Statics - A Review: 9/2/2021 Dr. D. Ghosh Electromagnetic Engineering

1
MODULE 2:
STATICS – A REVIEW
9/2/2021 Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

BASICS OF 2
ELECTROSTATICS

Sphere of Charges
𝑞
Potential due to charge 𝑞 is 𝑉 =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅−𝑅′
Work done in carrying a charge from one point to another. 3
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Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

Sphere of Charges
In the presence of static charges, an electric field is

generated.
𝑞 (𝑅−𝑅′ ) 𝑞
𝐸 = −𝛻 𝑉 ; 𝐸 = 3 = 𝑎ෞ
𝑝𝑞 2
4 𝜋𝜀0 𝑅−𝑅′ 4 𝜋𝜀0 𝑅−𝑅′ 4
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Flux of a vector
• Analogous to the flow of an incompressible fluid.
• If a volume with an enclosed surface contains a source or a sink (flow source), there
will be an excess of outward or inward flow through the surface
• This excess is expressed as the divergence of the vector in the volume
• Denoted with the help of flux lines or streamlines
𝑄
• Net flux: ‫𝑠 𝑑 ∙ 𝐴 𝑠ׯ‬Ԧ = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑒. 𝑔. 𝜀 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
0
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Circulation of a vector
• Analogous to the circulation of a fluid around a source or sink

• If there is a source or sink on a surface (vortex source), the field due to the source
or sink will circulate around the path enclosing the surface
• This circulation around a closed contour gives the curl of the vector
• Net circulation: ‫𝐴 𝐶ׯ‬Ԧ ∙ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ
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Laws of Electrostatics
𝑄
• The field is characterized by its divergence and curl: ‫ׯ‬
𝑠
𝐸 ∙ 𝑑 𝑠Ԧ = and ‫𝐶ׯ‬ 𝐸 ∙ 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ = 0
𝜀0
• Let use ‘Divergence Theorem’: ‫ 𝑠ׯ‬E ∙ 𝑑𝑠Ԧ = ‫𝑣𝑑)𝐸 ∙ 𝛻( 𝑉׬‬
𝑄 𝜌
• Gauss’s Law of Electrostatics: ‫𝑠 𝑑 ∙ 𝐸 𝑠ׯ‬Ԧ = or 𝛻 ∙𝐸 =
𝜀0 𝜀0
The total outward flux of' 𝐸 over any closed surface in free space is equal to the total charge
enclosed in the surface divided by the permittivity of free space.
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Gauss’s law
• Usefulness: For charge distributions with some symmetry conditions, such that the
normal components of 𝐸 is constant over the enclosed surface.
– Recognition of symmetry condition
– Choice of a closed surface over which 𝐸 is normal to the surface and 𝐸 is constant, this
surface being called a Gaussian surface.
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Laws of Electrostatics
𝑄
• The field is characterized by its divergence and curl: ‫ׯ‬
𝑠
𝐸 ∙ 𝑑 𝑠Ԧ = and ‫𝐶ׯ‬ 𝐸 ∙ 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ = 0
𝜀0
• Let use ‘Stokes Theorem’: ‫𝑙𝑑 ∙ 𝐸 𝐶ׯ‬Ԧ = ‫𝑠𝑑 ∙ )𝐸 × 𝛻( 𝑆׬‬Ԧ
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law: ‫𝑙 𝑑 ∙ 𝐸 𝐶ׯ‬Ԧ = 0 or 𝛻 × 𝐸 = 0

