‘to evaporation parts of body i 9 Lose water Lose water from lungs from other during breathi water by drinking and eatin Replace Wieislegsolwteconcantationronment (dry) ity) Unstressed Environment (moist) Stressed E1 Parthenogenesis (clones) Sexual Reproductic ADULT FEMALE (2N) ( ADULT MALE (1N). | Haploid (1N) egg ~)~ Haploid (1N) sperm Diploid (2N) egg | (genetic varia zygote resistant) 4.Ventilation 2.Gas 3, Circulation 4. Cellular exchange respiration @ Environment Air or water Ventilatory surface ES Respiratory system _Circulatory system{@) Spiractes can be closed to minimize water loss from tracheae. ‘Tracheal system Spiracies ‘open to the atmosphere (©) Except at spiractes, the insect body is covered with wax. Wax layer Cuticle Chitin+ | (unetions as protein | exoskeleton) foyer Epidermis water escapes Spite (opening —_* pe at body surface) oftrachea Trachea (internal tube) |. Maximum running speed ofa __b. Range of optimal physiological lizard at various body temperatures performance £2 -% a = —E y Ha i a Eas i i ze i Bo gz, a Seize i ED oo Body temperature (°C) Body temperature (°C) Time of yh)4eqyj a7osnyy NH, ‘Ammonia (teleost, larval amphibians, aquatic invertebrates) a o=c NH; Urea {mammals sharks ard ray, aquatic reptiles, adic amphibans) Uric acid (tertestial eptiles, birds, insects)Endotherms (produce their own heat) Endotherm: temperatures, generating extra body heat, Metabolic rate rises = at low environmental Heterotherms Homeotherms {allow body (keep body temperature temperature to fluctuate) constant) Metabolic rate —> Ectotherrn Metabolic rate falls Ectotherms at low environmental (rely on heat from environment) temperatures, conserving energy. aa ° 10 20 30 ee Environmental temperature (‘C) —> air to and fom S\. =-9as exchange substrate 25, Surfaces the lung molecules transition state Lungs£ a i 5 t