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9 Chapter 2
9 Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL
presented in this chapter. Now a day’s construction scheduling in the complex and
challenging took. Various research work carried out the field of scheduling and
planning for determining influencing factors since the 1990s’. Various attributes have
been clarified and differentiated into various forms such as critically important and
Arditi et al. (1985) carried out a questionnaire survey to pick out the causes of delay in
construction work. Data for 126 projects from contractors and 258 projects from public
that delays in design work, large quantities of extra work and frequent change orders
Kraiem et al. (1987) investigated the responses of the contractors with respect to work
Bramble and Callahan, (1992) reviewed the reasons for delays by a look at the in
charge of main parties in the design and construction process. The authors
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related issues. The authors represented and listed owner-caused delays, design-related
Mansfield et al. (1994) identified 16 predominant factors that induced delays and price
hikes in Nigeria. A survey was completed with contractors, experts and clients in
Nigeria. The authors said that the details for the delay and price hikes in Nigerian
construction work have been credited to finance and payment, poor contract control,
construction work through literature and interviews. The gathered information from
the respondents became analyzed using significance index and delay factors with a set
of delays have been calculated. The authors indexed the maximum vital delay elements
construction delays in Hong Kong as visible via clients, contractors and consultants,
and evaluated the comparative impact of the considerable elements affecting delay in
productivity. They examined and ranked important motives for delays and sectioned
them into two: (a) the role of the events in the local construction industry and (b) the
type of projects. The authors determined that the 5 main and common reasons of
delays are: poor site control and supervision; unexpected ground situation; delayed
deviation of works.
Ogunlana et al. (1996) studied the details for the delay in 12 high-rise building
evaluated with other studies of delays and overruns around the world to discover the
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unique problems that generate delays for construction in growing economies
suggested that delays in construction work may be decreased through the joint efforts
Al-Khalil et al. (1999) recognized the primary reasons for the delay in large building
projects and utility tasks in Saudi Arabia. Al-Momani, (2000) examined the reasons
and the extended time of public projects on 130 construction works in Jordan to assist
agreement award with quantitative information. Information was accrued from 5 types
linear model becomes used to evaluate the connection among the actual and planned
time and the proposed regression equations have been determined appropriate to
Odeh and Battaineh, (2002) studied the reasons of construction delay at traditional
contracts in Jordan, they used questionnaire method on this study; the questionnaire
became circulated to 100 contractors and 50 experts arbitrarily. The authors decided
that insufficient contractor experience, owner interfering, and funding of work have
Aibinu and Jagboro, (2002) explored the developing problem of construction delay in
Nigeria and tested the results of delay on delivery of construction works in the country.
Using an information gathered on sixty one projects, the authors recognized and
evaluated the consequences of delay in the construction. Time and price hikes were
17
Frimpong et al. (2003) done a survey to discover and study the relative significance of
offices, and contractors involved in the underground water works. From the study the
construction inside the Florida construction industry. The number one aim was to
identify the perceptions of the specific parties concerning the reason for delays, the
allocation of duties and the varieties of delays. Fig. 2.1 shows the status of various
Long et al. (2004) reviewed the problems of huge construction works using a case
study in Vietnam, one of the growing countries. The authors grouped the problems
of control; social and technological issues; site related issues; and incorrect techniques
and tools.
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Wiguna and Scott, (2005) studied the risk affecting construction delays and price
construction work.
Meeampol and Ogunlana, (2006) explored the price and time routine of highway
assignments from the perspective of the public vendor. Thirteen fulfillment factors
were diagnosed from literature and the evaluations of skilled engineers. Data were
Thailand. Discriminant analysis was used to build the price and time predictive
models. The results convey that achievement in price overall performance depends on
Lo et al. (2006) explored thirty delay reasons in Hong Kong construction works
factors and resource associated. The authors mentioned that the percentage agreement
(PA) became 74% among the owner and consultant institution with numerous
significant reasons.