Conservation of work or energy in an electrostatic field (work done by 𝐸 in moving a unit charge
from pt 1 to pt 2, irrespective of the path traversed.
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EXAMPLE 1: Sphere of Charges
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EQUI- • if the beginning and end points fall on that
surface, the potential difference between
POTENTIAL them is zero A
VAB    E  dl
SURFACE • But B
– if 𝐸 ⋅ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ is zero everywhere on paths on the

surface, 𝐸 has to be perpendicular to the
surface at all points
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VISUALIZING ELECTRIC FIELDS
• Streamlines (field lines) and equipotential lines represent the electric field behavior in space.
They are orthogonal to each other.
• Equipotential lines: for a specified value of potential Vo, we can trace out an equipotential line
using x and y or preferably q (0 → p) as the parameter
– E as a vector field (size and direction changes depending position) may be represented by the actual
vectors, using the “length” of the “arrow” to represent the magnitude, and the direction of the arrow
to show direction
– But this is a cumbersome process
• Streamlines are “easier” to draw, a streamline is a curve such that the electric field direction is
everywhere tangent to the curve 12
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Two Spheres of Opposite Charges
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Two Spheres of Opposite Charges
Concept: Coulomb’s Law
Let there be two charges 𝑞1 and 𝑞2

𝑞1 (𝑅−𝑅 ′ )
Let the field generated by 𝑞1 at 𝑞2 is 𝐸12 = 3
4 𝜋𝜀0 𝑅−𝑅′
𝑞1 𝑞2 (𝑅−𝑅′ )
Hence, the force experienced by 𝑞2 due to 𝑞1 is 𝐹12 = 𝑞2 𝐸12 = 3 𝑁
4 𝜋𝜀0 𝑅−𝑅′
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Two Spheres of Opposite Charges Near
Ground Plane
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Parallel Plate Capacitor
• Consider two conductive parallel plates charged with –Q and +Q

𝜺𝑨
–𝐂 = 𝒅
conductor
--------------------------
d D = eoE eo
++++++++++++++++++++++++++
conductor
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Parallel
Plate
Capacitance
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Parallel
Plate
Capacitance
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CONDUCTOR • The interior of a conductor is “space
PROPERTIES charge neutral”
• If a piece of conductor is “insulated”

from external connections
– current density must be zero and by
Ohm’s law, electric field inside must be
zero
– the surface of a conductor is an
equipotential
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CONDUCTOR
PROPERTIES • Even if field inside a conductor is zero, charge
can be induced on the surface of a conductor
– charges introduced inside a conductor leads to an
Einduced electric field which exerts a force on the free
+ - charges making them move till they reach the
+ - surface
+ -
conductor
– time taken by the charges to reach conductor
Eapplied surface depends on its conductivity
– after the transient time the applied and the
induced fields balance each other inside a 20
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conductor
DIELECTRIC • dielectric material contains no free charges
MATERIALS • the charges get polarized resulting in a small

displacement of the +ve and –ve charges forming
electric dipoles
– but the charge displacement at the atomic level can still
produce an induced field that PARTIALLY cancels the
applied field inside the material
– types of dielectric material:
Dinduced
• Polar (retain dipole moment in the absence of E field, but
- + - + - + they remain randomly oriented)
- + - + - +
• Non-polar (no permanent dipole moment)
- + - + - +
• Electret (permanent dipole moment even in absence of E
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Eapplied 9/2/2021
field)

