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ITTEN Notes
HANDWR
CBSE 10
TOPICWISE EASY EXPLANATION

ALL IMPORTANT TOPICS INCLUDED

ADDITIONAL TOPICS INCLUDED

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AS PER NCERT SYLLABUS

(
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X
XI SCI.
(JEE & NEET)

XI
COMM.
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EDUMANTRA
Edumantra
 Life
Processes-
Excretion
→ hscaetion

The process of removal of toxic waste

is called excretion It is the
body of organism
from the an

biological process by materials)

metabolic wastes (
which an

organism harmful
removes
nitrogenous
from the
body The mode
.

of
unicellular & multi cellular
excretion is
completely different in

organisms
-
.

-
Unicellular
organisms
-
Waste
products produced by cellular metabolism
water
are
diffused in the
surrounding etnrough
the
body surface leg .
-
earned & Paramecium .

Multicellular
organisms Specialised organs performcells function
-
- the

of excretion
flame (titanate)
leg
-
.

nephridia ( earthworm kidneys ( humans

, ) etc edmmoneea is water .

soluble waste product escorted animals

by aquatic .

hscaetion in Human
Beings

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I a
Left kidney
\ Left renal vein

☒ Aorta
Left meter

Vena cava

Urethra

×
Human
eesceretory system
The main
function
nitrogenous of human
escceetoiy system is to remove

waste such
from the body It includes pair of
as urea . a

kidneys , pair of meters

a

located in the abdomen

urinary bladder &
,
a

either side
urethra
Kidneys
backbone Urine
a .

are ,
one on
of .
 produced waters into the
bladder where
in the
kidneys passes through
it is stored until it is
the
released
urinary
through
urethra .

The
purpose of making waste
wine is to
filter out waste
products from
the
Nitrogenous
blood . such as urea or uric acid are removed

from blood in the kidneys .

Kidney
kidney is the main
organ of human
scouting system in human beings .

It is reddish brown & bean

a structure located at the back
-
-

shaped ,

abdominal each side the backbone The

of cavity ,
one on
of .

left in
kidney
the abdominal
is
placed a little
This
higher than the
right kidney to
adjustliver
cavity .

asymmetry is due to the

positioning of .

The
major functions performed by kidneys are -

) & nitrogenous
Removing
water
from
excess the
body Cosmo
of regulation
-

wastes Lurea & uric acid) from blood in the form Urea is
of wine .

product of nitrogen metabolism occurring in liver .

Maintaining etne constant concentration of blood

plasma
-

Regulating the pH of blood

-
.

Homeostasis

Nephron
contains
Each
kidney largethenumber of tiny filtration units
called
nephron .
These are structural & functional units
of
kidney .

The
its
nephron has
end &
a

lower
the
cup
- like
capsule called
end is tube like
Bowman 's
structure
capsule
called
at

upper
-

tubule Thus Bowman 's

capsule constitute
.

,
a & the tubule
together
a
nephron .

Blood
high pressure
at
flows into these tubules by blood capillaries
by Bowman cage
surrounded 's
called
glomerulus which ,
are .

structure is
The
cup-shaped followed longleads to
by tubular structure
,

which convoluted & twisted

is It .

finally the
collecting
duct that collects the
filtered urine .On an
average
1- 2L
of
human
urine is
produced by body in 24 hours .
 Bowman 's
capsule Glomerulus Tubular
part
of nephron
Branch
Tn

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*

Branch
of

¥ ¥÷¥ **÷÷
¥ ¥ ÷ i÷ ÷
vein

capillaries

Slimline of nephron
Formation & Removal
of Urine

It takes
place in
following processes

Ultrafiltration occurs in
glomerulus under
high pressure forcing
substances dissolved in blood into Bowman's
many of
the
capsule

The blood then

passes through the tubular
part of nephron where
useful substances such as glucose ,
amino acids ,
& salt
major
water are
amount
of selectively reabsorbed .

like creatinine K+
Some
nitrogenous
the blood
waste
products & then added
&
to the urine
are removed
from by the tubule
Chileulcer secretion)
are

The urine formed in each tube called

which connects the
kidney enters a
longbladder neetu .

kidneys with the

urinary .
thine is stored in the bladder until the the
urinary pressure of
expanded bladder causes the
urge
urethra
to
pass it out
through the
.

Artificial kidney (Ttemo dialysis)

kidneys are vital

organs for
restricted blood
survival .
Several
factors like infections ,

injury or
flow to
kidneys reduce the
activity of
kidneys .
This leads to accumulation
of poisonous wastes in the
body ,

which can even lead to death . In case

of kidney failure ,
an
artificial
device to
kidney can be used edn .

artificial kidney is a remove

nitrogenous waste
products from the blood through dialysis .

Artificial kidneys contains a number

of tubes with a semi
permeable
-

lining , suspended
in a tank filled with
dialysingit is fluid This fluid
.

has the osmotic blood devoid of

same
pressure as ,
escape
wastes
nitrogenous . The
patient 's blood
passed through is these tubes .

this the waste into the

During passage products from the blood pass
,

dialysis fluid by diffusion & the purified blood is pumped

back into the
patient This is similar to kidney but there is
.

,
no

reabsorption involved .
 eescaetion in Plants

Plants excrete various waste

animals as
products in
completely different forms than
those
of follows -

1. Gaseous waste products Plant release wastes such carbon

gaseous
-
as

water
dioxide &

produced during photosynthesis in

vapour produced during
respiration night onygen
at &

daytime through stomata in leaves & denticles found in stems

.

Plants water
2.
Liquid waste
products -

get rid
of excess
during
respiration by transpiration .

Plants also store waste substances in old resins &

xylem
internal
as
gums
.

Gums are the

degradation products ofthe plant tissues (mostly
cellulose) white resins formed oxidation
,
are as
products of
various essential oils .

Rubber plant excrete later ( used in ) as tyre industry an

excretory
Plants also excrete essential oils like sandalwood oil ,
as

excretory products .

3. Solid waste products -

Some
plants substances in the
store waste
cellular vacuoles & in tissues with dead cells
in heartwood
eg ,
.

Waste products can also stored within leaves bark etc. which
be
fell , ,

deciduous
off eg ,
plants
- . Plant excrete some solid waste substances
into the soil around them .

Useful plant wastes

-
Plants like oak store their
trunk which is used in treatment
excretory products
leather
as tannin in their

,
of .

Essential oils excreted

by plants such as olive oil sandalwood oil
-

, ,

used in various household

are
purposes
.