. .

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341.01
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O. A. FILIPPOV, associate professor of constitu-

tional law Ufa law Institute of the Ministry of Internal
Affairs of Russia, Candidate of law, docent (Ufa)

PERSPECTIVES ON THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNA-

TIONAL LAW IN THE RUSSIAN LEGAL SCIENCE

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Annotation. The article is devoted to questions of origin and per iodization of interna-
tional law. The author evaluates different perspectives of Russian scientists on the develop-
ment of international communication States.
Key words and phrases: international law, international communication, sources of
law, the doctrine of rights.
2015 8 3

$% &'&< 6+)! +6+-.!9! 18'&# ;+--!" . . 0.$70. 0.$%8 $) 2$ '"&

!1?+.'& 2! -!(0'-' 0<' 3 + ("$ ! 8+
-&-'+48 – ("$ ! 2$*&!2$)52!+ & ("$ !
4+=302$"!32!+. +" $# "+90)&"0+' "$%-
)&628+ &38 !'2!7+2&,, -.)$38 $<-
:&/-# 20'"& 9!-03$"-' $, '!"$# 0(!-
"#3!6& $+' 4+=9!-03$"-' +22!+ !1:+-
2&+. +2!4+2 4+=302$"!32!9! ("$ $
-)!=&)-# &-'!"&6+-.&. $"!=3+2&+ 9!--
+
(!%&*&& 06+28/:
1. +=302$"!32!+ ("$ ! %$"!3&-
)!-5 3!9!-03$"-' +228, (+"&!3,
>(!/0 (+" !18'2!-!1:&22!9! -'"!#,
!2! -)!=&)!-5 4+=()+4+228/ !'2!-
7+2&#/.
2. +=302$"!32!+ ("$ ! - !&4
(!# )+2&+4 !1#%$2! 9!-03$"-' 0, '. ..

03$"-' , "$2++ ()+4+2, 8% $)! (! '+4 !%2&.)! !32! "+4+22! - (!-)+32&4.

&)& &284 ("&6&2$4 (("&- !+2&+ '+""&- 3. "!*+-- !%2&.2! +2&# 4+=-
'!"&&, %$/ $' "$1! , !14+2 & '!"9! )# & 302$"!32!9! ("$ $ 3)&'+)528, &
'. 3.) 2+!1/!3&4!-'5 %$&4!3+,-' &# «…!2! 4!9)! !%2&.20'5 )&75 '!93$,
2 3 1

3$228/ !1:2!-'+,. 06+12!, & 2$06- .!93$ -&-'+4$ 4+=302$"!328/ !'2!7+-

2!, )&'+"$'0"+ 3!-'$'!62! 1!)57!+ 2&, 3!-'&9)$ 3!-'$'!62! 8-!.!9!
2&4$2&+ 03+)+2! !("!-$4 ("!&-/!=- 0"! 2# "$% &'&#… 4+=302$"!32!+ ("$-
4

3+2&# & (+"&!3&%$*&& "$% &'&# 4+=30- ! .$. <"&3&6+-.!+ -"+3-' ! "+90)&"!-
2$"!32!9! ("$ $. 32$.! !'2!-&'+)52! $2&# 4+=9!-03$"-' +228/ !'2!7+2&,
1

3$22!, ("!1)+4$'&.& +3&2!, '!6.& 2$/!3&' ("&%2$2&+ ("$.'&.+ 9!-0-

%"+2&# -"+3+ 06+28/ 2+ -)!=&)!-5. 3$"-' )&75 .!2*+ "+32&/ +.! »
4!4+2'0 ("!&-/!=3+2&# 4+=- [1, -. 65–68].
1

302$"!32!9! ("$ $ -0:+-' 0+' 2+-.!)5- /!=&4 !1"$%!4 8-.$%8 $+'-#

.! (!3/!3! . "&%2$228, !'+6+-' +2- !'2!-&'+)52! !-("&#'&# 06+284& 4!-
2!, 2$0.!, <"&-'-4+=302$"!32&. ("!- 4+2'$ !%2&.2! +2&# 4+=302$"!32!9!

