t e on the ehemeal processes oceurred on the primitive enrth.

Nto
o n the primitive ear

1Wre atmaspnere
phere
on
on earlu
early
earth. Water
here
vnpour,
metnane
the surface.
rbondio
molten
miass cuvered
ir" oe
1 ErOLUTION
he
rays up water into Hydrogen nnd Oxygen and
tihter 1,* oed with ammonin nnd methane to form
and o10n# layer
CO, otner 1ne was formed.
er thne water vapour
t he atmosphere couea, fell as rain, to fill all the
depressibn 0ned ocean8

LIPE or origin of life. (2M)

ORGLN
OF y biol h i s t o r y of e tarms on earth
Mention tneorics the
7.1

The importane r creation

Gngin of life are.

speu

Evnlutiua n(M) : life form8 to pre-existing ,

rheoty
or

Defoe he formatD ntiye

ndnptive
changes
n g e s
over
Ovor a
prDd of
tim Theory ot pe
of GD or Abjogenesin
w and
gradusi
nesis. Theory spnaedu
rotobioge Theory of biogeneel8
underg nof life or
rimitive enrth is e a l d origin of in evolution
Dellae i r e t lide Du s t e l l a r distancen. (1M)
n c e s .

(1.M) Theory of chemical

(1M)
or
nits used to
measure
Light years (1 hght
year the
theory peelni Cereation.
anits
aTH
u
are
mrasurd in =s.46052s4, 15.
It
State
states
that me wan creuted by super natursl powr
Stellar d.
panspe
rmia? (1M)
What is
ielera.
heory origin of Univerme. Accorie Panspermin are the nterstellar spores transferred to different planets
heury attempts t 0r eondensed cosnie
condensed c matto
nntterresu including
exploRo
ot
single
unimagtnabie
State the theory spontaneous generation (abiogenesis). (2N)
the formatiun af L e
Lthe r e m p e r n t u r e came down The living organisms are produced from non-living matter spontaneously
The Univers
Expanded and hence
c o n a e h sed
Hyane and continuouaiy.
gase sed
undey
and Helium for+ned soTdELIne
EE uaverse
Rravita E-, ule
came
oue
o a y ng na rotting straw, mud, matter uke etc.
o* tue present y
fornd the galazied the Mention t s demerit. (24)
and
Universe: (13M)
16. State theory o Dogeneis.
How old is the
6.
almost 20 bilan yean old.
Biogenesis theory states that the life comes anly frum pre-existing life
The Lnivene 16 did not how the first ife forms came on earth
of ? (lM) This theory answer
. What does the Universe comprise
Universe comprises huge clusters of gulaxies, 17. How did Louis Pasteur disprove the theory of spontaneous
eneration? M)
8. Wbat do galaxies eontain? (1M)
Louis Pasteur by careful experimentation demonstrated that life eomes only
The gulaxiee contain stars And clouds of gas and dust
from pre-existing life
the galaxy in which the enrth was formed. (1M)
ame 1he Eairth wia m the aolar
He showed that in pre-sterilised tlasks,
life did not
come Irom illed yeant
torm ed system ot the Milky way gulaxy (Aku
w'hile in another tlask open to air, Dew vang organiams arose trom killed

10. When was the

arth farmed about
earth formed?
(13M 18.
yeast
Who proposed the theory of chemical evolution of origin of life? (IM)
4.b hillbon fears gu.
A.L. Oparin of Russia and J. B. S. Ealdane of England.

155 ( (167]
 Cass Con ldrn of a
n
chen

al eviutit e d electre a "

tisdit tlask
cuntaining CH
7
e
ur at B0. e H, NH, an

a arin and Rat er vajrdu d imaton af umino

aclde
de
o W a r i

"
t
uteo revealnd
eal si
timilar
s ctumpounda indica tank
view

h e
nalysis
a have qoe
prce ere in space. With
this evuenc
h a t ain

t eol tave

vetse t
the hitrmat
ch aroepted
i
and evidences that made to accept the theory of
e Kt

ion
of oriRn or ite,
(2M Enlist t
volution oflife. 3 ) ehemiea
nic ical evs ugh his experinietat, oheerved the synthesia of amina acila ti
fnitthe theor olutiund graulual progremmive chunps til rgilnie chembcals tn iulated eundita
y e igh sanact of fav r experiments todurted by others fom
roget
.hyilt e nder t In igment and Ints was Rso obeerved

snd pertd hich h conditions tn d to origin

of meteoe cu " nw0a Rmllar cupounds indacating
tna
# (2M) where n
pritsandhe primordhemical evou oa
r procenh
irst non-Cealar
space