Sambasivan and Soon, (2007) reviewed an incorporated method and tried to examine
the effect of particular causes and the follow up of delays in Malaysian construction
works. The authors recognized 10 vital factors out of twenty-eight factors and six
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Abd El-Razek et al. (2008) in his work identified that the distinctive construction
construction projects.
Al-Kharashi and Skitmore, (2009) recognized the frequency, extent, and reasons for
highlighted the persistent environment of the issue and disparity within the views of
the project stakeholders. They observed that the most manipulating current source of
the delay is the shortage of qualified and experienced employees credited to the
Pourrostam and Ismail, (2011) recognized the enormous factors causing and
reasons and results of delay from experts and contractors’ point of view. This study
and six different results of delay. The results showed delay can lead to many bad
Doloi et al. (2012) studied problems making delays in construction system of India.
The authors diagnosed the important thing factors impacting the delay in the Indian
construction industry and set up the connection between the critical attributes for
growing prediction models for calculating the influences of those factors on delay.
Using the factor evaluation and regression modelling the status of time overrun factors
have been calculated. The main causes of delay confirmed by researchers from unique
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Table 2.1 Causes of delay in various countries as reported in the literature
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Akinsiku and Akinsulire, (2012) presented 33 causes of delays, seventeen resultant
recognized for the study based on a review of the literature. The authors recommended
that a client’s cash flow related problems are the primary causes of delays while time
Khattri et al. (2016) executed research to find the reason for the delay and their
outcomes on the construction project. It was observed that delay is induced due to
disputes, cost overrun, time overrun negotiation overall desertion, Litigation, lawsuit,
abandonment etc. due to these problems project members concur for the cases for the
Several studies were agreed to categorize the material related issues of delays.
Chan and Kumaraswamy, (1995 and 1997) presented the study to enumerate the
reasons affecting works in Hong Kong. The authors mounted relationships among
cost, overall gross floor area and many stores in the buildings.
Furthermore, in this study on plant usage level and site labour productivity were
Results specify that the 5 most important and common causes of delays are: slow in
decision making, bad ground conditions, worst management and supervision of site,
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Ogunlana et al. (1996) recommended that the factors such as shortage of material, low
quality of material, increase of material costs and delay in delivery were the factors to
Chan and Kumaraswamy, (1996) depicted the factors including material shortage and
Kaming et al. (1997) diagnosed the factors manipulating construction duration and
price overruns on high rise projects in Indonesia. Increase in Material cost, low-quality
material and project complication is the primary reasons for price overruns. The main
causes of delay are designed modifications, poor labour productivity and insufficient
planning.
Majid and McCaffer, (1998) recognized the following factors that add to reasons of
delays: a shortage of material, low quality of material, the low finding of material,
Odeh and Bataineh, (2002) recognized that the factor, low quality in materials has an
excessive influence on the causes of delays. Frimpong et al. (2003) and Koushki et al.
(2005) discovered that the factors including, shortage of construction material, low
Wiguna and Scoot, (2005) recognized material cost increase as one of the factors that
contributes delays. Material associated factors inflicting time overrun are recognized
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Table 2.2 Material related factors causing time overruns
Groups Factors
Majid and McCaffer, (1998) identified that the factors including deficiency in labour
supply, absenteeism, strike, and occasional motivation and morale are the important
labour and labour safety has a high influence on the causes of delays. Manpower
related issues causing time overrun were recognized and are presented in Table 2.3.
Odeh and Bataineh, (2002) in their studies recognized labour productivity and labour
as important delay factors. Chan and Kumaraswamy, (1996) diagnosed that scarcity of
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Table 2.3 Manpower related factors causing time overruns
Groups Factors
Shortage of labour
Lack of skilled labour
Migrant labour
Labor injuries, disputes and strikes
Unqualified work force team
Manpower Personal conflicts among labour
Obtaining permits for migrant labour
Lack of motivation
Lack of communication
Lack of Mobilization
Absenteeism of labour
Chan and Kumaraswamy, (1996) mentioned that a lack of equipment and incorrect
equipment are the factors contributing delay. Odeh and Bataineh, (2002) diagnosed
that equipment allocation problem is the primary cause for construction delay.
