Electrical and Electronic Circuits

RC and RL circuits with piecewise constant sources

14-IS-EE101

M. B. Patil
mbpatil@ee.iitb.ac.in
www.ee.iitb.ac.in/~sequel

Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
RC circuits: Can Vc change “suddenly?”

Vs

5V

Voltage Rise in Capacitor in R-C circuit?

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: Can Vc change “suddenly?”

Vs
5V

0V t

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuits: Can Vc change “suddenly?”

Vs
5V

0V t

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuits: Can Vc change “suddenly?”

Vs
5V

0V t

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
R
Vs
i
V0
Vs v C

0V t

Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B, t > 0 (A)

Conditions on v(t):

(1) v(0−) = Vs(0−) = 0 V

v(0+) ≃ v(0−) = 0 V
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0−)
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.

(2) As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs(∞) = V 0

Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get

t = 0+: 0 = A + B ,
t → ∞: V 0 = B .
i.e., B = V 0 , A = −V0

v(t) = V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )]
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
R R
Vs Vs
i i V0
V0
Vs v C Vs v C

0V t 0V t

Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B, t > 0 (A) Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B, t > 0 (A)

Conditions on v(t): Conditions on v(t):

(1) v(0−) = Vs(0−) = 0 V (1) v(0−) = Vs(0−) = V 0

v(0+) ≃ v(0−) = 0 V v(0+) ≃ v(0−) = V 0

−
Note that we need the condition at 0 (and not at 0 )
+
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0−)
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0. because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.

(2) As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs(∞) = V 0

(2) As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs(∞) = 0 V
Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get

t = 0+: 0 = A + B , t = 0+: V 0 = A + B ,
t → ∞: V 0 = B . t → ∞: 0 = B .

i.e., B = V 0 , A = −V0 i.e., A(1)

mposing = and
V 0 , (2)
B =on0 Eq. (A), we get

v(t) = V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )] v(t) = V0 exp(−t/τ )

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuits: charging and discharging transients

R
Vs
i
V0
Vs v C

0V t

Compute i(t), t > 0 .

d
(A) i(t) = C V [10− exp(− t/τ )]
dt
CV 0 V
= exp(−t/τ ) = 0 exp(−t/τ )
τ R

(B) Let i(t) = A′ exp(−t/τ ) + B′ , t > 0 .

t = 0+: v = 0 , Vs = V 0 ⇒ i(0+) = V 0 /R .

t → ∞: i(t) = 0 .

Using these conditions, we obtain

V0 V
A′ = , B ′ = 0 ⇒ i(t) = 0 exp(−t/τ )
R R
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients

R R
Vs Vs
i i
V0 V0
Vs v C Vs v C

0V t 0V t

Compute i(t), t > 0 .

Compute i(t), t > 0 .
(A) i(t) = C dV/dt
(A) i(t) = C dV/dt

CV 0 V CV 0 V
= exp(−t/τ ) = 0 exp(−t/τ ) =− exp(−t/τ ) = − 0 exp(−t/τ )
τ R τ R

(B) Let i(t) = A′ exp(−t/τ ) + B′ , t > 0 . (B) Let i(t) = A′ exp(−t/τ ) + B′ , t > 0 .

t = 0+: v = 0 , Vs = V 0 ⇒ i(0+) = V 0 /R . t = 0+: v = V 0 , Vs = 0 ⇒ i(0+) = −V 0 /R .

t → ∞: i(t) = 0 . t → ∞: i(t) = 0 .

Using these conditions, we obtain Using these conditions, we obtain

V V V V
A = 0 , B ′ = 0 ⇒ i(t) = 0 exp(−t/τ )
′
A ′ = − , 0 B ′= 0 ⇒ i(t) = − 0 exp(−t/τ )
R R R R

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
R = 1k
Vs
i
5V
Vs v C = 1 µF

0V t

v(t) = V 0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )]
V0
i(t) = exp(− t/τ )
R

5
Vs

v
v (Volts)

5
i (mA)

−2 0 2 4 6 8
time (msec)
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
R = 1k R = 1k
Vs Vs
i i 5V
5V
Vs v C = 1 µF Vs v C
1 µF
0V t 0V t

v(t) = V 0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )] v(t) = V 0 exp(−t/τ )

V0 V0
i(t) = exp(− t/τ ) i(t) = − exp(−t/τ )
R R

5 5
Vs

v Vs
v (Volts)

v (Volts)
v

0 0

5 0
i (mA)

i (mA)
0 −5

−2 0 2 4 6 8 −2 0 2 4 6 8
time (msec) time (msec)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients

R R
Vs Vs
i i 5V
5V
Vs v C = 1 µF Vs v C = 1 µF

0V t 0V t

v(t) = V 0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )] v(t) = V 0 exp(−t/τ )

R = 100 Ω
5 5

R = 1k Ω
v (Volts)

v (Volts)
R =1
kΩ
0 0
R = 100 Ω
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time (msec) time (msec)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Question - 1

TA#1

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Plot of f (t) = e − t / τ

t/τ e−t/τ 1 − e−t/τ 1

1 − exp (−x)
0.0 1.0 0.0
1.0 0.3679 0.6321
2.0 0.1353 0.8647
4.9787×10−2 exp (−x)
3.0 0.9502
4.0 1.8315×10−2 0.9817 0
5.0 6.7379×10−3 0.9933
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x =t/τ

* For t/τ = 5, e −t/τ  0, 1 − e −t/τ  1

* Transient lasts for about 5 time constants
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Question - 1

TA#1

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RL circuits: Can iL change “suddenly?”

R Th
A A
Circuit (resistors,
voltage sources, current
sources, CCVS, CCCS, i i

≡
VCVS, VCCS)

v L VT h v L

B B

* Similarly, an inductor does not allow abrupt changes in iL

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Question - 2

Fig 2(a)  SW closed

t < 0  Vc(0-); V1(0-) ?

TA#2
Question - 2

Fig 2(b)  SW open

t > 0  Vc(0+); V1(0+)?

TA#2
Question - 2

Fig 2(b)  SW open

t > 0  Vc(∞); V1(∞)?

TA#2
Question - 2

Fig 2(b)  SW open

t > 0  RTH ; t?

TA#2
Question - 2

Fig 2(b)  SW open

t > 0, vOC = vTH ; iSC = iN?

TA#2
Question - 2

TA#2
Question - 3

Fig 3(a) t < 0  Vc(0-); VA(0-) ?

TA#3
Question - 3

Fig 3(a) t > 0  RTH ; t?

TA#3
Question - 3

Fig 3 t > 0  Vc(∞); VA(∞) ?

TA#3
Question - 3

Fig 3 t > 0, vOC = vTH ; iSC = iN?

TA#3
Question - 3

TA#3