ere bigh tem

lorms
hat wthe theory e did tn ot lhtn
originate on a r t h (1M)
earth:
e qu
mnonia etc. torths of life could have mei n
e d i a l eurtn n g met finst
non-cear
t have originated bilion yeate
The
spark charge dppa ** "Aperi lent did the first cellular form of life originate on earth? (UM)
ata when
lular form ot t e dud originate about 2000 million years ago.
upiain Stanley l liagrat. The irst
of a tab
the belp
Elerio EvOLLUTION
OF LIFE FORMS A THEORY -

connotations of the aeory ot special ereation. (3N)

fention the
e
ns of the
The tn iams tepecies or typex) thatwwe created as seh
Spark Alllivingo
ersity was alwaya the same since creation and will be the same im
discharge The

futurarth isabout 4000 yeara old

xplain the views of Charles Darwin about the evolution of life forms.(6M)
watcr out His
based
Charies Darwin on the observations during his e a voyage n
Candetisc Beagle arouna the wor coneuded t h n t :

life forms share stmilarties to varyung degrees o t amng

W.ater in All existing
Dut ai0 With tte tatns that were present mlllhotns
only
ot yeare n g
themselves
er droplets Diany ute o r m s no nore exist now
on this eartn.
suct forme
There hna Deen exLLCtJoA
ot dittetent lite fortms n the past Also new

ot ot earth. There fins been grattunl

Water coiLaining of lite aroHe at ualterent perods hastory

D evoluthon of lite torms

enabi tne

Any population ha ving

ult im useru variatons,
oga nnd
better in naturnl conditions (ehmiate, to0d, physicni tactors, etc)
survive
I n 1953,
S. L. Miller and Hernld Urey created conditions similar s
outbreed others
a l earth in a liaboratary scale

DK 169
 uss
A
ately a
u i t i m a t e l y
Comptiolephof
al evidences have belped
nviers

awin roa reprodurtively

1arwi
in the ev in
understanding the evelution
iEe
nrng t
lerJustity. t8>
foRsils diterent sedimentary
in
layers
more
and
ene
ae
t e d

y nature
by
'
A whieh they extsted indirates the grological
ive
ieu v A
leu will urn it as a
mec ewolution of tofoseils showet that te
of forms varied over time and
hose
s w
Gtet", does t rta certain
i n Irlfe
Ur jeetion a
uatu ivl of thuvive
n a rare
e enlled fR? Comme. c a l l e d Bt7 e iferent t e-span
aiven have ariven atdi.
v e
arisen at
heir nPo
hin ther
new
e

the
iesina th hiatory of earth
8. WhenWE tnar
at a u eHpective e Hence the age of foseil? (11)
or do pute 0
e
a u

iE, s u n e
d o
ony How
How
dati
whxh
y addoearbn
0 he getheo
ndhvaduale

Uhe
Dep
n
e v o l u t i o n ?

(21)
(
names Or any 0ur e n c t dinosaurs. (2M)
are
of
popuianon

o
p
produ
r t t e
tness Write StegoNgm 2
Ihtness

refers yrinnosnunus, ins, Iniceratops

*How
does

win
itness
tbed o Brachioee uru knowa t extins
the Iargek
a r g e w t KUO iying reptile. (1M)
Aceurdinto jat Nane tne
an
bettern
y othen
ho ae
They eHve P
Thoe
ment.
to
sun oeuslons a h peranodo
Phis the connecting link between reptiles and birds? (1M)
lesa fit in tne s o came
who.
t
loris
s0. Name the
hutions of life Acheop mparative morphologES And anatomy ued s evidences for
withrespect aturalist who woru y Arrhepela How is c

evolut ionn
Alied Rusaelencusions drawn by evolutionary biologit,
the inal
conehusions
drawn by'
evolution (2N
31. What were

evolution
ol life
torms: (331)
Sne
Camparative morphologY And anatony showa simlarities and differences
anu a 1hat exIstecd years ago
respect to zun
commona
Among organisms o y
turi*
ire en De hterpreted to underwtand whether common
Al the existung Such similarities
dilferent perod n Lne nintory

ese aerELOTS WE P ur
wert Ehneu nor
ancestors
Witn an example. (%M)

story al
eurth closely
urneltes WIth the
biological What are
hamolokous ogans pialn
have the fundamentnl structure but dlferent
The organs which
same ant in
The gologcal
are esuea nendogous organs.
very old, not thou funetions
er commoi permasie
cunehuiaie s
Lnar
artn s

A
enrlet Dur Ollone
ot yeas oid heeta hale
yeard ns wLs thougnt

EVOLUTION
7.3 THE EvIDENCES FOR
of evolution. (2M)
32. Nentioa the evidences

Paseal or palneantologul evenees

urpnologieca| and anntomical evidencen

Bochemiral evidences

Embryological evidence
33. What are fossils? (1M) slmilaritses in the patteri ot hanes
and human snare
W h a i e , Dat, cheetah
Fosanls are the organic relics or remains of hard parts of living orgats uina, carpls, metsearga
Ana amals
Torelimbs. They have humerus, rudius,

phalanges.