16
("$ $ ("!;+--!" . . $;"!2! $, !2$
'$.=+ 2$%8 $+' '"& !-2! 28/ (!3/!3$:
1. "&3&6+-.&, 4!2&%4.
9)$-2! 42+2&< -'!"!22&.! 3$22!,
.!2*+(*&& ( . . !)!-! , . . 0%-
2+*! ), !2! !%2&.)! !32! "+4+22! -
!%2&.2! +2&+4 6+)! +6+-.!9! !1:+-
-' $.
2. '$'&6+-.$# .!2*+(*&#. +=-
302$"!32!+ ("$ ! -!!' +'-' && - (!-
%&*&+, ("+3-'$ &'+)+, 3$22!, '+!"&&
( . . + &2) !%2&.$+' ("& "$-($3+
!1:+-' $ 2$ .)$--8 & !%2&.2! +2&&
9!-03$"-' $.
3. &-'+428, (!3/!3. !9)$-2!
42+2&< . . -+2.!, 4+=302$"!32!+
("$ ! .$. ("$ ! $# -&-'+4$ 2$6$)$
-.)$38 $'5-# (+"&!3 -'$2! )+2&# -0-
+"+228/ 9!-03$"-' & "$ 28/ !'2!7+-
2&, 4+=30 2&4& [5, -. 22–25].
'! .$-$+'-# (+"&!3&%$*&& "$%-
&'&# 4+=302$"!32!9! ("$ $, '! -"+3&
06+28/ '!=3+-' +22!-'& ! %9)#3$/
'$.=+ 2+ 2$1)<3$+'-#.
"!;+--!" . . '$"!301*+ ,
!-2! 8 $#-5 2$ ;!"4$*&!22!4 '&(+ &--
'!"&6+-.!, -'"$'&;&.$*&&, ("+3)$9$+'
-)+30<:&+ >'$(8 -0:+-' ! $2&# 4+=-
302$"!32!9! ("$ $:
1. 4 '8-. )+' 3! 2. >. – 476 9. 2. >.
– 4+=302$"!32!+ ("$ ! "+ 2+9! 4&"$
("$1! )$3+)56+-.$# -!*&$)52!-
>.!2!4&6+-.$# ;!"4$*&#).
2. 476–1648 99. – 4+=302$"!32!+
("$ ! "+32&/ +.! (;+!3$)528, ;!"-
4$*&!228, -'"!,).
3. 1648–1919 99. – .)$--&6+-.!+
4+=302$"!32!+ ("$ ! (.$(&'$)&-'&6+-
-.&, -(!-!1 ("!&% !3-' $).
4. 1919 – (! 2. . – 4+=302$"!3-
2!+ ("$ ! XX–XXI +.! [3, -. 72].
)&%.$ (+"&!3&%$*&#, ("+3)!-
=+22$# ("!;+--!"!4 . . &02! 84,
.!'!"8, "$--4$'"& $# !("!-8, - #%$2-
28+ - !%2&.2! +2&+4 & "$% &'&+4
4+=302$"!32!9! ("$ $, 0.$%8 $+' 2$
'$.&+ -'$3&&, .$. "+ 2&, 4&", !' ($-
3+2&# &4-.!, &4(+"&& 3! +-';$)5-
-.!9! 4&"$, !' +-';$)5-.!9! 4&"$ 3!
$$9-.&/ .!2;+"+2*&, 4&"$, !' $$9-
-.&/ .!2;+"+2*&, 4&"$ . -!%3$2&<
& ;!"4&"! $2&< -! "+4+22!9!
!- 4+=302$"!32!9! ("$ $ [2, -. 29–49].
"!;+--!" . . 04&)! , $2$-
)&%&"0# -! "+4+228+ "!--&,-.&+ 7.!-
)8 4+=302$"!32!9! ("$ $, 0.$%8 $+'
6'! «… 4+=302$"!32!+ ("$ ! !%2&.)!
"+%0)5'$'+ !1?+.'& 2!9! ("!*+--$, (!
4+"+ 8%"+ $2&# 0-)! &,, .!93$ 9!-0-
3$"-' $ !-!%2$)& 2+!1/!3&4!-'5 (!3-
6&2#'5-# +3&284, -!9)$-! $2284 2!"-
4$4. 2$6+ 9! !"#, ("$ ! !!1:+ &
4+=302$"!32!+ ("$ ! 6$-'2!-'& +-'5
'$4, 93+ &4++'-# -!!' +'-' 0<:++ ("$-
!-!%2$2&+» [6, -. 18]. +4 -$484 !2 .$.
18 (!3 !3&' &'!9 -(!"$/ 06+28/, .!2-
-'$'&"0#, 6'! 4!4+2' !%2&.2! +2&#
4+=302$"!32!9! ("$ $ -)+30+' - #%8-
$'5 - !-!%2$2&+4, -!9)$-! $2&+4 &
9$"4!2&%$*&+, !)& 9!-03$"-' 4+=-
302$"!32!4 !1:+2&&, '. +. 1!)++ ("$-
&)52$ (!%&*&# ("& +"=+2*+ -&-'+4-
2!9! (!3/!3$. - #%& - 6+4 &4 ("& !-
3&'-# .$. 2$&1!)++ 03$62$# (+"&!3&%$-
