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Finding The Equation and Application of Quadratic Functions: Learner's Module in Mathematics 9
Finding The Equation and Application of Quadratic Functions: Learner's Module in Mathematics 9
Published by:
DepEd Schools Division of Baguio City
Curriculum Implementation Division
COPYRIGHT NOTICE
2020
“No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines.
However, prior approval of the government agency of office wherein the work is
created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.”
This material has been developed for the implementation of K-12 Curriculum
through the DepEd Schools Division of Baguio City – Curriculum Implementation
Division (CID). It can be reproduced for educational purposes and the source must be
acknowledged. Derivatives of the work including creating an edited version, an
enhancement or a supplementary work are permitted provided all original work is
acknowledged and the copyright is attributed. No work may be derived from this
material for commercial purposes and profit.
ii
PREFACE
This module is a project of the DepEd Schools Division of Baguio City through
the Curriculum Implementation Division (CID) which is in response to the
implementation of the K to 12 Curriculum.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The developer would like to express his gratitude to those who, in one way or
another, have contributed in the development of this learning material.
Appreciation for all the collaboration and cooperation given by the Grade-9
Mathematics teachers. Boundless gratitude goes to all his friends for sharing their time
and talent in crafting this learning resource and to all the students of Baguio City
National High School who are hoping to learn despite this pandemic. Lastly, thanks to
their school’s supervisory office led by their school principal, Madam Brenda M. Cariño
and the DepEd Division of Baguio City for all the support.
Development Team
Author: Jonathan C. Dela Cruz
Illustrators: Ian T. Tomin (Cover page Illustration)
Marilyn D. Bugatti (Icon Illustration)
CONSULTANTS
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................iv
What’s In .................................................................................................................... 5
What Is It .................................................................................................................... 6
v
Finding the Equation and
Application of Quadratic
Functions
Learner's Module in Mathematics 9
Quarter 1 ● Module 8
By the way, always remember to use the answer sheet for you to write
your answers on the different activities presented in this learning module. DO
NOT ANSWER HERE directly.
Now, here is an outline of the different parts of your learning module. The
descriptions will guide you on what to expect on each part of the module.
Icon Label Description
What I need to know This states the learning objectives that you need
to achieve as you study this module.
What I know This is to check what you already know about the
lesson on this module. If you answered all the
questions here correctly, then you may skip
studying this module.
What’s In This connects the current lesson with a topic or
concept necessary to your understanding.
What I have Learned This generalizes the essential ideas tackled from
this module.
What I Can Do This is a real-life application of what you have
learned.
2
What I Know
If you answer all the test items correctly in this pretest, then you may skip
studying this learning material and proceed to the next learning module.
DIRECTION: Let us determine how much you already know about finding the equation
of the quadratic function and its application to real life problems. Read and understand
each item, then choose the letter of your answer and write it on your answer sheet.
A. 0 B. −3 C. −4 D. −2
6. Which quadratic function describes the graph below (figure 1)?
A. 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 C. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
B. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1 D. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1
Figure 1
3
7. The graph below (figure 2) shows which quadratic function?
A. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2 C. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2
2
B. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 2 D. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 2
Figure 2
Figure 3
A ball is tossed upward from the ground. Its height in 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 above the
ground after 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 is given by the function. 𝑓(𝑡) = −10𝑡 2 + 20𝑡.
13. What is the time when the ball reaches its maximum height?
A. 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 B. 0.5 𝑠𝑒𝑐 C. 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 D. 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐
14. What is the maximum height reach by the ball?
A. 10 𝑓𝑡 B. 15 𝑓𝑡 C. 5 𝑓𝑡 D. 8 𝑓𝑡
15. How long did the ball reach the ground?
A. 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 B. 0.5 𝑠𝑒𝑐 C. 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 D. 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐
4
What’s In
What’s New
5
What Is It
Now, we will discuss finding the equation of a quadratic function given the
zeros, table of values and the graph.
The zeros of the quadratic function are 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 3, what is its quadratic
equation?
Step 3. Combine the two equations into a quadratic equation (𝑥– 2)(𝑥 + 3) = 0
(𝑥 – 2 )( 𝑥 + 3 ) = 0
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 – 2𝑥 – 6 = 0
𝑥2 + 𝑥 – 6 = 0
Important!
2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 3 are not just the zeros of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6. They
can also be zeros of other functions like 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 12
etc., So a is included in the equation where a is any nonzero
constant.