DK (171
 CTass
itfere
uhetion k e wwim Welte t h e d e r e n o Dween omologous and analogous organs. (2M)
orm
E h e differenee
etively

ae ue g a n N .
(3.M) Homologous orkns Analogous organs
a forelm
furelimbs

rping
hooKo have sLEilar orurin d
and *E nna hse
plan hot
running
for
Ave
simiar ore
tying, examples

apted for dien utans Adapted for

three
Glve amauals same tuneo
1.

Forelim in of vert endrils of curu .

Ehibit diveEn O ERDitit converyent eVolutia
w*** *"*nple. 2M)
(2M
Tmdicate*
anaap Do nu
c a t e evoiuEohauy
Heart
ThoetnE
BougainvileDrgans7
nExplai" " ut
pi try)
ent their =tue C
re analogo in
mbs of tna mnun Wings of birds
Ent ttinects
2.
t that a led anaio of ws a bird. The wing B at is divergent evoluton iive
examples. (2M)
similar func of an insert a hereas that of a bird wang dtewnt
ot a eomumon aneestral
stnictures from
46 development untoTnl
called diverkent evolutlon. Homoiogous organe show divergent
E. e oh kinds
rted of winer by used far ight. rie
chitinu O u s organs. ( L ) utio Finehes ard Auatralian marsupinls
uppee exampie Anao Dawin
Give tu E.-
rd is
c o n v e r K n t
evlution? (2M)
of Butterily 47.
What
wing he developnent of smilar ndaptive Functional structures in unretated erDups
is caled corivergernt evoutann AnaogA orgars show covergent
gunisms
CAN evolutinn
PEATHEN marauplais atd Placental manmmais
Austraaan
bird and bat
MEAS ofinsect,
AO WIN
The homologous structures nre a result of divergent evolution. Jus
two (s)
tify with exanples.
mamima
detopus ind have developed aiong differvnt
comman ongn but
at
Eyee
The homologous structures
Fppers of lengUin Anu LDoipnin
4. Potato und wweet potato are considerDd ns anaDgOus organs Justify directions due to adaptations to different needa.

CnrtnM
PoGalo
ota
weet potato Example8
* E u weet polato 18 a modiled root. Porelimbs of mammals like whale, bat, cheetah and human share simila rities
u storage
They have difienem
gin ahd
of food, in the pattern of bones of forelimbs. They have humerus, radius, uina,
wtructure but perform carpals, metacarpals and phalanges. These farelimbs are used to perfornm
same incnon
172 nalcgnus organs.
e r e n t functions like swimming, nying, runnng and kraspng r e s p e c t y
DK
 ACIHSS Lmpvanin,
the best xamples cuscUE,.Anteater resembles
o ft
o n e

represenf
Numbat amals
in ' s fincntiate
h e s

during his vounere he uh

ajuls
adiation,
Substantiare te Marsupia
, P ental
te Galagug ck bir
D u s
later caleu
c a l l o d Varwina
a f e r Finch of Australia show
u c A

itself
i tself tf e tii
orginal
anmail
rgent evlution.
Darwin
ot the
a n d

specializud
converge
p a l hole
ot 0f
diffe retit f
diveruty

e v v e d

n z u g

varwties
ultennd
baAS
b eaks
=*
getarian ttachies ete
nifend
thoe
s wjth
wth , getaria
C ' o n m e n t

AN
Al
Lho varietws
s e Nt Imarsualn, each
becotte
1ho

| u m b e r

s . o
ent from ne other

a ntcestral
owolved tro
all
within the
, but
Atrala MoUse
arsupial mouse
eental m a n m a l s in

Australia ais0 xhibit

ratio1 In
evolving
daptzve
varietes ot such Lem Spotied C a
er
into
a as each of
placenta
nppear
to De stmalar to
whieh

curresponaine
arsuplal g quirrel
Plncental wolf and
Eg.
Tastanian wol iarHupinl

evolution by takipe When mare t a n one adaptive

the aanan tiget a
convergent
radiation and
Explain aduptive
n
7. a utEAan
placental m radiathon appeiared
to tave
amples of se
Austrllan
manupla
m an 1solated
eurru
mals(
prucess n which ommon ateg

Adaptive radiation ts the evoiuitonary

geographical area trepresenng
aAnan wof
given geogrupnicai ared, starting wolr
rumber
of speces ie
in a
iata
s a

to otber areds of geography

diflenent habitata), one can
call
peint and literaly radintrng this convergent evolution
A Tmber ot Astrnian marsuglais eacti uter i r n euch other, evulved s

an ancestral s0CK, al within the Austritian contnent. When mare than

Answer the following questions with reference to the given diagram.
aapue radaD appeared to hnve oreurred in an isolated geograph a) Mention the specific geographical region where these organisms
ares, Teresenng aterent tiabiiats it Can be caled convergent evoat: re found
Pincettnl anamnals ot Austrnlia also exhibit
adinptive rildnton n b) Name and explain the phenomenon that has resulted in the evolution
to
tto vaneties at such
placentai mamnmnls ench o1 which ppears tu of such diverse
species in the region
to corTsporuing marstuptal
Eaplain giving the existence of wolf and Tasmanin wolf sharing
E.g. Bob C reusons

eat
rese nibles Tasmanian tiger cat, Lemur mbles
resem
sp" the same hnbitat.
(3M)
176 DK 17
 or
ton ue more to
arise f u
ad a tendni n I n 1920'%
npread out the
a
and white
d mot the tree Winged petvpered moth ratio
for /i of the
barn thorn
H o u g a i n v i a

of Boug
of
tfunctuans 1a
Luietiuns
Thonn
prutertion und. dark winged
in
reversed
*Ihe
ditlent

rly18MS tnunks
but
performs
Wer aivene with
bhud,
O
Tgent evoliution. d
convergent e p p e r e d mmoth took reät o
uienefh aovered
lbchena. Whem both
climbink ar R
TExuIt

trees, vanetes
ffectively on dark wingd pppered moths tbe predatory burds prwy
s t r u c t u r e s

49. The analogous 13 the whe resting on a contrarting baca

examples.
tae
same
unctiod
tunctio
Caiied to
loured back RrUu pnr hkhe
two
wih
striurtun"
cvONing
ur
o could not he loated well againe
o
the
e
aifeent
he r war uninvorae indhustrinl revalutioen Here the dark
evoluton i ioths varati anl thus
nature seleeted white
and eyes
Di nnalä arise f o
Pp winged
Eyes of Oetop d
skin
rot und potullo is a O o t Sor t
pue
"
dustrial revolutson 1H20s the tree
in

mittedd by
by industnes. trunke were coveted by
Swevt pitatO IS a conyergent
evel.g muts. In In
thas
black back
grund dark winged
diferenees
betwer uge h hna
ue
ctiances of survia ddurk
wal, as they
winged peppered
the
DU, Write
Convergent evolution s. Where escaped frum the eyes
no vergent evniutto e wnte wihged peppered moths fell
ed tor
Thffer
Ditferen strueturs evulved tors, becau uu ehsly
tastinguished So
De prey to
E SCeurtsevvEd p ged peppered moths,
moth6, as ths
peppered the
e as
the atun

dark winged biack variety moths

moths
1 with the back ground rety were eflectively
D olous urgans Org
OgOuSSOTgan cumoulnge
It esults In homogouis ga anderstunang is
upported by the fact that
over
tE nnekted organisme ev in areas where
When a spectes diverges
ies when adaptina nisution did not ocrur e-g,
indil
in niral
areas, the count of toelanic motha
two diterent species,
reslung
1
into low. This dhowea tat
n a maeu
populnton,
spcies becoming
lesw ike tnesmur envrunments thoee
that ean better-adapt.
and increne in
popunnon sze.
Nemember that tio variant
surviv a
cDImpletely
onginalE Live in the relativelyssume
Live in diflerent ways 1han
the
wmy, 53. Evolution ean also oecur by anthropogenie aetion. Justity. (2M)
each ther Exeets use ot n e r o a e s p T C , hs Fesulted n selecthon od resästant
Finches,
Emus, Rheas and Ostriches
Lirin
Eg. ad u wanetes in a mun E r time scale

Australiin tmarsUpas .Cess use of antibjotics na drugs fesulted in aelection at anibjotc and
. Write a note on biochemieal e v i d e n c e s of evolution. (2M) drug resisERnE m e r u u s wILn n n ttme secHIe ot months or years and not
T h e nimia rit ies in profeins anu gOnes p e t r n g n gven function a
Centuries
r e o r n i s s giveh Cne to conmon anceBLTY
s4. Why is evolution considered as stoehastie process? (1M)
T h e s e biochemical BEmilarities point to the same shared airestry
Evwlution is not a direct process in the sense of determinism. It is based on
s r u t B l m i a r i i e s among diverse orgiisthH ehunce evens n nature ana eahoe mutaton in the orgaisma, Hence it is

52. Explain evolution by natural selection by considering industra ealled stochastic process.

melanim in peppered moth. (3M)

