DE 7X EDUCATION Mathematics Quarter 1 - Module 10: Proving the Rational Root TheoremWhat I Need to Know ‘This module was designed and written with you in your mind. It is here to help you understand better on how to prove the remainder and factor theorems. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The lessons are done to follow the standard sequence of the course. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: You should be able to: 1. Prove the rational root theorem. 2. Find the rational roots of the polynomial equation using the rational root theorem. What I Know DIRECTION: Let us determine how much you already know about the rational root theorem. Read and understand each item, then choose the letter of your answer and write it on your answer sheet. 1. Of which factors do the numerators of possible solutions from the rational roots theorem come from? a. leading coefficient ©. constant term b. second coefficient d. middle term c. 2. What is the leading coefficient of the polynomial, 5x? + 4x® + 4x5 + x3 +x? A3 B. 5 c.8 D.9 3. Which of the following is NOT a root of x(x + 3)(x + 3)(x— 1)(2x +1) = 0? 10 UL. -3 UL -1 Wv.5 A. Lonly B. only C.landlonly _ D. Ill and IV only 4. Which of the following cubic polynomial equations has roots -2, 2, and 4? AL x3 + 4x? — 4x +16 = C. x3 -x?-x+16=0 B. x3 -4x?-x+16=0 D. x3 — 4x? 4x +16 =05. Which of the following is a possible root of a polynomial equation with a leading coefficient of -3 and a constant term of -1? A-1 B.1 C.-1/2 D.1/3 6. What are the possible rational roots of 2x3 - 6x? + 5x - 8 = 0? A. £1, 42, + 5 a 7. Which of the following is the possible solution to this polynomial: x? 10x? +9=0 A. -2 B.2 c.-3 D.3 For items 8-10, consider the polynomial 6x3 -17x? - 4x + 3= 0 8. What is the leading coefficient? A3 B.-4 C6 D.-17 9. What is the constant term?? A.3 B.-4 C6 D.-17 10. Which of these are the factors of the constant term? A. +1, +2 B. +1, +3 C. £2, 43 D. +1, £2, +3 List all possible rational roots of each polynomial equation. 11. x7 - 2x5 + 7x - 14=0 12. 2x8 — 9x2 + 12x — 4 13. x9 + 2x? + 2x-51=0 14. x3 - 5x? + 3x-9=0 15. 3x5— 7x3 - x? +7pte The Rational Root sf Theorem What’s In In the previous lesson, you have learned how to determine the number of real roots of each polynomial equation. Roots of multiplicity n are counted ntimes. Read and understand the discussion below, then investigate. 1. Determine the number of real roots in the equation x? + 6x? + 12x+8=0 Answer: x? + 6x? +12x+8= (x +2)(x + 2)(x + 2) or (x +:2)3 (x + 2) is a factor three times. The root -2 has a multiplicity of 3. 2. Identify the roots of each equation. State the multiplicity of each root. x* + 8x3 + 18x? — 27=0 Answer: x4 + 8x3 + 18x? — 27 = (x — 1)(e + 3)@ +3)@ +3) or (x—1)(x+3)3 (x — 1) is a factor once and (x + 3) is a factor three times ‘The root 1 has a multiplicity of 1 The root -3 has a multiplicity of 3 Activity 1: Finding the Number of Roots of Polynomial Equation Some polynomial equations are given below. Complete the table. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper. (The first one is done for you) Real Roots of | Number of Real an Equation Roots +" —5)=0 3 “Timultplcity of Polynomial Equation _| Degree 3 G@ +2)@ = 2)=0 (e+ 1°@ = 2) x — 3)@4+5)@—- D= 0 5. +4 — 3) =0 ASIN)ay, a) What’s New RATIONAL ROOT THEOREM If the polynomial P(x) has integer coefficients, then every rational root of the polynomial equation P(x) = 0 can be written in the form be where p is the factor of the constant term of P(x) and q is the factor of the leading coefficient of P(x) Let ax” + dy—yX"! + dy_ax” 2+... + a2x? + a,x + a = 0, where a, # 0 and a; an integer for all i, 0 < i < n, be a polynomial equation of degree n. we, in lowest terms, is a rational root of the equation, then p is a factor of a, and q is a factor of ay, Qs) What Is It Finding the Rational Roots of a Polynomial Equation Using the Rational Root Theorem. Step Step Write the polynomial equation in standard form. : Write down all the factors of the constant term ap and the factors of factors of the constant term (ao) the leading coefficient a, then list pe en nn ena These are all the possible values of x. Step 3: Use synthetic division to determine the values of x for which P(x)=0 Example 1. Determine the rational zeros of 3x3 — 4x? — 17x +6 = Solution: Step 1: Write the polynomial equation in standard form. 3x3 — 4x? — 17x+6=0 Step 2: Write down all the factors of the constant term ay and the factors of the leading coefficient a, then list Eo These are all the possible values of x. Factors of constant term, ay = 4(1,2,3,6) Factors of leading coefficient, a, = 3: +(1,3) Bx + facorsofe $143,424 a> * factorsof2 3After you write down all combinations, simplify the fractions in order to get rid of repetition. So these are the numbers without repetition that will check as possible roots. We have twelve (12) possible candidates to check. 