TD-BED 02

MODIFIED LEARNING MATERIALS/MODULES BASED ON THE DEPED CURRICULUM

Grade Level: 11 Quarter/Duration: 3rd Quarter – 1st Month School Year: 2021-2022
Teacher: KIM M. ARANETA Subject: Probability and Statistics

Lesson 1: RANDOM VARIABLE (Discrete and Continuous)

Learning Competency:
a.) Illustrates a random variable (discrete and continuous).
b.) distinguishes between a discrete and a continuous random variable.
Competency Code: M11/12SP-IIIa-1, M11/12SP-IIIa-2

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

A Random Variable is a numerical quantity that is derived from the outcomes of random experiments.
There are two types of random variables, the discrete and continuous random variables.

Is a numerical value associated with Has infinite numerical values

the desired outcomes. It is also either associated with any interval on the
a finite or infinite number of values number line system without any gaps
but countable such as whole or breaks.
numbers 0,1,2,3.
For example:
For example: - Height
The number of daily admissions in a -Weight
hospital. - Skull Circumference
The number of male athletes.

Table 1. Examples of Random Variables

Experiment Number X Possible Values of X

1. Flip a pair of coin Number of heads in 4 flips of a 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
coin
2. Flip a pair of coin repeatedly Number of tosses until the coin 1, 2, 3, 4, …
lands tails
3. Set of Integers Integers from 2 to 6 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
4. Set of real numbers Real numbers from 2 to 6 2≤x≤6

From the example in the table above, Examples 1, 2, and 3 are all discrete while example 4 is continuous.

Tips and Tricks

Whenever you have to identify, whether a given data is discrete or not, just ask yourself a question:
"Can I count it?"

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Name:_____________________________________________Strand/Year:_______Date:_______Score:______
Subject: Probability and Statistics 11

ACTIVITIES

A. Classify as discrete or continuous random variable. Write your correct answer on the space provided before the
number.
_______________1.) The speed of a bus.
_______________2.) The number of voters favoring a candidate.
_______________3.) The temperature in Quezon at noon time.
_______________4.) The number of gold medals won by Quezon delegates in Regional Sports Competition.
_______________5.) The amount of paint used in repainting a building.

B. Answer the following.

1.) Ten children were asked to solve the Rubik’s cube. The time it took for them to complete the puzzle is
summarized in the table below.
Time (in min) Less than1 1-2 2–3 Greater than 3

Number of children 2 4 3 1

Classify what type of variable is shown.

2.) Suppose that five cards are drawn from a deck, one at a time, without replacement. Let X = the number of
times a king is drawn from this experiment. What are the possible values of X? Does the experiment represent a
discrete or a continuous random variable?

C.) Reflection.
Look back and reflect on what you have done, then answer the following questions.

1.) How do you know whether a random variable is continuous or discrete?

2.) What is the difference between continuous and discrete random variables?

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Name:_____________________________________________Strand/Year:_______Date:_______Score:______
Subject: Probability and Statistics 11

ACTIVITIES

A.
Instructions: Read each question carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided before
the number.

_____1). Which of the following best describe variable that can be counted?
a.) Discrete c.) Nominal
b.) Measured d.) Qualitative

_____2.) Which of the following best describe variable that can be measured?
a.) Discrete c.) Nominal
b.) Continuous d.) Qualitative

_____3. Which of the following is a NOT continuous variable?

a.) A person’s weight each year c.) Number of bicycle finished in a factory each day
b.) A person’s height on each birthday d.) The amount of water in a pale

_____4. Which of the following is NOT a discrete variable?

a.) The number of students present in a class
b.) The number of death per year attributed to kidney failure
c.) The average amount of water consumed per household per month
d.) The number of patients in a hospital each day

_____5. The number of coconut produced by a coconut tree each month is a continuous variable
a.) True c.) Maybe
b.) False d.) Cannot be determined

B.
Instruction: Complete the table by providing data about discrete and continuous that can be found in schools.

Continuous Data Discrete Data

1.) 6.)

2.) 7.)

3.) 8.)

4.) 9.)

5.) 10.)

