RAVI – III

PHYSICS D0685PHY

SOLUTION : PRACTICE PAPER – 2

SECTION – A
Q. 1. (i) (d) Both photoelectric and Compton effects
(ii) (c) for air-cored coils with coil axes perpendicular
(iii) (c) [L 91 I]
(iv) (c) radially inward
(v) (c) The maximum velocity
(vi) (a) nNA, m NA


g
(vii) (b)
L cos 
(viii) (c) 1:16
(ix) (d) 50 cm
1
(x) (d) mA
24

Q. 2. (i) A solar cell is an unbiased pn-junction that converts the energy of sunlight directly

into electricity with a high conversion efficiency.

Principle : A solar cell works on the photovoltaic effect in which an emf is

produced between the two layers of a pn-junction as a result of irradiation.

(ii) In photoelectric effect, the stopping potential depends upon the energy of the
incident photon and the work function for the metal irradiated (or upon
the frequency/wavelength of the incident radiation and the threshold
frequency/wavelength for the metal irradiated).

(iii) In a magnetizing field of intensity H, a material for which its magnetization

Mz . H, we write Mz : mH, where the proportionality constant m is called the
magnetic susceptibility. Since both magnetization and magnetic intensity have the
same dimensions and units, m is a dimensionless quantity.
OR
The relative permeability of a medium,

r : :1; m


where  and m are respectively the permeability and magnetic susceptibility of the
medium and  is the permeability of free space. Hence, both r and m are

dimensionless quantities.
SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 1
 RAVI – III
(iv) The time rate of change of angular velocity of a particle performing circular D0685PHY
motion is called the angular acceleration.

(v) Newton’s law of viscosity : In a steady flow of a fluid past a solid surface, a
velocity profile is set up such that the viscous drag per unit area on a layer is
directly proportional to the velocity gradient.

(vi) Consider a thin rectangular plate of mass M, length l and breadth b. The MI of the
plate about its transverse axis passing through its centre of mass is
1
I CM : M (l;b)
12

1
For a parallel axis through the midpoint of its breadth, h: l. Therefore, by the
2
theorem of parallel axis, the MI about this axis is

I:I CM ;Mh:
1
12
M (l;b);M
l 
2

:M

1
3
1
l; b
12 

Transverse axis passing through the centre of mass of

a thin rectangular plate and a parallel axis

(vii) In the usual notation,

mZe
f:
4hn

1
 f.
n
f 2 8 1
 : : :
f 4 64 8

f 8.158;10
 f : :
 8 8
:1.012;10 Hz is the required frequency.
2 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
 RAVI – III
(viii) Z:R;XL :(5 );(10(2 ):25 ;200 :225  D0685PHY

 The impedance, Z:15 

SECTION – B

Q. 3. Turbulent flow or turbulence is a non-steady fluid flow in which streamlines and

flowtubes change continuously. It has two main causes. First, any obstruction or sharp

Turbulent flow caused by an obstruction

edge, such as in a tap, creates turbulence by imparting velocities perpendicular to the

flow. Second, if the speed with which a fluid moves relative to a solid body is increased
beyond a certain critical velocity, the flow becomes unstable or one of extreme disorder.
In both cases, the fluid particles still move in general towards the main direction as
before. But now all sorts of secondary motions cause them to cross and recross the main
direction continuously. The orderly streamlines break up into eddies or vortices and the
result is turbulence. In a turbulent flow, regions of fluid move in irregular, colliding
paths, resulting in mixing and swirling.

Q. 4. A potentiometer can be used as a voltage divider to continuously change the output

voltage of a voltage supply. As shown in the figure, potential difference V is set up
between points A and B of a potentiometer wire. One end of a device is connected to
positive point A and the other end is connected to a slider that can move along wire AB.

Use of a potentiometer as a voltage divider

The voltage V divides in proportion of lengths l and l as shown in the figure.