6
B. Given the table of values
𝑥 2 1 0 −1 −2
𝑓(𝑥) 0 −5 −8 −9 −8
The table of values above describes a quadratic function. What is the equation
that describes it? Note that in this example, we will follow the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
Our goal to achieve the form 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 is to find the values of
𝒂, 𝒃 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄.
Now, let us follow the step by step procedures.
Step 1. Select 3 convenient points (points with small numbers) in the table.
Like (2,0), (1, −5) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0, −8)
Let us start with (2,0) 2 is the value of 𝑥 while 0 is the value of 𝑓(𝑥).
0 = 𝑎(2)2 + 𝑏(2) + 𝑐
0 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐 Let us label this as equation 1
Next with (1, −5) 1 is the value of 𝑥 while – 5 is the value of 𝑓(𝑥).
−5 = 𝑎(1)2 + 𝑏(1) + 𝑐
−5 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 Let us label this as equation 2
Lastly with (0, −8) 0 is the value of 𝑥 while −8 is the value of 𝑓(𝑥).
−8 = 𝑎(0)2 + 𝑏(0) + 𝑐
−8 = 0 + 0 + 𝑐
−8 = 𝑐 Let us label this as equation 3
Step 3. Solve for the values of 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐.
Equation 1 0 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐
Equation 2 −5 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐
Equation 3 −8 = 𝑐
Equation 1 minus equation 2, to eliminate c.
0 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐
−(−5 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )
5 = 3𝑎 + 𝑏 Let us label this as equation 4
7
Since in equation 3, 𝑐 = −8, we substitute this in equation 1 or equation 2.
0 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐
0 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + (−8) Transposed −8 to the left side of the
equation
8 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 Let us label this as equation 5
Equation 4 5 = 3𝑎 + 𝑏
Equation 5 8 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏
10 = 6𝑎 + 2𝑏
–
8 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏
2 = 2𝑎 + 0
2 = 2𝑎 Divide both sides of the equation by 2
1 = 𝑎 Reflexive property
𝑎 = 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 1𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + (−8)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8
8
C. Given the graph
Example 1
The graph on the right side pictures a
quadratic function. Notice that the
graph opens upward, that will tell you
that 𝑎 > 0. Notice also that the graph
crosses the x – axis twice which
indicates that there are two zeros of
the function. These ideas will help
you determine the equation of the
function.
Example 2
Another graph describing the
quadratic function is shown at the
right. Notice that the graph opens
downward which tells us that a<0 or
negative. Also notice that the
parabola did not cross the x-axis
which indicates that there are no
zeros but if you look closely the vertex
has a point with exact coordinates.
We can use this vertex to determine
the equation of the function by using
the form 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + 𝒃, where
vertex (ℎ, 𝑘).
9
Let us follow the step by step procedures.
Step 2 Solve for 𝑎 by substituting the vertex and the convenient point in the equation
f(x) = a(x − h)2 + b.
f(x) = a(x − h)2 + b
−3 = a[−2 − (−3)]2 + (−1) Substitute ℎ = −3, 𝑘 = −1, 𝑥 = −3
and 𝑓(𝑥) = −2 in f(x) = a(x − h)2 + b
−3 = a(−2 + 3)2 − 1 Simplify
−3 = a(1)2 − 1
−3 = a(1) − 1
−3 + 1 = a Transpose −1 to the left side of the
equation
−2 = a Reflexive property
𝑎 = −2
Step 3 Substitute the vertex (ℎ, 𝑘) and the value of a in the equation
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + 𝒃.
Hence, the equation of the function shown by the graph is f(x) = −2(x + 3)2 − 1
Remember this!
The form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑏 can be
simplified as 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.
10
APPLICATIONS OF QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
The quadratic function is a very important concept in our study in this module.
The concepts like the vertex and the zero plays an important role in answering some
real life problems. Let us have fun in our next discussions.
Example 1
If the perimeter of the rectangle is 100 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠, find its dimensions if its
Area is maximum.
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ (𝑤) 𝑚 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑙) 𝑚 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝐴) 𝑚2 225 400 525 600 625 600 525 400 225 0
Example 2
What are the dimensions of the largest rectangular field that can be
enclosed by 60 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 of fencing wire?
Step 1 Sketch the figure of the situation if possible. Label the figure to better
understand the situation.
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑙)
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ (𝑤)
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝐴)
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)(𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ)
𝐴 = 𝑙𝑤 Equation 1
11
Substitute equation 2 in equation 1.