*&# 4+=302$"!32!9! ("$ $, .!'!"0<
2015 8 3
("+3)!=&) . . 0.$70.. !9)$-2! +9!
(!%&*&&, &-'!"&# -'$2! )+2&# & "$% &-
'&# 4+=302$"!32!9! ("$ $ 89)#3&'
-)+30<:&4 !1"$%!4:
(+" 8, (+"&!3 – ("+38-'!"&#
4+=302$"!32!9! ("$ $ – - 3"+ 2&/ +-
.! 3! .!2*$ -"+32&/ +.! ((+"&!3 %$-
"!=3+2&# !'3+)528/ 2!"4 & &2-'&'0'!
4+=302$"!32!9! ("$ $);
+
'!"!, – .)$--&6+-.!+ 4+=302$-
"!32!+ ("$ ! – - .!2*$ -"+32&/ +.!
3! -!%3$2&# &9& $*&,;
'"+'&, – (+"+/!3 !' .)$--&6+-.!-
9! . -! "+4+22!40 4+=302$"!32!40
2 3 1
("$ 0 (!' ("&2#'&# '$'0'$ &9& $*&,
3! ("&2#'&# -'$ $ );
6+' +"'8, – -! "+4+22!+ 4+=30-
4
2$"!32!+ ("$ ! (("$ ! -'$ $ )
[1, -. 69].
1
1!%2$6&4 !-2! 28+ /$"$.'+"-
28+ 6+"'8 & 2$&1!)++ %2$6&48+ -!18-
'&#, &4+ 7&+ 4+-'! &-'!"&& "$% &'&#
1
4+=302$"!32!9! ("$ $.
"+38-'!"&# 4+=302$"!32!9!
("$ $. $228, (+"&!3, .$. ("$ &)!,
17
 "$%3+)#+'-# 2$ 3 + -'$3&&: "+ 2&, 4&"
(3"+ 2&+ +.$ – V .) & "+32+ +.! 5+
(VI – XVI .).
+=302$"!32!40 !1:+2&<
"+ 2+4 4&"+ 18)& ("&-0:&:
– 2+"$% &'!-'5 4+=302$"!32!9!
("$ $ ( !-2! 2!4 "+90)&"! $2&+ !9"$-
2&6& $)!-5 !,2!, & '!"9! )+,);
– "+9&!2$)&%4 (2!"48 4+=302$-
"!32!9! ("$ $ -.)$38 $)&-5 "$,!2$/
%$"!=3+2&# *& &)&%$*&, – 23&#, &-
'$,, $ &)!2, 9&(+', "+*&#, &4);
– >(&%!3&62!-'5 (!'2!7+2&#
4+=30 9!-03$"-' $4& 2!-&)& 2+(!-'!-
#228, /$"$.'+");
– 2!"48 2!-&)& "+)&9&!%28, /$-
"$.'+" & %$."+()#)&-5 9)$ 284 !1"$%!4
!186$#/, 9!-(!3-' ! ("$ $ !,28 (!'-
2!7+2&# - (!%&*&& -&)8, !,2$ "$--
-4$'"& $)$-5 .$. !32! &% -"+3-' 2+7-
2+, (!)&'&.&, 2+"$ 28, -'$'0- -01?+.-
'! – !'2!7+2&# 9!-(!3-' $ & (!36&2+-
2&#).
"!9"+--& 28+ 6+"'8 "$% &'&#
2015 8 3
4+=302$"!32!9! ("$ $ "+ 2+4 4&"+:
!%2&.)& ("+3(!-8).& 3)# ;!"4&"! $-
2&# ("$ !-!%2$2&#, (!# )+2&# %$.!2! &
!186$+ !,28, (!-!)5-.!9! ("$ $,
("$.'&.& %$.)<6+2&# 4+=9!-03$"-
-' +228/ 3!9! !"! , -!%3$2&# (+" 8/
4+=9!-03$"-' +228/ -!<%! . !# &-
)&-5 8-.$%8 $2&# 06+28/ (! !("!-$4
!,28 & 4&"$ ( )$'!2, &*+"!2, )5-
(&$2 & 3".).
+
"+32+ +.! 5< 18)! /$"$.'+"2!
!'-0'-' &+ !1:+9! 2$("$ )+2&# & ("!-
'+.$2&# ("!*+--! "$% &'&# "+9&!2! :
+ "!(+,-.$# *& &)&%$*&# (-'"$28 - 2&#
2 3 1
"!(8), &-)$4-.&, 4&" ( +2'"$)52$# &
$($32$# %&#, + +"2$# ;"&.$), !'-
3$)+228+ 9+!9"$;&6+-.& & «%$."8'8+»
4
3)# + "!(+,*+ ( &'$,, (!2&#, 4+"&-
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1
;"&.$). >'&/ 0-)! &#/ "+9&!2!4, 93+
-)!=&)$-5 1)$9!' !"2$# (!6 $ 3)# "$%-
&'&# 4+=302$"!32!9! ("$ $, !.$%$)$-5
1
"!($. .$6+-' + /$"$.'+"28/ 6+"'
-"+32+ +.! !9! 4+=302$"!32!9! ("$ $
4!=2! 2$% $'5:
18
