It ain't what you don't know that gets you into trouble

is what you know for sure that just ain't

so
It
Mark Twain

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
electrical devices
Circuit An interconnection of
techniques
A set of axioms definitions rules
theory a subject
to understand

to the electrical behaviour of electrical

OurAime predict
systems variables current
the electrical
To determine less importantly
voltage electrical power and
charge and flux
What type of circuits
Lumped circuits travel at the speed of light
waves
Electromagnetic
lumped circuits propagation
delays are not important

in'ffatffan.AE utjgy.effeotsoccour

Qr delay
Dt maximum tolerable
d c Dt

Dt T
electrical
sign CT C 3
d

L
f wavelag

time

µ l
f f
 In case signal contain many frequencies choose the
smallest wavelength
largest frequency

d LL C Amin
fmax

For audio circuits

7 15km
fma 20kHz f
other cases
7 15 m
20 MHz
fma 15mm
A
fmax 20 GHz

the electrical charge passing

rate of change of
Current
a cross section in a part of circuit
through C
A Charged
A Time sec
i d9_ in Amperes
dt
can be positive or negative
current
Note
A and B
difference
between two points
Voltage potential
is equivalent
to he electrical work done
This to move a unit charge
against the electrical field
B to A unit charge
from change in energy per
die in Volts V V Jcooffeomj
dq
can be positive
or negative
Note voltage

Power the rate of change of electrical energy

Electrical time
with respect to
V i in Watts w
p date dwg dft
W Volt x Amp

power can be positive or negative

Note
 Basic Terminology
The where devices are accessible from outside
Terminals to
joints we apply electrical excitations
electrical
terminals terminals and measure
D variables at terminals
devices
Arbitrary interconnections of electrical
Electrical Circuits terminals
through their
the terminals
the circuit where
A junction in isolated termina
Notes connected together
or any
are an electrical
connected by
two terminals are
If single node
wire only they form a

MfsD
B
La
other
reached
can from
be any
Connected Circuit Any node through
node by traversing a path
circuit elements
convention
H we will passive sign
use
AftReference Directions t terminal
the current flowing from
the device
to the c terminal of

H OR y TD
D
J Ii
0 means thedevice is receiving power
V i the circuit
p from the rest of
device is giving power
V i 0 means the
p to the rest of the circuit
 between two points
Voltage defined as potential difference
Choose an arbitrary point as the reference point
to measure voltages called ground point
conservative field which
can be done in any
This
measure neigh
has a potential e.g gravitation level
sea
reference point
point as Ze
we declare the potential of ground

and ground
the voltage between any node
Node voltage
Then we have
Vaca VBG VA VB
VAB

VA_VB
az
A B
c

43043
_VA
VAD Vcp Vc

DVis 0

eg has 50W more electrical potential

VAB 50 V point A
than point B
i c
less
20 V point A has 2OV
VAB B
than point
 is Vs
3
Example Hia
if
Xin 5 Vs
4 V4 t
V I Z
v2
Tis
100 V p 1W Are these devices
D Vi
giving or receivingpower
5mA 0.5W

f
Dz is pz

Isan it is.in
is Isi for the devices
V5 75V is 5mA
D5

p O D giving power
is
D
i 10mA
Pj
O D2 is receiving power
Dz Pz
100 V
Vz
Pq
O 125W O Dz is receiving power
iz vz
Dz pz
o Dy is receiving power
Dy pre
PI 10mA
ice
4
375mW O Ds is givingpower
Ps Vs is
Dg

Note that p pat ps D conservation ofpower

Telleger'S Theorem

all devices have 2

terminals
not transistor or
Note have 3 terminal e.g
we circuits etc
terminal COPAMP integrated
many A t
VAB
3terminal c B
Vac device
TB

ficc
VBC
Devices and Models

World measurements
Physical
on
may depend
MODEL physical conditions
revise if there is
disagreement
math equations
Compare
1
Computations

we interested in
are
In Circuit Theory
circuits i e voltages currents
behaviour of
the electrical
electrical power i.e measured through
devices
external behaviour of
terminals device
the
not the internal behaviour of