Green University of Bangladesh

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Course Name: Data Communication

Course Code: CSE 307

Class Summary

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Name: Prof. Dr. Md. Zahidul Islam Name: Md. Asif Ahmed
Designation: Professor Id: 182015029
Department of CSE Department of CSE
Green University of Bangladesh Green University of Bangladesh

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DIGITAL-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION:
When binary 1s and 0s generated by a computer are translated into a sequence of voltage
pulses that can be propagated over a wire, this process is known as digital-to-digital encoding. It
can be done in two ways, line coding and block coding.
A) Line Coding
Digital data is stored as a series of 1s and 0s, which are represented internally as series of
letters and numbers. Digital signal is denoted by discreet signal, which represents digital data.
The process for converting digital data into digital signal is said to be Line Coding.

There are three types of line coding schemes available:

➢ Uni-polar Encoding
Unipolar encoding schemes use single voltage levels to represent data. It is also called Unipolar-
Non-return-to-zero, because there is no rest condition i.e. it either represents 1 or 0 in the
binary character encodings for binary codes.
➢ Polar Encoding

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Polar encoding scheme uses multiple voltage levels to represent binary values. Polar encodings
is available in four types:

1. Polar Non-Return to Zero (Polar NRZ)

2. Return to Zero (RZ)
3. Return-to-Zero
4. Manchester
5. Differential Manchester

➢ Bipolar Encoding
Bipolar encoding uses three voltage levels, positive, negative and zero. Zero voltage represents
binary 0 and bit 1 is represented by altering positive and negative voltages.
B) Block Coding
To ensure accuracy of the received data frame redundant bits are used. In even-parity, one
parity bit is added to make the count of 1s in the frame even. This way the original number of
bits is increased. Block coding is represented by slash notation, mB/nB. Means, m-bit block is
substituted with n-bit block where n > m. Block coding involves three steps:
❖ Division,
❖ Substitution
❖ Combination.
After block coding is done, it is line coded for transmission.

Analog-to-Digital Conversion:
Microphones produce analog voice, and cameras produce analog videos, both of which are
handled as analog data. Digital data is discrete, but analog data is a continuous stream of data
in the waveform. Analog to digital conversion is required to communicate this analog data using
digital signals. Pulse Code Modulation is used to convert analog data into digital data (PCM).
It involves three steps:
➢ Sampling
➢ Quantization
➢ Encoding.

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Digital-to-Analog Conversion:
Data is transformed into analog signals before being transferred from one computer to another
through an analog carrier. To reflect digital data, analog signals are changed. Amplitude,
frequency, and phase are the characteristics of an analog signal.
There are three kinds of digital-to-analog conversions:
➢ Amplitude Shift Keying
➢ Frequency Shift Keying
➢ Phase Shift Keying
➢ Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

Analog-to-Analog Conversion:
To represent analog data, analog signals are transformed. When bandpass is employed, this
conversion, also known as Analog Modulation, is required. There are three ways to convert
from analog to analog:
a) Amplitude Modulation.
b) Frequency Modulation.
c) Phase Modulation.