– !'-0'-' &+ +3&2!9! 4+=302$-
"!32!9! ("$ $ 3)# "$%)&628/ "+9&!2!
4&"$;
– >(&%!3&62!-'5, ."$'.! "+4+2-
2!-'5 4+=9!-03$"-' +228/ - #%+,;
– 3!4&2&"! $2&+ $($32!, -
"!(8 4+=302$"!328/ !'2!7+2&#/;
– 9!-(!3-' ! -&)8, $ 2+ ("$ $;
– 3!4&2&"! $2&+ "+)&9&!%28/
!%%"+2&, & %9)#3! , %$ &-&4!-'5 - +'-
-.!, )$-'& !' *+". &;
– ("+!1)$3$2&+ 4+=302$"!328/
!186$+ 2$3 3!9! !"284& 2!"4$4&.
$=2! !'4+'&'5 > !)<*&!228+
("!*+--8 4+=302$"!32!4 ("$ +: &3+'
$.'& 2!+ ;!"4&"! $2&+ 4+=302$"!32!-
9! ("$ !-!%2$2&#; (!)06$+' ("&%2$2&+
("&2*&( 0 $=+2&# & "$ 2!("$ &# 9!-0-
3$"-' ((!%32++ "+32+ +.! 5+); ("!&--
/!3&' "$% &'&+ 3!9! !"2!9! ("$ $; -'$-
2! )+2&+ ("$.'&.& -!%8 $ 4+=302$"!3-
28/ .!2;+"+2*&, (-!1!"8, .!29"+--8,
-?+%38); ("&%2$2&+ &2-'&'0'! ("$ $
2+72&/ -2!7+2&, ("+90)#"28, !14+2
(!-!)5-' $4&, "$-7&"+2&+ 3&()!4$'&-
6+-.&/ &4402&'+'! & ("& &)+9&,,
06"+=3+2&+ .!2-0)5-.!, -)0=18);
-.)$38 $<'-# 2!"48 4!"-.!9! ("$ $;
("+3("&2#'8 (!(8'.& %$."+(&'5 %$.!28
& !186$& !,28, !9"$2&6&'5 =+-'!.!-'5
!,2; (!)06&)& "$-("!-'"$2+2&+ 8-.$-
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"$.'+"$ '"03$/ ;&)!-!;! , 1!9!-)!-
! .
(+"&!3 )$--&6+-.!9! 4+=30-
2$"!32!9! ("$ $ (XVII – 2$6$)! XX .)
("!&%!7)& -0:+-' +228+ ("+!1"$%! $-
-&-'+4+ 4+=302$"!32!9! !1:+-
2&#, 6'! 18)! !10-)! )+2! *+2'"$)&%$-
*&+, 9!-03$"-' , -!*&$)5284& "+ !)<-
*&#4& -'"$2$/ "!(8, 0-'$2! )+2&-
+4 .$6+-' +22! 2! 8/ !'2!7+2&, 4+=-
30 9!-03$"-' $4&, 9+!9"$;&6+-.&4& !'-
."8'&#4&, .!)!2&$)&%4!4, '!"9! )+, &
4!"+()$ $2&+4. $"$.'+"28+ 6+"'8
4+=302$"!32!9! ("$ $ & !'2!7+2&,:
– !,2$ .$. -"+3-' ! "$%"+7+2&#
.!2;)&.'! ("!3!)=$+' # )#'5-# %$-
.!22!,, 2! -6&'$+'-# 2+=+)$'+)52!,;
 – 4+=302$"!328+ 3!9! !"8 (!-
-'+(+22! 2$6&2$<' ("+!1)$3$'5 4+/$-
2&%4+ ("$ ! !9! "+90)&"! $2&#;
– (!)06$+' 3$)52+,7++ "$% &'&+
-!'"032&6+-' ! ;!"4+ .!2;+"+2*&, &
.!29"+--! , -!%3$<'-# (+" 8+ 4+=30-
2$"!328+ !"9$2&%$*&&;
– !%2&.$+' 2$0.$ 4+=302$"!3-
2!9! ("$ $.
9"!42!+ )&#2&+ 2$ "$% &'&+
4+=302$"!32!9! ("$ $ !.$%$) +-'-
;$)5-.&, 4&"28, .!29"+--, ("!/!3& -
7&, - 1645 (! 1648 9!3. 2 %$ +"7&)
"&3*$'&)+'2<< !,20 (1618–1645 99.),
.!'!"0< 18)& '#20'8 ("$.'&6+-.&
-+ -'"$28 "!(8. !29"+--, (! -0:+-
-' 0, # )#+'-# (+" !, -! "+4+22!, 3&-
()!4$'&6+-.!, .!2;+"+2*&+,. ("&2#-
'&+4 +-';$)5-.!9! 4&"2!9! '"$.'$'$
(!)!=+2! 2$6$)! 2! !40 + "!(+,-.!40
(!"#3.0, !-2! 0 .!'!"!9! 18)$ (!)!-
=+2$ .!2*+(*&# 9!-03$"-' +22!9! -0 +-
"+2&'+'$. 2$6+2&+ +-';$)5-.!9! 3!-
9! !"$ -!-'!&' -)+30<:+4:
– 0-'$2! )+2&& 2! !, 4+=9!-0-
