Nugroho teguh / 1- TPJJ /101134016

HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION :
Transportation contributes to the economic, industrial,social and cultural development of
any country. transportation is vital for the economic development of any region since every
commodity produced whether it is food, clothing, industrial products or medicine need
transport at production and distribution stage. the adequacy of transport system of a
country indicates its economic and social development.
There are four major modes of transportation which may be enumerated as :
1. Roadways
2. Railways
3. Waterways
4. Airways
Road and rail transport are easy and economical for internal movement. However recently
travel by air for internal movement between cities is gaining importance due to saving in
travel time.
Here are the characteristics of road transportation.
1. Roads are used by various means of transportation (example : road vehicles,
cycles,passenger cars, buses, trucks)
2. Road transport requires a small investment from the government side. Motor
vehicles are comparatively cheaper than other carries like rail locomotives and
wagons, water and air carries.road construction and maintenance is also cheaper
than railway tracks, docks, harbors, and airports.
3. In particular for short distance travel,road transport saves time. Trains stop at
junctions and main stations for comparatively longer time.
SCOPE OF HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
- Development, planning, and location
- Highways design, geometrics and structure
- Traffic performance and its control
- Construction and maintenance
- Economic, finance and administration
Materials which include as highway materials are :
 Subgrade soil
 Stone aggregates
 Bitumonious materials
 Bitumonious paving mixes
 Portland cement & cement concrete
Subgrade soil is an integral part of the road pavementstructure as it provides the support
to the pavement from beneath. The subgrade soil and its properties are important in the
design of pavement structure. The main function of the subgrade is to give adequate to the
pavement and for this,the subgrade should posses sufficient stability under adverse climate
and loading conditions. Soil consist mainly of mineral matter formed by the disintegration of
rocks, by the action of water, frost, temperature, pressure or by plant of animal life.
Subgrade soil strength depends on some factor,here they are :
- Soil type
- Moisture content
- Dry density
- Internal structure of the soil
- The type and mode of stress application
In order to evaluate the strength of the soil,it needs some test. The test may be broadly
divided into three groups :
- Shearing tests
- Bearing tests
- Penetration test