 
By using the slider we can change the output voltage from 0 to V.
SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 3
 RAVI – III
Q. 5. Whenever a conductor or a part of it is moved in a magnetic field ‘‘cutting’’ magnetic D0685PHY
field lines, or placed in a changing magnetic field, the free electrons in the bulk of the
metal start circulating in closed paths equivalent to current-carrying loops. These loop
currents resemble eddies in a fluid stream and are hence called eddy or Foucault
currents.
Applications :
(1) Dead-beat galvanometer : A pivoted moving-coil galvanometer used for measur-
ing current has the coil wound on a light aluminium frame. The rotation of the metal
frame in magnetic field produces eddy currents in the frame which opposes the
rotation and the coil is brought to rest quickly. This makes the galvanometer
dead-beat.
(2) Electric brakes : When a conducting plate is pushed into a magnetic field, or
pulled out, very quickly, the interaction between the eddy currents in the moving
conductor and the field retards the motion. This property of eddy currents is used as
a method of braking in vehicles.

Q. 6. The decay constant or disintegration constant of a radioactive element is defined as the

ratio of the disintegration rate at an instant to the number of undecayed nuclei of the
element present at that instant.
Let N be the number of nuclei of a radioactive element present at time t:0 and N,

the number of undecayed nuclei at time t. From the radioactive law,
N:N e 9t

where  is the decay constant. At t: 91, t: 91 and the fraction of undecayed nuclei is
N 1
:e 91 :
N e

Since e < 2.718,
N 1
: :0.3679
N 2.718

Therefore, about 36.79% 37% of the original nuclei remains undecayed after a
time  91.

Q. 7. The incident sound wave is represented by y:A cos (ax;bt) where A, a and b are
positive constants. The equation of a progressive wave of amplitude A, wavelength 
and frequency n:
/2, travelling along the negative direction of the x-axis is
y:A cos (kx;
t),
where k:2/ is the propagation constant.
Comparing the two equations, k:a and
:b.
2 2
(i) Therefore, the wavelength of the incident wave, : : and its frequency,
k a

b
n: :
2 2
4 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
 RAVI – III
(ii) The equation of the reflected wave is D0685PHY

y:A cos (ax9bt).

Q. 8. A toroid is a toroidal solenoid. An ideal toroid consists of a long conducting wire wound
tightly around a torus, a doughnut-shaped ring, made of a nonconducting material.

Fig. A toroid carrying a steady current

In an ideal toroid carrying a steady current, the magnetic field in the interior of the
toroid is tangential to any circle concentric with the axis of the toroid and has the same
value on this circle (the dashed line in the figure). Also, the magnitude of the magnetic
induction external to the toroid is negligible.

Q. 9. (i)

Phasor diagram for a purely inductive circuit

(ii)

Phasor diagram for a purely capacitive circuit

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 5

 RAVI – III
Q. 10. The MI of a solid sphere about its diameter, D0685PHY

2
I: MR, where M is its mass.
5
The rotational KE of the sphere,
1
E: I
:
2
1
2

2
5
1
MR
 : MR

5
If  is the rise in temperature,
3
MS : E:
4
3 1
4 5
MR



3R

 :
20S

Q. 11. Data : n:2, Pi :1.013;10 Pa, Pf :3.191;10 Pa,

93
Vi :22.4 L:22.4;10 m,
93
Vf :44.8 L:44.8;10 m, :5/3
The work done by the gas on its surroundings,
PiVi – PfVf
W:
91
93 93
(1.013;10) (22.4;10 ) – (3.191;10) (44.8;10 )
:
5
91
3
226991430
:
2/3
(839) (3)
: :1258.5 J
2

Q. 12. Data : Cs : 6 F, Cp : 25 F

Let C and C be the capacitances of the two capacitors respectively.
 
In parallel combination,

Cp : C ; C : 25
 
In series combination,

1 1 1 C ;C
: ; :  
Cs C C C C
   
C C
 Cs :  
C ;C
 
C C
 6:  
25
6 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
 RAVI – III
 C C : 150
  D0685PHY

 C (25 – C ) : 150
 
 25C – C  : 150
 
 C  – 25C ; 150 : 0
 
 (C – 15) (C – 10) : 0
 
 C : 15 F or 10 F

 C : 25 – C : 10 F or 15 F
 
 The capacitances of the capacitors are 15 F and 10 F.

Q. 13. Data : T:273;15:288 K, b:2.897;10 93 m·K

m T:b
b 2.897;10 93
 m : :
T 288
:1.006;10 95 m:10.06 m
This is the required wavelength. It lies in the infrared region of the electromagnetic
spectrum.

