ArduinoIDE
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a cross-
platform application (for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in functions
from C and C++. It is used to write and upload programs to Arduino compatible
boards, but also, with the help of 3rd party cores, other vendor development
boards.

The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public License,
version 2.The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special
rules of code structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the
Wiring project, which provides many common input and output procedures.
Userwritten code only requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch and
the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program stub
main() into an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU toolchain,
also included with the IDE distribution.The Arduino IDE employs the program
avrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in hexadecimal encoding
 that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's
firmware.

Program

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9);

#include "HX711.h"

const int LOADCELL_DOUT_PIN = 3;

const int LOADCELL_SCK_PIN = 2;

HX711 scale;

int BZ = 10;

int weight, flex, pulse, p;

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);

scale.begin(LOADCELL_DOUT_PIN, LOADCELL_SCK_PIN);

scale.set_scale(22000.f);

scale.tare();

pinMode(BZ, OUTPUT);

lcd.begin(8, 2);

}
void loop() {

weight = abs(int(scale.get_units()));

flex = map(analogRead(5), 350, 150, 0, 90); //350 - 150

pulse = analogRead(4); //35 - 500

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(weight);

lcd.print("kg");

lcd.setCursor(5, 0);

lcd.print(flex);

lcd.print(char(223));

p = 0;

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(p);

lcd.print("p/m");

if (pulse > 250)

while (pulse > 250)

pulse = analogRead(4);

p += 1;

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(p);

lcd.print("p/m");

delay(833);
 }

if (weight > 10)

Serial.print("W:");

Serial.print(weight);

digitalWrite(BZ, HIGH);

delay(5000);

digitalWrite(BZ, LOW);

if (flex > 45)

Serial.print("A:");

Serial.print(flex);

digitalWrite(BZ, HIGH);

delay(5000);
digitalWrite(BZ, LOW);

if (p > 72)

Serial.print("P:");

Serial.print(p);

digitalWrite(BZ, HIGH);

delay(5000);

digitalWrite(BZ, LOW);
 }

delay(500);

}
 Chapter V
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
Pressure sensor senses the threshold value after it
exceeded the threshold of the pressure, the threshold
value is 10 kg. The output is shown, as the LCD screen
shows 11 kg, a red light emits.

Flex sensor senses the angle measured between the bones,

the threshold value for flex sensor is 75 degrees, if the
angle is greater then the 75 degree the buzzer will sound.

Fig: showing the pressure applied

Fig: showing the pulse supplied

Pulse sensor senses the pulse of the body, and it is shown in

LCD screen in 88 pulse/minute. The threshold of the pulse

sensor is pulse/minute, if the sensor senses more then the
threshold the buzzer and led will sound and emit respectively

. Fig: showing the angle applied

 Chapter VI
CONCLUSION AND
FUTURE SCOPE
CONCLUSION
Various methods were used earlier for Ankle angle prevention in sports like bracing, using
high top shoes, better cope up techniques, etc, but now we came up with a smarter and more
efficient system through our research to deal with the problem. Ankle angle prevention using
flex sensor can be better way in today's modern world to cope up with the problem. New
tech's + IOT technology paves us a way to reduce injuries in sports . With some hindrances in
our way we proposed a technology that would prove great if implemented and released in
market after removing some anomalies.

FUTURE SCOPE

 In future, wireless technology like IOT can be implemented to our project to make it
more productive.

 We can reduce the size of various components and transform it completely into a
single device ultimately making it more feasible to be installed in the shoes.

 We can implement machine learning to predict the possibility of a sport person to get
injured with the help of data of the previously injured player.

 We can increase the number of flex sensor for measurement of various movement of
ankle in different planes.

 We can also use machine learning algorithm to predict the ankle angle.
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