Long et al. (2004) diagnosed the issue of insufficient modern equipment as a reason
causing time overrun of construction works. Table.2.4 lists the equipment related
equipment; frequent equipment breakdown, and equipment allocation problem are the
Majid and McCaffer, (1998) provided that the delay factors are equipment breakdown,
problem.
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Table 2.4 Equipment related factors causing time overruns
Groups Factors
Availability of equipment
Complication of advanced technology
equipment
Transportation of equipment
Equipment Idle time of equipment
Complication of hire
Disruption of accessories
Poor maintenance of equipment
Idle time of equipment
Majid and McCaffer, (1998) recognized that the factors such as insufficient fund
construction work.
Ogun Lana et al. (1996) identified that the contractor's economic difficulties have a
high influence on the causes of delays. Long et al. (2004) pronounced that the
Koushki et al. (2005) discussed the unreasonable constraints to the customer have an
excessive effect on putting off. Frimpong et al. (2003) diagnosed that monthly
payment problems are the most serious issue that contributes to delay. Finance related
Groups Factors
Cash Flow (Inflow and Outflow)
Slab of payment during construction
Finance Financing by contractor during construction
Financing between the owner and contractor
Unavailability of financial incentive
26
Swesis, (2013) studied the main issues causing time overruns in the Jordan
construction industry. The overrun variables have been extracted from the literature
and from an intensive exam of the belief of 30 engineers, and then ranked in keeping
with their severity index. The top ten issues are recognized and handled with the use of
Mulla and Wagmare, (2015) analyzed the time and cost overrun factors and
recommended the correct remedial solutions. The relevant information has been
collected and studied by evaluating the real and planned schedule to understand the
causes and implications of overruns. The result exhibits that poor planning, operation
and management are the primary reasons. Finally it has been concluded that the use
and implementation of better project management and its strategies, proper planning,
Dlakwa and Culpin, (1990) observed that the factors for schedule overruns of
construction projects in public region are: lack of activating payment by the company
to contractors; and variations in material, labour and plant costs. Project cost overruns
had been often said to originate from interruptions and delays to project development.
scheduling; incomplete documents; labour clashes and strikes; labour accidents; lack
Plan overruns occurs in situations when the genuine project time surpasses the initially
arranged and agreed completion duration. There should be coordination among the
project aim, prepared schedule and favorable conditions to carry out the project.
Modifications to anyone or greater of the above 3 can affect the reimbursement level
According to Ahmed, (2002) delays may be classified into 4 broad classes relying on
Frimpong et al. (2003) decided that poor contractor management; monthly payment
increase of material cost in keeping with their degree of impact; inclement weather;
and sudden natural activities have been possible reasons of schedule overruns.
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Construction assignments should be much centered to restrict schedule overruns.
Various issues affect completion periods of projects. It’s been said that it's far essential
to create attention of reasons for project delays, their incidence, and the range to which
Olawale and sun, (2010) recognized the leading five factors constraining time and cost
hindering the capacity to manipulate the not only time of construction projects but also
cost. Findings of this study resolved that there's an excessive level of correlation
between the inhibiting factors for cost manipulate and time control.
Bhatia and Apte, (2016) determined the issues initiating project schedule and cost
overruns, in Pune province of India through evaluating the planned and finished
schedule of the project and by evaluating the real and planned expenditure of the
project.
Borse and Khare, (2016) analyzed the construction projects to fix money to be spent
and exact schedule in numerous kinds and dimensions of the projects. It was observed
that maximum considerable issues initiating time and cost overruns in Indian
construction are the material rate, loss of planning, slow decision making, raising of
material price.
Abu El-Maaty et al. (2017) determined the fundamental reasons of schedule overrun in
models. Contractor's technical staff becomes inadequate and ineligible to attain the
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project was the maximum crucial cause of schedule overrun, and the inadequate
instruction of the project about planning and implementation was the major reason of
cost increase. Four models have been created using linear regression evaluation
technique and statistical fuzzy theory and it has been observed that the linear
Construction plans are getting greater complex and difficult (Chan et al. 2004) for this
and techniques, while others research the problems affecting schedule performance
presentation are seldom linked. Measuring standards of a project and its concept plays
as leading components in making a good performance of the schedule (Iyer and Jha
2006).
Chan et al. (2004) categorized the issues affecting project fulfillment into 4 groups:
participant-associated factors.
Dos Santos, (2002) exhibits that only a small portion of the issue stems from the partial
utility of concept, the gap in knowledge amongst practitioners and the lack of support
and project operational reality, the expected reliable condition may not be reached
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Scheduling usually begins with planning and goes on with the execution. If problems
arise during execution or sometimes in the finishing time, these things will be brought
to the court (Gould and Joyce 2009). Therefore, schedules to be rendered usable for
planning, executing, monitoring and conversation, needs to be stuck with the codal
The schedule can be improved to implement the project schedule by converting the
project plan right into a logical arrangement and collection of activities. During the
schedule improvement phase, the project activities are subtle, activity durations are
determined, activity relationships and sequencing are specified, and key milestones are
shown. Along with resources and estimation (AACE 2006). A schedule must be
prepared by the construction managers for guiding and controlling resources (Lu and
Lam 2000).
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If nothing goes according to plan, the schedule may be revised. Excessive change
orders can cause adjustments within the planned schedules and, therefore, cause
Thus the purpose exists to hold a good control of project schedules. Right planning and
management are usually needed to keep away from project delays (Tumi et al. 2009).
more than one problems that could cascade for the duration of the work pressure chain,
affecting the schedule and main to damage more than one parties. To explain this a
case study has been demonstrated with seven different mishandling scenarios. For
Moneke, (2012) examined the schedule influencing factors and outlined a frame work
analysis indicated that time, material and manpower have been the considerable
factors. She endorsed in-depth time forecasting and scenario analysis as well as apt
Hwang, (2013) carried out a survey with 36 industry professionals and revealed that
on site” had been the top 3 factors affecting scheduling of public housing projects
carried out in Singapore. The factors responsible for schedule performance stated in
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Table 2.6 Factors affecting schedule performance (Hwang et al. 2013)
Shortage of labors
Delay in progress payments by owner
Assaf and Saudi Type of project Bidding and award
Al-Hejji (2006) Arabia Unqualified work force
Late in reviewing and approving design
documents by owner.
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Improper planning
Sambasivan Site management
and Soon Malaysia Inadequate contractor experience
(2007) Finance and payments of completed work
Subcontractors.
Poor planning and scheduling of the project by the
contractor
Sweis et al. Financial difficulties faced by the contractor
Jordan
(2008) Too many change orders from owner
Shortage of manpower
Incompetent technical staff assigned to the project.
Poor site management and supervision
Poor project management assistance
Long et al.
Vietnam Financial difficulties of owners
(2008)
Financial difficulties of contractor
Design changes.
Financing by contractor during construction
Delays in contractor’s payment by owner
Design changes by owner or his agent during
Abd El-Razek
Egypt construction
et al.(2008)
Partial payments during construction
Non-utilization of professional construction /
contractual management.
Hwang and Yang, (2014) assessed the reconstruction within the construction industry
and its impact on schedule overall performance. The remedies for this issue are
discussed and presented. Hwang et al. (2015) carried out his research on ninety-eight
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green building and fifty one retrofitting projects in Singapore. They expressed the
kinds of projects.
Laufer et al. (1992) investigated the factors inducing the efficiency of incentive
applications, the quantity of the influence to get success even in different conditions.
The authors established that direct monetary award for a single objective of group
most promising.
techniques guides in creating a model for schedule with a tool and to control the
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PMBOK, (2004) suggests some analytical techniques namely CPM, PERT and GERT
can be employed in estimating the activity durations. All scheduling techniques are
having their benefits and drawbacks (Kerzner 2009). The scheduling tool is used to
assemble the schedule model and offer means of changing numerous parameter and
The scheduling tool incorporates the scheduling components and the rules for
concerning and using the components to symbolize the process for completing a
project. The best performance has been experienced by researchers (PMI 2007 and
PMBOK 2004). The frequently cited problems which are related to the participants
are: inadequately skilled and/or experienced project managers; poor leadership; failure
persons.
Iyer and Jha, (2009) stated that a capable project supervisor has the technical and
monitoring skills for powerful leadership. Furthermore, the project supervisor has to
be capable of delegate authority and duties to the project team and all other project
associated with the skills, training and experience that he possesses. Every participant
has abilities and knowledge that may be beneficial in developing the project plan
(PMBOK 2004).
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Given that all construction projects are different, the use of skills plays a significant
role in identifying the components that add cost to project scheduling (Chan et al.
2004).
Iyer and Jha, (2006) highlighted the status of project planning and recommended that
project planning is done through skilled people. Many organizations knew the need to
improve the level of knowledge and skills in the construction network by offering
training using education, workshops, lunch and other learning programs (Buziak
2008). PMI has currently started an institution to learn scheduling besides the company
(Galloway 2006). The difficulty of the project schedule shows the high
interconnection between activities. When the resources wanted for the project are
widely spread, the project is considered complicated. Conversely the duration, cash
flow and the excellence of the project will get affected; it is often required to make a
Castro et al. (2009) evaluated the feasibility of the use of fuzzy mathematical models
for evaluating construction schedules and the contingencies created via changes in
analyzed the use of 3 strategies: manual critical path method scheduling calculations,
Primavera project management software program and mathematical models using the
Laslo, (2010) attempted to develop and examine an alternative technique for resource
planning and scheduling that is probably beneficial for project portfolio management.
He used a simulation primarily based on a greedy priority dispatching rule and a cyclic
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create a job shop. Through the study it has been clearly stated that planning and
Polekar and Salgude, (2015) said that a warning mechanism should be present which
could alert the company approximately its viable success and failures during the
project. The primary goals of this study are to plan, schedule, and track a residential
project with the assist of Primavera software, observe the results generated, it is
possible to signify which technique is appropriate for the selected residential project.
Also recommend measures are suggested to the company for enhancing their project
Devikamalam and Halena, (2013) used a genetic algorithm (GA) approach to evaluate
industry with the help of gene hunter software program. After a thorough analyzation
GA finds the best schedule programme with minimal total project period and
better-levelled resources with decreased cost and chances of closing the project within
solution.
Agyei, (2015) performed studies on finding trade-off among the cost and minimum
expected time with a purpose to be required to complete the building project. Angel
Estates and Construction Ltd., in Ghana established a data base on the cost and
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duration of activities. Critical Path Method (CPM) and Project Evaluation and Review
Technique (PERT) has been used to crash the time and cost with linear programming
identified in all activities. With this analysis the time prediction to finish project is
Nie and Gao, (2015) developed a model to integrate the resource levelling problem and
evaluate the Pareto front of time and cost. According to this approach, the runtime of
the algorithm has been polynomial times of the number of activities. The accuracy of
Like this a number of researches have analyzed a particular reason which influences
the construction scheduling and have reported the significance of that reason. Thus, the
management, incorrect planning, wrong handling of scheduling methods and tools and
worst use of software program had been reviewed and presented as follows.
Popescu, 2001). According to the PMI (2007), Specification tells about an entire,
of a system, component, product, result or service and, frequently the approaches for
40
Presently the scheduling specifications have emerged as overstressed with the
challenge of addressing the entire range of roles now encompassed by the activity of
scheduling.
short or long sentences. This lack of standards and methodologies are the reasons for
The dynamic and unique nature of construction projects makes it tough to plan,
schedule and manage. Most of the studies in “factors affecting scheduling” have been
countries won't be identical and is consequently in need of exploration (Iyer and Jha
2006).
Kuruoglu and Ergen, (2002) defined that countries that are developing may not adopt
People with construction knowledge and experience ought to carry out the early
project planning so that interference among design and construction may be avoided
Hartley, (1993) stated skilled and experienced personnel only can adhere with the
(Nima et al. 2002) and unrealistic base-lined schedules (Son and Rojas 2011).
Nowadays the planned scheduling can be ignored and instead a mechanized method of
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2.6.3 Lack of communication
includes the exchange of data. A clear, unambiguous and complete diffusion of data
Projects schedules are the medium via which information is presented for the clear
particulars of the project. To achieve maximum benefits, the continual use of the
Members often experience some kind of schedule pressure which often causes
in order that schedules can weather out those and different turbulences. Poor
Ponce de Leon (2008) declared that the failure of schedule is due to inadequate
described temporal and financial constraints (Long et al. 2004). Glenwright, (2004)
stated that the scheduling, planning does not provide always the needed particulars of
The best usage of tools and methods available drives the project in a success path
(Griffith 2006). When properly used, scheduling techniques and tools force the
42
project team to break down the assignment into discrete activities, estimate the period
of each, and assume through the possible and preferable sequencing of the activities.
According to several authors soft wares are meant only for representation purposes and
not fruitful in delivering the project in time even though more number of programs are
many methods have been developed and used to measure the schedule delay. Choosing
a suitable evaluation method is a major project for resolving the schedule delay claims
encountered.
Alkass et al. (1996) tested that construction projects retain to suffer delays. The
authors mentioned different delay evaluation techniques that are presently utilized by
practitioners. They also proposed a new delay analysis technique known as the isolated
delay type (IDT). A case study has been thoroughly examined to highlight the strength
and weakness of the technique. A Computerized Delay Claims analysis (CDCA) has
spreadsheet.
Aibinu and Odeyinka, (2006) offered the key resources of construction projects delay
in Iran construction projects. The authors sorted out a comparison between new
this study. Seventy-three delay causes had been recognized in the sample projects,
wherein 25 factors were associated with the new technology restrict. The end result
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assists policy makers and practitioners to understand the actual elements causing
delay.
Sadi A. Assaf et al. (2006) recognized seventy-three reasons of schedule delay exist in
Saudi construction projects. They located that the maximum critical causes of schedule
delay were: postponing the payment, late approving design files by using owner,
Mohan and Al-Gahtani, (2006) mentioned ten schedule delay analysis and compared
them in resolving the problems of real-time delay, concurrent delay and pacing delay.
Based totally on study outcomes, Mohan and Al-Gahtani executed an applicable delay
Abd El-Razek et al. (2008) explored the opinions of contractors, consultants and
semi-structured interviews. The ensuing listing of delay causes changed into subjected
essential causes of delay. The contractor and owner have opposing views, mainly
blaming one another for delays. Finally, it has been concluded that unity and
Kaliba et al. (2009) concluded from their examination that the time overrun in
problems.
Yang and Kao, (2009) differentiated the available delay analysis strategies with
supplying clear liability distribution, considering multiple critical paths and important
path(s) exchange, defining total float in a clear position and incorporating the system
Dayi, (2010) submitted in his study the evaluated delay reasons and the methods used
in exploring them. A case study has been applied the “Time impact analysis technique”
(TIA) which is kept running using PRIMAVERA software program in deciding the
schedule delays; to evaluate the impacts of these delays towards the finishing period,
and to allocate the duties of the persons involved in the project to avoid delay.
projects. Poor financial background of Contractor and client, delay in receiving the
loan and increase in price were identified as significant causes. Possible solutions in
conduct training on cash flow control, to access risk control, to be smart in accepting
the contract, to choose a good paymaster and to use charge bond with bank and client
anything goes wrong in the execution. Data was collected immediately from both
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contractor and client project managers of 254 construction projects. Actual delays
from contractors had been determined to be a small percentage of the general project
schedule delays. For most of the delays contractors accused only the material
providers.
Larsen et al. (2015) has taken the public construction projects to examine the schedule
delay. It has been analysed that inexperienced project managers affects greatly the
time, cost and quality. Questionnaires containing twenty six factors selected by
conducting interviews were sent to the project managers. Relative Importance Index
(RII) is used for ranking and the Friedman´s test along with the Wilcoxon´s test are
used for post-hoc evaluation. From the evaluation, the most affecting aspect associated
with time became found to be unsettled or lack of project funding. For the price related
aspect, mistakes or omissions in the representative material turned into the most
important.
Aibinu and Odeyinka, (2006); Al-Kharashi and Skitmore, (2009); Kazaz et al. (2012)
all studied the reasons for schedule delays and outcomes to the time concept.
Upadhyay et al. (2016) quantified the top most schedule issues in Gwalior area and
nearby areas by using Relative Significance Index (R.I.I.) approach. The top most
important elements causing delay were useless planning and scheduling, errors and
late in producing design papers, late in progress outflows, less information about
According to Ousseni Bagaya and Jinbo Song, (2016) Managerial capability of project
managers curtails the delay in projects. One hundred and forty experts have been
requested to put forth their ideas of schedule delay reasons in Burkina Faso. Financial
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needed equipment’s very fast and poor performance in using quantitative statistical
Bilgin et al. (2017) proposed to delay analysis an ontology to make easier the
improvised databases, data sharing in addition to retrieval for delay evaluation within
performed during the improvement of the ontology and it is evaluated by the use of 5
case research. The delay evaluation ontology can be used for different purposes
It may allow companies to create their own databases, corporate memories and
Durdyev et al. (2017) fulfilled an essential knowledge gap by identifying the various
attributes for construction project delay with the residential building projects in
Cambodia. Relative significance Index (RII) was used in ranking the factors delivered
from the survey conducted with the contractors and consultants. Outcomes of the study
materials and its delayed delivery; fake project scheduling; Project complexity; worst
payment of owners; site protection to avoid accidents by the contractors and experts.
From the Literature survey, the importance of scheduling and its utility in the
construction industry has been found. The elements which impact the schedule
overrun are critical elements, the importance of time, cost and quality, the importance
of critical and non-critical activities. Most of the researchers discovered that general
47
project duration increases due to the time overrun of every single activity of the
projects.
Researchers found the reasons for the delay, varieties of delay and their impact of
delay in usual project duration and the assigned works for members of the projects to
avoid the delay. The purpose of research, in general, earned out "how can avoid the
rescheduling, chances to finish the project in planned schedule" and also helps to
monitor the project performance. The methods like MS Project, Primavera, Genetic
algorithm, Time impact analysis approach, Gene Hunter software, Crashing approach,
ANOVA, Earned value analysis, resource levelling and various schedule delay
analysis are often adopted to find the construction schedule overrun. The studies
focused to discover the reasons for rescheduling and also helped to find the crucial
elements that affect the planned duration of the projects. Maximum of the researchers
rescheduling, ending the task in planned duration and within the budget affordable by
each owner and contractors. Many researchers only focused on the qualitative
technique by getting ideas from skilled civil construction practitioners, which include
clients, consultants, and contractors to determine the delay reasons. The present study
therefore focused on bringing out the critical activities causing delay in construction
case studies to know the actual effect of delay in the scheduling of the projects.
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2.9 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT STUDY
To extract and identify the critical factors influencing schedule overrun from
To study the influencing range of the individual factors that lead to the
Scope
In this study, the Responses (questionnaire survey) are used for qualitative
study and case studies (construction project) are used for the quantitative
study.
The study is limited to identifying the factors that affect schedule overruns in
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Responses to the questionnaire (qualitative method) are grouped and
analyzed, using SPSS (statistical package for social science), viz., the
ACO (Ant Colony Optimization) Technique has been adopted for optimizing
2.10 SUMMARY
This chapter presents in detail the studies carried out by the researchers around the
measures have been provided by number of researchers for the picked out factors. But
Tamil Nadu which is a part of India, this study of focusing on the schedule delay
adopting the technique for quantifying the factors considering the uncertainties
involved in scheduling. From the literature, it can be seen that statistical model
scheduling. Hence this research focuses on developing simple statistical models for
assessing those factors by considering small and medium-sized projects only in Tamil
Nadu. Based on the research carried out suitable recommendations have also been
carry out the current study is presented in detail in the next chapter.
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