0.5 
Q. 14. Data : n:1.6, A:(180°9179°)/2:0.5°: rad, x :10 cm
180 

The distance between the two virtual coherent sources,

d:2A (n91) x


:2

0.5 
180 
rad (1.691) (10 cm)

:


180

(6): cm
30
3.142
: ;10 92 m:1.047 mm
30

SECTION – C

Q. 15. Consider a small body (or particle) of mass m tied to a string and revolved in a vertical
circle of radius r at a place where the acceleration due to gravity is g. At every instant
;
of its motion, the body is acted upon by two forces, namely, its weight mg and the
;
tension T in the string.
SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 7
 RAVI – III
Let v be the speed of the body and T the tension in the string at the lowest point B. D0685PHY
 
We take the reference level for zero potential energy to be the bottom of the circle.
Then, the body has only kinetic energy  mv  at the lowest point.
 
mv
 T :  ; mg … (1)
 r

Vertical circular motion

and the total energy at the bottom:KE;PE

1
: mv ;0
2 
1
: mv  … (2)
2 

Let v be the speed and T the tension in the string at the highest point A. As the body
 
goes from B to A, it rises through a height h:2r.
mv
 T :  9mg … (3)
 r
and the total energy at A:KE;PE
1
: mv;mg (2r) … (4)
2 

Then, from Eqs. (1) and (3),

 
mv
T 9T :  ;mg9
r
mv
r
 9mg


m
: (v9v);2 mg … (5)
r  

Assuming that the total energy of the body is conserved, the total energy at the bottom
:total energy at the top
8 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
 RAVI – III
Then, from Eqs. (2) and (4), D0685PHY

1 1
mv: mv;mg (2r)
2  2 
 v9v:4 gr … (6)
 
Substituting this in Eq. (5),
m
T 9T : (4 gr);2 mg
  r
:4 mg;2 mg
:6 mg
Thus, the difference in the tensions in the string at the highest and the lowest points
depends only upon the weight of the body.
;
Q. 16. Consider a test charge q in the electric field E of a source charge ;Q. The electric
 ;
force acting on the test charge, q E , is a conservative force. When the test charge is

moved in the field at constant velocity by some external agent, the work done by the
field on the charge is equal to the negative of the work done by the external agent
causing the displacement. Suppose an external agent moves the test charge without
acceleration from a point B, at a distance r from ;Q, up to a point A, at a distance r.


A test charge moved from a point B to a point A in the field of a charge ;Q

Since the electric field surrounding a point charge is not uniform, the electrostatic
force on q increases as it approaches Q. Consequently, the external agent has to exert

on q a force of increasing magnitude and, for equal displacements, do increasing

amount of work. Because the force exerted varies along the path, we imagine the total
;
displacement to be made up of a large number of infinitesimal displacements dx . The
;
distance dx is so small that, at an average distance x from Q, the electrostatic force F
on q has a constant magnitude

1 Qq
F: 
4 x

; ;
over the distance dx. The force Fext by the external agent is equal and opposite to F at
; ;
every instant : Fext :9F .

Therefore, the infinitesimal work dW done by the external agent for the displacement
;
dx is
; ;
dW:Fext . dx :Fext dx:9Fdx
SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 9
 RAVI – III
1 Qq
 dW:9  dx D0685PHY

4 x

The total work done by the external agent in moving the test charge from A up to
B is the line integral between the limits x:r and x:r.

x:r r


1 Qq
W: dW : 9  dx
4 x
x:- r 


1 dx
:9 Qq
4  x
 r


 
1 1 r
:9 Qq 9
4  x r
 

:9
1
4

1


Qq 9 9 9
 r
1
r




1 1 1
: Qq 9
4  r r
 
:U
where U:UA 9UB is the change in the potential energy of the test charge in moving
it from point B to point A. Choosing the potential energy of q to be zero when it is

infinitely far away from Q, i.e., r :-, its potential energy at a distance r from Q is

1 Qq
U(r): 
4 r

Thus, the potential energy of a system of two point charges q and q , a distance r
 
apart is
1 q q
U(r):  
4 r

Q. 17. The root mean square (rms) value of an alternating current i is, by definition,
T


 
 i dt 
irms :  , where T is the periodic time, i.e., time for one cycle.
T
T T
If i:i sin
t,  i dt:  i  sin
t dt
 
