ESSENTIAL OIL AND

ANTIOXIDANT
PROPERTIES OF
MANGIFERA SPECIES
CHOK SIEN MIN SAMANTHA BS18110410
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY

LITERATURE RESULT&
REVIEW DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION
 CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION
 1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
ABOUT GENUS MANGIFERA
• Anacardiaceae family of order Sapindales
• 17 species in Sabah (Jahurul et al., 2015)
• warmer climates , high humidity
• Flesh (60-65%); Peel (7-24%); kernel (20%)
(Jahurul et al., 2015)
• Round, ovate-shaped, oblong and long
 TYPES OF MANGIFERA

M. foetida Lour M. pajang Kostermans M. griffithii Hook

 1.2 JUSTIFICATION

BENEFITS WILL BE INVESTIGATED MORE

NOT MUCH STUDY IN MALAYSIA

INCREASE KNOWLEDGE
IMPROVE UNDERSTANDING
 1.3 OBJECTIVES

#1
To compare the essential oil properties of flesh, peel
and leaves of Mangifera species

#2
To investigate the antioxidant activities on extracts of
flesh, peel and leaves of Mangifera species
CHAPTER 2:
LIT. REVIEW
 2.1 GENUS MANGIFERA

• FAOSTAT: five of the most important

fruit
• tropical Asiatic trees
• warm areas+ precipitation
• pH 5.5-7.5
• rich in phytochemicals, health benefits
2.2 PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF
MANGIFERA
Phenolics & flavonoids Ascorbic acid
-α-tocopherol -neutralize radicals
(Rice-Evans et al., 1997) (Salahuddin et al., 2016)

Terpenes Other compounds

• Limonene (Proshkina et al., 2020) -tannins, saponins

• Β-caryophyllene (Jha et al., 2021) (Okwu & Ezenagu, 2008)

2.3 PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES OF
MANGIFERA
Antioxidant Antimicrobial
- peel of M. caesia - M. indica
(Hassan et al., 2011)
(Noghogne et al., 2015)

Anticancer Other
- kernel of M. pajang components
(Abu Bakar et al., 2010)
 2.4 RESEARCH OF GENUS MANGIFERA IN
MALAYSIA
PHYTOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGICAL
• pulp& peel of M. indica • Antioxidant (p>f>k)
(Osman & Ramlan, 2015) (Lam et al.,2018)
• Flesh> kernel >peels of • Anticancer
M. pajang (Lam et al.,2018) (Abu Bakar et al., 2010)
 CHAPTER 3:
METHODOLOGY
 • fruits and leaves
• M. pajang, M.
foetida and M.
• Kg. Tontolob Liwan, griffithii.
Tambunan

• Kg. Maukab, Ranau

3.1 SAMPLING SITE

• cleaned and divided
• cut small and placed in
the freezer
• weight and recorded

• HYDRO-DISTILLATION
• GCMS
• DPPH ASSAY

3.4 ANALYSIS
Figure 1: Hydro-distillation process
Figure 2: Essential Oil of
Mangifera species after blowing
nitrogen gas before sealing
CHAPTER 4:
RESULT
AND
DISCUSSION
4.1 EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OIL
• yellowish colour , mild odor
• highest yield M. foetida peel (0.061%) ; lowest M. griffithii leaves (0.024%)

Mangifera species
4.2 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
ANALYSIS
• National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) library
• Flavors and Fragrances of Natural and
Synthetic Compounds 3rd Edition (FFNSC
3.0)
• MGL(82)> MFL (80)> MPL (79)> MFF (77) >
MFP (75)
• 20 organic groups
 Mangifera species
Compounds
MPL MGL MFL MFF MFP
Monoterpenes 14 11 9 29 13
Sesquiterpenes 34 48 45 17 36
Aldehyde 4 5 5 2 4
Alkane 5 1 1 2 5
Ester 4 2 4 9 6
Ketone 1 2 2 3 1
Epoxide 2 2 1 - -
TABLE 1: Alcohol 7 6 7 3 4
Fatty acid
SUMMARY OF
3 - - - 1
Amide 1 - - - 1

COMPOUNDS Ether 2 - - 2 1
Monocyclic heteroarene 1 1 - - 1
Alkynes 1 - - 1 1
Tetrafurans - 2 - 3 -
Hydrocarbon - 3 1 1 -
Carboxylic acid - - 2 2 -
MPL = M. pajang leaves Diterpene - - 2 - 1
MGL = M. griffithii leaves
MFL = M. foetida leaves Methoxybenzene - - - 1 -
MFF = M. foetida flesh
MFP = M.foetida peel Benzenoid - - - 1 -
Monoterpene alcohol - - - 1 -
 Mangifera species
Compounds
MPL MGL MFL MFF MFP
Monoterpenes 14 11 9 29 13
Sesquiterpenes 34 48 45 17 36
Aldehyde 4 5 5 2 4
Alkane 5 1 1 2 5
Ester 13 4 2 4 9 6
Ketone 1 2 2 3 1
Epoxide 2 2 1 - -
TABLE 1: Alcohol 7 6 7 3 4
Fatty acid 3 - - - 1
SUMMARY OF Amide 1 - - - 1