𝐴 = 𝑙𝑤
𝐴(𝑤) = (30 – 𝑤 ) 𝑤
From the equation, the vertex is (15,225), this means that the
𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 is 225 𝑚2 while the 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ is 15 𝑚. Since the
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ is 15 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠, we can solve for the 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ using equation 2.
𝑙 = 30 – 𝑤
𝑙 = 30 – 15
𝑙 = 15
What’s More
Given the zeros of the quadratic functions, find the equation that
describes each. Show your solution on a separate sheet.
1. 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 _______________________
2. 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 _______________________
3. −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 _______________________
4. 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 – 1 _______________________
5. 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 _______________________
12
Activity 3. What is My Quadratic Function Given My Table of Values?
Using the graphs below, determine the equation of each quadratic function.
1. ________________________ 2. ________________________
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What I Have Learned
Activity 5. Fill in the blanks. Write the word or words or symbols to complete the
each statement.
3. When the graph of the quadratic function is given, you can make use of
the _______________ and the _____________in finding the equation.
4. If in the quadratic function, the value of a is less than zero, then the parabola
opens ______________ .
What I Can Do
From a 100 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 building, a ball is thrown straight up into the air then follows a
trajectory. The height ℎ(𝑡) of the ball above the building after 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 is given by the
function ℎ(𝑡) = −20(𝑡 − 3)2 + 180.
1. What is the vertex of the graph shown by the function?
4. After how many seconds does the ball reach the ground?
14
Post Assessment
DIRECTION: Let us determine how much you already know about finding the equation
of the quadratic function and its application to real life problems. Read and understand
each item, then choose the letter of your answer and write it on your answer sheet.
2. The table of values below shows the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2, what is 𝑓(𝑥) when
𝑥 = 0? 𝑥 2 1 0 −1 −2
𝑓(𝑥) 2 −1 ? −1 2
A. 0 B. −3 C. −4 D. −2
𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 1
15
7. Which quadratic function describes the graph below (figure 2)?
A. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1 C. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
2
B. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1 D. 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2
𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 2
𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 3
12. In the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6, what is the sum and product of the zeros
respectively?
A. 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 B. −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 3 C. 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 3 D. −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3
A ball is tossed upward from the ground. Its height in feet above the
ground after 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 is given by the function 𝑓(𝑡) = −10𝑡 2 + 20𝑡.
13. What is the time when the ball reaches its height?
A. 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 B. 0.5 𝑠𝑒𝑐 C. 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 D. 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐
14. What is the maximum height reach by the ball?
A. 10 𝑓𝑡 B. 15 𝑓𝑡 C. 5 𝑓𝑡 D. 8 𝑓𝑡
15. How long did the ball reach the ground?
A. 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 B. 0.5 𝑠𝑒𝑐 C. 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 D. 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐
16
Additional Activity
Activity 7. Graph Me
Plot the table of values in the coordinate plane and sketch the graph that
describes the function and answer the following questions.
𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2
𝑓(𝑥) 8 2 0 2 8
f(x)
1. Vertex ________________
2. Zeros ________________
3. Opening ________________
4. Equation ________________
17
18
I. What I Know II. What’s In III. Application of QF
1. D 9. C 1. D 1. 625 𝑚2
2. B 10. C 2. E 2. 𝑙 = 2 5𝑚 ; 𝑤 = 25𝑚
3. D 11. A 3. A 3. 0 𝑚
4. C 12. B 4. F 4. 0 𝑚2
5. D 13. D 5. B 5. No, the figure will be one
dimensional
6. C 14. A
7.A 15. C
8. D
IV. What’s More: Activity 2 V. What’s More: Activity 3
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥) 1. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)2 − 3
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥) 2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 2 − 1) 3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2)
5..𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8)
VI. What’s More: Activity 4 VII. What I Have Learned: Activity 5
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4 1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)2 − 3 2. Three
3. vertex, zeros (in any order)
4. downward
VIII. What I Can Do: Activity 6
Post Assessment:
1. (3, 180) 1. A 6. A 11. A
2. 180 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 2. D 7. C 12. C
3. 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 3. B 8. B 13. D
4. 6 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 4. D 9. D 14. A
5. −20 5. C 10. C 15. C
IX. Activity 7
1. 0,0
2. 0
3. upward
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2
KEY ANSWER
REFERENCES
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