ASSIGNMENT-02

▪ Submitted by,
Name : Sujan Banik
Roll : 1602019
Department : ME
Date of submission: 10.04.2018
Team : Chassis & Vehicle dynamics
Topic : Chassis each component representation

o Submitted to,
Mosaeb Khan(ME’14)
Mentor of Chassis & vehicle dynamics team,
Team Crack Platoon.
Main Components of A Car

➢ Chassis
➢ Battery
➢ Alternator
➢ Engine
➢ Suspension system
➢ Transmission system
➢ Steering system
➢ Drive Axle
➢ Drive shaft
➢ Braking system
➢ Radiator
➢ Clutch
➢ Gear box
➢ Tires
➢ Shock Absorber
➢ Carburetor
➢ Air filter
➢ Differential
➢ Muffler
➢ Catalytic converter
❖ Chassis : Chassis is the main supporting structure or
framework of a car. The underpart of motor vehicle, on
which body is mounted. It is the backbone of any
automobile. Chassis is designed by the software like
solidworks. And there are different types of chassis like
mock chassis, Ladder frame chassis, Tubular space frame
chassis and so on.
• Here the various mechanical parts like engine, tires, axles
assemblies, brakes, steering etc. are bolted.
• It gives the strength & stability to the vehicle under
different conditions.

Figure-1. Chassis
❖ Battery: An automotive battery is a rechargeable battery
that supplies electrical current to a motor vehicle. Batteries
are typically made of six galvanic cells in a series circuit.
Each cell provides a total of 12.6 volts at full charge. Two
types of battery are mainly used. Here,
(i)Alkaline battery used for flashlights & multitude of portable
electronic devices.
(ii)Rechargeable batteries can be discharged and recharged
multiple times using an applied electric current. Ex: Lead-acid
(flooded, deep cycle and VRLA), Ni-Cd, Li-ion, Li-ion polymer etc.
• Battery is used for feeding the charger, which starts the
engine.
• Working system of battery: Each cell of a lead storage
battery consists of alternate plates of lead(cathode) and
lead coated with lead dioxide(anode) immersed in an
electrolyte (Salfuric acid solution). This causes a chemical
reaction that releases electrons, allowing them to flow
through conductors to produce electricity.

Figure-2. Battery

❖ Alternator: An alternator is an electrical generator that

converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form
of alternating current.
• The battery of automobile is charged by alternator.
 • It gives an engine its spark, the headlights their light, and
the heater its power while the vehicles moving down the
road.
• How alternators Make Electricity:
The alternator has three main components and a voltage regulator: The
Stator, Rotor, and Diode. When the alternator belt or V-belt spins the
pulley on the alternator, the rotor inside the alternator spins fast. The
rotor is basically a magnet or group of magnets that spin, with all that
speed, inside a nest of copper wires, which are called the stator.

This spinning of magnets at incredibly fast speeds along copper wires

creates electricity through a process of electromagnetism harness
conducted through the copper wires to the diode, which changes the
electricity from AC to DC current that the car battery can use.

The next step happens within the voltage regulator, a built-in component
on modern alternators, which is basically a gatekeeper that will shut off
the flow of power to the battery if the voltage goes above a certain level,
usually 14 and a half volts, which keeps the battery from getting
overcharged and cooked.

As the car battery is drained, current is allowed to flow back into it from
the alternator and the cycle goes on and on.

Figure-3: Alternator
❖ Engine: Generally engine is a machine designed to convert
one form of energy into mechanical energy. But for
automobiles the combustion chamber where fuel, air,
pressure & electricity come together to create the small
explosion that moves the power & move the vehicle. The
engine use in car is internal combustion engine. And for
the fuel using the engine named petrol, diesel engine etc.

• Engine is used as a mechanical device which burns a fuel to

produce power rotation which moves a vehicle.
• Mainly four stroke petrol engines are used in car. The four
strokes are:
(1) Intake stroke
(2) Compression stroke
(3) Power Stroke
(4) Exhaust Stroke

Figure-4. Engine
• How the engine makes its power by this four strokes:
• Intake: The piston is pulled down inside the cylinder by the
momentum of the crankshaft. Most of the time the car is moving
along, so the crankshaft is always turning. The inlet valve (left)
opens, letting a mixture of fuel and air into the cylinder. Piston
moves TDC to BDC.
• Compression: The inlet valve closes. The piston moves back up
the cylinder and compresses (squeezes) the fuel-air mixture, which
makes it much more flammable. When the piston reaches the top
of the cylinder, the sparking plug fires. Piston moves BDC to TDC.
• Power: The spark ignites the fuel-air mixture causing a mini
explosion. The fuel burns immediately, giving off hot gas that
pushes the piston back down. The energy released by the fuel is
now powering the crankshaft. Piston moves TDC to BDC.
• Exhaust: The outlet valve (right) opens. As the crankshaft
continues to turn, the piston is forced back up the cylinder for a
second time. It forces the exhaust gases (produced when the fuel
burned) out through the exhaust outlet. Piston moves BDC to TDC.

Figure-4.1 Four Stroke Cycle

 ❖ Suspension System: Suspensions is the term given to the
system of springs, shock absorbers & linkages that connects
a vehicle to its wheel. In a nutshell the mounting of a car
with its wheel is called suspension.

• Why suspension system is used:

1. It supports the weight.
2. Provides a smooth ride.
3. Allows rapid cornering without extreme body roll.
4. Keeps tires in firm contact with the road.
5. Allows front wheels to turn side-to-side for steering.
6. Works with the steering system to keep the wheels in correct
alignment.
7. Isolate passenger & cargo from vibration & shock.