Inrlustrial melanism is n clasical example of natural selection oceurn 7.4 ADAPTIVE RADIATION
Englund during imdustrial revolution 55. What is adaptive radiation? Give examples. ( )
In he proeess ot evolution ot ditterent spece# In a g v n geograpnr ar
enrly 1s50's, before industrializatton the population of white winge
to other areas ot gegrapay
pepperud moth (Biston betularia)
than dark arting trom a point and literaly radjating
wus more
winged pepperet
LBton betulgriu ton
carbonaria) in the industrial areas of
habjtats) is called adaptve radiation, and
bngu leland, Marsupiais of Australa
g Darwinian Finches Galapagos
Scotland of

acental mammals of Australia K175

DK
 Cass Lpiton
t h e end resut abillty of the
A eeolain with suitable example.
a t u r e . Explain with
(5M)
aapt and get
selected
t

by

Tiger ca
seietd
tor
fitness
it
whict a based on
ature
There ma chararteristics which are
herited

organistns
e etter
hdapted Eing erlcted and to rvolve.
surwe
Some

ability t# inhurited. mhostile envrunment whoe

adaptive

olony o bactena aay Al

gruwing on a
Basded mieste givenmediun has buill
i n terma ot abilny o
tilze a
teed
in

variaun compoitenl
the medium compostta would
CSIRALIA A change bring out only that part of the
opulatb 3) whien cn survive unde the Dw conditionE
Maraplal ru
f tirme a n t
population
f due D u r o
the othets snd appear
Bandic
.
Dpecies. Thiswo appen t n days Here we say that
t t e r than that ot A uner the new aindition fitness od
B is
So the fitnes is the end resut of

abihty to aanpr ana gvt elected by nature

inthe evoluton uverae spr n the two key concepts of Darwinian theory
Auatr
ulaptive rinu.te a prces in escent and narural seecton
of evolution. (1M)
evoluto is nn whuclh al
ure the two
raulia non rans key concepta of
this negion. Adaytive
cies adapted to new a new waya
of Darwinunatg r evolution.
ne
rise to

wulr
e abitat since the
ue Esplain the key c o n e e p n n e evoution theory of Darwin. (8M)
Patal wolí 1 Tasanian virietaes

aduptive evoE into

radiation and
tinn (2M)
anehing desc ent iue members ot population show variation in their
adapeve raalation?
evolution as
Can we call human It
characteristics. Some naviauals are Getler adapted to survive in the given
be taueu 8 p n e E rfdiition, is th
cannot
human ervlutaan
desrent with madiieatIun n wn e uEypes nre evol Irg
environment. The adaptive abilty 13 inherited and has genetic hasia
ancestral t y Aeumulation o variation over a period of time through muber o a

to De parntlel evoJution of humanb Ieaa to n

nge n population characteristics
Human evolutiwn appears generations
ie, descent with modilications
Language
Natural selection: Nature selects those individuals who are it in the
7.5 BroLOGICAL EVOLUTIONS
environment. Ih0Be DEter haapted navauuals reproduce In lurge number
6l. Explain antibiotic resistance observed in bacteria in light of Darwini
and progeny consists of mare fit individuals who are seected
by natur
eleetion iheary. 14
theory ot evolution of life forms. (3M)
A IC8
*ee consildervd to be very electivU Bgainst dsease caon .apialn Lamark s
bacteria. But within two to thmee years of intraduction of antibioticx, anthu A Prench naturaist Lamarck had said that evofutinn at life forms had

ourred due to the use and aisuse ot

In
nA ter agpeardin
few
the poputation
have mutations or inbuilt vuriatin
organsthetr attempts
batenal ppulation bucterin
a e them elstant to antihiotics, Such resistant
wtit
bacteria survive i
e gave the
examples al Girattes which m to forage leaves on

tall trees had to adapt by elongation af their necks

mutiply an
short time as
susceptible bacterin died, Ultimately the
burterial
er As they pasHed on this acquired charncter of elongated nek o succeaing

populatian bexumes reststant to antibiotics Eenerations, liiraffes, slowly, uver he years, came to Bcgule ong e c

179
 A Class ompanion
the
t he
end
end result or
the HARDY.WEINBERG PRINCIPLE
seHOD aren Are

natural are not processe Hardy-Weinberk principle. (1M)

)

Theevolutlon
and
nemseve tate

Weinber pripeapie Rtates that alele

68.
7the H a r
Hardy-
Dd
ls constant f
geieration te geberatinn".
trequencies in a
popuintaoth
s t a b l e

Pemment. l elect d ad dilere 0rms ofn tei

#ne pool (IM)
wehution and hih ar d only when envirunmental e otal all gepes ana ttheir alleles in a
ppulation ia caled gene ponl
taxatioa)a e o n e frequency. U)
are cuequence of the
n eney is therrqueny ot
ny gen pete in a
Gene h
locu pupulation eiatve to
and at in the nnbsunce
nt"
b s e n c e of other t

P tsneles the same

(6.M)
equilibrium?
(1M)
theme e e t i o n .

wbat is
genecic
hey can ry of b e y gene pool in popuiation called
of a
t h 0
o
na v i n
to ex
the genetic equibnum
is

Explain
Darwin s " According
to
VArwjn
he Hardy-Weinberg principle with the help of a
67. ou

v Danwusin.
a8 * the algebraie
he
ceratns
csarus Darwinin. u Explain

euilution
u r a l sedection.
equstion. to
organir n e p b r a i c equsthon 10r aruy-venberg 1 a binomia) expansion of
taies placr by t tion of urganus E propar &ometric

ovr hik
theONPE16l their hasic requirements like fuod, sABIE
requirements
that 1ce . p2pqt+9 . ne Sum total ot all the allelie trequencies of a
He states
te
tua

rgaaiss to strugge
with useful bhertabe
e r i t a b l e vvaratiens could st
mating
with
Useful
population
tes lur eaamplk, can be named
ic ihas
rugie
the
inberit
organasn
thetr ee
c r c t e r i s t i o s
to their
fndivndual frequencien, p, q, ete
A and alele
aDd organismy with
diplold. p ana q e
Irequency of nllele
mprveduce
servus As
A
Seene
pak
tne

n n p a

Here zatu
over h perld of time to .
The frequeney of AA 1ndividuais population is p2 as the probability af an
in a

wunate varutions
acrunuae

Ilele A with a requeneyop Bppenr on both the chromosomes of a diplaid

favourable
Thus the ue Lhe prubahnhties,
pouet o

aew sp
individuini i y
EVOLUriONS
ie, p'. Sim.iay
o "4-0
15 4pq. Hence, P' *2pq+q =l

MECHANISN OF
When frequency meusured, difers from expected values, the diference
7.6 worked. (IM)
deVries
waich Hugo
68. Name thbe plant on
rekand iEvemng Prmruse)
(drectim) indites the extent of evobutionary change which reuts in evoution
ot Hugo de Vries a follows:
frequency of three genotypes is
theory an
mutaton
Ina certain population, Ihe
69. Write the dilferences bet ween 6.
bb
natural seleetion theary of Darwin, t4 Genotypes: BB b

Frequeney: 22% B2% 16%

de
selection
theory of Darwa
SNa Mutation theory ef Huo Vriesatural What ls the likely of B and b alleles? (291)
frequency
Evnolution is a gradunl proces vtie
D u n aagae Bep proees Frequency of B alele = all of BB* 3 of Bb =22+31=53*
ls
joceurH due to variations and natur

SClection_ 16*3]=47%%
all of
bb jof Bb
=

requeney of b allele
=

2uallons are ranatoim ind Variations are small and direrra

(2M)
fivefactors that affect Hardy-Weinberg equillbrium.
Nention the an,
10. What is satation? (1M) The five factors that affect Hardy-Weinberg equihbrium
gle dtep lnrje mulation that causes
apecantion i8 caled
saia Gene migration or gene fhow
180 181
 more cortatttt stii tne otheer
A Class Lpunto of
become
The bell ahilpeu urve
extreme
variation becomes less
treor lost. shitta to one directi
number * P e r e d tmothe
incTased in industraized
ion whel compaea to haght coloured
drt peppered mot
.Cen are
Mura
etie recombina SERVED ELMNATED

atural eleetwtion? ( af "a ppopulation

ot igratine
t igratio seLECTONN
What is gene ne frequeney d opulation 1s called gene m
s

The change to therpht effect" upt

" e c t o n

1-w
D i S p

natural nelection
selection
natural favours both extremes
Retib etie drift (se andom change n gene
Be" froquerney
rquerey ln n a
ft
occurs
w n e n

vIuatt. Uver a period o

(periphernl character
of continuous
9. Denne F e e
dritt is dettne
a

e)
o r e common and tte othur
time. the two xtreme vana
Geetic
itter mtertmetsate varition become
purvly a

jons be
r lost. The brll shaped curve
sepatrnters into twD peeiaka.
ifounder ete in allelic frequeney tnat xetuts when imination or tnealu d oex m Alrican finehes by favouring
0.
The founder elrect i by a very small
nunber
o tviauala from ,

basd the
popuiation s raa
r e and smn
DE ea on
availability of food
tion
o p e t r a t i o n
off n
o natural
at
seleetio
t e

larger popu relection:

p i a n "

MEAN
Natural
What is
MATED

eAA
S1.
(5M)
on a i o r , is B procesin ,which nentae v a t o n s onablin i
Naturdl "

duce and leave gn progeny coNSEIVED

are enabled to epro to psAUPTVE
stahilain
t u

urv otration natural seleetion

m "
mopu SELECTION
directianal and dieruptive seiee
ACCOUNT OF EvOLUTIONS
Stabilizing selectin 1.8 A BRIEF
Eeriedin te states fn. ""***
toy when lyeopods flourished.
(IM)
it oeeurs When inturt
Beeet Vaiatu
Over a
period of time, the intem Name theP ***
eharactar value) ot mntinuos Jurassie puriod
eHch extreme variation beoomies earth? (1M)
dinte states becute ulore common ana
s3. e
eaiar torm
of life appear on

auniion or nst. The bell sthuped eurve narrows due to elimination of exte The first cellular 1ortm ot i t e appenred on earth about 2000 mya.(million years
to survive beetter than
veringe wegnt
tena
Varianta. Eg, abies with
ago)
babes. S4. When did invertebrates form on earth? (1M)
siall nnd targe sited

