RESILENCE OF PUBLIC SPACES-Visitor’s management of

public spaces in pre pandemic and post pandemic

A DISSERTATION

Submitted by

JENIFER MONICA M.

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE

in

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE

SAN ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE, COIMBATORE

ANNA UNIVERSITY:: CHENNAI 600 025

MAY 2021

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 ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this dissertation “RESILIENCE OF PUBLIC SPACES-Visitor’s

management of public spaces in pre pandemic and post pandemic” is the bonafide

work of “JENIFER MONICA M.” who carried out the dissertation under my

supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Prof. M. RAAJKUMAR Dr. K. S. RAKESH

DIRECTOR SUPERVISOR

Professor & HOD

SAN Academy of Architecture SAN Academy of Architecture
Coimbatore Coimbatore

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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 ABSTRACT
“Cultures and climate differs all over the world, but peoples are the same.
They’ll gather in public, if you give them a good place to do it” – Jan Gehl”
Throughout the entire history,public spaces are important spaces to
interaction among peoples.Public spaces are used to make people to meet
interact,socialize and be a part of something big. Earlier public spaces Include streets
and square but now separate buildings are constructed as public spaces like parks,malls
etc.. Most of the public spaces are used to be the focal point of cities and the locality of
an area.In this case visitor’s in public spaces are mixed use peoples like from rich to
poor engaged in the same area and at the same time may be.
But now our life has changed a lot ever since a particular virus called covid-
19 hit the world.At this time of writing when one half of the people in the world are
instructed to stay at home,and lot of restrictions are instructed by the government
mainly the control of usage of visitor’s in public. No one knows that when this
pandemic gets end.Though many of the countries like india are facing newly changed
covid virus suddenly from march 2021.peoples are stucks between these and suffering
many issues in health and economic wise.In pre pandemic visitor’s are allowed freely
in pubic spaces ,but now some of the countries still follows the lockdown and some
countries relax the rules with some restrictions that mainly restricted the entries and
restriction among visitor’s management like social distancing . . So, it is very
important to start taking immediate measures. Measures can be taken even through
architecture and urban designing. Now, it is only natural that spaces and settlements
would also go through a lot of changes, especially in public spaces.pandemic has
always shapen the architecture to the next level with gud benefits. The Spanish flu is
an example for another pandemic. Urban research related to previous pandemics is
mainly focused on issues such as inequalities that make poor and marginalized groups
more vulnerable to pandemics, and less on an visitor’s point of view. The recent
pandemic offers an opportunity to understand how visitor’s might be affected by
pandemics and what actions are needed to minimize the impacts of it. This
dissertation discuss that the depth and extent of transformation is unclear, especially
as it relates to the future design, use and perceptions of public space. This study aims
to highlight emerging questions at the interface of COVID-19 and solution to the
visitor’s management of public spaces. The existing spaces can be modified and new
spaces can be designed corona sensitive, This paper specifically talks about how the
virus has impacted life in important of public spaces. The main content of this
dissertation is to addressing the how the spaces are been used in pre pandemic and
what all the measures should take in new normal.this helps to take primitive mesures
and analysis of how the situation leads the architecture into new theory .

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE

PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF TABLE xvi
LIST OF FIGURES xviii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xxvii

1. INTRODUCTION 7

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 7

1.1.1 what is resilience 7
1.1.2 Why I mentioned resilience as
my dissertation topic 7
1.1.3 Background 7
1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 8
1.3 PURPOSE OF RESEARCH 8
1.4 AIM 8
1.5 OBJECTIVES 8
1.6 SCOPE 9
1.7 LIMITATIONS 9
2. PUBLIC SPACES IN PRE PANDEMIC 11
2.1 PUBLIC SPACES 11
2.1.1 Importance of public spaces 12
2.1.2 Evolution of public spaces 14
2.1.3 Visitor’s type in public spaces 17
2.1.4 Visitor’s activities in public spaces 18

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 2.1.5 Problems associated with Public spaces 18
2.2 VISITOR’S MANAGEMENT 20
2.2.1 Vistor’s management in Architecture 20
2.2.2 Visitor’s management in Architecture
Done through 21
2.2.3 Visitor’s Carrying capacity 21
2.3 VISITOR’S INFRASTRUCTURE 22
3. COVID -19 HISTORY AND RESTRICTIONS 23
3.1 COVID – 19 HISTORY 23
3.2 RESTRICTION MADE IN PUBLIC 24
4. PANDEMICS IN THE PAST AND HOW THEY
CHANGES THE ARCHITECTURAL SPACES 26
4.1 PANDEMICS IN THE PAST AD HOW
THEY CHANGES THE ARCHITECTURAL SPACES
ACCORDING TO HEALTH CRISIS 26
5. CASE STUDIES 30
5.1 PARC DE LA DISTANCE 30
5.2 VISITOR’S MANAGEMENT IN
HOTELS AND BARS IN NEW NORMS
5.2.1 Burger king in Germany 32
5.2.2 A bar in Maryland 35
5.3 OTHER PUBLIC SPACES LIKE CITY
SQUARES ,STREETS ,CENTRAL PARKS 36
6. ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 39
6.1 ANALYSIS OF BOTH PRE PANDEMIC
AND POST PNDEMIC SITUATION 39
7. CONCLUSION 42

5
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1 PANDEMIC IN THE PAST AND HOW THEY CHANGS 26

ARCHITECTURE SPACES ACCORDING TO HEALTH CRISIS

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1 PEOPLE ENGAGEMENT IN PUBLIC SPACES 14