DIELECTRIC
MATERIALS • Let Δs be an imaginary elemental surface of a non-
polar dielectric
𝑛 : no of molecules per unit volume – If 𝐸 is applied normal to Δs, the bound charges are
𝑞 : unit charge separated by d forming an “induced” dipole
𝑑Ԧ ∙ 𝑎ෞ𝑛 : component of 𝑑Ԧ normal to ∆𝑠
Ԧ
– Net charge crossing Δs, ∆𝑄 = 𝑛 𝑞 𝑑Ԧ ∙ 𝑎ෞ𝑛 ∆𝑠 =
𝑃 : Polarization vector (𝑛 𝑞 𝑑)
𝑃 ∙ 𝑎ෞ𝑛 ∆s
Einduced
– Net charge remaining inside a volume V bounded
- + - + - +
by S, 𝑄 = − ‫𝑎 ∙ 𝑃 𝑆ׯ‬ෞ𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = − ‫ׯ‬S 𝑃 ∙ d𝑠Ԧ
- + - + - +
- + - + - + – By Divergence theorem, 𝑄 = − ‫ 𝑉׬‬−𝛻 ∙ 𝑃 𝑑𝑣
surface Eapplied – Let us define polarization charge density or bound
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charge density for volume 𝜌𝑝 where 𝑄 = ‫𝑣𝑑 𝑝𝜌 𝑉׬‬
Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering – Thus, 𝜌𝑝 = −𝛻 ∙ 𝑃
• In dielectric, we can define polarization
charge density or bound charge density for
volume 𝜌𝑝 , where , 𝜌𝑝 = −𝛻 ∙ 𝑃
DIELECTRIC •
𝜌
In free space, 𝛻 ∙ 𝐸 = 𝜀 , but due to addition
0
MATERIALS of dielectric, 𝛻 ∙ 𝐸 =
1
𝜀0
𝜌 + 𝜌𝑝
• But, 𝜌𝑝 = −𝛻 ∙ 𝑃 , thus 𝛻 ∙ 𝜀0 𝐸 + 𝑃 = 𝜌
• Let us define a new quantity, 𝐷 such
that 𝐷 = 𝜀0 𝐸 + 𝑃 and 𝛻 ∙ 𝐷 = 𝜌
– 𝐷 is called the electric flux density or electric
displacement 23
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– ‫ ∙ 𝐷 𝑠ׯ‬d𝑠Ԧ = 𝑄
DIELECTRIC
MATERIALS • the induced charge separation, and hence
the induced polarization field is proportional
to the applied field
–𝑃 = 𝜀0 𝜒𝑒 𝐸 where 𝜒𝑒 is the dimensionless
dielectric susceptibility of the material
– 𝐷 = 𝜀0 𝐸 + 𝑃 = 𝜀0 1 + 𝜒𝑒 𝐸 =
𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 𝐸 = 𝜀𝐸
– The dielectric constant of the material, 24
𝜀𝑟 = 1 + 𝜒𝑒 = 𝜀Τ𝜀0
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SOLUTION OF 25
ELECTROSTATIC
PROBLEMS

The Problem Statement
• We need to find an unique solution to an electrostatic problem with specific

boundary conditions, e.g. parallel plate conductor, coaxial cable
• For this, we need to understand two aspects:

– How to find an unique solution to electrostatic problems
– How to incorporate boundary conditions into the solution.
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PART A 27
LAPLACE’S EQUATION
The Backdrop
• Let there be a charge density 𝜌 in a volume, how do we know the resultant field in
space?
• Till now we know two methods:
1 𝜌
– (a) By direct integration for 𝐸 field: 𝐸 = 4 𝜋𝜀 ‫ 𝑉׬‬′ 𝑎ෞ𝑅 𝑑𝑣 ′
0 𝑅2
1 𝜌 ′
– (b) By solution of potential: 𝑉 = ‫׬‬ ′ 𝑑𝑣
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑣 𝑅
𝐸 field from 𝐸 = −𝛻 𝑉
• Both the methods represent an integral approach, to avoid this we seek a differential
equation relating 𝐸 or V with 𝜌
• This leads to the formulation of the Poisson’s equation (or Laplace’s Equation) 28
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Developing Laplace’s Equation
𝜌
• From Gauss’ Law: 𝛻 ∙ 𝐸 =
𝜀
• Let us assume that 𝜀 is constant w.r.t. space v
  V  
• 𝛻 ∙ 𝜀𝐸 = 𝜌 e
• But, the potential rule says: 𝐸 = −𝛻 𝑉
2
𝜌𝑣
• 𝛻 ∙ 𝜀 −𝛻 𝑉 =𝜌 𝛻 𝑉=−
𝜀
𝛻 2 is
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referred to as the Laplacian
Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering operator
Developing Poisson’s Equation
• if the charge density is zero we get Laplace’s equation (a special case of

Poisson): or 2
𝛻 ∙ 𝛻𝑉 = 0 𝛻 𝑉=0
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Uniqueness of Solution
• Any solution to Poisson’s equation (or Laplace’s Equation) which also

satisfies the boundary conditions must be the only solution that
exists, i. e., it is unique.
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THE In rectangular coordinates
  
LAPLACIAN grad   
x
x
ˆ
y
y  zˆ
ˆ
z
OPERATOR
Fx Fy Fz
 
divergence F    F 
x

y

z
 V V V      
V   xˆ  yˆ  zˆ    xˆ  yˆ  zˆ  V
 x y z   x y z 
 
 V V V   V V V 
 V    V    
2
x
ˆ y
ˆ zˆ      x
ˆ y
ˆ zˆ 
 x y z   x y z 
 Fx 
 Fy Fz

  V    V    V  V V V
2 2 2 32
9/2/2021        2  2  2
x  x  y  y  z  z  x y z
LAPLACIAN IN VARIOUS COORDINATES
rectangular: Fx Fy Fz V V V  2V  2V  2V
F    V  x
ˆ y
ˆ zˆ V 2  2  2
2
x y z x y z x y z
1    F  1   F    Fz  V 1 V ˆ V
F   V  ˆ   zˆ
    z    z
cylindrical:
1   V  1  2V  2V
 2V    2  2
      
2
z
1
F 2
 r 2
Fr

 
1   sin q Fq 

1   F  V 
V
r
ˆ
1 V ˆ
q
1 V ˆ

r r r sin q q r sin q  r r q r sin q 
spherical:
33
1   2 V  1   V  1  2V
V 2  2  sin q  2 2
2
r
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r r  r  r sin q q  q  r sin q 
2

• For this, we need to understand two aspects: We can use Laplace’s

Equation for this purpose
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PART B 35
ELECTROSTATIC
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Tangential Electric Field at the Interface
between Dielectric
• imagine there is some 𝐸 at the interface of a dielectric Dw
DIELECTRIC ε1
E
a b EN E
– the voltage going around the path a-b-c-d-a is zero as 𝐸 is conservative EN
Et Dh
Et
b c d a
 E  dL   E  dL   E  dL   E  dL   E  dL  0
d c
a b c d
DIELECTRIC ε2
• let the path get small enough that 𝐸 doesn’t vary much along each
side
  Dh   Dh  
 E  dL  Etan1  D w   norm1 
 E    E norm 2    
  2   2 
a to b  E  dL  Etan1  Dw   Etan 2  Dw   0
b to c
a to b c to d
  Dh   Dh  
 Etan 2  Dw    Enorm 2     E norm1     0
  2   2  36
c to d Dtan1 e1

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d to a E E
Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering tan1 tan 2
Dtan 2 e2
Normal Electric Field at the Interface
between Dielectrics
• By Gauss’ Law: ර 𝐷 ∙ 𝑑𝑠Ԧ = 𝑄 DIELECTRIC ε1
DS
𝑠 E
• If the surface is small enough, then 𝐷 doesn’t vary much EN
Et Dh
EN E
Et
• ‫𝑠𝑑 ∙ 𝐷 𝑠ׯ‬Ԧ = ‫𝑠𝑑 ∙ 𝐷 𝑝𝑜𝑡ׯ‬Ԧ + ‫𝑠𝑑 ∙ 𝐷 𝑠𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑠ׯ‬Ԧ + ‫𝑠𝑑 ∙ 𝐷 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑏ׯ‬Ԧ = 𝑄

– let the sides shrink to zero (i.e., let Dh0) DIELECTRIC ε2
• all that is left is the top and bottom, where

𝐷 ∙ 𝑑𝑠Ԧ picks out the normal component of 𝐷
ර D ∙ 𝑑 𝑠Ԧ + ර D ∙ 𝑑𝑠Ԧ = 𝑄 S free DS   Dnormal1DS     Dnormal 2 DS 

top 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚
Dnormal1  Dnormal 2   free surface

