TOEFL READING COMPREHENSION PRACTICE TEST FOR

BUSINESS ENGLISH READING & VOCABULARY TEST

Instruction: Read the following passage and answer question number 1-10

The Alaska pipeline starts at the frozen edge of the Arctic Ocean. It stretches southward
across the largest and northernmost state in the United States, ending at a remote ice-free seaport
village nearly 800 miles from where it begins. It is massive in size and extremely complicated to
operate.

The steel pipe crosses windswept plains and endless miles of delicate tundra that tops the
frozen ground. It weaves through crooked canyons, climbs sheer mountains, plunges over rocky crags,
makes its way through thick forests, and passes over or under hundreds of rivers and streams. The
pipe is 4 feet in diameter, and up to 2 million barrels (or 84 million gallons) of crude oil can be pumped
through it daily.

Resting on H-shaped steel racks called “bents,” long sections of the pipeline follow a zigzag
course high above the frozen earth. Other long sections drop out of sight beneath spongy or rocky
ground and return to the surface later on. The pattern of the pipeline’s up-and down route is
determined by the often harsh demands of the arctic and subarctic climate, the tortuous lay of the
land, and the varied compositions of soil, rock, or permafrost (permanently frozen ground). A little
more than half of the pipeline is elevated above the ground. The remainder is buried anywhere from
3 to 12 feet, depending largely upon the type of terrain and the properties of the soil.

One of the largest in the world, the pipeline cost approximately $8 billion and is by far the
biggest and most expensive construction project ever undertaken by private industry. In fact, no
single business could raise that much money, so 8 major oil companies formed a consortium in order
to share the costs. Each company controlled oil rights to particular shares of land in the oil fields and
paid into the pipeline-construction fund according to the size of its holdings. Today, despite
enormous problems of climate, supply shortages, equipment breakdowns, labour disagreements,
treacherous terrain, a certain amount of mismanagement, and even theft, the Alaska pipeline has
been completed and is operating.

1. The passage primarily discusses the pipeline’s

a. Operating costs
b. Employees
c. Consumers
d. construction
2. The word ‘it’ in line 6 refers to
a. Pipeline
b. Ocean
c. State
d. Village
3. According to the passage, 84 million gallons of oil can travel through the pipeline each
a. Day
b. Week
c. Month
d. Year
4. The phrase ‘Resting on” in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to
a. Consisting of
b. Supported by
c. Passing under
d. Protected with
5. The author mentions all of the following as important in determining the pipeline’s route,
EXCEPT the
a. Climate
b. Lay of the land itself
c. Local vegetation
d. Kind of soil and rock
6. The word “undertaken” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to
a. Removed
b. Selected
c. Transported
d. Attempted
7. How many companies shared the costs of constructing the pipeline?
a. Three
b. Four
c. Eight
d. Twelve
8. The word “particular” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to
a. Peculiear
b. Specific
c. Exceptional
d. Equal
9. Which of the following determined what percentage of the construction costs each member
of the consortium would pay?
a. How much oil field land each company owned
b. How long each company had owned land in the oil fields
c. How many people worked for each company
d. How many oil wells were located on the company’s land
10. Where in the passage does the author provide a term for an earth covering that always
remains frozen?
a. Paragraph 1
b. Paragraph 2
c. Paragraph 3
d. Paragraph 4
Read this to answer questions number 11-20

In the later part of the nineteenth century, the direction of expansion in the United States
shifted from the countryside to the city. During the crises of the 1870s and the 1890s, tens of
thousands of families abandoned their farms and ranches and headed for urban areas. Even
prosperity produced migration from the countryside to the city. As pioneers settled rural districts,
eventually the number of farms or ranches approached the maximum number the land would support.
Landowners sought to increase their productivity through mechanization, and those who were
successful invested their returns in the purchase of additional land and equipment, expanding their
holdings by buying the farms of less fortunate neighbors, who moved on. Compare this pattern of
economic development with that of the city, where innovations in manufacturing led to the creation
of new opportunities and new jobs. But in the countryside, economic development inevitably meant
depopulation. Rural areas in the central part of the country had begun to lose population by the
1880s, and over the next half century most of the rural West was overtaken by this trend. For every
industrial worker who became a farmer, 20 young men from farms rushed to the city to compete for
his job.

Less well-known is the fact that for every 20 young farm men, as many as 25 or 30 young
farm women moved from the rural West to the cities. As a government report noted in 1920, young
farm women were more likely to leave the farm and move to a western city than were young farm
men. This amounted to a stunning reversal of the traditional pattern of western urban settlement,
which featured the presence of many young, unattached men among the migrants but almost no
single women.

What explains the greater rates of female migration to the cities? In the opinion of many
contemporaries, young women were pushed out of the countryside by constricted opportunities,
particularly limited educational and vocational options.

11. What aspect of the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries does
the passage mainly discuss?
a. Why young women chose to move from farms to cities
b. The number and types of manufacturing jobs created in cities
c. Changes in settlement patterns between farms and cities
d. The effects of mechanization on western migration
12. The word ‘expansion’ in line 1 is closest in meaning to
a. Change
b. Growth
c. Population
d. Labor
13. The word ‘abondaned’ in line 3 is closest in meaning to
a. Left behind
b. Sold
c. Gave away
d. Gradually reduced the size of
14. Why does the author discuss ‘prosperity’ in line 4?
a. To indicate that more than one factor contributed to the movement from rural to
urban settlement
b. To support the idea that many families were able to stop farming and migrate to the
cities
c. To suggest that migration would have happened despite the economic situation
d. To argue against economics as the primary factor in migration
15. According to the first paragraph, in the late 1800s, farmland was most likely to be purchased
by
a. City businessmen seeking new investments
b. Successful landowners who had mechanized farms
c. Young farm men starting to work
d. People who had few opportunities in cities
16. The word ‘inevitably’ in line 11 is closest in meaning to
a. Unexpectedly
b. Usually
c. Unavoidably
d. possibly
17. The phrase ‘this trend’ in line 13 refers to
a. Industrial workers becoming farmers
b. The economic development of the countryside
c. The loss of rural population
d. Innovations in manufacturing
18. According to the first paragraph, which of the following is true about the population of the
United States after the 1880s?
a. Fewer people lived on farms
b. The central part of the United States lost much of its population to rural areas in the
West.
c. Rural areas of the West became more populated than those in the central part of the
country
d. Work opportunities in urban areas began to decline
19. According to the second paragraph, how did migration among young women in the rural West
differ from that of young men?
a. Young women were more likely to leave rural areas to go to urban areas
b. Young women were more likely to take jobs on farms
c. Young women who migrated generally had more education
d. Young women generally moved more frequently from one rural area to another
20. The word ‘constricted’ in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
a. Unappealing
b. Reduced
c. Low-paying
d. disappearing