FIGURE 2 VISITORS TYPE 17

FIGURE 3 VISUALLY INACCESSIBLE SPACES 18

FIGURE 4 PATHWAYS IN PUBLIC SPACES 18

FIGURE 5 COFUSION AND STAMPADE 18

FIGURE 6 DEAD ZONES 19

FIGURE 7 DISFUNCTIONAL FEATURES 19

FIGURE 8 PROBLEMS IN CIRCULATION 20

FIGURE 9 COVID 19 CASE REPORTS 23

FIGURE 10 RULES AND RESTRICTIONS IN PUBLIC 24

FIGURE 11 PANDMIC TIMELINES 26

FIGURE 12 PARC DE LA DISTANCE VIEW 1 30

FIGURE 13 PARC DE LA DISTANCE VIEW 2 31

FIGURE 14 PARC DE LA DISTANCE VIEW 3 32

FIGURE 15 BURGER KING IN GERMANY 34

FIGURE 16 A BAR IN MARYLAND 35

FIGURE 17 OUTSIDE DINING IN AMSTERDAM 36

FIGURE 18 YOGA DOME IN PUBLIC SQUARE 36

FIGURE 19 DOMINO’S PARK SOCIAL 37

FIGURE 20 GASTRO SAFE ZONE 37

FIGURE 21 AUCKLAND TRANSPORT 37

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 CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.1.1 WHAT IS RESILIENCE ?

It is originally a physics and biological word that defines

the ability of a substance to return to its usual shape after being bent, stretched,
or pressed that means the ability to be happy, successful, etc. again after
something difficult or bad has happened or the quality of
being able to return quickly to a previous good condition after problems

1.1.2 WHY I MENTIONED RESILIENCE AS MY

DISSERTATION TOPIC ?
Resilience here means that comeback or returning to normal situation of
public spaces. Resilience means the healthy and happy soul and mind after the
complete stress .so that I named this title as my dissertation topic.

1.1.3 BACKGROUND
“ Humans have always been engaged in taking of their desires and
habits to the next level” Thus the public space is always a platforms for the people
can come in contact with the social world outside. The public spaces provides a vital
role in social development of peoples in different levels.
Throughout the history, pandemics had always shapened the cities, many
health issues developed in previous pandemic reflected in new theory of architecture
and that transformation formed the new standards and new creative spaces. Today, the
whole world faces a public health crisis of COVID-19 pandemic, perhaps the worst in
more than a century, which resulted within in the emergence of many challenges for
several spaces to face this epidemic. The quarantine, social distancing, and self-
isolation have becomes one of the essential strategies to decrease the spread of this
global epidemic. These procedures not only contradict the desire of individuals for
social interaction, but also conflict with the way of (cities, parks, squares, subways,
and shared spaces, city streets.etc) are designed .These emerging questions within me
made me curious on this topic. I studied pre pandemic datas also,because it is helpful
to compare and analyse the data which we have to change in post pandemic measures.

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1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ?
1. Will the pandemic accelerate the mainstreaming of health criteria
into the design of public spaces?
2 .Do we need a new typology for public space?
3. Will the temporary transformations seen during the crisis inspire
more permanent changes?
4. How to be use the public spaces more creative with pandemic
restrictions?
5. Will the pandemic permanently disrupt the interconnected global
settlement system?

1.3 PURPOSE OF RESEARCH

By speculating and emerging the study to development of architecture
after the pandemic and how the people engaging in social networks and how
interactively the spaces are useful to them

1.4 AIM
The main aim of this study is to analysing how the public spaces are used
in pre pandemic and how the spaces should take primitive measures and designing in
post pandemic and to provide solutions which will lead to the better management of
visitor’s in public spaces

1.5 OBJECTIVES
1.To study the public spaces and the problems associated with those public
spaces in post pandemic
2.To analyse the circulation pattern and activity pattern through comparative
studies of pre pandemic and post pandemic
3. To conclude and suggestion the guidelines according to the new pandemic
for better management of visitor’s in public spaces
4.To find better solution for good public spaces to hold and to breath of good
spaces to hold this kind of pandemic in future

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 5.To enhance the public spaces with collaboration with proper sanitation and
social distancing

1.6 SCOPE
1.This research will focus on planning the future of pubic spaces according
to current scenario
2. Designing safe and clean environment with primitive measures for people
to provide free circulation and activities to make a hygienic environment

1.7 LIMITATION
The study majoriy talks about the management of visitor's through site
planning and landscaping of public buildings and public spaces.This study majorly
talks about on general basis of management of peoples in public space in post
pandemic.

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1.8 METHODOLOGY
SELECTION OF
TOPIC

BACKGROUND STUDY OF
THE TOPIC

FORMULATING AIMS AND

OBJECTIVES

METHODOLOGY

SEARCH FOR
PUBLIC
COVID-19 RESEARCH
SPACE
HISTORY PAPERS
DESIGN IN
AND ABOUT THE
PRE -
RESTRICTION PANDEMIC
PANDEMIC
IN THE PAST

ANALYSIS
AND CASE
CONCLUSIONS
RECOMMEND STUDIES
ATIONS

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 CHAPTER 2
PUBLIC SPACES IN PRE PANDEMIC
WHY I STUDIED THESE DATAS ?
To understand the existing datas and circulation in site planning and
landscaping elements and how the visitor’s are managed in pre pandemic .This will
helpful to make suggestion in post pandemic public spaces

2.1 PUBLIC SPACES

Public spaces is for BY THE PEOPLE , FOR THE PEOPLE , OF THE
PEOPLE .Public spaces are not just a space ,it is the soul of all peoples where
common to all of us. public spaces are created and maintained for the citizens . public
spaces are served for the peoples to promote social cohesion.A Public space is an area
of a space that is open accessible to all peoples .

Pubic spaces are the spaces where we all meet socialise , interact and do
the needy things . I personally feel that regarding the public spaces are the movement
in architecture, where parks and streets are used to communicate between the both
public and private areas .regarding movement spaces I denoted the streets and roads
here as considered as the movement in architecture spaces.

Streets and squares are the focal points and gathering spaces . These are the
places where the city life and public life tooks place. The places where we all meet,
talk and communicate between us.These streets and squares are the centralised part of
the area and were importance for the public activities.but When we talk about the
concept of functionalism, roads ,path and building and green lawns are given as more
preference .

Over a years with adverse changes in technological and regarding peoples

perception and busy mindset in 20th century and also regarding functionalism. These
streets and squares are no longer importance and people started constructing the pubic
buildings for economiacal improvement and peoples value and life style improvement
and where we considered as a importance of public interactions this make the changes
happened in all over types of industries as well as architecture industries started
evolving the lot of spaces as a public buildings and as a public spaces with according
to different activities, different styles and different concepts.

12
 In simplifies form aesthetic formulated in renaissance period and further
developed in following centuries, and the funtionalist teachings regarding the
physiological aspects of planning are the ideologies on which the cities and housings
have been built in 1930 and right up to the last decades of twentieth century . these
concept have been thoroughly examined and forms the specific regulation, rules and
building codes according to the area or locality.

Thus by the drastic growth of technologies of the world thus makes the
people to less communicate in publice rather than we started communicating through
telephones ,cellphones and video calls .the people also started enjoying what others
have experienced an now be substituted by the passive picture watching,seeing and
what others have experienced elsewhere. but this could be over taken by the
automobile industry to made possible on active participation in spontaneous local
social activities with a drive in contact points with the outside world abundant
possibilities do exist for compensatives what have been lost .thus for this contact with
the outside world public space and many more public buildings have been created in
cities and villages to facilitate the public interactions.however architecture of this
public spaces have been always upgraded according to the peoples perception and
activities and changes made in societies too. In current situation people are under
severe controlled due to this pandemic .this may also get ugraded creatively using the
public spaces.

2.1.1 IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC SPACES

“BEING AMONG OTHERS ,SEEING AND HEARING OTHERS , IMPLY
POSITIVE EXPERIENCES ,ALTERNATIVES TO BEING ALONE .ONE IS
NOT NECESSARILY WITH A SPECIFIC PERSON,BUT ONE IS
,NEVERTHELESS , WITH OTHERS.” -JAN GEHL ,Life between buildings

Human beings are social in nature said by aristotle as its states that human
always engaged In various activities and always peopes enthusiastic to engaged in
social activities. Peoples are not gathered in public spaces only for the everyday
market place but also the hub for the exchange of social , political and artistic
developments, a space that fostered the birth of democracy.

Public spaces are always open for the gatherings to empower to see and hear
contacts and must be considered in different types of contacts .

Whenever given a decision between strolling on abandoned or on energetic

road, the vast majority much of the time will pick the energetic rood. On the off

13
chance that the decision is between sitting in a private terrace or in a serie private front
yard with a perspective in the city, individuals will regularly pick the front of the
house where there is a whole other world to.In Scandinavia on old axiom discloses to
everything “individuals come where individuals are.”

Three major types of activities that happens in a public paces include:

(1) Neccessary activities
(2) Optional activities
(3) Social activities.

The public spaces maintains all the three activities going in, because a public
space just cannot be about social activities, or recreational activities. A lot of
necessary activities also takes place in a public space. It was obvious that human
activities, being able to see other people in action, constituted the area's main
attraction .Al types of human movement seemed, by all accounts, to be of significant
interest in this association of peoples.
(1) Public spaces give opportunity to the space where individuals can interact with
the social world outside and experience the chance of being with seeing and
hearing others which imparts incitement. It is a space that allows the
individuals to see something new.to feel in an unexpected way to learn and to
be enlivened. The public domain can be seen as a spot as well as an encounter.
Public spaces assume an essential part in the social improvement of individuals
on different levels, from little area parks to enormous downtown area squares.
They are spots of incredible worth where individuals of various foundations
meet up and get ground breaking thoughts by only being onlookers.

(2) Public spaces will be spaces which permit culture to flourish. It tends to be
taken a gander at as an entryway to social improvement in a general public. It
gives on open door for individuals of differed societies, foundations and
competitions to meet up and exhibit their way of life and simultaneously
experience new societies to them. It is where social improvement is
conceivable. Individuals coming from various societies have various methods
of dressing, various dialects, customs, convictions, belief systems and conduct.
These social practices can be shared and experienced by individuals just in the
public domain. It offers ascend to on open door where advancement of another
point of view is conceivable and extends the skyline of social and social
prospects like in the Art, music and culinary universes.

(3) Public spaces not just assume an indispensable function in social turn of events
but on the other hand is significant in the self-awareness of a person. It helps in

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 Creating individual standards and estimations of a specific individual and
understanding one's own character and convictions. Investment of a person in
the bigger metropolitan culture makes an open door for one's very own
appearance and consoles the uniqueness of one's character in the public arena.
Social worth is additionally the critical driver of the monetary estimation of
urban areas. It is significant for both the individuals who utilize these spaces
consistently and further more the vacationers and workers that drift by. These
spaces are the ideal places where sightseers can encounter the genuine feel and
culture of the new city.

Fig 1 people engagement in public spaces

2.1.2 EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC SPACES

The Greek Agora was the beginning of
the public space which was located in
the center of the polis and was also the
focal point of the town which functioned
as a market as well as gathering space
for the political assembly. Thus, it had
social, political as well as economic
importance. It also acted as a formal and
informal meeting space for the citizens.
In the beginning, the Agora was
surrounded by private houses but
temples and sanctuaries were later built
bordering it along with the stoas,
porticoes, and covered walkways. Open-
air gymnasia and theatres were also
developed later in the Greek civilization.
2. The Roman Forum
1. The Greek Agora
. The functions of the Greek acropolis
and agora were brought together in
“forum” during the Roman Empire. It
was a contained, semi-enclosed, and
open space where commerce, religious
and political activities, athletics, and
informal meetings were carried out.
The forum was a public space
dominated by the citizens in the same
way as Agora. Forums were
rectangular in shape, in the proportion
of 2 to 3, which was surrounded by
Porticoes. The forums contained
temples, basilicas, shops, and markets
which resulted in the blend of civic as
well as religious fabric. It also housed
other significant recreational areas like
the theatre, public baths. Also, it was
home to curia as well as comitium,
meaning the city council meetings and
political meetings respectively.

15
 The marketplace was first evolved
around the 11th century and became a
crucial public space during medieval
times. It was mainly located in the center
of the town, in front of the castle or
cathedral, and also at the intersection of
the two main roads. The work activities
like workshop and storage facilities as
well as business places like inns, taverns
were situated. Inhabitants of the city
often came together along with the
visitors which were attracted to the
place.

The Renaissance Plaza contained

important buildings like the cathedral,
the town hall, etc. It was a place where
people gathered and public celebrations
took place. Also, plays and stage
proceedings were carried out in Plazas.
The local social order where ethnic,
religious, and political identities were
revealed in the renaissance plaza. It was
mostly planned in a symmetrical
geometry. The buildings surrounding
the Plaza and squares had a uniform
facade that showcased the importance of
proportion and harmony in the design.
Further, this design feature evolved into
residential quarters, generally of the
upper class, around the squares, making
a way for an innovative semi-public
character. Also, this new way of
designing and restricting public access
to the square became more popular
among developers of new residential
areas

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The modern era witnessed a drastic
evolution since the renaissance Plazas.
The priority being the fast movement in
the urban space guided the planning of
the city and developed a close
relationship between open space and
the surrounding build area. But, there
was also an increase in the new public
spaces for leisure and public
entertainment. Also, during the 19th
century, new consumption places
emerged which were considered
important social as well as public
spaces, like shopping arcade, shopping
street, bazaar, and department store.
Generally, the shopping arcades had
linear planning with multiple floors,
and the exclusively pedestrian spaces
were weather protected with glazed
roofs
6. Contemporary
Public Spaces
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5. Public Space in
Modern Era
Due to globalization, a lot of
changes happened around the world
resulting in a different characteristic
and definition of public space. Also,
due to privatization and the pressure
of capital along with technological
advancements have a greater impact
on the form, use, and control of the
public spaces. Thus, a new form of
public space emerged, i.e., the
shopping malls which we see today.
These shopping malls are privately
owned and managed. Furthermore,
they are fully enclosed as well as
totally pedestrian in a controlled
environment with adequate parking
facilities and multi-functions. It
helps in providing a secure shopping
and leisure environment separated
from the rest of the busy world.
2.1.3 VISITOR’S TYPE IN PUBLIC SPACES

Fig 2 .visitor’s type

Public spaces are used by all kinds of peoples , irrespective of their age, gender
and culture,etc. some visitor’s are regulars and while some others visit just once and
are never seen again in the area . For example , In parks, a people with young age and
elder age are seen mostly in the morning, they use their space for walking and doin
their daily excrsises . but in evening time childrens are occupied in most of the
numbers to play.likewise the visitor’s type are varied according to the their needs and
use .visitor,s are of two types ,one is passerby and the other is regulars

Types of visitor’s
(1) Family
(2) Childrens
(3) Infants
(4) Couples
(5) Senior citizens
(6) Handicaped peoples
(7) Students
(8) Foreigners

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2.1.4 VISITOR’S ACTIVITIES IN PUBLIC
SPACES
Visitor’s are included in a lot of activities while exploring the public
spaces. The use the facilities ,use the gathering areas ,access to the roads,
acces to the toilets etc.. Peoples are use to walk, to sit and stand , to access for
their daily needs and to access to communication and for the movement etc.

2.1.5 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH PUBLIC

SPACES
1.VISUALLY INACCESSIBLE SPACES
If a space is to be used ,people need to see it and
they need to be able to get to it. Adark or narrow
entrance keep people out instead of inviting them
in.sometimes its due to the important planning of
a space some important structures inside infront
of a space.this leads to visual inaccessibity of the
certain space which lead to visually ugly and
makes less interest
fig 3 visually inaccessible spaces

2.PATHS THAT DO BOT DO WHERE PEOPLE WANT TO GO LONG

Paths lead to no where are useless.paths

should be planned in such a way ,especially in
public spaces that pulls people along it or
allows them to stop and relax .paths should be
planned in such a way that it allows multiple
options to travel and bring us to the
destination

Fig 4 pathways in public spaces

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2 CONFUSION AND STAMPADE

A lot of pathways and poor management of

visitors in public buildings often lead to confusion
and stampede. Improper planning always lead to
confusion inside a building which eventually lead
to stampede. Public Spaces has a lot of crowd
hence a lot of confusion lead to panic and obstacle
inside the space which can cause a lot of damage
to the visitor's Hence all the circulation elements,
stairs, ramps, lifts, etc. amenities, pathways,
signages should be corefully planned for the
smooth functioning of the space
Fig 5 confusion and stampade

4. DEAD ZONES
If the site planning and designing of the PUBLIC
SPACES is not done properly then it can lead to blank
walls and dead zones inside a facility. A dead zone
contributes nothing to the activities going around on
the site and is just a waste of space. Dead zones
usually gets filed by garbage and creates unhygenic
conditions inside the space. Dead zones ore a result of
improper planning of the spaces inside the building
thus leading to o lot of blank spaces
Fig 6 dead zones

5.DYSFUNCTIONAL FEATURES

Oftentimes features ore designed simply to

Fig 7 Disfuntional features
punctuate the space, serving a use more
visual than functional, instead of
encouraging activity to occur around them.
These features include blank walls, lot of
seating spaces black areas/dead zones, etc.
These features most of the time only cater to
the aesthetics and thus should be highly
discouraged. Such features create confusion
inside the facility and should be avoided
during the planning stage of any spaces

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6. PROBLEMS IN CIRCULATION AND ORIENTATION

Visitor's face a lot of problem in circulation

and finding amenities inside a facility.
Problems in orientation and circulation inside a
facility leads to a lot of chaos thus resulting in
the ill functioning of the spaces. These
problems are responsible for failing of the
public spaces as the visitor's are not able to find
the basic amenities and circulotion elements
Ike lifts, staircase, etc.
1) Arrival of the facility
2) Finding support facilities restrooms food
3) orientation and circulation during exhibit
Fig 8 problems in circulation

2.2 VISITOR’S MANAGEMENT

2.2.1 VISITOR’S MANAGEMENT IN
ARCHITECTURE
visitor's mangagement in architecture is the mangement of visitor's that is done
through architecture. The main components of such management are site planning and
landscaping. This method is involved during design and planning stage, i.e, through
circulation, zoning signages, streetscapes, open plazas, etc. Various elements of site
planning and landscaping are considered while designing the public spaces or public
buildings. This type of management helps in connecting different spaces through open
spaces, open plazas, through effective planning of pathways of the buildings. Signage
system is also incorporated inside the building which guides people to access different
spaces without confusion. Main focus is on landscaping because landscaping elements
provide a lot of options to connect these the spaces as well as create a lot of elements
that capture attention for the public. These landscaping elements provide a lot of scope
because it also improves the Visual appearance of the building. Problems in public
buildings such as arrival at the facility 2) Finding support facilities (restrooms, food,
gift shop, etc.), Orientation and circulation during exhibit viewing. Exiting or leaving
the facility can we effectively solved through visitor management in architecture.
Orientation, surface characteristics, and spatial organisation are also considered while
designing the public buildings and they directly helps in the management through
architecture.

21
2.2.2 VISITOR'S MANAGEMENT IN
ARCHITECTURE IS DONE THROUGH:

SITE PLANNING:
Site planning refers to the planning of different spaces on the site. It takes up all
the challenges and constraints of the site and then careful planning of the spaces is
done. Site planning has a mix of activities aside showing the boundary. These
activities range from pedestrian sidewalks, play areas, sit out, car parks, and a wide
range of others. These activities are very important and are in different categories,
namely, necessity, optional and social activities, and each places very different
demand on the physical environment
LANDSCAPING:
Just like the architectural elements that make up built space - floors, walls and
ceilings. natural elements are also capable of creating spaces in large medium and
small-scale areas in places like public and residential gardens. A specific use of
vegetation or rocks and stones in landscaping will create different delimitations of the
spaces in horizontal planes (such as the floor and ceiling as well as in o vertical plan
walls, fencing or pillar). This includes: streetscapes urban squares and signage system
inside a building
VISITOR INFRASTRUCTURE:
Visitor Infrastructure refers to the placement of basic amenities like the food stalls,
cafeteria, toilet and water facilities souvenir shops. Visitor infrastructure consists of
all these components and then they are planned according to the user's needs. It is an
important factor for visitor's management as it consists of these basic facilities and
should be easily accessible to all the people.

2.2.3 VISITOR CARRYING CAPACITY:

Visitor carrying capacity is the maximum number of people that may visit a tourist
destination at the same time, without causing destruction of the physical, economic
sociocultural environment and an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitor’s
satisfaction. Visitor carrying capacity is on important component of visitor
management through architecture because it basically tells the number of people and
that is important because all the services in a public buildings and public spaces are
accordingly planned

22
Apply Boullon's (1985) formula:

Carrying capacity = Area used by tourist or people

Average individual standards
The total number of allowed daily visits is then obtained :
Total daily visits = carrying capacity x rotation coefficient
The rotation coefficient is thus determined
Rotation coefficient = no . of daily hours area is open for visitor’s
average time of visit

2.3 VISITOR’S INFRASTRUCTURE

Visitor’s infrastructures refers to basic physical and organisational structures and
facilities [eg.toilets,cafes,shops,and waiting areas] needed for the option of any pubic
spaces.The components of the visitors infrastructure are very important for the smooth
running of any building’s and its important part in visitor’s management.
The 6 main components of visitor’s infrastructure include
1. Security checks
2. Ticket counters
3. Waiting areas
4. Souvenir shops
5. Cafeteria
6. Toilet

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 CHAPTER -3
COVID 19- HISTORY AND RESTRICTION

Why I studied this data ?