3$"-' +22!, -&-'+48 !1:+2&#, !-2!-
$22!, 2$ 1$)$2-+ -&);
– ("&%2$2&& ("&2*&(&$)52! 2!-
8/ 4+=302$"!328/ ("&2*&(! : <"&-
3&6+-.!+ "$ 2!("$ &+ 9!-03$"-' , ("$ !
9!-03$"-' '"+1! $'5 2+ 4+7$'+)5-' $
- !& 3+)$, 2+%$ &-&4!-'5 - +'-.!,
)$-'& !' *+". &;
– ;&.-$*&& '+""&'!"&$)528/
&%4+2+2&, & 0-'$2! )+2&& 9!-03$"-
-' +228/ 9"$2&* "!(+, !1#%$22!-'&
8(!)2#'5 (!3(&-$228+ 3!9! !"8;
– ("&%2$2&& .$6+-' + 06$-'2&-
.$ 4+=302$"!32!-("$ ! !9! !1:+2&#
!-.! -.!9! .2#=+-' $.
$.=+ 1!)57!+ )&#2&+ 2$ 4+=-
302$"!32!+ ("$ ! !.$%$)$ +)&.$#
;"$2*0%-.$# "+ !)<*&# (1789–1794 99.),
93+ 18)& ("! !%9)$7+28 2! 8+ ("&2-
*&(8 2+72+, (!)&'&.& "$2*&&: -+-
!1:&, 4&" & ("&2*&( -("$ +3)& !-'&,
!'.$% !' !,28 - *+)5< %$ !+ $2&,.
(+"&!3 .)$--&6+-.!9! 4+=30-
2$"!32!9! ("$ $ ("!&-/!3&' -()+-.
2$0628/ &%8-.$2&,, (!# )#+'-# 2$0.$
19
4+=302$"!32!9! ("$ $. +" 84 -&-'+-
4$'&%&"! $2284 '"03!4 >'!, !1)$-'&
("&2#'! -6&'$'5 '"$.'$' 83$<:+9!-#
9!))$23-.!9! <"&-'$ 09! "!*&#
(1583–1645 99.) « ("$ + !,28 & 4&"$»
(!(01)&.! $2 1625 9.), .!'!"!9! 2$%8-
$<' "!3!2$6$)52&.!4 2$0.& 4+=302$-
"!32!9! ("$ $. . "!*&,, !-2! 8 $#-5
2$ +-'+-' +22!4 ("$ +, &--)+30# 3+,-
-' 0<:&+ 4+=302$"!328+ 2!"48,
-;!"40)&"! $) ("&2*&(8 4+=302$"!3-
2!9! ("$ $: -0 +"+22!-'5 9!-03$"-' ,
4+=302$"!32!+ -!'"032&6+-' !, 904$-
2&%4. (!-)+3-' && 2$ !-2! $2&&
'"03! . "!*&# 2$0.+ -)!=&)!-5 '"&
7.!)8 4+=302$"!32!9! ("$ $: +-'+-
-' +22!-("$ ! $# ( . !1-, . (&2!%$,
. 0)5;, . 0;;+"3!";), (!%&'& &-'-
-.$# ( . +6, . !%+") & 9"!*&$2-.$#
( . $''+)5, . +,2.+"-/0., . $"-
'+2-). .!2*$ XVIII . 2$6&2$+' "$% &-
$'5-# "!--&,-.$# 2$0.$ 4+=302$"!32!-
9! ("$ $ ( . +%!1"$%! , . $)&2! -
-.&,, . $%$2-.&,, . !".02! ). 2$-
6&'+)528, .)$3 "$% &'&+ 4+=302$-
2015 8 3
"!32!9! ("$ $ 2+- ("!;+--!" $2.'-
+'+"10"9-.!9! 02& +"-&'+'$ . $"-
'+2-. 1882 9. !2 !(01)&.! $) 3 0/-
'!428, .0"- « ! "+4+22!+ ("$ ! *&-
&)&%! $228/ 2$"!3! ». )##-5 !32&4
&% !"9$2&%$'!"! 4&"28/ .!2;+"+2*&,
1899 & 1907 99., &*+-("+%&3+2'!4 -
"!(+,-.!9! &2-'&'0'$ 4+=302$"!32!9!
("$ $, 6)+2!4 « !-'!#22!, ($)$'8 '"+-
+
'+,-.!9! -03$», !-0:+-' )## - !< ("!-
;+--&!2$)520< 3+#'+)52!-'5, . $"-
'+2- 2+- -0:+-' +228, .)$3 "$% &-
'&+ & 2!"4$'& 2!+ %$."+()+2&+ 42!9&/
$=28/ (!)!=+2&, 4+=302$"!32!9!
2 3 1
("$ $.
$% &'&+ 4+=302$"!32!9! ("$ $
(!-'.)$--&6+-.&, (+"&!3 ((+" $# (!-
4
)! &2$ +.$) ! 42!9!4 18)! - #%$-
2! - (!-)+3-' &#4& +" !, 4&"! !,
1
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-'$ &)& 10 4)2 & !.!)! 20 4)2 "$2+28/.
&"! !+ -!!1:+-' !, !-!%2$ ("&2+-
1
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%3$2&+4 &9& $*&, ((+" $# -+!1:$#
4+=302$"!32$# !"9$2&%$*&#, 06"+=3+2-
 2$# *+)#/ !1+-(+6+2&# 4+=302$"!3-
2!, 1+%!($-2!-'&, 2+3!(0:+2&# !+2-
28/ 3+,-' &,, 0"+90)&"! $2&# -(!"!
3&()!4$'&6+-.&4 (0'+4 & 0)067+2&#
.$6+-' $ =&%2& 2$ ()$2+'+). -2! 28+
6+"'8, - !,-' +228+ 3$22!40 (+"&!30:
– 0 +)&6+2&+ 6&-)$ 9!-03$"-' ;
– ("!-'"$2-' +22!+ "$-7&"+2&+
3+,-' &# 4+=302$"!32!9! ("$ $ 3!
("+3+)! '+""&'!"&& -+, ()$2+'8;
– "$% &'&+ 3!9! !"$ .$. &-'!6-
2&.$ 4+=302$"!32!9! ("$ $;
– -!%3$2&+ -&-'+48 .!))+.'& -
2!, 1+%!($-2!-'&;
– -!%3$2&+ 02& +"-$)52!, 4+=-
302$"!32!, !"9$2&%$*&& – &9& $*&,
& 4+=302$"!328/ -03+128/ -'"0.'0" –
!-'!#22$# ($)$'$ 4+=302$"!32!9!
("$ !-03&#.
-2! 28+ ("&2*&(8 4+=302$-
"!32!9! !1:+2&# !("+3+)#)&-5 :
.!2 +2*&#/ & 3+.)$"$*&#/, ("&-
2#'8/ 2$ $$9-.&/ .!2;+"+2*&#/ 1899 &
1907 99.;
2015 8 3
+"-$)5-.!4 4&"2!4 3!9! !"+
1919 9.;
'$'0'+ &9& $*&, 1919 9.;
!9! !"+ !1 !'.$%+ !' !,28
.$6+-' + !"03&# 2$*&!2$)52!, (!)&'&-
.& 1928 9. (($.' "&$2$- +))!9$).
)&#2&+ 2$ "$% &'&+ 4+=302$-
"!328/ !'2!7+2&, !.$%$)$ .'#1"5-.$#
"+ !)<*&# 1917 9. !--&&. !)5 !--
-&& !.$%$)$-5 3 !#.!,. !32!, -'!"!-
+
28, +."+' ! 4&"+ 1917 9., &28+ 4+=30-
2$"!32! %2$6&48+ $.'8 & 3+,-' &# !--
-&& 3$)& (!)!=&'+)528, >;;+.'.
3"09!, -'!"!28, 4&" "$-.!)!)-# 2$ 3 $
2 3 1
("!'& !(!)!=28/ )$9+"# – 3 + ("!'&-
!-'!#:&+ -&-'+48 9!-03$"-' "$%28/
-!*&$)52!->.!2!4&6+-.&/ ;!"4$*&,.
4
$)52+,7++ "$% &'&+ (!)06&)$
2$0.$ 4+=302$"!32!9! ("$ $ '"03$/
1
. +)5%+2$, . ((+(9+,4$, . 0-'$-
4$2'+ & 3". / 2$0628+ .!2*+(*&&
-'"!&)&-5 2$ ("&%2$2&& 02& +"-$)52!-
1
-'& & !1#%$'+)52!-'& 3)# -+, -)!=& -
7+,-# +"-$)5-.!, 2!"4$'& 2!, -&-'+-
48, (+" &62!-'& &23& &3$ .$. -01?+.'$
4+=302$"!32!9! ("$ $ (! !'2!7+2&< .
20
9!-03$"-' 0. >'!' (+"&!3 !%2&.)$
3!.'"&2$ -! +'-.!9! 4+=302$"!32!9!
("$ $, ++ ("+3-'$ &'+)#4& -'$)&:
. "$1$"5, . +6+.5#2, . !"+*.&,,
. !"! &2, . "8)! , . +'+"-.&, &
3"09&+ 06+28+. - !&/ '"03$/ !2& (!3-
+"9$)& ."&'&.+ .!)!2&$)&%4, '+""&'!-
"&$)528+ %$/ $'8, (!)&'&.0 2+("&%2$-
2&# , !1!-2! 8 $)& -&-'+40 4&"-
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023$4+2' -! "+4+22!9! 4+=-
302$"!32!9! ("$ $ 18) %$)!=+2 -'$-
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2! 2! 0< 4+=302$"!320< 02& +"-$)5-
20< !"9$2&%$*&<. -'$ 18) ("&2#' 2$
4+=302$"!32!, .!2;+"+2*&& &<2+
1945 9. ((!3(&-$2 26 &<2#), .!'!"!,
("&2#)& 06$-'&+ 3+)+9$*&& 50 9!-0-
3$"-' . !-2! 0 -'$ $ 18)& (!)!=+-
28 &3+&, "$%"$1!'$228+ ("+3-'$ &'+)#-
4& &'$#, , , +)&.!1"&'$-
2&&: !'.$% !' 9!-(!3-' $ -&)8, ("&%2$-
2&+ 9!-(!3-' $ ("$ $ 4+=302$"!32!4
!1:+2&&.
("&2#'&+4 -'$ $ , 3$)5-
2+,7++ "$% &'&+ (!)06&)& 2! 8+ 6+"'8
4+=302$"!32!9! ("$ $:
– $2'& !+22$# -0:2!-'5 4+=30-
2$"!32!9! ("$ $;
– 02& +"-$)52!-'5 2!"4 4+=30-
2$"!32!9! ("$ $;
– 2!"4$'& 2!-'5 -&-'+48 4+=-
302$"!32!9! ("$ $;
– .!3&;&.$*&# 4+=302$"!328/
2!"4;
– (!# )+2&+ 2! 8/ !'"$-)+,
4+=302$"!32!9! ("$ $ (.!-4&6+-.!+,
>.!)!9&6+-.!+, >.!2!4&6+-.!+, 09!)! -
2!+ & 3".).
+-4!'"# 2$ %$)!=+228+ -'$-
!4 ("&2*&(8, %$ (!-)+ !+228,
(+"&!3 ("$.'&.$ 4+=9!-03$"-' +22!9!
!1:+2&# 2+ ("&!1"+)$ (!)2!, 9$"4!2&-
%$*&&. I +.+ 4&"! !+ -!!1:+-' !
2+ &%1$ &)!-5 !' (!)&'&.& .!2;"!2'$-
*&&, - #%$22!, - ("!7)84, & -'!).20-
)!-5 - 2! 84& 8%! $4& -! "+4+22!-
-'&. "!1)+48 1+%!($-2!-'& 2+ '!)5.!
2+ (!'+"#)& 18)0< %)!1!32+ 2!-'5, 2!
& !1!-'"&)&-5. 0:+-' +220< 09"!%0
4+=302$"!32!, & 2$*&!2$)52!, 1+%-
!($-2!-'& -'$) ("+3-'$ )#'5 4+=302$-
"!328, '+""!"&%4 [4, -. 14], !'6$-'& (!-
"!=3+228, 4+7$'+)5-' !4 ! 20'-
"+22&+ 3+)$ 1)&=2+ !-'!628/ 9!-0-
3$"-' . ! 42!9&/ $"$1-.&/ -'"$2$/ ("&
(!33+"=.+ &% 2+ 2$ $ $2-*+20 (!)&'&-
6+-.!, =&%2& 87)& &-)$4-.&+ ;023$-
4+2'$)&-'8, 0-'$2! & 7&+ 3!4&2&"0-
<:++ &3+!)!9&6+-.!+ )&#2&+ 2$ !1:+-
-' !, 6'! 8% $)! 2! 8+ "+)&9&!%28+
.!2;)&.'8, -!%3$2&+ 4+=302$"!328/
'+""!"&-'&6+-.&/ !"9$2&%$*&,.
'"+4)+2&+ . 2! !40 4&"! !40
(!"#3.0, ("+3-'$ )#<:+40 -&-'+40
"$-("+3+)+2&# 9)!1$)52!, )$-'&,
0 +26$220< -'"$2$4& ! 9)$ + -
, 2$/!3#:&4&-# (!&-.+ 2! 8/
"$9! , -'$)$ ("+3-'$ )#'5 # 2!+
2+03!1-' ! & ("+(#'-' &+ 3)# ("! +3+-
2&# '$.&/ $.*&,, .$. !+228+ 3+,-' &#
("!'& 9!-)$ &&, "$.$, &"&&. !
$. (!.$%$)$ ("$.'&.$, 2+ 4!=+'
-0:+-' ! $'5 $ '!4$'&6+-.&/ &2-'&'0-
*&!2$)528/ 4+/$2&%4! 3)# !('&4$)5-
2!9! 2$("$ )+2&# 4&"! !9! "$% &'&#.
$ -+9!32#72&, 3+25 !%2&.$+' 2+!1-
/!3&4!-'5 -! +"7+2-' ! $2&& "+90-
)&"0<:&/ & .!2'"!)&"0<:&/ ;02.*&,
4+=302$"!328/ &2-'&'0'! 0("$ )+-
2&#, (+" 0< !6+"+35 .
I +.+ !-'$+'-# !1:+-
("&%2$22!, 9)!1$)52!, !"9$2&%$*&+,,
.!'!"$# -(!-!12$ -+4& 3!-'0(284&
4+=302$"!32!4 ("$ + -"+3-' $4& -)0-
=&'5 &2'+"+-$4 4&"! !9! -!!1:+-' $.
$%"07+2&+ -&-'+48 '$&' -+1+
4$--0 !($-2!-'+,, $ ++ 4!3+"2&%$*&# &
3+4!."$'&%$*&# 3!)=2$ ("&2+-'& # 28+
()!38. 3!)=2$ 2! 5 0' +"3&'5
-+1# .$. 1+%$)5'+"2$'& 2$# 8-7$# &2-
-'$2*&# 4+=302$"!32!9! ("$ $. +7+-
2&+ >'!, %$3$6& 2+ 4+257+, 6+4 (+"&-
!3 '!"!, 4&"! !, !,28, !2$ '"+10+'
("&4+2+2&# 4!:2!9! 4+/$2&%4$ -!-

2015 8 3
&/ 42+2&<, 2$ 4+-'! 3!)=28 '"032&6+-' $ 3)# 2$)$=& $2&# ("!30.-
("&,'& 2! 8+ -'"0.'0"8, (!36&2+228+ '& 2!9! %$&4!3+,-' &# "$%)&628/ 4&-
!32!40 *+2'"0 -&)8 & !32!, -&-'+4+ "! 8/ *+2'"! .
*+22!-'+,.

***

+
1. +=302$"!32!+ ("$ !. 1:$# 6$-'5: 06+12&. 3)# -'03+2'! <"&3. ;$.. & 0%! /
. . 0.$70.; !-. $.$3. 2$0., 2-' 9!-03$"-' $ & ("$ $, .$3+4. ("$ ! !, 02-'. %3. 3-+, (+-
"+"$1. & 3!(. .: !)'+"- )0 +", 2008. 544 -.
2. +=302$"!32!+ ("$ !: 06+12&. 3)# 0%! / !' . "+3. . . 92$'+2.! & . . &02! .
4-+ &%3., (+"+"$1. & 3!(. .: !"4$, 2007. 784 -.
2 3 1

3. +=302$"!32!+ (01)&62!+ ("$ !: 06+12&. / . . 20;"&+ $, . . +.#7+ ,

. . !&-++ , . . -'&2! [& 3".]; !' . "+3. . . +.#7+ . 5-+ &%3., (+"+"$1. & 3!(. .: "!-
-(+.', 2009. 997 -.
4. &94$'0))&2 . . !"51$ - 4+=302$"!32!, ("+-'0(2!-'5< 9)!1$)&%&"0<:+4-#
4

4&"+ // !--&,-.$# <-'&*&#. 2009. @ 11. . 14–17.

5. $;"!2! $ . . +=302$"!32!+ (01)&62!+ ("$ !: '+!"+'&6+-.&+ ("!1)+48: 4!2!-
1

9"$;&#. .: : - , 2013. 133 -.

6. 04&)! . . +=302$"!32!+ ("$ !: 06+12&.. .: - "!9"+--, 2013. 488 -.
1

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___________________

21