COMPOUNDS Ether 2 - - 2 1
Monocyclic heteroarene 1 1 - - 1
Alkynes 1 - - 1 1
Tetrafurans - 2 - 3 -
Hydrocarbon - 3 1 1 -
Carboxylic acid - - 2 2 -
MPL = M. pajang leaves Diterpene - - 2 11 - 1
MGL = M. griffithii leaves
Methoxybenzene
11
MFL = M. foetida leaves - - - 1 -
Benzenoid - - - 1 -
Monoterpene alcohol - - - 1 -
 Mangifera species
Compounds
MPL MGL MFL MFF MFP
Monoterpenes 14 11 9 29 13
Sesquiterpenes 34 48 45 17 36
Aldehyde 4 5 5 2 4
Alkane 5 1 1 2 5
Ester 4 2 4 9 6
Ketone 1 2 2 3 1
Epoxide 2 2 1 - -
TABLE 1: Alcohol 7 6 7 3 4
Fatty acid 3 - - - 1
SUMMARY OF Amide 1 - - - 1

COMPOUNDS
Ether 2 - - 2 1
13
Monocyclic heteroarene 1 1 11 - - 1
Alkynes 1 - - 1 1
Tetrafurans - 2 - 3 -
Hydrocarbon - 3 1 1 -
Carboxylic acid - - 2 2 -
MFL = M. foetida leaves Diterpene - - 2 - 1
MFF = M. foetida flesh
MFP = M.foetida peel Methoxybenzene - - - 15
1 -
Benzenoid - - - 1 -
Monoterpene alcohol - - - 1 -
 MPL = M. pajang leaves
MGL = M. griffithii leaves Concentration(%)
MFL = M. foetida leaves Compounds
MFF = M. foetida flesh MPL MGL MFL MFF MFP
MFP = M.foetida peel

Caryophyllene <(E)-> 6.1279 10.7462 2.79525 0.81203 7.96268

Humulene <alpha-> 5.32298 9.9012 3.35275 1.50915 6.89856

Muurolene <gamma-> 0.98392 12.9146 32.515 0.15487 1.22593

TABLE 2:
Phellandrene <alpha-> 23.6086 - 0.03966 0.24421 32.4735
Most - -
.gamma.-Terpinene 23.6086 3.52721 0.10548
abundant Phellandrene <beta-> 9.5263 - - 0.89413 12.9499
compound Limonene 7.85286 0.11673 - 3.92132 10.91513

concentration Bicyclogermacrene 3.39011 - 21.8618 - 16.6759

Germacrene A 8.2755 - 13.7116 - 0.10523
comparison
Pinene <alpha-> 2.40274 0.37989 0.05465 16.778 3.13259

Pinene <beta-> 0.08469 - - 6.92402 0.10224

Terpineol <gamma-> - - - 16.399 -
 4.3 Antioxidant Activities of
Essential Oil of Mangifera species
DPPH ASSAY OF GALLIC ACID y = 0.1291x + 5.2315
R²= 0.8937
120

100

80
% Inhibition

60

40

20

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Concentration (mg/mL)
 4.3 Antioxidant Activities of
Essential Oil of Mangifera species
DPPH ASSAY OF DIFFERENT MANGIFERA SPECIES
100
90
80
y = 0.3884x + 17.434
70
R²= 0.9244
% Inhibition

M.pajang
M. pajang leaves
60
M. griffithii
M.grifithii leaves
leaves
50
M. foetidapeel
M.foetida peel
40 M. foetidaflesh
M.foetida flesh
30 M. foetidaleaves
M.foetida leaves
20 Linear M. pajang
Linear (M.pajang)
10 leaves
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Concentration (mg/mL)
 4.3 Antioxidant Activities of
Essential Oil of Mangifera species

• IC50 of standard = 346.7738 mg/mL

• IC50 of M. pajang leaves = 83.8465
mg/mL.
 DISCUSSION
A) CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ANALYSIS

1 Common compound 2 Not common

 γ-muurolene  MFF: γ-terpineol
 traditional medicine (Xylopia  Antiproliferative &
laevigata leaves) cytostatic effects
(Queiroz et al., 2014) (Bicas et al., 2011)
 DISCUSSION
A) CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ANALYSIS

3 Highest concentration 4 Common compound

P: α-pinene (34.73%) Phellandrene compounds
K: linoleic acid (16.58%) - stimulate immune
F: 3-methyl-4-cyclohexene - phagocytosis
(Lin et al., 2014)
(14.91%)
(Lam et al., 2018)

MPL (α-phellandrene & γ-terpinene)

 DISCUSSION
B) PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES

1 Antioxidant capacity

 MP Peel(64.4%)> flesh (61.6% ) >  M. caesia (92.09 ± 0.22%)

kernel (52.2%) (Lam et al., 2018) (Mirfat et al., 2015)
 MP juice powder (52.61%)> pulp
(43.25%) (Ibrahim et al., 2010)
 DISCUSSION
B) PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES

1 Antioxidant capacity (IC50)

• Methanolic extracts (8.84mg/mL) • M. caesia (8.14 ± 0.17 mg/ml)

• Ethyl acetate extracts (7.28 (Mirfat et al., 2015)
mg/mL)
(Lam et al., 2018)

IC50 of MPL= 83.8465 μg/mL.

 DISCUSSION
B) PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES

2 Antimicrobial/ Antibacterial
M. foetida leaves
Stem bark of M. indica
-inhibit growth of Streptococcus
-treat typhoid
mutans (13.74 mm -19.22 mm)
(Noghogne et al., 2015)
(Wahida et al., 2017)
 DISCUSSION
C) OTHER STUDIES

Phylogenetic
analysis

(Sankaran et al., 2018)

CHAPTER 5:
CONCLUSION
• MPL (α-phellandrene, γ-terpinene)
• MGL (γ-muurolene, E-caryophyllene)
• MFL (γ-muurolene, bicyclogermacrene)
• MFF (α-pinene, γ-terpineol)
• MFP (α-phellandrene, bicyclogermacrene)
• IC50 = 83.8465 mg/mL
• Future prospects: roots, kernel
• Antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory
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