n earth abaut 500 mya

EAN MEAN S. Name the modern day ancestors of modern frogs and salamanders. (L21

cONSERNED (lobe fins),

ABSO SELECTON s6. Coelacanth caught in 1938 in South Africa. Why is it very signitieant
MTED MAINATED
was

i nthe evolutionary history of vertebrate z

They a r e tiah with stout
Coelaeanth has evoived into the first amphibians.
a n d go hack t o wnter.
Directional selection fins that could move o n to land
nd strong
cr when natural selection favours one extreme of (other than m N a m e a fish-like reptile t h a t lived in water. u

narieter value) continuous Variation. Over a pertod ot tine, Ichthyosaurs. 183

2 DK
 Class onpiriton of a reprou oductive characten
eters that
m e w o

aake
dinosuur7
(1)
NamphibianN.tE)
reptiles more succesntui
e tee th)
than
land

h are more amphihian

is
the
biggest

and
dieots (IM) tilers ecause
s.
Which

nncestots ea iation "

d eggs coverea oy a
bard
comnon 1ikee reptiies:qUM)
reptile
1 e r t l e

calcareous shels in a snte

Naue
the place in
*.

red
technical
term
oflife
,
epvirohe reasons for the sudden
forms M disappearance of dinoNaurs
w e r e

is the
o u t o n

Wbat
90,
aurs
represtnta
earth? ( changes killed then

the
scheutic y climatic
soay most ot them evoled
Give
. (z0 nto birds The
torms , truth may live
First
cellular

ome
ammals that lived in South in
betwern
Name
any
Ameriea before
Naental drift. (a
Mtalticelular i f e torms

coale horse,
ike opols, Fudbit and bear.
tne
e r u s
and
periods of geological time seale
periods o

with
Ivettebrates (500 m y a
Mention
important
pla
forms
(3M/5M)
(Coelacar (350., iods mportant plant tortms
and stout fins (Coelacanth)
stout fins
strong
And
ras riosTe
awless
fish,
fisi with
Angio5perms DcOyteons
eno Tertiary Bryopnyte
(320 mya)
weeds and few
plants
SphenopH1da (horse taila) Ginkgon, Gnetajes,
Sea
Cretaee Angiosperms (ieotyledots
Mesoz Jurassie Hernateu Forn
Eopol, 1etns, CLle, y
Modern day rogs
anas
lamanae
TriassIC

giant ferns
(Turtie,
torfoise and crocodile), |Permian
Reptiles C a r b o n e r o u s e e d terns

Chlorophyte ancestors, traCheophyte ancestors

(200 mya)
Fish like repthiles like
Ichthyosaurs
Palae zoie
Devonian saynia plants tsopayto,

Silurian Losterophyiu
(Tyramosaurus rex)
Biggest dinoaUrS
Ordovictan
Cambria
Dinnaurs disappeared (6s mya) . Mention the ancestral forms of the following plants. (3M
Fant lorms Ancestor plant torms
First maunmal were like shrews
Dpnyes Chloropay
eopous Tracheophyes
Ametcan mammals horse, hippopotamus, bear, rabbit ec Mymnosperms and Hngiospers Flgnyo
whales, doiphims, seals Ana seaconS
184
 A ClaS
LD1an ionof p Ye
rann
capiacily
Characters
nnais,
(3M) Site of fossil
lowing
0

annal
roup
Hairy walket, st fruit
CTilla anan
Ancesr A d
7.
ntioe

fammals pslus ttbga,

Afru
Earter
. WEJ51d8, amoNls
Anuats

Thecodonts 15 myin twiuE.

egind daeller, tende
, e, Ri
atiropu ater
oUTS Cr talas

LArA,
>MAKe,
T u T a

ewtheeis
myu
m re dweiling, Iruit eater rica
5 mya 660-800e tonl maker, ntereSt Atres
urile,
MAN
OF
EVOLUTION

AND of evoluto o an. 5M) HAt eater 196

1.9
ORIGIN
-1300 ce culaTal Jva o river

1300- 100a OC er Peking in Chins

Home sa
C5ys
Seandertb
alley Cermarg
sapiens fossis god hunte
, East a
s neandertiha lensis
dweller, rock T
1500- 1600 c)
00,000yrs, 1.5- 14b M, Pntin, opnisticated t a l y and
ce (68

erectis ww

400- 1600 Cave Arios and

r0-100 y ce

Thinking 1
LUNAAUTES
man aa ape uKe ancestors. (2M)
Name the
tamapitheeus Wa t h e man-uke w a e Lryopithecus was more ape-like.
Homoha live ? (1M)
nyr 1.Where did Australopithecines
Australopithecines probably ived in East African grusalands.
rubwstas
101. Name the ancestors of man who hunted with stone weapon but
essentially ate fruits. (1M)