Figure-5: Suspension System

❖ Transmission System: The transmission system refers to the
mechanism that transmits the power developed by the engine to
the wheels of an automobile in the form of kinetic energy.
Transmission system components are clutch, gear box, shafts,
universal joint, rear axle, wheel & tires. There are mainly two types
of transmission system are used in a car.
(1) Manual Transmission
(2) Automatic Transmission
• It is used to transmit engine torque to the driving wheel to drive
the vehicle on the road.
• The transmission allows the gear ratio between the engine & the
drive wheels to change the car up or down.

• Engine>Wheel power transmission: Cylinder>fuel

burnt>piston>reciprocating motion>connecting rod>crank
shaft>Rotary motion>flywheel>gearbox>drive
shaft>differential>rear axle>drive wheel.

Figure-6. Transmission System

❖ Steering system: The mechanism in a vehicle which makes it
possible to move it in different directions.
• Turning is the basic function of the steering which changes the
direction of the vehicle by turning tires through steering wheel
operation.
• Power Steering is a device providing comfortable operation to the
driver through steering wheel operation assistance (lighter feel).

Figure-7. Steering System

❖ Drive Axle: Drive axle helps propels the car. It is a large bar
connecting the two wheels. The drive axle allows the vehicle’s
operator to turn the wheels & control the vehicle. The axle is the
shaft that connects a pair of tires and on which those tires
rotates. The car mainly has two axles.
The drive axle may be a live axle, but modern cars use a split axle
with a differential.

Figure-8. Drive Axle

 ❖ Braking system: A brake is a mechanical device that
inhibits motion by absorbing energy from a moving
system. It is accomplished by friction. Ex: Disc brake, Drum
brake, Parking brake etc.
• It is used for slowing & stopping the vehicle.
• How braking system works in a car:

After presses the foot down on the brake pedal, a connected

lever pushes a piston into the master cylinder, which is filled
with hydraulic fluid. That hydraulic fluid gets squirted along a
system of pipes into other, wider cylinders positioned next to the
brakes on each wheel.
This hydraulic system multiplies the force of your foot on the
brake pedal into enough force to apply the brakes and make the
car stop.

Figure-9. Breaking System

❖ Drive Shaft: A drive shaft is a mechanical component for
transmitting torque & rotation, usually used to connect other
components of a drive train that cannot be connected directly.

• This is a separated gear box mounted behind the

transmission.
• It is used on front engine rear wheel drive & most 4 wheels
drive vehicles it couples the transmission with rear
differential.

Figure-10. Drive Shaft

❖ Radiator: Radiators are heat exchangers used to transfer thermal
energy from one med. To other for purpose of heating & cooling.
For cooling the fluid or coolant supplied to it.

• How radiator works: The radiator transfers the heat from

the fluid inside to the air outside, thereby cooling the fluid, it
cools the engine.

Figure-11. Radiator
❖ Clutch: The clutch is located between the engine & the
gear box, as disengaging it is usually required to change
gear. The first stage in the transmission of a car with a
manual gearbox is the clutch. Ex: Single plate, Multi plate,
dual, centrifugal clutch etc.
• It transmits the torque from the engine to the drive
train.
• It enables smooth vehicle movement.
• It reduces drive related vibration.

Figure-12. Clutch
❖ Gear box: The transmission is simplified to the gearbox
that uses gears & gear trains to provide speed & torque
conversions from a rotating power source to another
device. It is used for manual transmission. It is the second
stage of transmission system after clutch. A set of gears
with its casting is called gearbox.

Figure-13. Gear Box

❖ Tires: The tires are the component that supports the
weight of the vehicle, transmit traction, braking forces to
the road surfaces. It is generally made of synthetic rubber,
natural rubber, febric & wire, along with carbon black. The
tire is black because of heat transmission fast.

Figure-14. Tire

❖ Shock absorber: It controls a vehicle’s movement when the

tires come into contact with a bump in the road. It offers
resistance to the suspension system to slow vehicle
movement & provides smooth & comfortable ride.
• Shock absorbers always keep tires in contact with ground.
• The spring of shock absorber is storing energy so to release
it to absorb any shock or maintain a force between two
contacting surfaces.

Figure-15. Shock Absorber

❖ Carburetor: A carburetor is a device that mixes air & fuel
for IC engine in the proper ratio for combustion.
• The choke valve of carburetor is used to maintain the air
flow to the engine.

Figure-16. Carburetor

❖ Air filter: It is device made of fibrous materials which

removes sloid particles such as dust, mould & bacteria
from the air. It contains absorbent or catalyst such as
(charcoal). It also removes gaseous pollutants.

Figure-17. Air Filter

❖ Differential: Differential is designed to drive a pair of
wheels while allowing them to rotate at different speeds.
Ex.: Open differential, Locked differential, Clutch type LSD
etc.
• It allows the drive wheels to turn at different rpms while
both receiving power from the engine.

Figure-18. Differential
❖ Muffler: A muffler is a device for decreasing the amount of
noise emitted by the exhaust of an IC engine.
• In order to minimize all the noise, a muffler is designed
with perforated tubes or baffles chambers, Instead, a high
tech sound enhancement system hijacks the function of
making the noise that the car engine’s used to.

Figure-19. Muffler
❖ Catalytic converter: A catalytic converter is an exhaust
emission control device that converts toxic gases and
pollutants in exhaust gas from an IC engine into less-toxic
pollutants by catalyzing a redox reaction.

Figure-20. Catalytic Converter