UGNA3023 Applied Hydraulics Tutorial 2 Jan 2022

1. Bernoulli equation
a) Write (one form of ) Bernoulli’s equation and state what conditions must be satisfied for the
equation to hold.

b) Apply the Bernoulli equation to obtain the velocity of the jet issuing from an orifice on the wall
of a reservoir h below the water when h=10m.

L
V+V
2. One dimensional equation of motion
Steady flow of fluid of constant density  inside a A+A
A
pipe of gradually varying cross section is shown in

the figure. V g
a) Write the equation of conservation of mass and find s
how the velocity changes in the axial direction.

b) Write the equation of conservation of momentum for this portion of fluid in the axial direction of
the pipe assuming that the cross section does not change (A=0) so that the direction normal to
the pipe wall is perpendicular to the pipe axis. The axis of the cylinder is inclined from
horizontal by angle .
The forces are the shear stress on the pipe wall and pressure at two cross sections at the ends of
the cylinder.
 UGNA3023 Applied Hydraulics Tutorial 2a Jan 2022
Topic 2 Principle of fluid flow, review questions
No.
1. What is the pressure of water at rest in a reservoir at 5m above the bottom and 10 meters
from the water surface?
2. What is the pressure of water at rest in a closed tank 10 m from the top surface?
3. What is a steady flow? The fluid position does not change or the velocity at fixed position
does not change with time?
4. Why is the mass times acceleration (in Newton’s law) same as the change of
momentum with time?
5. Is the acceleration of fluid in steady motion zero?
6. If (u,v) is the velocity at (x,y) in steady flow, what is the acceleration at the same
point?
7. What is Eulerian point? What is Lagrangian points and Lagrangian coordinates?
8. What is bulk property and bulk quantity? As opposed to quantities at a point?
9. What is a surface force? What is a body force?
10. Why does conservation of mass of incompressible fluid same as conservation of volume?
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
11. If u(x,y) and v(x,v) are the velocity components in (x,y) directions what does 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝜕𝑦

physically mean?

12. What is an irrotational flow? What is vorticity?

13. What is an inviscid flow?
14. Are Euler;s equations for inviscid flows or irrotational flows?
15. Does Bernoulli equation (sometimes called energy equation) mean the same as the
conservation of momentum or conservation of energy?
16, Is Bernoulli equation description of flow variable at one point? If not, what?