UGNA 3043 REINFORCED

CONCRETE DESIGN

Ir Ts Dr. LEONG KAH HON

Email: khleong@utar.edu.my
Room No. E215, Ext 2256
 TOPIC 3

Introduction of rectangular RC
beams design
 INTRODUCTION

• A reinforced concrete structure is a combination of beams, columns, slabs

and walls, rigidly connected together to form a monolithic frame.

• Each individual member must be capable of resisting the forces acting on it,
so that the determination of these forces is an essential part of the design
process.

• The analysis must begin with an evaluation of all the loads carried by the
structure, including its own weight.

• Many of the loads are variable in magnitude and position, and all possible
critical arrangements of loads must be considered.
 INTRODUCTION

• The forces in each member can then be determined by one of the

following methods:

✓ applying moment and shear coefficients

✓ manual calculations

✓ computer methods

• The design of a reinforced concrete member is generally based on the

ultimate limit state, the analysis is usually performed for loadings
corresponding to that state.

• Pre-stressed concrete members, are normally designed for serviceability

loadings.

• Pre-stressed concrete is a concrete construction material which is placed

under compression prior to it supporting any applied load.
 ACTIONS (LOAD)

The actions (loads) on a structure are divided into two types:

permanent actions and variable (or imposed) actions.

1. Permanent actions: those which are normally constant during the

structure’s life.

2. Variable actions: those which are transient and not constant in

magnitude. for example: those due to wind or to human occupants.
 PERMANENT ACTION

• Permanent actions include the weight of the structure itself and all
architectural components such as exterior cladding, partitions and ceilings.

• Equipment and static machinery, when permanent fixtures, are also often
considered as part of the permanent action.

• Once the sizes of all the structural members, and the details of the
architectural requirements and permanent fixtures have been established,
the permanent actions can be calculated quite accurately.

but,

• first of all, preliminary design calculations are generally required to estimate

the probable sizes and self-weights of the structural concrete elements.
 PERMANENT ACTION

• For most reinforced concretes, a typical value for the self-weight is 25kN
per cubic metre, but a higher density should be taken for heavily reinforced
or dense concretes.

• A minimum partition loading equivalent to 1.0kN per square metre is often

specified as a variable action.

• Examples of variable actions on buildings are:

• the weights of its occupants, furniture, or machinery; the pressures of wind,

the weight of snow, and of retained earth or water; and the forces caused
by thermal expansion or shrinkage of the concrete.
 VARIABLE ACTION

• A large building is unlikely to be carrying its full variable action

simultaneously on all its floors.

• For this reason EN1991-1-1: 2002 (Actions on Structures) clause 6.3.1.2(11)

allows a reduction in the total variable floor actions when the columns,
walls or foundations are designed for a building more than two storeys high.

• clause 6.3.1.2(10), the variable action may be reduced when designing a

beam span which supports a large floor area.
 LOAD COMBINATIONS AND PATTERNS

Load combinations and patterns for the ultimate limit state:

• Various combinations of the characteristic values of permanent Gk,

variable actions Qk, wind actions Wk, and

• their partial factors of safety must be considered for the loading of the
structure.

• For the ultimate limit state the following loading combinations are
commonly used.

1. Permanent and variable actions

1.35Gk +1.5Qk

2. Permanent and wind actions

1.35Gk +1.5Wk
 LOAD COMBINATIONS AND PATTERNS

• The variable load can usually cover all or any part of the structure and,
therefore, should be arranged to cause the most severe stresses.

• For a three-span continuous beam, load combination 1 would have the

loading arrangement shown in figure, in order to cause the maximum
sagging moment in the outer spans and the maximum possible hogging
moment in the centre span.
 LOAD COMBINATIONS AND PATTERNS

A study of the deflected shape of the beam would confirm this to be the case.

Load combination 2, permanent + variable + wind load is used to check the

stability of a structure.
 LOAD COMBINATIONS AND PATTERNS

The patterns of vertical loading on a multi-span continuous beam to cause,

i) maximum design sagging moments in alternate spans and maximum

possible hogging moments in adjacent spans,

ii) maximum design hogging moments at support A

iii) the design hogging moment at support A as specified by the EC2 code for
simplicity.
LOAD COMBINATIONS AND PATTERNS
 LOAD COMBINATIONS AND PATTERNS

• Thus there is a similar loading pattern for the design hogging moment at
each internal support of a continuous beam.

• It should be noted that the UK National Annex permits a simpler

alternative to load case (iii) where a single load case may be considered of
all spans loaded with the maximum loading of (1.35Gk + 1.50Qk)
 LOAD COMBINATIONS AND PATTERNS

Hogging moment is describes as a beam which curves upwards in

the middle of the beam

Sagging moment is describes as a beam which curves downwards in

the middle of the beam
 ANALYSIS OF BEAM

• To design a structure it is necessary to know the bending moments,

torsional moments, shearing forces and axial forces in each member.

• An elastic analysis is generally used to determine the distribution of these

forces within the structure; but because reinforced concrete is a plastic
material, a limited redistribution of the elastic moments is sometimes
allowed.

• A plastic yield-line theory may be used to calculate the moments in concrete

slabs.

• The properties of the materials, such as the elastic modulus, which are used
in the structural analysis should be those associated with their characteristic
strengths.
 ANALYSIS OF BEAM

𝐸𝐼
The stiffnesses of the members can be calculated on the basis of
𝐿
any one of the following:

1. the entire concrete cross-section (ignoring the reinforcement);

2. the concrete cross-section plus the transformed area of reinforcement
(steel is transformed into an equivalent concrete area) based on the
modular ratio;

𝐸𝑠
𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 = 𝜶𝒆 =
𝐸𝑐𝑚

3. the compression area only of the concrete cross-section, plus the

transformed area of reinforcement based on the modular ratio.
 ANALYSIS OF BEAM

For these structures it is conventional to draw the bending-moment diagram on

the tension side of the members.
Sign Conventions
1. For the moment-distribution analysis anti-clockwise support moments are
positive

2. For subsequently calculating the moments along the span of a member,

moments causing sagging are positive, while moments causing hogging are
negative.
ANALYSIS OF BEAM
 ANALYSIS OF BEAM

For One-span, simply supported beams or slabs are statically determinate.

and the analysis for bending moments and shearing forces, the ultimate limit
state we need only consider the maximum load of

1.35Gk+1.5Qk
 EXAMPLE 1

Non continuous beam

Permanent load at mid span = 10 kN

Gk = 10 kN/m including self weight, Qk = 15 kN/m

6.0 m
support support
 EXAMPLE 2

Non continuous beam

Gk = 8 kN/m, Qk = 11 kN/m

5.5 m
support support

• Beam size = (300 × 550)

 EXAMPLE 3

Non continuous beam

Permanent load at mid span = 15 kN

4.5 m
support support

• Beam size = (225 × 600)

• Load from the slab = 10 kN/m
• Finishing = 1.0 kN/m
• For a dance hall
 EXAMPLE 4

Non continuous beam

Permanent load = 20 kN

2.5 m 2.5 m

support support

• Beam size = (250 × 550)

• Uniform load = Permanent load = 18 kN/m , Variable load = 12 kN/m
 EXAMPLE 5

Non continuous beam

4.5 m
support support

• Beam size = (250 × 600)

• Load from the slab = 13 kN/m
• Finishing = 1.0 kN/m
• Brick wall = 2.6 kN/m
• Head room = 2.8 m
• For a sport hall
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
Any Questions?

THANK YOU
END