To know the spreading way of virus to design the better and healthier environment
in future and to know the restriction to plan accordingly to the restrictions

3.1 COVID 19 HISTORY

On 31 December 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) was formally
notified about a cluster of cases of pneumonia in Wuhan City. and subsequently
spread worldwide.

Fig 9 – covid 19 history

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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared as pandemic by the WHO on
March 11th, 2020 mainly due to the speed and high transmission of the disease.
COVID-19 was identified as a novel coronavirus, initially designated as 2019-nCoV.
Later, the virus genome was sequenced and because it was genetically related to the
coronavirus outbreak responsible for the SARS outbreak of 2003, the virus was named
as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2).
Most people infected with covid 19 virus will experience mild to moderate
respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment.to the older Agre
people and those with respiratory illness are more likely to develop serious illness.so
the who instructed to the peoples to maintain 6 feet rules for social distancing avoid
physical contact with unknown persons and to wash hands frequently and made
breathing practice and make the room as well open natural ventilated spaces to avoid
spread and illness of this epidemic.

3.2 RESTRICTIONS MADE IN PUBLIC

Fig 10 Rules and Restrictions in Public

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 1. Follow distancing norms in all public places. Keep minimum distance of 2
mts.
1. Promote greeting without any form of physical contact
2. Wear reusable hand-made face-cover or mask, at all times, especially when
you undertake any essential travel or go to a public place, when you are in a
room with other people, when you have any signs of cough, cold or flu.
3. Wash hands regularly and thoroughly
4. Regularly clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces
5. Do not spit in the open
6. Avoid unnecessary travel
7. Discourage crowd - Encourage safety
8. Only 50% occupancy in theatres
9. Not more than 50 people in marriage and funerals
10.No group of more than 4 people

Many countries are started opening the public spaces with some rules. Peoples
are living through outbreak and maintaining all the rules and restrictions in public
spaces. As some countries are started releasing the restrictions, it’s important that they
have access to all the information needed to make sure that the changes to behaviour
are safe and managed. WHO has provided guidance and the way to regulate large
scale public health and social measures.

WHO recommended to resume the peoples acivities in public spaces with certain
restrictions. While some guidelines are universal – washing hands, maintaining
distance, staying home.

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 CHAPTER- 4
PANDEMICS IN THE PAST AND HOW
THEY CHANGE THE ARCHITECTURE
SPACES

WHY I STUDIES THIS DATA

For the better understanding of changes made through in the past according to
the health crisis

4.1 PANDEMICS IN THE PAST AND HOW

THEY CHANGES THE ARCHITECTURAL
SPACES ACCORDING TO THE HEALTH
CRISIS

Fig.11 pandemic timelines

27
 It isn’t the first that pandemics affected the peoples’s life, there have been other
pandemics that have hit the world and ended the lives of millions. They had also
brought down economy and heavily impacted urban life. When epidemics especially
respiratory ones emerge, precautionary measures emphasize the necessity of isolation,
and closure of public spaces. Also, it turns the image of cities and public spaces into
empty environments, but mostly after the end of the crisis it requires a change in the
city’s shape to integrate between community health practices and social thinking into
urban design.
TIMELINE PUBLIC HEALTH CRISIS REFORMS THROUGH
ARCHITECTURAL
14th century BLUBONIC PLAGUE-This It inspired radical
affects the lungs,chest pain and improvements of the
breathing difficulty Renaissance in which
cities expanded their
borders, opened larger
open spaces that connects
with natue over suffocated
public spaces and hired
specialized professionals
like architects and
surveyors
17th Century This is an example of
(1720) THE GREAT PLAGUE OF medieval and industrial
MERSAILLES-Bacterial infection cities implementing urban
planning practices to aid
that causes from contaminated disease control and how
water management of water
waste helped remake
cities post pandemic.
City densification was
resolved
Building are designed to
be less crowded
More open to public
green spaces

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In early 19th CHOLERA AND MALARIA They led to the
century ,in 1850 OUTBREAK IN NEWYORK establishment of the
18th and 19th CITY- mixage of clean drinking Metropolitan Board of
century water with wastewater Health. It comprises of
building and zoning codes
to control
overcrowding, mandated
better sanitary conditions
and propelled
infrastructure investments
that have influenced city
services
18 and 19 century YELLOW FEVER AND These outbreaks globally
CHOLERA OUTBREAKS – as identified the need for
same affected areas contaminated modern sewerage and
water and poor sanitation facilities sanitation systems like
and highly denesd settlements in citywide sewer systems
urban area Better ventilation
(open spaces like parks
within cities)
Drainage
Streets are paved
(miasmic gases to be more
easily washed away)
Sanitary practices
Underground waste water
infrastructure

1918-1920 Spanish Flu pandemic- They Originated urban planning

began to have trouble breathing, reforms like waste
and their faces turned a mahogany management, slum
colour. The mahogany darkened clearance, single-use
to blue .People reported dizziness, zoning etc.
insomnia, loss of hearing or smell
and blurred vision. There were
psychiatric after-effects, notably
"melancholia" or what we might
now call post-viral depression.