 
T T
19cos 2
t
Now,  sin
t dt :  dt
2
 
T T
1 cos 2
t
:  dt9  dt
2 2
 
10 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII


T RAVI – III
T 1 sin 2
t
: 9 D0685PHY

2 2 2


T 1
: 9 (sin 2
T9sin 0)
2 4

T
: 9
1
2 4

sin 2
2
T 
 
T90

T 1 T
: 9 [ 090]:
2 4
2


T
T
  i dt:i 
  2

i 
 
 irms :  : 
2
i
(2
ipeak
: < 0.707 i
(2 

Q. 18. A device or a circuit which rectifies both halves of each cycle of an alternating voltage
is called a full-wave rectifier.

Electric circuit : The alternating voltage to be rectified is applied across the

primary coil (P P ) of a transformer with a centre-tapped secondary coil (S S ). The
   
terminals S and S of the secondary are connected to the two p-regions of two junction
 
diodes D and D , respectively. The centre-tap T is connected to the ground. The load
 
resistance RL is connected across the common n-regions and the ground (Fig. 1).

P P , S S : Primary and secondary coils of transformer,

   
T : Centre-tap on secondary; D , D : Junction diodes,
 
RL : Load resistance, IL : Load current,
Vi : AC input voltage, Vo : DC output voltage

Fig. 1 : Full-wave rectifier circuit

Working : During one half cycle of the input, terminal S of the secondary is

positive while S is negative with respect to the ground (the centre-tap T). During this

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 11
 RAVI – III
half cycle, diode D is forward biased and conducts, while diode D is reverse biased D0685PHY
 
and does not conduct. The direction of current IL through RL is in the sense shown.

Fig. 2 : Voltage waveforms for a full-wave rectifier (a) input (b) output

During the next half cycle of the input voltage, S becomes positive while S is
 
negative with respect to T. Diode D now conducts sending a current I L through RL in

the same sense as before. D now does not conduct. Thus, the current through RL flows

in the same direction, i.e., it is unidirectional, for both halves or the full-wave of the
input. This is called full-wave rectification.

The output voltage has a fixed polarity but varies periodically with time between
zero and a maximum value. Figure 2 shows the input and output voltage waveforms.
The pulsating dc output voltage of a full-wave rectifier has frequency twice that of the
input.

Q. 19. Consider n moles of a gas enclosed in a cylinder fitted with a movable, massless and
frictionless piston. We assume that the gas behaves as an ideal gas so that we can use
the equation of state PV:nRT.

P – V diagram for an isobaric process

Consider an isobaric expansion (or compression) of the gas in which the volume
of the gas changes from Vi to Vf and the temperature of the gas changes from Ti to Tf
when the pressure (P) of the gas is kept constant. The work done by the gas,
12 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
 Vf Vf RAVI – III

D0685PHY

W: PdV: P dV:P (Vf – Vi ) … (1)

Vi Vi

Now, PVi :nRTi and PVf :nRTf

 PVf – PVi :nRTf – nRTi

 P (Vf – Vi):nR (Tf – Ti)

 From Eq. (1), W:nR (Tf – Ti ) … (2)

The change in the internal energy of the gas,

U:nCV (Tf – Ti) … (3)

where CV is the molar specific heat of the gas at constant volume.

From Eqs. (2) and (3), we have, the heat supplied to the gas,

Q:U;W:nCV (Tf – Ti );nR (Tf – Ti )

:n (CV ;R)(Tf – Ti)

 Q:nCP (Tf – Ti) … (4)

where CP (:CV ;R) is the molar specific heat of the gas at constant pressure.

Q. 20. Kelvin’s method :

Circuit : The metre bridge circuit for Kelvin’s method of determination of the
resistance of a galvanometer is shown in the figure. The galvanometer whose
resistance G is to be determined, is connected in one gap of the metre bridge.
A resistance box providing a variable known resistance R is connected in the other gap.

Kelvin’s metre bridge circuit for the measurement of galvanometer resistance

The junction B of the galvanometer and the resistance box is connected directly to a
pencil jockey. A cell of emf E, key (K) and rheostat (Rh) in series are connected across
wire AC.
SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 13
 RAVI – III
Working : Keeping a suitable resistance R in the resistance box and maximum D0685PHY
resistance in the rheostat, key K is closed to pass the current. The rheostat resistance is
slowly reduced such that the galvanometer shows about 2/3rd of the full-scale
deflection.