12 2 i 3 2 3 + 41,42, 43, 46 —{2,— 1,-1,2,-2,3,-3,6,-6} Step 3: Use synthetic division to determine the values of x for which P(x)=0 For 1|s 4-17 6 3-1 -18 3-1 -18 -12 For For -1: 3-4 -17 6 3-4 -17 6 7_10 3-7 -10 16 -4 -17 6 18 84 402 14 67 40% For -3: For -6: 3-4 -17 6 -4 -17 6 -6|3 -4 -17 6 6 20 6 -9 39-66 -18 132 -690 Therefore, the rational roots of the polynomial 3x3 — 4x? — 17x +6 = O are {2,2 and 3} since P(x) = 0 ‘The Rational Root Theorem only gives the rational roots of the polynomial. It does not give all the actual roots. Some roots may be irrational, or imaginary.Example 2. Determine the rational zeros of x? — x? — 10x — Solution: Step 1: Write the polynomial equation in standard form. xi- x2 - 10x - 8=0 Step 2: Write down all the factors of the constant term ay and the factors of the leading coefficient a, then list + These are all the possible values of x. Factors of constant term, ay) =—8: +(1,2,4,8) Factors of leading coefficient, a, = 1: +1 P_ 4 factorsof =6 =. (248) _ on pe = Tae = Hl, £2, +4, 48 After you write down all combinations, simplify the fractions in order to get rid of duplicates. Step 3: Use synthetic division to determine the values of x for which P(x}=0 For 1 For -1: 1-1 -10 -8 1]1-1 -10 -8 1 0 -10 4 12 8 ‘The results for 1 is r = -18 ‘The results for -1 is r= 0 Hence 1 is not a rational Hence -1 is a rational root root of the polynomial equation. Since -1 is a root, we can use the coefficients of the quotient (depressed polynomial equation) to continue finding other rational roots. A depressed polynomial equation is the quotient that we get when a polynomial is divided by one of its factors. So the depressed polynomial equation is x?- 2x - 8 = 0 Since -1 is a root, the depressed polynomial is used to find the other rational root For -2: ‘The results for -2 is x = 0. Hence -2 is a rational root. Since there are only 2 remaining coefficients, it means that the quotient is already a linear factor. We can solve its roots by equating to 0 4 is a rational root ‘The rational zeros of x? — x? — 10x — 8 =O are -1, -2 and 4What’s More A. Study the guided solution to the given polynomial equations. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words, numbers, or symbols to complete the solution. Solve: x3 +x? — 12x — 12=0 Solution ‘The equation has at most __ real roots. The leading coefficient is __, and its factors are__ and __. The constant term is __ and its factors are, _,_, 4 4 5 __, and __. The possible roots of the equation are +__, and+_. B. Using the rational root theorem, find the zeros of each of the following polynomial equations. Show your solution. 1. x3 — 2x? — 5x + 6=0 2. 5x3 + 8x? — 79x + 30 3. xt — x3 — 19x? — 12x + 30=0 Ee What I have learned ‘Task 1 Fill in the blanks below with the correct answer. Let ayx" + dyyx") + ayo" 2+... + a2x7 +.a,x + a9 =0, where a, #0 and a; an integer for all i, Os i< n, be a polynomial equation of degree n. If, in lowest terms, is a rational root of the equation, then is a factor of ay and ___ is a factor of an. Task 2 Write TRUE if the statement is true. Otherwise, modify the underlined words to make it true. 1. The roots of the polynomial equation in x are the values of x that satisfy the equation. 2. Every polynomial equation of degree n has n-1 real roots. 3. The equation 2x3 — 6x? +x — 1=0 has no rational root. 4. The possible roots of 3x5 — x*+6x? — 2x7+8x—5=0 are 43,.43.and +5 5. The only rational root of the equation x + 6x? + 10x +3 = 0 is 3.Sy 10) ZG (5 What I can do A. Solve and describe the roots of the equation below. 2x* — 1x3 + 11x? — 1lx- 9=0 B. Give 3 examples of polynomial equations with a relatively short list of possible roots. Assessment DIRECTION: Let us determine how much you have learned from this module. Read and understand each item, then choose the letter of your answer and write it on your answer sheet. 1. Which of the following is a possible root of a polynomial equation with a leading coefficient of -1 and a constant term of 11? A. -1/9 B. 10 c.-1l D, -4 2. Which of the following is a possible solution to 7x* — 6x3 +2x — 8=0? A. 2/7 B.3 CAH D.3/7 3. Which of the following is a possible root of a polynomial equation with a leading coefficient of -7 and a constant term of 5? A 7/5 BS C.2/7 D. 3/7 4. What is the leading coefficient of the polynomial 5x° + 4x! + 4x5 +.x3 + x=0 AL3 B. 4 C8 D9 5. What are the possible rational roots of 2x? — x? + 2x +5 = 0? A. 1, £5, £2, £2 c. 41, #2, +4, +8 B. +1, £5, £5, +5 D. 41, +5, +5, +5 6. What are the possible rational roots of x? - 7x? + 7x + 15 = 0? A +1, 45, 43,42 C. +1, +3, +5, +15 B. +1, +5, +3, +7 D. 41, 45, +3, 237. Which of the following is the possible solution to this polynomial: 2x? + 5x-3 =0 Al B.2 C3 D.4 For items 8-10, consider the polynomial 3x5 -10x? - x? + 2= 0 8. What is the leading coefficient? A.-1 B.2 C3 D. -10 9. What is the constant term?? Al el B.2 C3 D. -10 10. Which of these are the factors of the constant term? A. +1, 42 B. +1, +3 C. 42, 43 D. +1, +2, +3 List all the possible rational roots in each polynomial equation. 11. 7x? + 6x? + 20x - 3 = 0 12. 7x? - 8x2 + 15x—2=0 13. 16x3 - 33x? + 16x- 33 = 0 14, 4x5 — 12x4 + 5x3 + 8x2 3x- 2-0 15. x3 9x +9 + 2x4 — 19x? = 0 Additional Activity DIRECTION. One of the roots of the polynomial equation is given. 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