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Lesson 2: Possible Values of Random Variable
Learning Competency:
a.) Finds the possible values of a random variable.
Competency Code: M11/12SP-IIIa-3

DISCUSSION!!!
We first learned about the notion of variables in the introduction of Algebra, and we know from our Algebra
lessons that a variable is a placeholder for real number values that can be assigned to it. Some examples of
variables includes X = number of heads or Y = number of cell phones or Z = running time to movies.
If three coins are tossed, what numbers can be assigned for the frequency of heads that will occur? If three
cards are drawn from a deck, what number can be assigned for the frequency of face cards that will occur? These
questions may be answered using random variables which you will learn in this module.
A Random Variable is a numerical quantity that is derived from the outcomes of random experiments. The
random variable in the activity above is a discrete random variable because the set of possible outcomes is
countable. The possible values of random variable X are 0, 1, 2, and 3.

Example 1.
Suppose three coins are tossed. Let Y be the random variable representing the number of tails that occur. Find
the values of the random variable Y. So, the possible values of the random variable Y are 0, 1, 2, and 3.
Steps Solution
1.) Determine the sample space. Let H represent head The sample space for this experiment is:
and T represent tail. S = {TTT, TTH, THT, HTT, HHT, HTH, THH, HHH}
2.) Count the number of tails in each outcome in the Possible Outcomes Value of the Random
sample space and assign this number to this outcome. variable Y (Number of
tails)
TTT 3
TTH 2
THT 2
HTT 2
HHT 1
HTH 1
THH 1
HHH 0

So, the possible values of the random variable Y are 0, 1, 2, and 3.

Example 2.
Two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from a box containing 5 red balls and 6 blue balls. Let Z
be the random variable representing the number of blue balls. Find the values of the random variable Z.
Steps Solution
1.) Determine the sample space. Let B represent the The sample space for this experiment is: S =
blue ball and R represent the red ball. The sample {RR, RB, BR, BB
space for this experiment is: S = {RR, RB, BR, BB}
2.)s Count the number of blue balls in each outcome in Possible Outcomes Value of the Random
the sample space and assign this number to this variable Z (Number of
outcome. blue balls)
RR 0
RB 1
BR 1
BB 2

So, the possible values of the random variable Z are 0, 1 and 2.

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Name:_____________________________________________Strand/Year:_______Date:_______Score:______
Subject: Probability and Statistics 11

A. Instructions: Suppose three cell phones are tested at random. We want to find
out the number of defective cell phones. Thus, to each outcome in the sample space we shall assign a value.
These are 0, 1, 2, or 3. If there is no defective cell phone, we assign the number 0; if there is 1 defective cell
phones, we assign the number 1; if there are two defective cell phones, we assign the number 2; and 3, if there
are three defective cell phones. The number of defective cell phones is a random variable. The possible values of
this random variable are 0, 1, 2, and 3.
Illustration:
Let D represent the defective cell phone and N represents the non – defective cell phone. If we let X be the
random variable representing the number of defective cell phones, show the values of the random variable X?
Complete the table below to show the values of the random variable.
Value of the
Random Variable X
Possible Outcomes (number of
defective cell
phones)

B. Read and understand every questions. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided
before number.

_____1.) If two coins are tossed, which is not a possible value of the random variable for the number of tails?
a.) 0 b.) 1
c.) 2 d.) 3
_____2.) Which of the following is a true statement?
a.) The value of a random variable could not be zero.
b.) Random variables can only have one value.
c.) The probability of all the value of a random variable could be Zero.
d.) The sum of all the probabilities in a probability distribution is not equal to one.
_____3.) You decide to conduct a survey of families with two children. You are interested in counting the number
of girls (out of 2 children) in each family. Is this a random variable and if it is, what are the possible values?
a.) Yes, it is a random variable and its value can be 1 or 2.
b.) Yes, it is a random variable and its value can be 0, 1 or 2.
c.) Yes, it is a random variable and its value can be 2 or 4.
d.) No, it is not a random variable since it is not random.
_____4. In a local community, a couples were asked the questions “Are you satisfied with the work of the current
president?” If the husband and the wife both said “yes”, the response is written as YY. If the husband said
yes and the wife said “no”, the response is YN. Let X = the number of “yes” responses. , what are the
possible values of the random variables?
a.) 0, 1, 2 b.) 1, 2, 3
c.) 2, 3, 4 d.) 1, 1, 2
_____5.) A set of numerical values assigned to a sample space is called
a.) Random Experiment b.) Random Sample
c.) Random Variable d.) Random process

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Lesson 3: Constructing Probability Distribution

Learning Competency:
a.) Illustrates a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and its properties.
b.) Constructs the probability mass function of a discrete random variable and its corresponding histogram.
c.) Computes probabilities corresponding to a given random variable
Competency Code: (M11/12SP-IIIa-4), (M11/12SP-IIIa-5), (M11/12SP-IIIa-6)