On tapping the jockey at end-points A and C, the galvanometer deflection should

change to opposite sides of the initial deflection. Only then will there be a point D on
the wire which is equipotential with point B. The jockey is tapped along the wire to
locate the equipotential point D when the galvanometer shows no change in deflection.
Point D is now called the balance point and Kelvin’s method is thus an equal deflection
method. At this balanced condition,
G resistance of the wire of length lG
:
R resistance of the wire of length lR
where lG Y the length of the wire opposite to the galvanometer, lR Y the length of the
wire opposite to the resistance box.

If  Y the resistance per unit length of the wire,

G lG lG
: :
R  lR lR

lG
 G:R
lR
The quantities on the right hand side are known, so that G can be calculated.

Q. 21. Einstein’s photoelectric equation :

1
h:; mv max … (1)
2
where h Y Planck’s constant,  Y frequency of the electromagnetic radiation,
h Y energy of the photon incident on a metal surface, Y photoelectric work
function, i.e., the minimum energy of light quantum required to liberate an electron
1
from the metal surface, vmax and mvmax Y the maximum speed and maximum kinetic
2
energy respectively of the photoelectrons at the time of emission. : h , where  is
 
the threshold frequency for the metal.

Explanation of the characteristics of photoelectric effect :

(1) From the above equation we find that for photoejection, h  . That is,
hmin :h must be equal to  . Hence, photoelectric effect is observed only if

h  h , i.e., v . This shows the existence of a threshold frequency  for
  
which photoelectrons are just liberated from a metal surface (with zero kinetic
14 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
 RAVI – III
energy). Since different metals differ in electronic configuration, the work function D0685PHY
h and, therefore, frequency  are different and characteristic of different metals.
 
(2) In this particle model of light, ‘intensity of incident radiation’ stands for the
number of photons incident on a metal per unit surface area per unit time. As the
number of photons incident on a metal per unit surface area per unit time increases,
there is a greater likelihood of a photon being absorbed by any electron. Therefore,
the time rate of photoejection and hence photoelectric current increases linearly
with the intensity of the incident radiation ( ).

1
(3) From Eq. (1), mv :h9 :h(9 )
2 max 

This shows that the maximum kinetic energy increases linearly with the frequency 
of the incident photon ( ) and does not depend on the time rate at which

photons are incident on a metal surface.

(4) As the incident energy is concentrated in the form of a photon, and not spread over
a wavefront, it is expected that an electron is emitted from the metal surface as
soon as a photon ( ) is absorbed. This is in agreement with the experimental

observation.
[Note : Explain any two characteristics.]



Q. 22. Data : x1 :5 sin 4t; :A sin (
t;),
3 



x2 :3 sin 4t; :A sin (
t;)
4 

 
 A :5 cm, A :3 cm, : rad, : rad
  3 4
(i) Resultant amplitude,

R:(A;A;2A A cos (9)

   


 
(
: (5);(3);2(5)(3) cos 9
3 4


(
: 25;9;30 cos
12
:(34;30(0.9659)

:(34;28.98:(62.98:7.936 cm
SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 15
 RAVI – III
(ii) Epoch of the resultant SHM, D0685PHY

91 A sin ;A sin 

:tan  
A cos ;A cos 
 
91 5 sin(/3);3 sin(/4)
:tan
5 cos(/3);3 cos(/4)

91 5 (0.866);3 (0.7071)
:tan
5 (0.5);3(0.7071)

91 4.33;2.1213 91
:tan :tan 1.396:54°23
2.5;2.1213

Q. 23. Data : A:0.25 cm:25;10 96 m, H:4000 A·m 91,  :25;10 96 Wb

Magnetic induction is
 25;10 96
B: : :1 Wb/m
A 25;10 96
(a) B: r H

 The relative permeability of the material,
B 1
r : :
 H 4;3.142;10 97 ;4000

10000
: :198.91:199
50.272

(b) r :1;m
 The magnetic susceptibility of the material,
m :r 91:19991:198
Mz
(c) m :
H
The magnetization of the rod,
Mz :mH:198;4000:7.92;10 A/m

Q. 24. Data : r : 1 mm : 1 ; 109 m, T : 0.4855 J/m

Let R be the radius of the single drop formed due to the coalescence of 64 droplets of
mercury.
Volume of 64 droplets : volume of the single drop as the volume of the liquid remains
constant.
16 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
 RAVI – III
4 4
 64 ; r : R D0685PHY

3 3
 64r : R
 4r : R
Surface area of 64 droplets : 64 ; 4r
Surface area of single drop : 4R
 Decrease in surface area : 64 ; 4r – 4R
: 4 (64r – R)
: 4 [64r – (4r)]
: 4 [64r – 16r]
: 4 ; 48r
 The energy released
:surface tension;decrease in surface area
: T ; 4 ; 48r
: 0.4855 ; 4 ; 3.142 ; 48 ; (1 ; 109)
: 2.929 ; 109 J:0.2929 mJ

Q. 25. Data : d:100, D:50 cm

(a) The condition for maximum intensity in Young’s experiment is,

d sin n :n (n:0, 1, 2 ...,)
For the maximum adjacent to the central maximum, n:1
 The corresponding angle  is given by

d sin  :




91  91 
  :sin :sin
 d 100


91 1
:sin :0.9:0.01571 rad
100
(b) The distance between these maxima on the screen is

D sin :D

d

:50

100 
:0.50 cm
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 RAVI – III
Q. 26. Data : ni :3, nf :1, E : 913.6 eV, E :1.51 eV,
  D0685PHY

934 919
h:6.63;10 J· s, e:1.602;10 C,
c:3;10 m/s

The energy of the incident quantum of radiation,

h:E 9E
 
 The frequency of the incident radiation,
E 9E 91.519(913.6)
:  :
h 6.63;10 934
12.09 eV
:
6.63;10 934 J· s
12.09;1.6;10 919 J
:
6.63;10 934 J· s
:2.917;10 Hz
 The wavelength of the incident radiation,
c 3;10
: : :1.029;10 97 m:1029 At
 2.917;10

SECTION – D

Q. 27. (a) Consider a very short segment of length dl of a wire carrying a current I. The
; ;
product I dl is called a current element; the direction of dl is along the wire in
the direction of the current.

Biot-Savart law (Laplace law) : The magnitude of the incremental magnetic

; ;
induction dB produced by a current element I dl at a distance r from it is directly
proportional to the magnitude I dl of the current element, the sine of the angle
;
between the current element I dl and the unit vector rı directed from the current
element toward the point in question, and inversely proportional to the square of
the distance of the point from the current element; the magnetic induction is
;
directed perpendicular to both I dl and rı as per the cross product rule.
I dl sin 
dB.
r
 I dl sin 
 dB:  … (1)
4 r
;
; 
In vector form, dB : 
4
 I dl ;rı
r
… (2)

18 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 ; RAVI – III
r
where rı : and the constant  is the permeability of free space. Equations (1) D0685PHY
r 
and (2) are called the Biot-Savart law.
;
The incremental magnetic induction dB is given by the right-handed screw rule
; ;
of vector cross- product I dl ;rı . In the figure, the current element I dl and rı are in
;
the plane of the page, so that dB points out of the page at point P shown by *; . at
;
the point Q, dB  points into the page shown by * ;.

Magnetic induction due to a current element

;
The magnetic induction B at the point due to the entire wire is, by the
;
principle of superposition, the vector sum of the contributions dB from all the
current elements making up the wire.
From Eq. (2),
;
; ; 
B : dB : 
4 Idl ;rı
r

(b) Data : L:0.5 m, N:1000, I:5 A,  :4;10 9  T.m/A


The magnetic induction,

B: nI:

N
 L
I


:(4;10 9 )

1000
0.5
(5):
20;3.142;10 9 
0.5
:1.2568;10 9 :12.568 mT

Q. 28. A process during which there is no transfer of heat (energy) from the system to the
surroundings or from the surroundings to the system is called an adiabatic process.

It can be shown that if an ideal gas is subjected to an adiabatic process, then,

CP
PV :constant, where is . is called the adiabatic ratio. CP is the molar specific
CV
heat of the gas at constant pressure and CV is the molar specific heat at constant volume.
SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 19
 RAVI – III
Let Pi :initial pressure, Pf final pressure, Vi :initial volume and Vf :final volume D0685PHY
of the gas taken through an adiabatic process.