Austraiop Australopithecines.
10t. Name the first human like hominid. Mention its cranial capacity. (1M)
The first human like hominid was Homo habilia. The cranial cupacity Was
650-B00 cc.
RamapthenS
(14-15 myrsy . When did modern Homo sapien artse:
(
Dauring ice age between 75,000-10,000 years ago modern Homo sapiens arose
Dryopitheces ,Whendid pre-historic cave art develop by Homo supiens? (1M)
25 myrs) Pre-h
E-istorie cave art developed about 18,000 years g

156 157
 t
Clase omakya
sl formis han in the
n der
100.. g e the follow ing aneens SELF
tion. .
ASSESSMENT
UBJECT: BIOLOGYTEST
Romapithrcus, apien, Dryopis 7
Homo habilis,
e a n d e r t h a l man (3M"h,
, PLC(36)
Chapter 7-Evolution
A u s t r a l o p i t h e c i n e s ,

rrfus
DputhersKamupiN pnectUs-lHomo

erectusNrunderthal mun-Homo e n s
habsia tion o n u t e s

etions:

different stuges
n

u
utn.
(M nstuce
a Marks: 15
106. Mention the
calieu
uprintuN
Ld
Samapth. uestion pay of foue parte A, B, C
pnmates
A t u t 15 muy'a
ant 1)
tralopithecines pr
tNt
African. the par "* * p y
the ontnd aa wns called no h
e Turst
hurman-luke betng the 4 any maTk#
irt 189l
rvealea text stage
. not attrinct

about L.s
in near Einst and
CentralAsa hetween 1
PARTA
Neanderthal man
live
folowing questions in One Word
the ar
years One
lfomo aapiens arae im Alnca atn ove Reross Ponfinents t d den
seer
the theuy pbtaneous
eeralng
Sentener each: 5als
,UN years ago
snte
distinct raes, Du -ing e age buEWE 0, hat aueg voution?

4prens u E Name an tralian tmiarsuplal WkA a

silar
107. List 10 modern -day
animais ana usiug
ne nternet
resources i Dhedine s a l t a t i o n .
to
fying squrn
ute
both.
fossil. Name
to corresponding nneient
a What s tounaer eteet

S.no Modern day nnimal ncnE TON

1Arthrupod-eruztHCea VIi periud PART-B
Anonites (ctphalopod moius attt
Dy rin n:uAwer any THREE
na
of the tolowing
questions s sentences eac.
Fohpue) sberever a p p u c a b l e :

5 Modern horse iEqula, Poebrotherium and prucairi How doen utness pput tep In evolatiena'
0Gern cani EEquu"
W'hat are homologous orgunE CGive twD eXuTplen
inte eocone
elephnnE (Eiephas inacay Oertnerium o
oora Evolution can also occur by anthrupogenir uctur. Substatiate
8Monkeyand Ape asers_ What is adaptive radiation? Cive an exumgle
TacDdern early jawed ishes of siluria Mentson the two key onepta et àrwinian tbeory of volutica

10 Modern fish period.Ostracoderm early armonire

Lawless nBhes PARIC

each.
questions in 40.O words
ADy THREE of the following
a W
wherever applicable:
ot
ention the connotations of the theary 5pecn c
od ouvergepr Pvaua
t e any three differences between diver~t aa

18
 Cluss
18 withh retervnce to the giv,
lojw gae
Answer the
eak grta tuhes

Tiger car

tne peitiods of palae2e

Mentiotn
or
anbrd ut
aalen Ment formin bryopbvs
AUSTRALIA

kmala Name
two
p ha raetersth byeupoda
make
ktd
asgogea
p eptlien tate
surcesstnl
larugial t aName
tne
olow ing
Baadico day a
The mou o mnder g Ad
i )Fsn- Water sulamszdes
na nEaur
angar The n

Mention the speriti Heograghical region where the ganist.sA What

18 the canini
caapacity uf Hor
habuiis arda
b} Name al
eapinin e pa
"" s
fesulfet in
tha ratiderihal mun,
Give reasuns for the existenre
D
WOn a 1ntaania
wolfwharine
ng
habtnt
four
pranegie
nu
iento any fartor
ctors tna
14 State
Hardy WetmbwrE
equiibrum,
ttardy-Wein berg
1h. Arrange the tolowIng ane l uts T the order of Ihear

Homo kabilis, Ramapilhecus, tomo ayien, Ltyopithecus, Homn t

AuNt rutopithecines, Neanderthal mun.

PART-D
n 200-250
Answer any THREE of the tollow ing questions words ea

wherever applicable.
Gve the din jgro mmatir rprsentation ot Mliler's expHrimeat

the mechanism of volution by ruatural selertion witt Tespe

17. Explain
dustrial melanism in peppered math.
18
al Menti u nntural selection that operates With resp

191
190