Remedios Trinidad Romualdez Medical Foundation

Tacloban City
Name: CRISTINE D. CAUNTIC Section: BMLS - 3D Date: 11/02/2021
CLINICAL BACTERIOLOGY
ASSIGNMENT # 5: BACTERIAL GENETICS

1. Discuss the Central Dogma of Life in simplified form that could be understood by
individuals without background on genetics or students from non-paramedical courses.
Our bodies contain a diverse range of cell types that serve various functions such as
allowing us to eat, breathe, move, and reproduce. While all cells have the identical DNA as a
blueprint, their protein variety differs significantly. The central dogma is the process of
generating protein from DNA. It is not, however, a linear step, but rather two: transcription and
translation, with an intermediate molecule, RNA. One of the most spectacular and fascinating
acts of problem solving in nature is how the central dogma is carried out on a molecular level.
Each strand of DNA contains a unique four-nucleotide sequence: A (adenine), T (thymine), C
(cytosine), and G (guanine) (guanine). Two bases are always "complementary" when they pair
up with one another: A pairs with T, and C pairs with G. A strand can be duplicated into a
second strand using this pairing. It also enables DNA to be transcribed into RNA, with each
strand of RNA representing a copy of a specific gene.

2. Describe how Recombinant DNA is formed, give specific example.

Recombinant DNA, or rDNA for short, is a DNA strand created artificially by combining
two or more gene sequences. The majority of the time, rDNA is generated in a laboratory
setting utilizing a molecular cloning process. A cloning vector is a DNA molecule that is used to
construct rDNA and replicates inside a living cell. The cloning vector is a small portion of a DNA
strand that contains the genetic information required for cell replication. Another method for
replicating a specific DNA sequence and creating rDNA, which is used to replicate DNA in a
laboratory test tube, is polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Insulin, for example, is routinely
manufactured in bacteria using recombinant DNA. A plasmid containing a human insulin gene is
then introduced to a bacterial cell. The bacteria's cellular machinery will subsequently generate
the protein insulin, which could perhaps be collected and administered to patients.

3. Discuss the importance of Recombinant DNA technology using bacteria as host cell in
the field of Medicine.
Health and nutrition are two areas where recombinant DNA technology can be used. It's
utilized to make pharmaceutical products like human insulin in medicine. Insulin is a protein-
based hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. Because a decreased level of insulin can lead
to diabetes, this hormone plays a vital role in managing glucose levels in the body. By
employing bacteria as a host cell, scientists were able to generate human insulin using
recombinant DNA technology. There are several different types of recombinant insulin
preparations on a widespread use. Inserting the human insulin gene into Escherichia coli, which
then generates insulin for human usage, yields recombinant insulin. This is said to be a safer
alternative to conventionally prepared medications.

4. Explain the significance of Mutation in the field of Medicine, give specific example.
A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA or RNA that results in a structural change.
Mutations in DNA occur in humans and many other organisms. Most mutations are either
neutral and have no effect or detrimental and cause harm, however on rare occasions, a
mutation can help an organism survive and pass on a beneficial alteration to its descendants.
Evolution requires mutations as a raw material. Mutations can be caused by a variety of
sources, including radiation and mutagenic chemicals in the environment. Clinical
bioinformatics, for example, was repeatedly emphasized as a major element in integrating
clinical phenotypes and informatics with bioinformatics, computational science, mathematics,
and systems biology. In the practice of precision medicine, more accurate and repeatable
approaches for the identification and validation of gene discovery are crucial and necessary.
New therapeutic techniques, drug discovery and development, and gene-targeted treatment
are all vital aspects of precision medicine.