Fig. : P – V diagram for an adiabatic process

The work done by the gas,

Vf Vf

C
W: PdV: dV
V
Vi Vi

Vf
9 ;1


9 V Vf
:C V dV:C
9 ;1 Vi
Vi


C 9 ;1 9 ;1
: Vf – Vi
(19 )

Now, C:Pi Vi :Pf Vf

1 9 ;1 9 ;1
 W: (Pf Vf Vf – Pi Vi Vi )
(1 – )

PfVf – PiVi PiVi – PfVf

: :
19 –1

Now, PiVi :nRTi and PfVf : nRTf, where n is the number of moles of the gas, Ti is

the initial temperature of the gas, Tf is the final temperature of the gas and R is the

universal gas constant.

nRTi – nRTf nR (Ti – Tf )

 W: :
91 91

nR (Ti – Tf ) nR (Ti – Tf )
: : :nCV (Ti – Tf )
CP (CP – CV)/CV
91
CV

as CP – CV :R.
20 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
 RAVI – III
Q. 29. (a) Consider a string stretched between two rigid supports a distance L apart. Let T be D0685PHY
the tension in the string, r its radius of cross section and  the mass density of its
material. Then, the mass of the string M:(rL), so that its linear density, i.e.,
mass per unit length, m:M/L:r.
According to the law of mass of a vibrating string, the fundamental frequency
(n) is inversely proportional to the square root of its linear density, when T and L
are constant.
1
n.
(m
1
 n.
(r
1
 n. when L, T and  are constant, and
r
1
n. when L, T and r are constant.
(

Pi P 5
(b) Data : Pf :  i :2, Ti :300 K, :
2 Pf 3


1/ 91
Tf P
In this case, : i :21/ 91
Ti Pf
:23/591 :20.691 :2 90.4
Tf
 log :90.4 log 2:90.4;0.3010
Ti
:90.1204:1.8796
Tf
 :antilog 1.8796:0.7578
Ti
 Tf :(0.7578) (300):227.3 K
This is the final temperature of the gas.

Q. 30. Data : n:1.5;10 m\, A:25;10\ m, NC :150, I:3 A, t:0.5 s,

 :4;10\ H/m

(a) Magnetic flux density inside the solenoid,
B: nI:(4;10\)(1500)(3)

:5.656;10\ T:5.656 mT
(b) Flux per unit turn through the coils of the solenoid, m :BA
Since the coil C is wound tightly over the solenoid, the flux linkage of C is
NCm :NCBA:(150)(5.656;10\)(25;10\)
:2.121;10\ Wb:2.121 mWb
SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 21
 RAVI – III
(c) Initial flux through coil C, D0685PHY

i :NC m :2.121;10\ Wb
Reversing the current in the solenoid reverses the flux through coil C, the
magnitude remaining the same. But since the flux enters through the other face of
the coil, the final flux through C is f : 92.121;10\ Wb
Therefore, the average emf induced in coil C,
f 9 i (92.12192.121);10\
e: 9 :9
t 0.5
:2;4.242;10\:8.484;10\ V:8.484 mV

Q. 31. (a) Lloyd’s mirror : A plane polished mirror is kept at some distance from the source
of monochromatic light and light is made incident on the mirror at a grazing angle.

Lloyd’s mirror (Schematic diagram)

Some light falls directly on the screen as shown by the black lines in the
figure, while some light falls on the screen after reflection from the mirror as shown
by red lines. The reflected light appears to come from a virtual source and thus two
sources can be obtained. These two sources are coherent as they are derived from a
single source. Superposition of the waves coming from these coherent sources,
under appropriate conditions, gives rise to interference pattern consisting of
alternate bright and dark bands on the screen as shown in the figure.
(b) Data : L:42.10 cm:0.4210 m, v:344 m/s, d:3 cm:3;10\ m, pipe
closed at one end
v
Fundamental frequency, n:
4(L;0.3d)
The frequency of the fifth overtone:11n
11v 11;344
: :
4(L;0.3d) 4 (0.4210;0.3;3;10\)
11;86 11;86
: :
(0.4210;0.009) 0.43
:2200 Hz

22 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII