What are the steps of research proposal with example?

Your proposal should include the following:

 Title, or Topic
 Abstract
 Aim and Objective
 Background and Rationale
 Research Objectives/ Research Questions
 Methodology (Research Methodology)
 Timeline Framework (Plan of work and time schedule)
 References (bibliography)

Here below, it explained one by one of each part of a Research Proposal

1. Title

 Your title should give a clear indication of your proposed research approach or
key question

Topic Selection

If you have any innovative ideas then it would be best but if you are confused to
choose a topic then follows as First search or research on the internet, google, google
scholar and other sources of latest research papers provider, I will recommend you to
search in SCOPUS and read the latest research papers within 2 to 5 years related to
your research areas. And generate your topic modification by getting an idea from that
research.

The following is the list of topics:

 Hollywood stars and their eating disorders.

 Americans' access to public health information.
 Media and its effect on dietary myths.
 The impact of social media on mental health.
 Public education and disease prevention.
2. Background and Rationale

You should include:

 the background and issues of your proposed research

 identify your discipline
 a short literature review
 a summary of key debates and developments in the field

3. Research Objectives/Formulating a research question

You should formulate these clearly, giving an explanation as to what problems and
issues are to be explored and why they are worth exploring

After collating enough data, the researcher will now need to look for possible
loopholes in the topic. Anna will need to analyze the research carefully, interpret the
data, and consider how it connects to her formulated research questions. From here
on, Anna will finally develop her own view and provide evidences as support to that
claim.
Example research questions:
Topic: Low-carbohydrate diets
Main question: Are low-carbohydrate diets as effective as they have been portrayed
to be by media sources and how can consumers be sure about the effectiveness of
these kinds of diets?
Sub-questions:
Who can benefit from following a low-carbohydrate diet?
What are the supposed advantages of following a low-carbohydrate diet?
When did low-carb diets become a "hot" topic in the media?
Where do average consumers get information about diet and nutrition?
Why has the low-carb approach received so much media attention?
How do low-carb diets work?

4. Research Methodology
You should provide an outline of:

 the theoretical resources to be drawn on

 the research approach (theoretical framework)
 the research methods appropriate for the proposed research
 a discussion of advantages as well as limits of particular approaches and
methods

5. Timeline Framework

You should include an outline of the various stages and corresponding timelines for
developing and implementing the research, including writing up your thesis.

6. References or Bibliography

You should include:

 a list of references to key articles and texts discussed within your research
proposal
 a selection of sources appropriate to the proposed research

Question: Define variable and its types with examples?

MEANING OF VARIABLES
• A variable is a concept or abstract idea that can be described in measurable terms. In
research, this term refers to the measurable characteristics, qualities, traits, or
attributes of a particular individual, object, or situation being studied. • Anything that
can vary can be considered a variable. For instance, age can be considered a variable
because age can take different values for different people or for the same person at
different times. Similarly, Income can be considered a variable because a person's
Income can be assigned a value.
Variables
are properties or characteristics of some event, object, or person that
can take on different values or amounts.
• A variable is not only something that we measure, but also something that we can
manipulate and something we can control for.
TYPES OF VARIABLES
Independent variables
are variables which are manipulated or controlled or
changed. It is what the researcher studies to see its relationship or effects.
  Presumed or possible cause
Dependent variables
are the outcome variables and are the variables for which we
calculate statistics. The variable which changes on account of independent variable is
known as dependent variable. i.e.It is influenced or affected by the independent
variable 
 Presumed results(Effect)
Example:
If we want to explore whether high concentrations of vehicle exhaust impact
incidence of asthma in children, vehicle exhaust is the independent variable while
asthma is the dependent variable.
The Relationship between Independent and Dependent Variables
Example
• Imagine that a tutor asks 100 students to complete a maths test. The tutor
wants to know why some students perform better than others. Whilst the tutor does
not know the answer to this, she thinks that it might be because of two reasons:
(1) some students spend more time revising for their test; and
(2) some students are naturally more intelligent than others. As such, the tutor decides
to investigate the effect of revision time and intelligence on the test performance of
the 100 students. What are the dependent and independent variables for the study ?
 Solution
Dependent Variable: Test Mark (measured from 0 to 100)
Independent Variables: Revision time (measured in hours) Intelligence (measured
using IQ score)
 Moderating Variables :
A moderating variable is one that has a strong contingent
effect on the independent variable-dependent variable relationship. That is, the
presence of a third variable (the moderating variable) modifies the original
relationship between the independent and the dependent variable
.For example,
a strong relationship has been observed between the quality of library
facilities (X) and the performance of the students (Y). Although this relationship is
supposed to be true generally, it is nevertheless contingent on the interest and
inclination of the students. It means that only those students who have the interest and
inclination to use the library will show improved performance in their studies.In this
relationship interest and inclination is moderating variable i.e. which moderates the
strength of the association between X and Y variables.

Mediating variable
mediating variable is a variable that links the independent
and dependent variables, allowing the relationship between them to be better
explained

For example, suppose buying pizza for a work party leads to positive morale and to
the work being done in half the time.

Pizza is the independent variable, Work speed is the dependent variable, The
mediator, the middle man without which there would be no connection, is positive
morale.

In communication research, a mediating variable is a variable that links the

independent and the dependent variables, and whose existence explains the
relationship between the other two variables. A mediating variable is also known as a
mediator variable or an intervening variable