DISCUSSION!!!
A random variable is a set whose elements are the numbers assigned to the outcomes of an experiment. It
is usually denoted by uppercase letters such as X, whose elements are denoted by lower case letters x1, x2, x3
and so on. Probability distribution of a discrete random variable specifies the probability of each possible value of
the random variable. The distribution functions of discrete random variables are concentrated as a mass for a
particular value, and generally known as Probability Mass Function.
Properties of discrete probability distribution
1.) The probability of each value of the random variable must be between or equal to 0 and 1.
In symbol 0 < P(X) < 1.
2.) The sum of all the probabilities of all values of the random variable must be equal to 1.
In symbol, we write it as 𝚺P(X) = 1

Probability Histogram
We can represent a probability distribution graphically by constructing a type of bar graph called a
probability histogram. This is constructed by displaying the possible distinct values of the random variable along a
horizontal axis. Above each value x of the random variable, we draw vertical bar having height equal to the
probability P(x).

Example 1.
Number of Green Balls Write the probability distribution of a random variable Y representing the number of green
balls when 2 balls are drawn in succession without replacement from a jar containing 4 red and 5 green balls.
Construct a histogram for this probability distribution.

Steps Solution
a.) Determine the sample space. Let R represent the The sample space for this experiment is: S= { RR, RG,
red ball and G represent the green ball GR, GG}
b.) Count the number of green balls in each outcome Possible Outcomes Value of the Random
in the sample space and assign this number to this Variable Y (No. Of
outcome. Green Balls)
RR 0
RG 1
GR 1
GG 2
c.) Assign probability values P(Y) to each value of the Number of Green Balls Y Probability P(Y)
random variable. -There are 4 possible outcomes, if no 0 1/4
green ball occurs once, the probability that we shall
1 2/4 or 1/2
assign to the random variable 0 is ¼ -If 1 green ball
occurs two times, the probability that we shall assign 2 1/4
to the random variable 1 is 2/4 or ½. -If 2 green balls
occur once, the probability that we shall assign to the
random variable 1 is ¼.

Histogram
Construct a histogram for this probability distribution. A histogram is a bar graph. To construct a histogram for a
probability distribution, follow these steps. Plot the values of the random variable along the horizontal axis.
a.) In plotting the probabilities along the vertical axis, you can change fractions to decimals (ex. ¼=0.25 and ½=
0.5)

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Example 2.
Write the probability mass function of the random variable X defined by the outcomes of rolling a fair die and
construct its corresponding histogram.
a.) Since a die is fair, each of the 6 outcomes has a probability 1/6 or approximately 0.17, thus, the probability
mass function is:
X 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(x) 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6

b.) Histogram

Example 3.
Let X be a random variable giving the number of girls in a randomly selected three-child family. Assuming that
boys and girls are equally likely, construct the probability distribution of X and its corresponding histogram.
a.)
Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variable X (No. of Girls)
BBB 0
BBG 1
BGB 1
GBB 1
BGG 2
GBG 2
GGB 2
GGG 3

b.)
No. of Girls 0 1 2 3
Probability P(X) 1/8 or 0.125 3/8 or 0.375 3/8 or 0.375 1/8 or 0.125

ΣP(X) = 1/8 +3/8 + 3/8 + 1/8 = 8/8 =1

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c.)Histogram

4.)
x 1 5 7 8 9
P(x) 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3

Σ P(X) = 1/3 + 1/3 +1/3 +1/3 +1/3=5/3

This is not a probability distribution because ΣP(X) ≠ 1
5.)
x 1 3 5 7
P(x) 0.35 0.25 0.28 0.12

Σ P(X) = 0.35 + 0.25 + 0.28 + 0.12 =1

This is a probability distribution because ΣP(X) = 1

Name:_____________________________________________Strand/Year:_______Date:_______Score:______
Subject: GENERAL MATHEMATICS 11
Note: (You can use a separate sheet of paper for your answer and solving)

Instructions: Use the procedure that you have learned to solve the following problems involving probability
distribution of a discrete random variable.
A. Construct the probability distribution for the random variables described in each of the following
situations .Draw the corresponding histogram for each probability distribution.

1.) In a National Achievement Test, suppose three test booklets are tested at random. Let D represent the
defective test booklet and let N represent the non-defective test booklet. Let X be the random variable
representing the number of non-defective test booklets.

2.) An experiment consists of asking three Grade 10 students at random if they prefer to choose Academic track
or TVL track in the senior high school. Use A for Academic and T for TVL. Let Y represent the random variable
representing the number of TVL track responses.

3.) Suppose that a coin is to be tossed four times, and let X represent the number of tails that occur.

4.) Using the sample space for rolling two dice, construct a probability distribution for the random variable X
representing the sum of the numbers that appear.

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B. Determine whether the distribution represents a probability distribution. Explain your answer.
1.)
X 1 5 7 8
P(x) 1/4 1/8 1/4 1/8

2.)
X 0 2 3 4 6
P(x) 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/3 1/6

3.)
X 1 3 5 7
P(x) 0.35 0.25 0.22 0.12

4.) P(1)= 0.42, P(2)= 0.31, P(3)= 0.37

5.) P(1)= 10/33, P(2)= 1/3, P(3)= 12/33

C. Directions: Read and understand each question. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided
before the number.
_____1.) What is the sum of the probabilities of all values of the random variable?
A.) P(X) = 1 C.) P(X) = 0
B.)P(X) = 1/10 D.) P(X) = 10

_____2.) .If two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from an urn containing 3 red balls and 5 blue
balls. If the value of the random variable represents the number of red balls. How many outcomes are
possible?
A.) 8 C.) 4
B.) 6 D.) 3

_____3.) Which of the following cannot be the value of probability of the random variable?
A.) 1.01 C. 1/4
B.) 0 D.) ½

_____4.) Which of the following can serve as the values of a probability distribution?
A. P(1) = 0.42, P2) = 0.31, P(3)= 0.37 C. P(1) = 9/14, P2) = 5/14, P(3)= 1/14
B. P(1) = 0.08, P2) = 0.12, P(3)= 0.83 D. P(1) = 10/33, P2) = 1/3, P(3)= 12/33

_____5.) If P(X)= 𝑋/8 , what are the possible values of X for it to be a probability distribution?
A.) 0,2,3,4 C.) 1,3,4
B.) 0,1,2,3 D.) 1,2,3

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Lesson 4: Illustrating and Calculating Mean and Variance of Discrete Random Variable
Learning Competency:
a.) illustrates the mean and variance of a discrete Random variable.
b.) calculates the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable.
Competency Code: (M11/12SP-IIIb-1), (M11/12SP-IIIb-2)

DISCUSSION

The Expected or mean value of a discrete random variable x, denoted by x, is computed by first
multiplying each possible x value by the probability of observing that value and then adding the resulting
quantities. Symbolically, (𝑥) = ∑𝑥(𝑥).
Using the given data, multiply each x value by its probability and add the results to get 𝜇x.
Test Item, 𝒙 Probability , 𝑷(𝑿) 𝒙 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
0 0.03 0
1 0.05 0.05
2 0.12 0.24
3 0.30 0.90
4 0.28 1.12
5 0.22 1.10

𝑬(𝒙) = 𝝁𝒙 = ∑𝒙∙𝑷(𝑿) = 𝟑.𝟒𝟏

So, it indicates that the expected value or mean of the random variable is 3.41.
For question 5, you will need to understand the process on computing the variance and the standard
deviation of the discrete random variable. In order to compute those, always remember this;
2
The Variance of a Discrete Random Variable X, denoted by σ x is computed by first subtracting the mean
from each possible x value to obtain the deviations, then squaring each deviation and multiplying the result by the
probability of the corresponding x value, and then finally adding these quantities. In symbol,

The Standard Deviation of x, denoted by 𝝈𝒙, is the square root of the Variance. In symbol, from the
data generated
Test Item, 𝒙 Probability 𝑷(𝑿) 𝒙∙ 𝑷(𝑿) 𝒙−𝝁 (𝒙 − 𝝁)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝝁)𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
0 0.03 0 -3.41 11.6281 0.3488

1 0.05 0.05 -2.41 5.8081 0.2904

2 0.12 0.24 -1.41 1.9881 0.2386

3 0.30 0.90 -0.41 0.1681 0.0504

4 0.28 1.12 0.59 0.3481 0.0975

5 0.22 1.10 1.59 2.5281 0.5562

𝝁𝒙 = ∑𝒙 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) = 𝟑.𝟒𝟏 ∑(𝒙 − 𝝁)𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) = 𝟏.𝟓𝟖𝟏𝟗

The Variance is 1.5819, and the Standard Deviation is √𝟏.𝟓𝟖 , and it is equivalent to 𝝈 = 1.26 Therefore,
the correct answers for question 5 are 1.5819 and 1.26 respectively. For uniformity of the answers, expected
value or mean and standard deviation are both expressed into two decimal places while variance is up to four
decimal places to lessen rounding error.

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Let us take this example, suppose that a coin is tossed twice so that the sample space is S = {𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇,
𝑇𝑇}. Let X represents the “number of heads that can come up”, Based on the prepared discrete probability
distributions of the random variable X.

Outcome or Sample Point HH HT TH TT

x 2 1 1 0

Illustrate and calculate the mean, variance and standard deviation.

Applying the concepts from the activity given above, let us complete the table below.
𝒙 𝑷(𝑿) 𝒙 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) 𝒙−𝝁 (𝒙 − 𝝁)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝝁)𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
0 ¼ or 0.25 0 -1 1 0.25
1 ½ or 0.5 0.5 0 0 0
2 ¼ or 0.25 0.5 1 1 0.25
𝝁𝒙 = ∑𝒙∙𝑷(𝑿) = 𝟏 ∑(𝒙 − 𝝁)𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) = 𝟎.𝟓𝟎

The expected value or mean is 1.

The Variance is 0.50,
The Standard Deviation is √𝟎.𝟓0, and it is equivalent to 𝝈 = 0.71.

We have seen that the Expected value E(x) is just the average or mean (µ) of random variable x. It’s
sometimes called a “weighted average” because more frequent values of X are weighted more highly in the
average. It’s also how we expect X to behave on-average over the long run. The mean of a random variable X is a
measure of the central location of the distribution of X. If we are summarizing features of the distribution of X, it is
clear that location is not the only relevant feature. The second most vital feature is the spread of the distribution.
If values of X is closer to its mean, μ X are very likely and values further away from μ X have very small
probability, then the distribution of X will be closely concentrated around μ X. In this case, the spread of the
distribution of X is small. On the other hand, if values of X take some distance from its mean μ X are likely, the
spread of the distribution of X will be large.
These ideas head to the most significant measure of spread, the variance, and a closely related measure,
the standard deviation.
You, as a student have met the concepts of variance and standard deviation when summarizing data.
These were the sample variance and the sample standard deviation. The difference here is that we are referring
to properties of the distribution of a discrete random variable.

Again, the variance of a discrete random variable X is defined by where the

sum is taken over all values of x for which P(x) > 0 but less than 1. So, the variance of X is the weighted average
of the squared deviations from the mean μ, where the weights are given by the probability function P(x) of X.

The standard deviation of X is defined to be the square root of the variance of X. That is,
Because of this definition, the variance of X is often denoted by σ2x. In another way around, the standard
deviation is the more tangible of the two measures, since it is in the same units as X. For example, if X is a
random variable measuring lengths in ft, then the standard deviation is in feet (ft), while the variance is in square ft
(ft2).
Unlike the mean, there is no simple direct interpretation of the variance or standard deviation. The variance
is parallel to the moment of inertia in physics, but that is not necessarily widely understood by students. What is
important to understand is that, in relative terms:
 a small standard deviation (or variance) means that the distribution of the random variable is
concentrated narrowly around the mean
 a large standard deviation (or variance) means that the distribution is spread out, with some chance
of observing values at some distance from the mean.
Remember that the variance cannot be negative, because it is an average of squared quantities. This is
appropriate, as a negative spread for a distribution does not make sense. Hence, variance is greater than 0 and
standard deviation also greater than 0 always.

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Name:_____________________________________________Strand/Year:_______Date:_______Score:______
Subject: GENERAL MATHEMATICS 11
Note: (You can use a separate sheet of paper for your answer and solving)

A. Answer the following problems.

1.) The number of shoes sold per day at a retail store is shown in the table below. Find the mean, variance, and
standard deviation of this distribution,

X 19 20 21 22 23
P(x) 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1

2.) Suppose that a coin is to be tossed four times, and let X represents “the number of TAILS that can come up”.
Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of this distribution.

3.) The number of patients seen in the Emergency Room in any given hour is a random variable represented by x.
The probability distribution for x is:
X 10 11 12 13 14
P(x) 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

Compute for the mean, variance and standard deviation.

B.) Reflection

Life is not measured by the number of breaths we take, but by the moments that take our breath away and by the
chances we bravely face.
Please write your own thoughts here.

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