29
IN 20TH tuberculosis in South Africa in Originated urban planning
CENTURY 2006, and Ebola in West Africa in reforms like waste
2014, management, slum
clearance, single-use
zoning etc.

Table 1 Pandemic in the past timeline and their effect in architecture

This study finally concluded us there is always been a interrelationship between the
pandemic and the reforms of spaces through architectural wise .It could always leave
us lessons for the cities, society and people to be conscious of plan making and living
in better environmental spaces to lead better life for peoples

30
 CHAPTER 5
CASE STUDIES
Case studies of visitor’s management of post pandemic public paces are below .
5.1 PARC DE LA DISTANCE
Parc de la distance is a proposal park in a vacant land of Vienna as where
the famous Schonbrunn and Belvedere parks are currently closed. This was a proposal
design by studio precht .

Fig 12 . parc de la distance view 1

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 They designed this park according to the main rules of pandemic social
distancing
The park would have numerous routes divided by 90-centimetre-wide hedges
to maintain a safe physical distance between its visitors. Arranging the paths in a
finger print-shaped swirl pattern creates many routes that can be used simultaneously.
Each of the red-granite gravel paths through the park would be around 600 metres
long and circulate visitors from the edge of the park to the centre, where fountains
would be located, and back round.
Gates on the entrances and exits to each of the routes, which would take around 20
minutes to walk, would indicate if a route is occupied.

They use the French baroque

gardens as a origin of their
designs "A strong order of
plants. Hedges that create
geometrical shapes."
"But there is also an inspiration
drawn in Japanese Zen-
gardens. Circular movements.
Raking of gravels that centre
around corner stones,"
studio Precht designed this
park in response to the current
coronavirus outbreak and the
designer believes that a social-
distance park would be a
beneficial environment for
cities after the pandemic

Fig 13. Parc de la distance view 2

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 The designer stated in the interview to the dezeen said that "For now, the park is
designed to create a safe physical distance between its visitors,"
"After the pandemic, the park is used to escape the noise and bustle of the city and
be alone for some time.
Designer believes that following after the pandemic gets over , the people will
appreciate outdoor spaces and seek escapism from the bustle of cities more than
before.
He believed that the parc de la distance offers the escape route to the peoples after
pandemic
Entitled “Parc de la Distance”, the project introduces an outdoor space that
encourages social distancing and short-term solitude.

Fig 14 Parc de la distance view 3

33
 concept Parc de la
Distance

Parallel lines
concept

French baroque
gardens

Japanese zen
gardens

ANALYSIS
Regarding this pandemic issues the main problem is respiration that peoples are
suffering and taking artificial oxygen to the illness . Thus this parc de la distance is
mainly streaming in the more green area. Helps the people to more old and better
liveliness, thus this wide way of corridor and wide pathway that separating the people
physically will be the most recommended guidelines in this situation .Thus this parc
de la distance is perfect one in this pandemic situation..The site planning perfectly
according to the rules and much needed and lanscapped are well planned

34
5.2 VISITOR’S MANAGEMENT IN HOTELS
AND BARS IN NEW NORM
When discuss about the public spaces public buildings are also served as a
public spaces thus , this dissertation are spoke about mainly the site planning and
landscaping of the public spaces.
Here below I discussed how the visitor’s are managed after the pandemic in public
spaces like hotels and cafes .

5.2.1 BURGER KINGS IN GERMANY

Fig15 . Burger king in germany

Burger King in Germany introduced massive crowns, to ensure adequate

distance among its customers
They innovatively designed their outdoor spaces to maintain the people in a creative
manner and at the same time , they maintain the social distancing with this new
concept

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 5.2.2 A BAR IN MARYLAND

Fig 16 – A bar in maryland

A bar in Maryland is ensuring social distancing by introducing bumper tables

supported by wheels, which can be worn by the diners. This innovative solution
has been designed by Revolution Event Design and Production; a company based
out of Baltimore.
This also a creative and economically easier way to manage the visitors to
connect them emotionally with the main rules of social distancing

36
 Amsterdam is proposing a creative
solution to stir the gastronomic
organizations into action while
guaranteeing social distancing
measures. Mediamatic ETEN and
Serres Separees have made a
protected waterside feasting
activity permitting individuals to
assemble independently and
securely during the pandemic.
Located on the Amsterdam
waterside of the Oosterdok, the
Fig 17 outside dining in amsterdam hotel
establishment of greenhouses
offers a creative way to address the
social barriers that need to be
addressed

5.3 OTHER PUBLIC SPACES LIKE CITY

SQUARES,STREETS,CENTRAL PARKS ETC

Social distancing yoga domes by lmnts

outdoor studio maintains the physical
distance in public which was much
needed in current situation

FIG 18 YOGA DOME IN PUBLIC SQUARE

37
Fig 19 dominos park social

A proposed "Gastro Safe Zone," which uses

brightly colored ground markings to
encourage passersby to keep their distance
from outdoor diners. Credit: Hary
Marwel/Hua Hua Architects

Fig 20 gastro safe zone

Fig 21 .auckland transport

Auckland Transport (AT) in an organization with the Auckland Design Office is

improving waling and cycling experience along Federal Street. The facilities are
impermanent and provide a quiet route through the central street of Auckland, while a
bigger Federal Street overhaul project is in progress. We are utilizing approaches that
are moderately minimal effort and are fast to execute. Such interim improvements
include Safe, Southbound (Federal Street) ‘Contra-flow’ bike lane, enhanced
pedestrian facilities in the lower section of Federal Street by updated footpath
surfacing, road marking, and signage. Painted polka specks along areas of the street to
make a slower, more secure condition for walkers and bicycle riders.

38
ANALYSIS
All countries started adapting the public spaces with certain rules and redesign it
by the available economical easier way to maintain the rules maintain in public spaces

39
 CHAPTER 6
ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1 ANALYSIS OF BOTH PRE PANDEMIC AND
POST PANDEMIC SITUATION
From the datas collected in pre pandemic That ensure that how the public
spaces are important and how the site planning and landscaping elements are more
important . The people usage in public spaces are more narrow and congested and the
visitor’s safety precaution are much needed and visually pleasing eelements are
needed
As discussed above in past pandemic situations peoples health get backs an
important desires in changing the new environment and new architectural theory.
Thus this pandemic will also changes the future of public spaces as to adopt
sustainable methodin the option to make facilities in public place smoother , healthy
,efficient according to the requirement of time so that it can be used in such crisis or
pandemic in the featureto convert the existing space in a healthier and safe pace for
visitor’s .
The things keep to mind are
1. Physical distancing
2. Six feet ratio
3. Sensor technology
4. Proper use of technology
Future of public spaces which can be implemented to improve the efficiency
1. The social distancing space
2. Simple solution
3. More open and ventilated space
4. More signage
5. Rebuild
6. Fresh air
Design challenges
As the world after coming out of the pandemic,there are few design challenges
which needs to taken care of for a safe environment . The challenges are
1. Physical distancing
2. Circulation pattern

40
 3. Spatial context
ACCORDING TO THE HEALTH ISSUE ANALYSIS AND CASE STUDY IN
POST PANDEMIC .RECOMMENED SOME SORT OF RULES BELOW
THIS BELOW CHART ANALYS OF HOW THE DISEASE GOT
TRANSMITTED AND HEALTH CH

COVID-19

Respiratory illness Airborne disease

Factores afftecting the Lifespan depends on

transmission materials

Temperature Humidity 24hrs on cardboard

The risk of transmission

The virus cannot survive
is greatly reduced with 4hrs on copper
over 23 degree celsius
increase in humidity

Average temperature in
2 days on wood and
chennai is 28.6 degree
fabric
celsius

3 days on Ploypropylene
plastics and Stainless
steel

4 days on glass

41
CHALLENGES

BELOW CHART REPRESENT THE ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDEATION

OF WHAT THE EMERGENCY ARCHITECTURE NEEDS AND THE FUTURE
OF DESIGN SPACES

Emergency
Crisis architecture
architecture

Post-Pandemic
architecture

New standards/New
Rethinking Economy
concepts

Pscchological
Parallel lines Adaptive reuse New Normal Material Design
Behaviour

Transforming
Visually seperated Change in attitude Holistic Hungry for open Self sufficient
existing unused
not emotionally and ideology sustainability ventilated spaces projects
spaces

Virtually connected
Priority for exterior Done with Air Fast responding
and Physically
spaces conditioning structures
enriching

Modular designs

Prefabricated
elements

Flexible partitions

Lightweight
structures

COVID-19

42
 CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
The research and the proposal, nevertheless, are not without their limitations
with regard to its scope of investigation and the actual outcomes. The research aims at
studying in theoretical level, where the research aimed at the how the Covid-19
Pandemic changed the scenario of public space design and by studying the theoretical
history of public space design some solutions can be made for the present scenario
The pendulum of public space design was always swinging back and forth and as seen
in the past the impact of these pandemics in not a long-term impact on the cities and
on public space, in fact in the past also this pandemic has accelerated the growth and
eventually lead to more developed environment.
As seen in Spanish flu in the early 20th Century (1918-20) in Indian it was known as
Bombay Fever) where people were recommended for social distancing, lockdowns,
and quarantines but not for the long term.
"History tells us that the future is not two-meter distancing"
After studying the theory, there are some practical implementations which has also
done in some public spaces like parc de la distance, by implementing 6-feet rule and
making the public space usable. Such theories helped in the research and a good
proposal can be implemented to make a safe and comfortable environment in public
space designs .Studying the different type public space scenario and what kind of
impact it has been created in public spaces due to this pandemic. Some public spaces
are approaching the old technique of accommodating visitor’s in from Greek agore
style open spaces by using transparent barriers to maintain social distancing and
sanitization. There is a need of proposal in this challenge which includes Physical
Distancing, Circulation Pattern and Spatial Context. There are some alternate
solutions for minimizing the effect of this pandemic and to maintain a safe
environment for vistor’s in public spaces. This dissertation was more focused on
studying the pandemic, its effects and solutions which may be implemented to make
existing publicspace suitable for peoples healthier environment and to provide peoples
to individual a safe space to interact
From the past public space design has always been a challenge for closed plane to
open plan design and to this pandemic, architects have always been a key element is
this kind of scenario and always finds a solution for different progressions &
situations. Even according to top architects this pandemic will not last long and
eventually people will adjust to the new terms which has been or will be introduced to
safe guard the PEOPLES and to create a safe workspace

43
There will be one question in everyone's mind even after the pandemic.
"WHAT WILL BE THE FUTURE OF PUBLIC SPACE DESIGN? The future of
public space design should be more green and ventilated open space with some
sort of healthier environment and with the widening of public spaces leads to
better environment

44
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