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Electrostatic Boundary Conditions -
SUMMARY
• the component of the electric field tangent to the interface between two materials
(conductor or dielectric!) is continuous E E tan1 tan 2
– Special Case: for an isolated conductor Einside = Etan2= 0  Etan conductor = 0
• the component of the D field normal to the interface between two materials changes
by the free surface charge density D D  1 2 free surface
– Special Case: for an isolated conductor Dinside = D┴ 2= 0  D┴ cond = S

– Special Case: for a dielectric with no surface charge D┴ 1 = D┴ 2 38
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What if a conductor is part of the
Electrostatic problem?
 Problems that have conductors on the boundaries are easy to handle. Why?
• conductors are equipotential, i.e., V = constant on a metal surface, that

means we know the boundary condition at each point on the surface
• Etan conductor = 0, that means the E field on a conductor is the normal

component only
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Electric and Magnetic Boundary
Conditions
ELECTRIC MAGNETIC
TANGENTIAL 𝐸tan 1 = 𝐸tan 2 𝐻tan 1 − 𝐻tan 2 = 𝐽𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑠
NORMAL 𝐷𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚 1 − 𝐷𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚 2 = 𝜌 𝑠 𝐵𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚 1 = 𝐵𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚 2
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• For this, we need to understand two aspects: We can use Laplace’s

Equation for this purpose
We now know electrostatic 41
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PART C 42
Some Examples
Example 1: Cathode ray oscilloscope
Initial velocity of electrons from heated

cathode = velocity given by anode = 𝑢0 =
𝑎
ෞ𝑧 𝑢0
Uniform field at deflection plates: 𝐸𝑑 =

−ෞ
𝑎𝑦 𝐸𝑑
Horizontal velocity at all instants: 𝑢0 43
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Example 2: Field due to an electric dipole
Field due to a system of discrete charges:
𝑛
1 𝑞𝑘 (𝑅 − 𝑅𝑘 ′ )
𝐸𝑝 = ෍ 3 𝑉/𝑚
4 𝜋𝜀0
𝑘=1 𝑅 − 𝑅𝑘 ′
Example 3: an infinitely long, straight line
charge of constant 𝜌𝑙
𝜌 𝑑𝑣 ′ Here 𝜌 𝑑𝑣 ′ (charge in a differential volume 𝑑𝑣 ′ ) behaves like
𝑑𝐸 = 𝑎ෞ𝑅 a point charge.
4 𝜋𝜀0 𝑅2
1 𝜌
𝐸= න 𝑎ෞ𝑅 2 𝑑𝑣 ′
4 𝜋𝜀0 𝑉 ′ 𝑅
1 𝑅 𝑅
= න 𝜌 3 𝑑𝑣 ′ ∵ 𝑎ෞ𝑅 =
4 𝜋𝜀0 𝑉 ′ 𝑅 𝑅
1 𝜌𝑠
For surface charge distribution, 𝐸 = 4 𝜋𝜀 ‫𝑆׬‬′ 𝑎ෞ𝑅 𝑑𝑠 ′
0 𝑅2
1 𝜌𝑙
For line charge distribution, 𝐸 = 4 𝜋𝜀 ‫𝐿׬‬′ 𝑎ෞ𝑅 𝑑𝑙′
0 𝑅2
Example 3: an infinitely long, straight line
charge of constant 𝜌𝑙
1 𝜌𝑙 1 𝑅
• 𝐸 = 4 𝜋𝜀 ‫𝐿׬‬′ 𝑎ෞ𝑅 𝑅2
𝑑𝑙 ′ = ‫׬‬
4 𝜋𝜀0 𝐿′
𝜌𝑙 𝑅3
𝑑𝑙 ′
0
where 𝑑𝑙 ′ = 𝑑𝑧 ′ and
𝑅= 𝑎 ෞ𝑧 𝑧 [vector between points (0, 𝑧 ′ ) and (r, 0)]
ෞ𝑟 𝑟 − 𝑎
′ ′ 𝜌𝑙 𝑑𝑧 ′ 𝑎
ෞ𝑟 𝑟− 𝑎ෞ𝑧 𝑧
• For 𝜌𝑙 𝑑𝑧 at +𝑧 , 𝑑𝐸 = 4 𝜋𝜀0 (𝑟 2 +𝑧 ′2 )3/2
′ ′ 𝜌𝑙 𝑑𝑧 ′ 𝑎
ෞ𝑟 𝑟+ 𝑎ෞ𝑧 𝑧
• For 𝜌𝑙 𝑑𝑧 at −𝑧 , 𝑑𝐸 = 4 𝜋𝜀0 (𝑟 2 +𝑧 ′2 )3/2
• The 𝑎
ෞ𝑧 components cancel each other.
𝜌𝑙 𝑟 ∞ 𝑑𝑧 ′ 𝜌
• 𝐸=𝑎
ෞ𝑟 𝐸𝑟 = 𝑎
ෞ𝑟 4 𝜋𝜀 ‫׬‬−∞ (𝑟 2 +𝑧 ′2 )3/2 ෞ𝑟 2 𝜋𝜀𝑙
=𝑎
0 0𝑟
EXAMPLE 4:
Parallel Plate Capacitor
• Consider two conductive parallel plates charged with –Q and +Q such that the plates are much
wider than the distance by which they are separated, i.e. lets neglect fringing
– Most of the charge will be on the inside faces of the plates and surf ~ Q/plate area
𝑩 𝝆𝒔
– Thus 𝑽𝑨𝑩 = ‫𝒍𝒅 ∙ 𝑬 𝑨׬‬Ԧ = 𝜺
𝒅 (By Gauss’ Law and the principle of potential)
𝑸 𝜺𝑸 𝜺𝑨
– And capacitance 𝐂 = = = conductor
𝑽𝑨𝑩 𝝆𝐬 𝒅 𝒅 --------------------------
d D = eoE eo
++++++++++++++++++++++++++
conductor
47
no charge inside 𝐸 ∙ ∆𝑠Ԧ = 0
9/2/2021
𝐸 ∙ ∆𝑠Ԧ = 𝜌𝑠 ∙∆𝑠Τ𝜀
𝐸=0
Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering 𝐸 = 𝜌𝑠Τ𝜀 𝑎ෞ𝑛
EXAMPLE 5:
Potential and
Field on
Spherical
Dielectric Shell
EXAMPLE 5:
Potential and
Field on
Spherical
Dielectric Shell
EXAMPLE 5:
Potential and
Field on
Spherical
Dielectric Shell
EXAMPLE 6:
Coaxial Cable using Laplace’s Equation
• In cylindrical coordinates: 1   V  1  2V  2V
 2V    2  2
      
2
z
1   V  1  2V  2V
• By symmetry the solution varies with only one coordinate   V    2  2
2
      
2
z
0
1   V 
0
• But, 𝜵𝟐 𝑽 = 𝟎
 0 1   V 
      2V  
    
V Vout
  A constant V  A ln     B

a
51
Vin b
9/2/2021
2V  0
EXAMPLE 6:
Coaxial Cable using Laplace’s Equation
• B. C.: at  = b, V = Vout and at  = a, V = Vin
Vout Vout  A ln  b   B B  Vout  A ln  b 
V  A ln     B
a Vin  A ln  a   B  A ln  a   Vout  A ln  b 
Vin b
 A ln  a b   Vout Vin  Vout
A
ln  a b 
Vin  Vout  Vin  Vout 

V ln      Vout  ln  b   ln   b 
ln  a b   ln  a b   V  Vout  Vin  Vout 
 
ln  a b 
𝐴 𝐵 52
9/2/2021

EXAMPLE 6: Coaxial Cable
𝒍𝒏 𝝆ൗ𝒃 𝒍𝒏 𝝆ൗ𝒃
•𝑽= 𝑽𝒊𝒏 − 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒍𝒏 𝒂 + 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑽𝑨𝑩 𝒍𝒏 𝒂 + 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕
Τ𝒃 Τ𝒃
𝒅𝑽 𝑽𝑨𝑩
• By electric potential: 𝑬 = −𝜵𝑽 = −ෞ
𝒂𝝆 𝒅𝝆 = −ෞ
𝒂𝝆 𝒍𝒏 𝒂Τ
𝒃 𝝆
𝝆𝒍
• ෞ𝝆
But, by using Gauss’ Law on line charge density, 𝑬 = 𝒂
𝟐𝝅𝜺𝝆
−𝑽𝑨𝑩 𝝆𝒍
• Comparing, =
𝒍𝒏 𝒂Τ𝒃 𝝆 𝟐𝝅𝜺𝝆 𝜌𝑙
𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑏ൗ𝑎
2𝜋𝜀 53
9/2/2021

EXAMPLE 7
54
9/2/2021

EXAMPLE 7
55
9/2/2021

Statics - A Review: 9/2/2021 Dr. D. Ghosh Electromagnetic Engineering

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9/2/2021 Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

9/2/2021 Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

Work done in carrying a charge from one point to another. 3

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

In the presence of static charges, an electric field is

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

• Analogous to the circulation of a fluid around a source or sink

• Net circulation: ‫𝐴 𝐶ׯ‬Ԧ ∙ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

• Let use ‘Divergence Theorem’: ‫ 𝑠ׯ‬E ∙ 𝑑𝑠Ԧ = ‫𝑣𝑑)𝐸 ∙ 𝛻( 𝑉׬‬

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

• Let use ‘Stokes Theorem’: ‫𝑙𝑑 ∙ 𝐸 𝐶ׯ‬Ԧ = ‫𝑠𝑑 ∙ )𝐸 × 𝛻( 𝑆׬‬Ԧ

• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law: ‫𝑙 𝑑 ∙ 𝐸 𝐶ׯ‬Ԧ = 0 or 𝛻 × 𝐸 = 0

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

– if 𝐸 ⋅ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ is zero everywhere on paths on the

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

Concept: Coulomb’s Law

Let there be two charges 𝑞1 and 𝑞2

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

• Consider two conductive parallel plates charged with –Q and +Q

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

• If a piece of conductor is “insulated”

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

MATERIALS • the charges get polarized resulting in a small

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

9/2/2021 Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

• We need to find an unique solution to an electrostatic problem with specific

• For this, we need to understand two aspects:

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

• if the charge density is zero we get Laplace’s equation (a special case of

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

• Any solution to Poisson’s equation (or Laplace’s Equation) which also

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

• We need to find an unique solution to an electrostatic problem with specific

• For this, we need to understand two aspects: We can use Laplace’s

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

• ‫𝑠𝑑 ∙ 𝐷 𝑠ׯ‬Ԧ = ‫𝑠𝑑 ∙ 𝐷 𝑝𝑜𝑡ׯ‬Ԧ + ‫𝑠𝑑 ∙ 𝐷 𝑠𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑠ׯ‬Ԧ + ‫𝑠𝑑 ∙ 𝐷 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑏ׯ‬Ԧ = 𝑄

• all that is left is the top and bottom, where

ර D ∙ 𝑑 𝑠Ԧ + ර D ∙ 𝑑𝑠Ԧ = 𝑄 S free DS   Dnormal1DS     Dnormal 2 DS 

Dnormal1  Dnormal 2   free surface

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

– Special Case: for an isolated conductor Einside = Etan2= 0  Etan conductor = 0

– Special Case: for an isolated conductor Dinside = D┴ 2= 0  D┴ cond = S

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

• conductors are equipotential, i.e., V = constant on a metal surface, that

• Etan conductor = 0, that means the E field on a conductor is the normal

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

TANGENTIAL 𝐸tan 1 = 𝐸tan 2 𝐻tan 1 − 𝐻tan 2 = 𝐽𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑠

NORMAL 𝐷𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚 1 − 𝐷𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚 2 = 𝜌 𝑠 𝐵𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚 1 = 𝐵𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚 2

Dr. D. Ghosh; Electromagnetic Engineering

• We need to find an unique solution to an electrostatic problem with specific