Annex A:

MODULE # _05__ GRADING PERIOD: __Midterm__ Google Classroom Code: ___qtxo6pt____

SUBJECT Architecture and Organization

OBJECTIVES Period
At the end of this module, students should be able to: Covered/Duration:
1. Comprehend the basic concepts of register transfer language. (Week # - Hours)
2. Understand the inner workings of control memory.
Week 2, 3 hours

EXPECTED OUTPUT: Measurement and

1. Analysis/computation. Evaluation:

TOPICS Register Transfer and Control Memory

DISCUSSION

REGISTER TRANSFER LANGUAGE (RTL)

In symbolic notation, it is used to describe the micro-operations transfer among registers. It is a kind of
intermediate representation (IR) that is very close to assembly language, such as that which is used in a
compiler.The term “Register Transfer” can perform micro-operations and transfer the result of operation to the
same or other register.

Micro-operations :

The operation executed on the data store in registers are called micro-operations. They are detailed low-level
instructions used in some designs to implement complex machine instructions.

Register Transfer :
The information transformed from one register to another register is represented in symbolic form by
replacement operator is called Register Transfer.

Replacement Operator :
In the statement, R2 <- R1, <- acts as a replacement operator. This statement defines the transfer of content of
register R1 into register R2.

There are various methods of RTL –

1. General way of representing a register is by the name of the register inclosed in a rectangular box as
shown in (a).

2. Register is numbered in a sequence of 0 to (n-1) as shown in (b).

3. The numbering of bits in a register can be marked on the top of the box as shown in (c).

A 16-bit register PC is divided into 2 parts- Bits (0 to 7) are assigned with lower byte of 16-bit address and bits (8
to 15) are assigned with higher bytes of 16-bit address as shown in (d).

Basic symbols of RTL :

For RTL we will use the following symbols:

<-- Register transfer

[] Word index

<> Bit index

n..m Index range

 --> If-then

:= Definition

# Concatenation

: Parallel separator

; Sequential separator

@ Replication

{} Operation modifier

() Operation or value grouping

= != < <= > >= Comparison operators

+-*/ Arithmetic operators

^ v ' xor Logical operators

Register Transfer Operations:

The operation performed on the data stored in the registers are referred to as register transfer operations.

There are different types of register transfer operations:

1. Simple Transfer – R2 <- R1

The content of R1 are copied into R2 without affecting the

content of R1. It is an unconditional type of transfer
operation.

2. Conditional Transfer –

It indicates that if P=1, then the content of R1 is transferred

to R2. It is a unidirectional operation.
3. Simultaneous Operations –
If 2 or more operations are to occur simultaneously then they are separated with comma (,).

If the control function P=1, then load the content of R1 into R2 and at the same clock load the content of R2 into
R1.

WHAT IS CONTROL MEMORY?

A control memory is a part of the control unit. Any computer that involves microprogrammed control consists of
two memories. They are the main memory and the control memory. Programs are usually stored in the main
memory by the users. Whenever the programs change, the data is also modified in the main memory. They
consist of machine instructions and data.

The control memory consists of microprograms that are fixed and cannot be modified frequently. They contain
microinstructions that specify the internal control signals required to execute register micro-operations.

The machine instructions generate a chain of microinstructions in the control memory. Their function is to
generate micro-operations that can fetch instructions from the main memory, compute the effective address,
execute the operation, and return control to fetch phase and continue the cycle.

The figure shows the general configuration of a microprogrammed control organization.

Here, the control is presumed to be a Read-Only Memory (ROM), where all the control information is stored
permanently. ROM provides the address of the microinstruction. The other register, that is, the control data
register stores the microinstruction that is read from the memory. It consists of a control word that holds one or
more micro-operations for the data processor.

The next address must be computed once this operation is completed. It is computed in the next address
generator. Then, it is sent to the control address register to be read. The next address generator is also known as
the microprogram sequencer. Based on the inputs to a sequencer, it determines the address of the next
microinstruction. The microinstructions can be specified in several ways.

The main functions of a microprogram sequencer are as follows −

● It can increment the control register by one.

● It can load the address from the control memory to the control address register.
● It can transfer an external address or load an initial address to begin the start operation.

The data register is also known as the pipeline register. It allows two operations to be performed at a time. It
allows performing the micro-operation specified by the control word and also the generation of the next
microinstruction.

A dual-phase clock is required to be applied to the address register and the data register. It is possible to apply a
single-phase clock to the address register and work without the control data register.

The main advantage of using a microprogrammed control is that, if the hardware configuration is established
once, no further changes can be done. However, if a different control sequence is to be implemented, a new set
of microinstructions for the system must be developed.

REFERENCES/LINKS
Register Transfer Language: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tus1Tjhnd2w
Introduction to Digital Logic and Computer Design:
https://classes.engineering.wustl.edu/2006/fall/jee2600/rtl/rtl.html

LEARNING ACTIVITY

Answer in no more than 300 words.

1. What are the registers involved in Register Transfer Language(RTL)? What are the function of each
register?
 2. In RTL, What does the statement R0 <-- R1 + R2' + 1do?

3. In RTL, What does the statement A v B --> R1 <-- R do?

4.-5. In your own understanding, describe how Control Memory works.

Subject Teacher Erwin S. Mapa E-mail Address: vspardason@gmail.com

Contact Number 09288448249 FB Name: Ervin Karte
Date of
School Registrar Sarah Irika B. Gardiola
Submission: