SAP2000 Software Manual (English)

Application Manual Program SAP2000 v14
SAP2000
Integrated Software for Structural Analysis & Design
(Integrated Software for Structural Analysis and Design.)
1
Civil Engineering Community | Civilax.com
CONTENTS
(SAP2000) Integrated Software for Structural Analysis & Design ................................ 9
USER MANUAL / USER GUIDE .................................................................................. 11
1. Initial Screen ................................................................................................................ 11
1.1. General List of menu screen .................................................................................... 12
1.2. Description of Screen Icons ...................................................................................... 13
2. File Menu: Archives ..................................................................................................... 14
2.1. New Model Initialization: Conditions for Starting a New Model ............................ 15
2.1.1. Select Template: Select Default Models ............................................................... 16
2.1.2. Blank Option ......................................................................................................... 17
2.1.3. Grid Only Option .................................................................................................. 18
2.1.4. Beam Option ......................................................................................................... 20
2.1.5. Option 2D Trusses ................................................................................................ 21
2.1.6. Option 3D Trusses ................................................................................................ 25
2.1.7. Option 2D Frames ................................................................................................. 34
2.1.8. 3D Frames Option ................................................................................................. 37
2.1.9. Wall Option ........................................................................................................... 41
2.1.10. Option Flat Slab ................................................................................................ 42
2.1.11. Option Shells ..................................................................................................... 43
2.1.12. Option Stairs ...................................................................................................... 56
2.1.13. Option Storage Structures ................................................................................. 62
2.1.14. Option Underground Concrete Structures ......................................................... 68
2.1.15. Option Solids ..................................................................................................... 70
2.1.16. Cable Bridges ..................................................................................................... 77
2.1.17. Option Pipes ...................................................................................................... 79
2.1.18. Defining Grid lines ............................................................................................ 80
2.2. Import: Import ......................................................................................................... 81
2.3. Export: Export .......................................................................................................... 81
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Management control files. Through this option

can generate a list of models to be analyzed is sequence .................................................... 82
2.4. Print Setup for G aphics: Setup for Printing Graphics ........................................... 82
2.5. Print Graphics: Graphic Print the active window .................................................. 83
2.6. Print Table Print Table ............................................................................................ 83
2.7. Report Setup: Setup Reports ...................................................................................... 83
2.8. Create Report: Generate Reports .............................................................................. 84
2.9. Advanced Report Writer: Advanced Report Writing. ................................................ 84
2.10. Enhanced Metafile Capture: Capture File .emf ..................................................... 85
2.11. Picture Capture: Capture Image. .......................................................................... 85
2.12. Project Information: Project Information. ........................................................... 86
2.13. Show Imput / Log Files: View Text Files with Data Entry. ................................. 86
3. Edit Menu: Edit ............................................................................................................. 87
3.1. Copy and Paste: Copy and Paste .............................................................................. 88
3.2. Replicate: Replicas .................................................................................................... 88
3.2.1. Type: Linear ......................................................................................................... 88
3.2.2. Type: Radial ......................................................................................................... 90
2.14. Batch File Control: Co
3
3.2.3. Type: Symmetry ................................................................................................... 92

3.2.4. View and / or Edit Options Replica ...................................................................... 94
3.3. Extrude: Extrude ...................................................................................................... 95
3.3.1. Extrude Points to Frames / Cables: Extrude points to lines ................................ 95
3.3.2. Extrude Lines to Areas: Extrude Lines to Areas to ........................................... 101
3.3.3. Convert Lines to Areas: Convert Lines to Areas .................................................. 106
3.3.4. Extrude Areas to Solid: Solid Extrude Areas to ................................................ 107
3.3.5. Areas to Solid Convert: Convert Areas Solids ..................................................... 109
3.4. Move: Move ............................................................................................................ 110
3.5. Edit Points: Edit Points .......................................................................................... 111
3.5.1. Add Grid Points at Select: Add a line to the selected Grid Point. 111
3.5.2. Merge Joints: Join Together within a specified tolerance. ................................... 113
3.5.3. Aligned Points: Align Points .............................................................................. 113
3.6. Edit Lines: Edit Lines ............................................................................................ 114
3.6.1. Frames Divide: Divide Gantry elements "Frame" ........................................... 115
3.6.2. Join Frames: Joining Elements Gantry "Frame" .................................................. 117
3.6.3. Trim / Extend Lines: Trim and Extend Lines .................................................... 118
3.6.4. Curved Lines Edit: Edit Curved Lines ............................................................... 120
3.6.5. Edit Cable Geometry: Geometry Edit Cable ..................................................... 123
3.6.6. Tendon Profile Edit: Edit the profile of the Guaya ........................................... 125
3.7. Edit Areas: Areas Edit ........................................................................................... 127
3.7.1. Areas Divide: Divide areas. .............................................................................. 128
3.7.2. Merge Areas: Areas Connect. .............................................................................. 132
3.7.3. Expand / Shrink Areas: Areas Expand or tar Aco ............................................. 132
3.7.4. Add Points to Area Edge: Adds Points to Areas .......................................... 133
3.7.5. Remove Points to Area Edge: Remove Points to Areas ....................................... 133
3.8. Divide Solids: Solid Split ..................................................................................... 134
3.9. Change Labels: Change Tags (Names) .................................................................... 136
4. View Menu: View. ...................................................................................................... 137
4.1. Set 3D View: View 3D. .......................................................................................... 138
4.2. September View 2D: 2D views. ............................................................................. 138
4.3. September Limits: Limits of the Model ................................................................. 139
4.4. Set Display Options: Options to display on screen. .............................................. 139
5. Define Menu: Define .................................................................................................. 140
5.1. Materials: Materials ................................................................................................. 141
5.1.1. New Material Quick Add: Add a new material quickly .......................................... 141
5.1.2. Add New Material: Adding a New Material ........................................................... 144
5.2. Section Properties: Properties of Sections ............................................................. 156
5.2.1. Frame Section: Section Gantry elements (beams, columns, etc.) ............................ 156
5.2.2. Tendon Section: Sections for Guayas ................................................................ 178
5.2.3. Cable Section: Cable Section ............................................................................... 179
5.2.4. Section Area: Area Sections .................................................................................. 180
5.2.5. Solid Properties: Properties of Solids ................................................................. 192
5.2.6. Reinforcing Bar Sizes: Dimensions of Rebar. ...................................................... 193
5.2.7. Hinges Properties: Properties of Joints ............................................................ 193
5.3. Mass Source: Source Masa. ..................................................................................... 199
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5.4. Coordinate System / Grids: Coordinate Systems and pipe lines Grid ...................... 201
5.5. Joint Constraints: Restrictions on Joint Meetings. Its application to establish a
reduction of degrees of freedom. ........................................................................................ 203
5.6. Section Cut: Cutting Sections. ............................................................................... 205
5.7. Functions: Spectral and Time-history functions. ........................................................ 210
5.7.1. Response Spectrum: Spectral functions ............................................................... 210
5.8. Load Patterns: Patterns load. .................................................................................... 214
5.9. Load Cases: Case Load. ........................................................................................... 218
5.10. Load Combinations: Load Combinations. ............................................................ 228
5.11. Property Named Sets ........................................................................................... 230
5.11.1. Frame Modifiers: Modifiers property for elements gantry
"Frame" 230
5.11.2. Area Modifiers: Modifiers Area Properties for items. ......................................... 231
5.11.3. Frame Releases: Liberation forces and / or moments at the ends of elements Portals
"Frame" 231
5.12. Pushover Sets Parameters: Parameters to Define Pushover ............................... 232
5.12.1. Force vs Displacement: Configuration Identification curve Court
Basal vs Displacement generate under Pushover ............................................................ 232
5.12.2. ATC 40 Capacity Spectrum: Setting parameters to generate the
Spectrum Capacity and Demand, according to the ATC 40 Standard. ........................... 233
5.12.3. FEMA 356 Coefficient Method: Setting parameters to generate the
demand by the method of coefficients, under Rule FEMA 356. ........................................ 234
5.12.4. FEMA 440 Equivalent Linearization: Parameter settings for
generating capacity and demand curves co an equivalent linear approximation,
FEMA under Rule 440. ....................................................................................................... 235
5.12.5. Equivalent Displacement Modificaction FEMA 440: Setting parameters to
define the demand with the proposed amendment in Rule FEMA 440. 236
6. Draw Menu: Draw ....................................................................................................... 237
6.1. Draw Frame / Cable / Don: Draw Gantry elements "Frame" Wire
Te
Guayas, from two points (Applies to plants, elevations and 3D. ....................................... 238
6.2. Quick Draw Frame / Cable / Tendon: Fast drawing elements porch "Frame" cables
and Guayas, in a region by clicking (Applies to plants, elevations and 3D). 239
6.3. Quick Draw Secondary Beams: High Beams fast drawing in a region
(Grid) by clicking (Applies only to XY plane) ...................................................................... 240
6.4. Quick Draw Braces: Fast drawing Struts in a region (grid)
by clicking (Applies only to planes XZ and YZ) ................................................................. 241
6.4.1. Bracing X (Cross of Saint Andrew) ..................................................................... 241
6.4.2. Bracing Inverted V (V Reversed) ........................................................................ 241
6.4.3. Bracing V (V) ...................................................................................................... 241
6.4.4. Back Bracing ECCEN (the Left Diagonal) .......................................................... 242
6.4.5. Bracing Forward ECCEN (Diagonal to the Right) ............................................... 242
6.5. Areas Poly Draw: Draw Areas Plans, Elevations and 3D model from three or more
points 243
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6.6. Draw Rectangular Areas: Draw Rectangular Areas (Applies for Plans, Elevations
and 3D) through a drag ...................................................................................................... 243
6.7. Quick Draw Quick Draw rectangular Areas Areas by clicking on a
region (grid) ....................................................................................................................... 244
6.8. Draw Developed Elevation Definition: Draw an elevation defined by the
user. In this option you can select a route plan for obtaining a porch arbitrarily ............ 244
6.9. Reference point Draw: Draw a point of reference on a point (Board).
245
6.10. Section Cut Draw: Draw a section of Court ....................................................... 246
6.11. Draw General Reference Line: Drawing a General Reference Line. ................. 248
6.12. Snap To: Pointers Precision. ............................................................................... 249
6.13. New Labels: New Tags ....................................................................................... 249
7. Select Menu Select ...................................................................................................... 250
7.1. Select Select ........................................................................................................... 250
7.2. Poly: Selection through a Polygonal ...................................................................... 251
7.3. Intersecting Poly: Selection through the intersection with a Polygon ................... 252
7.4. Intersecting Line: Selection by the intersection of a line. ..................................... 253
8. Assign Menu: Allocate ............................................................................................... 254
8.1. Joint: Assign different types of properties and restrictions Boards ......................... 255
8.1.1. Restraints: General Restrictions ........................................................................... 255
8.1.2. Springs: Links Elastics (Springs) ....................................................................... 256
8.1.3. Mass: Mass for Points (Translational and Rotational) ........................................ 257
8.1.4. Local Axes: Rotation of Local Axes .................................................................... 258
8.1.5. (Properties and Connectivity) Zone Panel: Panel Zone ..................................... 259
8.2. Frame: Assign Properties to Elements Porch "Frame" ............................................. 260
8.2.2. Property Modifiers: Modifiers assign properties to elements
Portico "Frame". Apply directly to Beams, Columns and Struts ......................................... 261
8.2.3. Material Property Overwrites: Lets Redefine the elements properties
Portico "Frame". Apply directly to Beams, Columns and Struts ......................................... 262
8.2.4. Releases: Restriction or Liberation forces in elements Porch "Frame".
Apply directly to Beams, Columns and Struts .................................................................. 262
8.2.5. Local Axes: Changing Local Axes Gantry elements "Frame".
Apply directly to Beams, Columns and Struts .................................................................. 263
8.2.6. Reverse Conectivity ............................................................................................. 265
8.2.7. End (Lenght) Offset ........................................................................................... 265
8.2.8. Insertion Points ................................................................................................... 266
8.2.9. Output Station ..................................................................................................... 267
8.2.10. Tension / Compression Limits ....................................................................... 268
8.2.11. Hinges ............................................................................................................. 268
8.2.12. Line Springs .................................................................................................... 272
8.2.13. Mass Line ........................................................................................................ 273
8.2.14. Temperature Material ....................................................................................... 273
8.2.15. Automatic Frame Mesh ..................................................................................... 274
8.3. Cable: Assign property Cables ................................................................................ 275
8.4. Tendon: Assign property Guayas .......................................................................... 275
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8.5. Area: Assign Properties to Elements Area ................................................................. 276

8.5.1. Sections ............................................................................................................... 276
8.5.2. Area Stiffness Modifiers ........................................................................................ 277
8.5.3. Overwrites Area Material Property ........................................................................ 277
8.5.4. Area Thickness Overwrites ................................................................................... 278
8.5.5. Local Axes ........................................................................................................... 280
8.5.6. Reverse Local 3 ................................................................................................... 280
8.5.7. Material Temperatures ......................................................................................... 280
8.5.8. Springs Area ......................................................................................................... 281
8.5.9. Area Mass ............................................................................................................ 281
8.5.10. Automatic Area Mesh: Divide automatically Areas (Internal Mesh).
282
8.6. Solid: Solid Assign Properties to Elements ........................................................... 284
8.6.1. Properties ............................................................................................................ 284
8.6.2. Local Axes ........................................................................................................... 284
8.6.3. Surface Spring .................................................................................................... 285
8.6.4. Material Temperatures ......................................................................................... 285
8.6.5. Switch Faces ....................................................................................................... 286
8.6.6. Automatic Solid Mesh .......................................................................................... 286
8.7. Joint Loads: Loads Assign Gaskets ......................................................................... 287
8.7.1. Forces: Assign forces in Boards ............................................................................ 287
8.7.2. Displacement: Assign Shifts in Boards ............................................................ 288
8.8. Frame Loads: Loads to Assign Items Gantry "Frames" ............................................. 289
8.8.1. Gravity: Assigning Loads in function to Gravity. .............................................. 289
8.8.2. Points: Assigning Loads Punctual ...................................................................... 290
8.8.3. Distributed: Assign Distributed Loads ............................................................. 290
8.8.4. Temperature: Assigning Loads of temperature. ................................................ 291
8.9. Cable Loads: Loads to Assign Cables ..................................................................... 292
8.10. Tendon Loads: Loads Assign Guayas ............................................................... 292
8.10.1. Gravity: Assigning Loads in function to Gravity. ........................................... 293
8.10.2. Tendon Forces / Stress: Assigning Loads o Efforts to Guayas ..................... 293
8.11. Area Loads: Loads to Assign Items Area ............................................................... 294
8.11.1. Gravity: Assigning Loads in function to Gravity. ........................................... 294
8.11.2. Uniform (Shell): Assign charges uniformly distributed .................................. 294
8.11.3. Uniform to Frame (Shell) ................................................................................ 295
8.11.4. Surface Pressure (All) ..................................................................................... 295
8.12. Joint Patterns: Pattern Boards. Set Allows load distribution
Triangular shape to contemplate pressure of liquids and dirt. .................................... 296
8.13. Assign Copy And Paste: Copying and pasting elements Assignments ................ 298
9. Analyse Menu: Analyze .............................................................................................. 299
9.1. Set Analysis Options: Options Analysis. Flat or Spatial Analysis. Analysis
Dynamic P-Delta effect. .................................................................................................... 299
9.2. Solver Options: Options Settlement. ...................................................................... 300
9.3. Set Load Cases to Run: Select the load cases to run ............................................. 300
9.4. Undeformed Modify Geometry: Geometry No Change Deformed ......................... 301
9.5. Show Last Run Detail: Show Details last Corrida. ................................................ 301
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10. Display Menu: Show. .............................................................................................. 302

10.1. Show ASSIGNS Loads: Loads Assigned to See Together Gantry elements,
cables, Guayas, Areas and Solids ...................................................................................... 302
10.2. Show Misc ASSIGNS: View assignments on Boards elements Gantry, Cables,
Guayas, Areas and Solids .................................................................................................. 305
10.3. Show Deformed Shape: Deformed Model View. .............................................. 307
10.4. Show Forces / Stresses: View Forces and / or Efforts Together Elements Porch
"Frame", Cables, Guayas, Areas and Solids .................................................................... 308
10.4.1. Joints: Joints Reactions .................................................................................... 308
10.4.2. Frame / Cables: Power Gantry elements "Frame" and Cables ............................. 309
10.4.3. Shell: Forces in members area Shell Behavior Type ..................................... 312
10.4.4. Solids: Forces in members area Shell Behavior Type .................................... 322
10.4.5. Show Static Pushover Curve: Show Graph Pushover .................................... 324
10.4.6. Hinge Show Results: Show results Joints ....................................................... 332
10.4.7. Tables: Show Tables ....................................................................................... 334
11. Menu Design: Design .............................................................................................. 335
11.1. Steel Frame Design: Design Elements Gantry "Fr me, "Steel. ............. 335
11.2. View / Preferences Review: View and / or Redefine Design Preferences ..... 336
11.2.1. View / Check Overwrites: View and / or Redefine Design Parameters. .... 337
11.2.2. Select Design Group: Select Group Design. .................................................. 338
11.2.3. Select Design Combinations: Select Groups Design ...................................... 338
11.2.4. September Lateral Displacement Targets: Lateral Displacement Limit ........ 339
11.2.5. Set Time Period Targets: Setting Limits periods of mode shapes.
340
11.2.6. Start Design / Check of Structure: I ................................................................ 340
11.2.7. Display Design Info: Display the information of the design according to
Applied Standard. 341
11.2.8. Change Design Section: Changing the Design section ..................................... 342
11.3. Concrete Frame Design: Design of Concrete Elements. ...................................... 344
11.3.1. View / Preferences Review: View and / or Redefine Design Preferences . 345
11.3.3. Select Design Combo: Select Combinations for Design. ............................... 347
11.3.4. Start Design / Check of Structure ................................................................... 347
11.3.6. Change Design Section: Changing the Design section. .................................... 349
11.4. Aluminium Frame Design: Design Elements in Aluminum ............................... 352
11.4.3. Select Design Group: Select group Design .................................................... 355
11.4.4. Select Design Combinations: Select combinations of design. ....................... 355
11.4.6. Display Design Info: Display the information of the design according to the
Standard
Applied. 356
11.4.7. Change Design Section: Changing the Design section. .................................... 357
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11.5. Cold Formed Steel Frame Design: Design Elements for the Cold Formed Steel.
357
11.5.3. Select Design Group: Design Select groups. .................................................. 360
11.5.4. Select Design Combinations: Select combinations of design. ....................... 360
11.5.7. Change Design Section: Changing the Design section ..................................... 362
11.6. Lateral Bracing: Lateral Bracing .......................................................................... 362
11.6.1. Specify Point Bracing: Bracing Specify points. ............................................. 362
11.6.2. Bracing Uniform: Uniform Distance between Struts ...................................... 363
11.7. Overwrite Frame Design Procedure: Rethinking Process d Design
Element. ............................................................................................................................. 363
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(SAP2000) Integrated Software for Structural Analysis &

Design
SAP2000 is a program developed by the
company CSI, Computer and Structures, Inc.
Berkeley, California, USA. It comes in several
versions (Standard, Plus and Advanced). For
over 30 years he has been in continuous
development, to give the engineer a reliable,
sophisticated and easy to use on the basis of a
powerful and intuitive graphical interface
procedures modeling, structural analysis and
design at the forefront worldwide .
Regarding the creation of SAP2000 models

has a set of default templates for producing the
same geometry quickly and efficiently. Moreover,
a spatial system handles reference lines (Grid
Lines) are attached to a given system
coordinates (cartesian or cylindrical) serving
guide and establish each of the elements of the
model.
SAP2000 is capable of handling the largest and

complex models driven by engine
unique analysis and tools design
for engineers working the area of
transportation, industrial, public works, sports, and
other facilities. In terms of use allows
perform various Static and Dynamic Analysis
No linear and Linear functions through
spectral and Time-History. May
incorporated cables, guayas, springs,
dampers, isolators, Sinks, sections
no prismatic, etc.
SAP2000 determined by the finite element

method the response in terms of forces, efforts
and deformed in the area and solid elements,
presenting a graph and output tables, making
it the preferred tool for structural engineers
engaged Research, development of
projects and construction.
10
Ing. Eliud Hernandez / eliudh5@gmail.com / 58-412-2390553
SAP2000 has a powerful design in steel, concrete

and aluminum fully integrated, all available from
the same interface used to model and analyze the
model. The design of aluminum and steel
members permits initial sizing and an interactive
optimization and design of concrete elements
includes calculating the required number of steel
reinforcing, even considering EQRD level. The
overall design is performed through the
application updated international codes
Regarding Nonlinear analysis can obtain the

capacity curve of a structure through
applying a Pusho r and defining
v
Joints plastic in the ends of the
elements. This capability allows curve study the
mechanisms of failure that presents a particular
model obtaining ductility
Capacity last, maxima deformation
inelastic etc. In addition, the capacity
can be verified against the demand imposed
following the criteria of FEMA Standards 356,
FEMA 440, ATC 40, This validates the
regulatory procedures in the area of seismic
performance.
The use of springs with behavior only

Compression allows study, analysis and design
systems foundations and / or slabs on a medium
Elastic as soil desincorporando those
springs under a given load case are tensile (Up-lift).
Additionally, section cut through the command
elements of Linear, Area and Solid we can obtain the
resultant forces acting on a specific group of
elements under a given load regime.
Moreover, a study of the compression capacity

(Critical buckling load) of model lines, areas and
solids simulating connections, trusses, plates,
profiles, Steel Systems, etc. can be performed
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www.construaprende.com
USER MANUAL / USER GUIDE.

1. Initial Screen.
Upon entering the program, we are presented with a black screen background with two
vertically spaced windows. There in the bottom right a menu is displayed with the units
used in the generation of the structural model, while in the upper left of the File menu
where you can open is active or import an existing model, or generate a new model.
Moreover, at the top is the Help menu.
Menu: File Menu: Help
Cometana of Work
Units
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1.1. General List Menu screen.
Edit Define Draw Assign Show Options Help
Archive Vie Bridges Select Analyze Design Tools

w
Location of Drop Down Menu
3d model
Coordinate
System
Screen Icons Coordinates
Units
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1.2. Screen Icons description.
New Save the Making Unlock Analyze Moving

Model Model and Analysis Live Screen
Unmakin
g
Open a Print out Update Analyze ZOOM Options

Model
Deformed, Reactions
Croppe and Diagrams
View Options d View
Rotate Move on Grid

Options Lending Design
Lines
General Table
Display
Selection Tools.
Drawing Tools
Nodes, Lines,
Areas and Solids
Precision Tools.
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2. File Menu: Archives.

Entering the File menu, the following options are presented active:
Start a New Model
Open a New Existing
Save the Current File
Import a file
Export File
Control File Create a

Video
Print Setup for Graphics: Graphics

Settings to Print
Print Graphics Print Graph.
Tables Print Print Tables.
Configuring and Creating Reports
Write an Advanced Report
Capturing Images and Archives
Use Comments
Running the Last Analysis
Display Input and Output in Text file
List of recently used files.
Get out
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2.1. New Model Initialization: Conditions for Starting a New Model.

By selecting the "New Model" option we face different default structures.
Conditions of Units Project

Starting a New Information
Model
d etermined
Pre Select Modelsd
 Initialize from Model with Default Units: Start a Model with selected units.
 Initialize Model from an Existing Model: Start a Model from one
With existing units, definitions and preferences.
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2.1.1. Select Template Select Models Defaults.
Screen Only Grid Beams Armor Armor Porches

Definitions
without Continuous Planas Space Plans
Structures Walls Slabs Models Iscaleras Structures

Space Reticular With Areas
Structures Models Bridges Bridges Modeler Pipes and

Underground Con SólGone Pendants Continuous Bridges Sheets
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2.1.2. Blank Option:

We are presented with the screen split vertically without any definitions.
This option is very useful and recommended if you want to import a model where you
have all the preset definitions including Grid lines that function as referential axes in 3D.
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2.1.3. Grid Option Only:

Upon entering we are presented with a window where you can define the Grid lines for a Cartesian
coordinate system or Cylindrical.
Cartesian coordinates
Number of Grid Lines in

X, Y, Z
Grid spacing lines at X,

Y, Z
Location of the first grid line

in X, Y, Z
a
n
d
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Cylindrical Coordinates
Number of Grid Lines:
Along Radius: Number of Transverse Lines

Note: The origin is counted as a Transversal Line
Along Theta: Number of Radial Lines
Along Z: Number of lines in Z
Grid Spacing Lines:
Along Radius: Distance between Lines Along

Transverse Theta (Deg): Angle between Lines
Along Radial Z: Z spacing
Location of First Grid Lines:
Along Radius: Location of the First Line Transversal

Along Theta (Deg): Location of the First Radial Line in
degrees.
Along Z: Location Frontline Z
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2.1.4. Beam Option:

Upon entering we are presented a window where you can define the number of sections, pipe sections,
the section of the beam, Restrictions and Grid lines.
Edit the line spacing and location of Number of Length of

Grid Origin Tranches Sections
List of Previously Defining a

Defined Sections New Section
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2.1.5. Option 2D Trusses:

Upon entering we are presented with a window where you can choose from three types of Armor
Planas. In each case the number of Divisions, Divisions length, Alturas, Sections, Restrictions and
Grid Lines specified.
Number of Rooms Length of Rooms

Type: Truss "Sloped"
Height
Cords Struts
Edit the line spacing and location of
Grid Origin
LiSections sta Defining a

Include
Restrictions DPreviously efinidas New Section
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Number of Rooms Length of Rooms

Type: Truss "Vertical"
Height
Cords Struts
Grid Origin
Include Lista Se cions Defining a

Restrictions fromassigned from New Section
Previously
Front View
View 3D
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Type: Truss "Pratt" Dimensions, Divisions and Alturas
Location of Origin
Cords Struts
Definition of Parameters
Include Restrictions List Sections Defining a

and Grid Lines Definidas previously New Section
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2.1.6. Option 3D Trusses:

Upon entering we are presented with a window where you can choose from six types of Armor
Space. In each case the number of Divisions or Sections, lengths, heights, Sections, Restrictions and
Type: tridilosa. Dimensions, Divisions and Alturas
Cords Struts
Edit the line spacing and location
of Grid Origin
Listto Sections Defining a

InPreviously assigned New Section
Include Restrictions
from
 Number of Bays: Number of Tranches.

 Span Length: Length of each Tranche.
 Height: Height.
3D View
Plan View
Number of Tranches
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Dimensions Upright, Horizontal and

Type: Transmission Tower 1 Diagonal
Location Origin
Definition of Parameters Uprights
Diagonal and
Horizontal
Define a new
section
Include Restrictions and

Grid Lines
Note: (H) and b (W) are factors of length for the location of the diagonals.
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Dimensions Upright,
Type: Transmission Tower 2 Horizontal and Diagonal
Location dthe Origene
Diagonal and
Horizontal
Defining a New
Section
and Grid Lines
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Dimensions Upright, Horizontal and

Type: 3 Transmission Tower Diagonal
Location dThe Origin
Diagonal and
Horizontal
Defining a
New Section
and Grid Lines
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Dimensions Upright,
Type: 3 Transmission Tower Horizontal and Diagonal
Location origene
Diagonal and
Horizontal
Defining a
New Section
and Grid Lines
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2.1.7. Option 2D Frames:

Upon entering we are presented with a window where you can choose from three types of Porches
Plans. In each case the number specifies the number of Flats, Flats height, number of beams, lengths
of Sections Sections, Restrictions and Grid Lines.
Overall Dimensions Porch

Type: Porch Simple
Beams
Edit the line spacing and location of Columns
Grid Origin
List Sections Defining a

Include Restrictions Definidas previously New Section
 Number of Stories: Number of Stories.

 Number of Bays: Number of Beams.
 Story Height: Height of Flats.
 Bay Width: Span Length.
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Type: Porch with Struts

Concentric Overall Dimensions Porch
Beams
Columns
Grid Origin
Struts
Defining a
List of Seccione New Section
Include Restrictions Defined Previewmind

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Type: Porch with

Struts Eccentrics Overall Dimensions Porch
Beams
Columns
Grid Origin
Struts
Defining a
List of Sect Defi New Section
Include Restrictions n comings
onesn
Previamente

 Gap Width: Length "Link".
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2.1.8. 3D Frames option:

Upon entering we are presented with a window where you can choose from four types of models of
buildings. In each case the number specifies the number of Flats, Flats height, number of beams,
lengths of Sections Sections, Restrictions and Grid Lines.
Type: Building Open Porches General Building Dimensions
Beams
Columns
Grid Origin
Defining a
D Listand Sections New Section
Include Restrictions DefinPreviously
comings
 Number of Stories: Flat Number.

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Type: Building frames with

Perimeter Beams General Building Dimensions
Beams
Edit the line spacing and location of Columns

Grid Origin
Defining a
List Sectionis
Include Restrictions New Section
Definidas Previously

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Type: Building porches and General Building Dimensions

quantized Beamed Areas.
Beams
Edit the line spacing and location of Grid
Origin Columns
Include Restrictions Areas
Defining a
Liist Sections
New Section
Defineds previously
 Number of Stories: Number of
Stories
 Number of Bays: Number of
Tranches.
 Number of Divisions: Number of Internal divisions elements Area (Mesh)
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Type: Building discretized General Building Dimensions

only areas. (No beams)
Beam
Grid Origin s
Areas
Defining a
Liist Sections
Definidas previously
 Number of Stories: Number of Stories

 Number of Divisions: Number of Internal divisions elements Area (Mesh)
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2.1.9. Option Wall:

Upon entering we are presented with a window where the number specifies the number of divisions,
each division Length, Area Section, Restrictions and Grid Lines.
Overall Dimensions of the Wall
Edit the line spacing and location of Areas

Grid Origin
Lista Se cions Defining a

fromassigned from New Section
Previously
 Number of Divisions: Number of Rooms in X, Z.

 Division Width: Size of each element of area.
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2.1.10. Option Flat Slab:

Upon entering we are presented with a window where the number specifies the number of divisions,
each division Length, Area Section, Restrictions and Grid Lines.
Overall Dimensions of the Wall
Edit the line spacing and location of Areas

Grid Origin
List Sections Define a

Defini as previously New Section
 Number of Divisions: Number of Rooms at X, Y.

 Division Width: Length of each section of element area. (L)
 Middle Strip Width: Width of the special Gaza. (Sp)
Sp
Special Strip
L L L
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2.1.11. Option Shells:

Upon entering we are presented with a window where you can choose from six types of models
based areas. In each case the parameters that define the geometry section of the Areas, Restrictions
and Grid Lines specified.
Type: General Dimensions

Cylinder
Orig locationaand
Areas
D Listand Sections Defining a New

Include Restrictions and Grid Lines. Defini as previously Section
 Cylinder Height: Height.

 Num of Division, Z:. Area Number of Rooms in Z
 Num of Division, Angle. Angle Number of Rooms at address
 Radius: Radius (R)
No. of Rooms
Angular Address
No. of Rooms in Z
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Type: Barrel General Dimensions

Shell
Location of Origin
Areas
List Sectionis Defining a

Include Restrictions defineds Previ mind New Section
and Grid Lines.
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No. of Rooms in Axial

direction
No. of Rooms Angular

direction.
T
R
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Type: Cylindrical Shell

Multiple Sections General Dimensions
Location of Origin
Areas
List Secciotions Defining a New

Include Restrictions Definidas Previously Section
and Grid Lines.
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No. of Rooms in Axial

direction
Sections
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Type: Hyperbolic
paraboloid. General Dimensions
Location of Origin
Areas
Columns
s rt of Sections
Lis Defining a
Definidas previously New Section
and Grid Lines.
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Type: Part-Sphere
General Dimensions
Location of Origin
Areas
List of Sect Defi Defining a New

n comings Prior
onesn Section
and Grid Lines.
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Type: Spherical
General Dimensions
Dome
Location of Origin
Areas
Include Restrictions List of Sect Defi Defining a New

and Grid Lines. n comings Prior
onesn Section
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Type: Parabolic Dome

General Dimensions
Location of Origin
Areas
Include Restrictions List Sections Defining a New

and Grid Lines. Definidas previously Section
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2.1.12. Option Stairs:

Upon entering we are presented with a window where you can choose from three types of models
Stairs. In each case the parameters that define the geometry section of the Areas, Restrictions and
Type: Ladder 1
General Dimensions
It ubicación Origen
Definition of ros Areas

Parametric
Include Restrictions List of Previously Defining a New

and Grid Lines. Defined Sections Section
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Type: Staircase
General Dimensions
2
n
Location origen
Areas
Include Restrictions Lista Sections Defining a New

and Grid Lines. InPreviously assigned Section
from
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Type: Spiral Stairs

General Dimensions
Location of Origin
Areas
Listto Sections Defining a
and Grid Lines. New Section
InPreviously assigned
from
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2.1.13. Option Storage Structures:

Upon entering we are presented with a window where you can choose from three types of models. In
each case the parameters that define the geometry section of the Areas, Restrictions and Grid Lines
specified.
Type: Water Tower 1
General Dimensions
Location dThe Origin
Areas
Include Restrictions List of Sections Defining a

and Grid Lines. Previously Defined New Section
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Type: Water Tower 2

General Dimensions
Location of Origin
Areas

and Grid Lines. DPreviously efinidas Section
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Type: Circular
General Dimensions
Silo
Location of Origin
Areas

and Grid Lines. DPreviously efinidas Section
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2.1.14. Option Underground Concrete Structures:

Upon entering we are presented with a window where you can build a model of concrete walls and
slabs confined by land. In this case the parameters that define the geometry of the Areas section,
Loads, Springs, Restrictions and Grid Lines specified.
Generate a Slab
Tank Top.
Properties: Lengths,
Number of Spaces,
Thickness.
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Generate Walls of a
Tank.
Properties: Lengths,
Number of Spaces,
Thickness.
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2.1.15. Option Solids:

Upon entering we are presented with a window where you can choose from four types of models. In
each case the parameters that define the geometry, Sections, Restrictions and Grid Lines specified.
Type: Arch of constant

thickness General Dimensions
Location dthe orige
Solid
Include Restrictions List of Previously Defining a New

and Grid Lines. Defined Sections Section
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Type: Variable Arc General Dimensions
Orig locationin
Solid

and Grid Lines. InPreviously assigned Section
from
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Type: Prisma General Dimensions

1
Location of Origin
Definition of Parameters Solid

and Grid Lines. Definidas previously New Section
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Type: Block General Dimensions
Location of Origin
Solid

and Grid Lines. Definidas previously New Section
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2.1.16. Cable
Bridges:
Upon entering we are presented with a window where a suspension bridge is generated. In this case
the parameters that define the geometry, sections of beams, columns, Cables and Areas, Restrictions
and Grid Lines specified.
General Dimensions
Location Origin
Defining a
and Grid Lines.
List of iously ions

Defined Sec
Prev
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2.1.17. Option Pipes:

Upon entering we are presented with a window where you can generate multiple models of plates,
pipes and fittings. In each case the parameters that define the geometry section of the Areas,
Restrictions and Grid Lines specified.
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2.1.18. Grid lines can be defined.

To define distances and / or individual applications between grid (axes) in X and Y, we
have the following picture.
Units Quick Start Grid
Fomatos Edit Options. Lines
Overview
Line Type: View Coordinates

Primary or Secondary or distance between
axles
TTamAxles year
Visibility
Placing default
colors
Reorder coordinates
Axles Coordinates or Spacing
 Grid ID: id Grid.

 Line Type: Set the type of shaft.
(Primary: Primary, Secondary:
Secondary)
 Visibility: Set whether you want to display the grid in the structural
model. (Show: Show, Hide: Hide)
 Bubble Loc: Change the orientation of the axis.
 Bubble Size: Size of the axles.
 Grid Color: Allows you to assign each axis a particular color.
 Hide All Grid Lines: Hide all axes.
 Blue Grid Lines To: Connect to Grid lines.
 Ordinates Reorder: Reorder coordinates.
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2.2. Import: Import.
Here is each of the programs and file

types from which you can import the
geometry of a structural model.
D stands usingaand dxf files

AutoCAD, .mdb of Access, .xls
Excel, .s2k of S AP2000, ProSteel,
STAAD, StrU
UCAD 3D, among others.
2.3. Export: Export.
Here is each of the programs and file

types to which you can export the
geometry, analysis and design of a
structural model.
Using AutoCAD dxf files, Access mdb,

Excel xls, .s2k SAP2000, ProSteel,
stands out among others.
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2.4. Batch File Control: Managing Files. Through this option you can generate a
list of models to be analyzed is sequence.
Running List Models

added
List of models to be analyzed in

sequence
2.5. Print Setup for Graphics: Graphics settings for printing.
Printers
Guidance Sheet to
Print
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2.6. Print Graphics: Graphic Print the active window

2.7. Print charts Print charts.
2.8. Report Setup: Setup Reports
r d matoand Exit
For
Reporte
Select "Load
Patterns"
Select "Load Cases"
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2.9. Create Report: Generate Reports
2.10. Advanced Report Writer: Advanced Report Writing.
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2.11. Enhanced Metafile Capture: Capture File .emf
2.12. Picture Capture: Capture Image.
Full Screen Window

SAP2000
Actual display screen Actual Title Bar
Title Bar without
Using a specific region
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2.13. Project Information: Project Information.
2.14. Show Imput / Log Files: View Text Files with Data Entry.
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3. Edit Menu: Edit
Undo and Redo
Cut Copy
Paste
Delete
Adiciing a fixed format
Interactive database
Replicas: Linear, Radial, Symmetries
Extrude: Points, Lines, Areas and Solids
Move: Points, Lines, Areas and Solids
Edit Points
Dividing Lines
Edit Areas
Solid Split
View Duplicates
Merge Duplicates
Edit Tags
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3.1. Copy and Paste: Copy and Paste

Select Copy and then Paste where you get the following window:
Distance X
Distance Y
Distance Z
3.2. Replicate: Replicas.

3.2.1. Type: Linear.
Linear Distance andn X, Y, Z
Modify and / or View

options Replica
Delete Original Objects

Selected for generating
the replica.
Number of objects
to generate
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Example: Consider three (3) linear elements located in the XY plane as shown in Fig.
These are selected, then the path is followed:
EDIT MENU / REPLICATE / LINEAR dx = 6
Number = 3
Linear
Elements
Once you have set the option to the data given, the following is obtained:
Linear three elements are generated in

each of the axes B, C and D, from the
original located on Axis A
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3.2.2. Type: Radial.
Radial
Rotate around a line parallel to X,

Y, Z or 3D.
Rotation Center located in

Plano Perpendicular to the
Axis.
orrSees
Modify and /o
Number of items to generate
options of Ré lica
Angle
Rotation Clear s
Original
Object
Radial
Rotate around a line parallel to X,

Y, Z or 3D.
Coordinates of two points

on a reference line
described in 3d
Number of items to generate Modify and / or View

options Replica
Angle of
Rotation Delete
90
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O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
O
b
j
e
c
t
s
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Example: Consider a linear element located in the XY plane as shown in Fig. That item
is selected and then follow the route:
EDIT MENU / REPLICATE / RADIAL
Linear Element
X = 6, Y = 6
Number = 3
Rotation center (X Ang e = 90

= 6, Y = 6)
Three linear elements each arranged

from the center 90 set and linear
originally selected object is
generated.
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3.2.3. Type: Symmetry.
Symmet
ry
Symmetry about a plane parallel to X,

Y, Z or 3D.
Coordinates of two points to

define a reference line located
in the plane perpendicular to
Exe.
Edit and / or View

s REplica
fitnes
Belete Ob Originals ethos
Symmet
ry
Symmetry about a plane parallel to X,

Y, Z or 3D.
Coordinates of three points to

define a reference line located
in 3D.
Modify and / or View

options Replica
Delete Original Objects
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is selected and then follow the route:
EDIT MENU / REPLICATE / MIRROR
Linear
Elemen x1 = 0; y1 = 0
x2 = 12; y2 =
t
12
Point 2
x2 = 12; y2 = 12
Axis of
reference
Linear new element arranged

symmetrically to the original element
according to the reference axis,
defined by the coordinates of the
points shown is generated.
Point 1
x1 = 0; y1 =
0
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3.2.4. View and / or Edit Options Replica
Assignments
Cargas and Diseño
This option allows you to select previously those properties will belong in the elements generated in the
reply from the original objects
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3.3. Extrude: Extrude
3.3.1. Extrude Points to Frames / Cables: Extrude points to lines.
 Type: Linear.
Linear
and
Defining a New Section
List of Sections previously

defined
Distance X
Distance Y
Distance Z
Number of elements
to generate
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Example: Consider three nodes located in the XY plane as shown in Fig. These nodes are
selected and then follow the route:
EDIT MENU / EXTRUDE / EXTRUDE POINTS TO FRAMES / LINEAR.
dx = 6
Nodes
Number = 2
Two lines in each axis

are generated from the
selected nodes.
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 Type: Radial.
Radial
List of Sections
Axis of Rotation
Rotation Center
coordinates.
Angle of rotation of each

element to generate.
Number of objects to generate
Length shift in the direction of

shaft rotation established.
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Example: Consider a node located in the XY plane as shown in Fig. That node is
selected and then follow the route:
EDIT MENU / EXTRUDE / EXTRUDE POINTS TO FRAMES / RADIAL.
Selected Node. (X = 6, Y
= 6, Z = 3)
r
Center of Rotation: A
X = 6, Y = 0, Z = 3
NSelected odo. (X = 6, Y
= 6, Z = 3)
Curve is generated based on

straight segments 9 arranged
at 10 °, according to the set
rotation center.
Center of Rotation:
X = 6, Y = 0; Z = 3
The last Locates Node Z = -3 because of the

"Total Rise" indicated.
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 Type: Advanced.
Advanced
List of Sections
Define and Modify

Generation
dandItems
Example: Consider a node in the XY plane. That node is selected, and then follow the
route:
EDIT MENU / EXTRUDE / EXTRUDE POINTS TO FRAMES / ADVANCED.
Selected Node. (X = 0, Y
= 0, Z = 0)
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Click done in "Define / Modify Path" and it opens the table below.
Generated coordinates of each node by clicking on "Insert"
Straight Line.
Number of Rooms
Insert coordinate s
Last Node coordinates

Generated
(X = 6, Y = 3, Z = 0)
8 elements are generated
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3.3.2. Extrude Lines to Areas: Extrude Lines to Areas to
 Type: Linear.
Linear
List SEQtions
Distance X
Distance Y
Distance Z
Table Numberor
objects to generate
Remove Objects Source
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Example: Consider a linear element in the XY plane as shown in Fig. That item is
selected, and then follow the route:
EDIT MENU / EXTRUDE LINES TO AREAS / LINEAR.
dx = 1
Linear
Object
Number = 6
tror
Area 6 elements are generated with

a width of 1 mc / or
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 Type: Radial.
Radial
List of Sections
Axis of Rotation
Rotation Center
coordinates.
Angle of rotation of each

element to generate.
Number of items to generate
Length to move the last item

generated in the direction of
shaft rotation established.
Delete source objects
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is selected, and then follow the route:
EDIT MENU / EXTRUDE LINES TO AREAS / RADIAL.
Center of Rotation:
X = 6, Y = 6, Z = 0
Linear object.
The last nodes are located at Z = 6 due to "Total

Rise" indicated.
36 elements radially area every 10

degrees around the Z axis and the
center of rotation function
Established, from Original Linear
element is generated.
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 Type: Advanced
Advanced
List of Sections
Define and
CustomisedThe Ge
n eration of
arn
Elemencough
Remove the Source Object
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3.3.3. Convert Lines to Areas: Convert Lines to Areas.

Example: Consider a linear element located in 3D as shown in Fig. That item is selected,
and then follow the route:
EDIT MENU / LINES TO CONVERT ELEVATIONS.
Elemento Line l
Section: IPE300
The program based on the section

previously applied to the linear
element defines the dimensions and
thicknesses of flanges and webs, and
modeled as area elements.
Ala
Alma
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3.3.4. Extrude Areas to Solid: Extrude Areas to Solid.
 Type: Linear
Linear
List of Sections
Option 1: Direction normal to the

r ea
surface element tor
+3 Dir Thickness: Thickn Solid in total

ess
direction of axis 3 Area.
Dir Numb + 3er: Nunumber of elements in which
s thickness tota generate solid in axis 3
subdivides the es
h ickness: Total thickness of the solid in the

Dir -3 Th
direction of eg-3 and the Area.
-3 Dir Number: Number of elements in which
subdivisionstota thickness of the solid to generate shaft -3
Linear
List of Sections
Option 2: User-defined with relative

distances in direction X, Y, Z
Remove Objects Source
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Example: Consider a model with elements that make up the wall area located in the XZ
plane as shown in Fig. All area elements are selected, and then follow the route:
EDIT MENU / EXTRUDE LINES TO AREAS / RADIAL.
Wall modeling elements

Plano Area
Once established the option runs sponding to the data given, the following is obtained:
I generated with
solid wall
elements.
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3.3.5. Areas to Solid Convert: Convert Areas in Solids.

Example: Consider a patterned area wall elements as shown in Fig. Entire model is
MENU EDIT / CONVERT ELEVATIONS TO SOLID.
Wall modeling elements Area
Wall modeling with 2 layers of

solid elements from area
elements.
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3.4. Move: Move
Distances in X is
input, Y, Z
MENU EDIT / MOVE.
a
n
d
Original Linear
Element
Once you have set the option to Linear element

displaced
the data given, the following is
obtained:
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3.5. Edit Points: Edit Points.
3.5.1. Grid at Select Add Points: Add or Grid line to the selected point.
The direction in which

you are adding the
indicated grid line (X, Y
or Z)
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Example: Consider a system of floor beams, belts and losacero in the XY plane where
the axes A, B, 1, 2 and 3 as shown in the figure are taken. No. 40 the board is selected,
and then follow the route:
EDIT MENU / EDIT POINTS / ADD GRID POINTS AT SELECT.
Board 40
Generated in X axis
which passes through
the ring 40
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3.5.2. Merge Joints: Join Together within a specified tolerance.
Specified
Tolerance
3.5.3. Aligned Points: Align Points.
Align points to a given

coordinate X, And, Or Z
Align points to the closest

line to the selected points
Example: Consider a system linear elements located in the XY plane such

as shown in Fig. No. 46 boards are selected and identified 48
circles, and then follow the route:
EDIT MENU / EDIT P INTS / ADD GRID POINTS AT SELECT.
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The seals 46 and 48 are

aligned to the specified
coordinate Y = 9 m.
3.6. Edit Lines: Edit Lines.
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3.6.1. Frames Divide: Divide Gantry elements "Frame"
Number of divisions
Division Factor: Final

Long / Long Initial
Generate a division at the intersection of the joints, linear elements,

areas and / or selected solids
Example 1: Consider a linear element located in the XY plane as shown in Fig. That item
EDIT MENU / EDIT LINES / DIVIDE FRAMES.
Original Linear Element
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Where the last two elements having a

length equal to half the first is
generated.
Example 2: Consider two linear elements located in the XY plane as shown in Fig. That
item is selected, and then follow the route:
EDIT MENU / EDIT LINES / DIVIDE FRAMES.
Elements Linear
Originals
Four intersecting linear

elements are generated at the
junction of the two original
lines
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3.6.2. Join Frames: Joining Elements Gantry "Frame".

Example: Consider two linear elements located in the XY plane as shown in Fig. Both
items are selected, and then follow the route:
EDIT MENU / EDIT LINES / JOIN FRAMES.
It Selected the
Original Linearis
Elements
Item
linea
r Kingdom.
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3.6.3. Trim / Extend Lines: Trim and Extend Lines
Example 1: Consider two linear elements located in the XY plane as shown in Fig. Both
elements and element end node that wants to extend to the other line are selected, which
in this case is the board number 2 and then follow the route:
EDIT MENU / EDIT LINES / TRIM / EXTEND FRAMES
L2
L1
Select linear
elements and the joint 2.
on
L2
The element linear L1 is

extends to the linear element L1
L2 from the joint 2
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Example 2: Consider two linear elements located in the XY plane as shown in Fig. Both
elements and element end node that wants to extend to the other line are selected, which
in this case is the board number 2 and then follow the route:
EDIT MENU / EDIT LINES / TRIM / EXTEND

FRAMES
L2
L1
Select linear
elements and the joint 2.
L2
The L1 element is cut straight

to the intersection with the line
element L2 from the ring 2
L1
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3.6.4. Curved Lines Edit: Edit Lines Curves.
Linear object parameters. Curve parameters.
Options It división
Line Curve Units
Coordinates of the Nodes to idealize the Preview

curve generated by straight segments
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Linear object parameters.
Line Type Curve
Type of
Curve:
An Arc or Parabolic Circular is
defined by specifying the
coordinate of 3rd point and / or
Assigning section Radio.
Coordinates of the initial node
Coordenadas End Node
3rd Point Coordinates

c
Options Division Curve Line.
Keep as Single Object: Keep cA sa Object only.
Break into Multiple Equal Lenght OBJECTS: Split into multiple objects of equal length.
Break into Multiple Objects wEqual ith Projected on Chord Length: Split into multiple objects of
equal length so projectedbre the cuerda.
Curve Parameters Number of straight segments

to generate the curve
Update
Traction Set Limits

and / or
compression.
Loop Length Radio
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Example: Consider a straight linear guiding element located in the XY plane as shown
in Fig. That item is selected, and then follow the route:
EDIT MENU / EDIT CURVED LINES
3rd point.
(X = 3, Y = 6, Z = 3)
The 2nd point.

(X = 6, Y = 4, Z = 3)
1st Point.
(X = 0, Y = 4, Z Binding of curve from 0 straight
= 3) 1 are segments
generated
Number of Linear Segments = 10
Circular Arc - 3rd Point Coords
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3.6.5. Edit Cable Geometry: Geometry Edit Cable.

ParámetrosdelCable: It includes the
Parameters of linear object: Includes weight per unit length, voltage, number
Cable type and Section Thereof. of segments, etc.
Units
Options dand Division of

the LINea (Monthh).
Preview
Information Geometry of Cable
Maximun .- Sag Vertical: Vertical distance measured from the center of the cable
into its original position "deformed Sin (Lc)" to the wire in its deformed position
(Lo)
.- Low - Point Sag Vertical: Vertical distance measured from the lowest node of the
cable into its original position "deformed Sin (Lc)" to the lowest point of the cable
in its deformed position (Lo).
.- Relative Length: Factor that multiplies the length of the cable "deformed Sin (Lc)"
for the deformed length (Lo).
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OpcionesdeDivisióndelCable.
Keep as Single Object: Keep as a single object.
Break into Multiple Objects Equal Lenght: Split into multiple objects of equal length.
Break into Multiple Objects with Projected Equal Length on Chord: Split into multiple objects of equal
length projected onto the rope.
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3.6.6. Tendon Profile Edit: Edit the profile of the Guaya
Generate Information Extreme Points

Geometry guaya
Section
Local axes Loads
High Discretization of
Preview Guaya for analysis.
Move Guaya
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If you select the option "Quick Start" we are able to generate the geometry of the cable
quickly.
If you select the "Add" Option "Tendon Loads" we are able to generate a force or stress
of prestressing.
Applying Forces or
Stresses in the
Losses
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If you select the "Add" Option "Tendon Sections" we can define the Guaya section,
and specify if it will work as freight or item.
As Model Tendon Loads: The guaya only

generates a load of Prestressed or unincorporated
Postensado Losses included in "Other Losses
Parameters".
Tendon as Element Model: The guaya addition to

the burden of Prestressed or Postensado
incorporates losses included in "Other Losses
Parameters".
Propieties
3.7. Edit Areas: Areas Edit
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3.7.1. Areas Divide: Divide areas.
Dividir Areas indicating a number of objects to generate

both local addresses between points 1-2 and 1-3.
Areas divided indicating a maximum size of each object to

generate both local addresses between points 1-2 and 1-3.
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Dividireláreaencuadradosytriángulostomandoencuenta:
a) Intersecting Grid line with the axes Visible areas.

b) Linear objects intersecting axes selected areas
c) Views on Selected areas.
Divide Areas through a cut based on linear

objects selected
Areas divided by a cut basado on the points selected by

applying a angle rotation relative to the local axes.
Divide Areas using a general approach based on

Selected ng points and lines with a maximum size of
cada generating area element discretization.
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Example 1: Consider four (4) elements of areas with line elements on the perimeter of
each, located in the XY plane as shown in Fig. Areas are selected, and then follow the
route:
EDIT MENU / EDIT AREAS. Division 6 x 6
Area elements
C 36 area elements are generated

in each quadrant
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Example 2: Consider four (4) elements are areas of dimensions 6 x 6 meter perimeter
linear elements each located in the XY plane as shown in Fig. Areas are selected, and
then follow the route:
EDIT MENU / EDIT AREAS / DIVIDE AREAS Division 1-2 direction m = 1

Division 1-3 = 2 e m
Area elements
of
6 horizontal and 3 vertical divisions

area are generated in each quadrant
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3.7.2. Merge Areas: Areas Connect.
Example: Consider areas elements 16 located in the XY plane as shown in Fig. Areas are
EDIT MENU / EDIT AREAS / MERGE AREAS
Union Area elements

Elements 16 Area into a single object
3.7.3. Expand / Shrink Areas: Areas Expand or Shorten.
About All Selected Areas.
Through the points selected

areas
Distance to
Expand or
Shortening
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Example: Consider one area element dimensions 6 x 6 meters located in the XY plane as
shown in Fig. The area is selected, and then follow the route:
EDIT MENU / EDIT AREAS / EXPAND / SHRINK AREAS
1m
We apply a distance of 1
m.
3.7.4. Add Edge to Area Points: Add points to Areas.
3.7.5. Remove Points to Area Edge: Remove Points to Areas.
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3.8. Divide Solids: Solid Split.
Number of Solid
generate between
faces: 2 & 4, 1 & 3, 5
&6
Example 1 Solid Consider dimensions 6 x 6 x 3 meters as shown in Fig. The solid is

EDIT MENU / DIVIDED SOLIDS
N=4
N=5
N=7
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Why generate a Mesh (discretization) of the Areas or Solid?
It is necessary to establish a mesh because the solution of area objects is based on the
finite element method (FEM).
The Finite Element Method (FEM) is based on transforming a continuous medium in an

approximate discrete model. This transformation is achieved by generating a
discretization of the model, ie the model is divided into a finite number of parts called
"Elements", whose behavior is specified by a finite number of parameters associated with
characteristic points called "nodes". Nodes are the attachment points to adjacent elements.
Element "Árettoo"
Nod
Behavior inside of each element is defined from

me node behavior rams using appropriate interpolation functions or
Shape functions. The behavior of what happens inside the body
Approximate is obtained by interpolation of known values at the nodes. It is therefore an
approximation of the values of a function from the knowledge of a given finite number of
points.
Known Displacement at
Node
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3.9. Change Labels: Change Tags (Names).
Change Element Tags: Boards,

Linear, Areas, Solid, functions, etc.
Current Tag New Label
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4. View Menu: View.
3D View
View the map
Vista User Defined
View Boundary Model
Screen View Options
Zoom Window
Maximum Zoom Pansize
Zoom Innterior
annddRCAR Zoom a Step

Aca
Alejar Step Zoom in
Zoom in real time

Fly into the Model
Scroll Screen
Show Grid lines.
Show Axes
Show only Selected

View Items Not Selected
Remove selecting the View

Restore the previous selection in the View
Show All
Update Window
Update Vista
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4.1. Set 3D View: View 3D.
3D View
Address and Angles Quick View
Horizontal Angle
Vertical Angle
Angle of Opening
4.2. September View 2D: 2D views.
In 2D
Plans
Direction of View: Front or

Rear
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4.3. September Limits: Limits of the Model.
Flat View model to its limits
Choose Plano
Ignore Limits
LimitVista s in X, Y, Z.
Is pueden values define the limits
MIN and MAX.
4.4. Set Display Options: is displayed on the screen.

Opcio
In this case the item you want to apply and / or observe on the screen is selected.
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5. Define Menu: Define
Materials
Properties Sections
Source Mass
Coordenanas Systems and Grid Lines
n Meeting with
Restrictions on Con
Patterns JuNTAS
Groups
c tions Cutting
Itc
DespPervasive lazamientos
Functions
Load Patterns
Load Case
Load Combinations
Loads on Bridges
Define Views
Set Properties
Set Parameters for Pushover.
Define tables and other features.
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5.1. Materials: Materials.
List of Defined
materials.
Adding a New Material
quickly.
Add
N
ew Material
Modify an Add Copy of a Defined

existing Material Material.
Deleting a Material
existing View Properties
Advanced Materials.
5.1.1. New Material Quick Add: Add a new material quickly.
Material: Steel.
Types of Steel.
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Material: Concrete.
Types of Concrete.
Material: Aluminum
Types of
Aluminum.
Material: Cold Formed Steel
Types of Cold Formed Steel
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Material: Rebar
Types of Rebar.
Material: Guayas
Types of Guayas
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5.1.2. Add New Material: Adding a New Material
Example: Material Type Steel.
Material Name Color
Type of Material
View or Modify Notes
Units
Weight and Mass

per unit volume
Modulus of elasticity
Propied ade
Isotrópi s
Poisson
cas
Coefficient of Thermal
Expansion
Other
Propieties Module Court
Originator Minimum Effort

Last Minimal Effort
Originator Effective Effort

Last Effort Cash
See Advanced Properties
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If we choose the option "Switch To Advanced Property Display" get the following:
Material Isotropic, Orthotropic, and

Anisotropic Uniaxial
View and / or modify the

properties of the material
By clicking on "Modify / Show Material Properties "shows us a picture where

We can add, copy, modify and / or delete the particular properties of the material
Add, copy, modify and / or delete

Modify Material Properties
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Selecting "Modify / Show Properties at Selected Temperature" entered a box where you
can modify the parameters for the material including ceding efforts, past efforts,
temperature, elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, weight per unit volume, mass per unit
volume, advanced properties, etc.
Weight and mass per unit volume.
OtrasPropiedades:
Sellers and Latest efforts.
PropiedadesGeneralesM
Advanced Properties:
odules and Coefficients.
Information behavior Nonlinear Damping
Properties. Thermal Properties
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As corresponding to "Advanced Material Property Data" are:
.- Nonlinear Material Property data: Information Nonlinear Properties.
TiposdecomportamientoHisterético.
Elastic, Kinematic and Takeda
Convertgo a defined
by the user; or
Parameters established
itselfI for Deformacing
the Material.
Show Stress-Strain
Diagram
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If the "User Defined" has specified the following:
Values given by the user to define the

Stress-deformation diagramn
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.- Damping Material Properties: Properties of Damping Material
Modal Damping
Proportional Viscous Damping
orrHi nal terético

Damping Proportiono
.- Thermal Properties: Thermal Properties.
Matrix Thermal Conductivity
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Example: Material Type Concrete
Material Name Color
Type of Material
View or Modify Notes
Units
Weight and Mass

per unit volume
Modulus of elasticity
Isotropic
Properties
Poisson
Coefficient of Thermal
Other Expansion
Propiedttoode Module Court
s
Seller Effort, f'c
Reduction factor
Resistance concrete
Concrete do lightened by Court
lightens
View
V Advanced Properties
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If we choose the option "Switch To Advanced Property Display" get the following:
Material Isotropic, Orthotropic, and

Anisotropic Uniaxial
View and / or modify the

properties of the material
By clicking on "Modify / Show Material Properties "shows us a picture where

We can add, copy, modify and / or delete the particular properties of the material
Add, copy, modify and / or delete

the properties of the material
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Selecting "Modify / Show Properties at Selected Temperature" entered a box where you
can modify the parameters for the material including Effort F'c Compression resistant,
temperature, elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, weight per unit volume, mass per unit
volume, advanced properties, etc.
Weight and mass per unit volume.
Other properties:
Effort Resistant Compression, Concrete
F'c Lightened and consideration.
PropiedadesGeneralesM
Advanced Properties:
odules and Coefficients.
Information behavior Nonlinear Damping
Properties. Thermal Properties
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As corresponding to "Advanced Material Property Data" are:
.- Nonlinear Material Property data: Information Nonlinear Properties.
TiposdecomportamientoHisterético.
Elastic, Kinematic and Takeda
Convertgo a defined
by the user; or
annddr)
Simple or Confined (Manda
Set Material
Deformation the
Parameters par. l
MoDiagram strar
Esfu erzo-Deformation
Confined Concrete (Mander)
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If the "User Defined" has specified the following:
Values given by the user to define the

Stress-deformation diagramn
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.- Damping Material Properties: Properties of Damping Material
Modal Damping
Proportional Viscous Damping
orrHi nal terético

Damping Proportiono
.- Thermal Properties: Thermal Properties.
Matrix Thermal Conductivity
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5.2. Section Properties: Properties of Sections.
5.2.1. Frame Section: Section Gantry elements (beams, columns, etc.)
Import Sections
Add Sections
Copy Sections
List of Sections
Modify Sections
Clear Sections
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 Define Sections Steel.

Steel Sections
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.- Section Type: I / Wide Flange (Double T)
Section Properties Name
Material
Property modifiers
n eral dand Section

View Gen
Outside height (t3): Total Height.

Top flange width (t2): Width of the top flange.
Top flange thickness (tf) the flange
thicknessupper. Web thickness (tf): web
thickness.
Bottom flange width (t2b): Width infe wingrior.
Bottom flange thickness (tfb): espes s or the lower wing.
.- Section Type: Channel Section (U)
Properties Section Name of Section
Material
Property modifiers
Outside Depth (t3): Total Height.

Outside flange width (t2): Width of the
wings. Flange thickness (tf): thickness of
the wings. Web thickness (tw): web
thickness.
Overview of Section
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.- Section Type: T (T)
Section Properties Name of Section
Material
Property modifiers
Outside stem (T3) Total Height.

Outside flange (t2): Width of the wing.
Flange thickness (tf) flange thickness.
Stem thickness (tw): web thickness.
Overview of Section
.
.- Section Type: Angle (L)
Section Properties Section Name
Material
Property modifiers
Outside Vertical leg (t3): Height of

vertical leg.
Outside the horizontal leg (t2): Horizontal
flange width.
Horizontal leg thickness (tf): Horizontal
flange thickness.
Vertical leg thickness (tw): thickness of the
vertical leg
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.- Section Type: Double Angle (2L)
Material
Property modifiers
Outside depth (tt3)Height: vertical wings.

Outside width (t2) ))::: Ancho the horizontal wings
(Includes ece spaciontral).
Horizon ntal leg thickness (tf) flange thickness
Horizzontal.
Veertical leg thickness (tw): flange thickness
Vertical
Back Back to Distance (dis) Clearance
inbetween vertical wings
or
Overview of Section
.- Section Type: Box Tube (Tubes Rectangular)
Properties Section Name of Section
Material
Property modifiers
Outside depth (t3): Total Height.

Outside width (t2): Total Width.
Flange leg thickness (tf): Thickness of wings
Vert.
Web thickness (tw): Thickness of wings Horiz.
Overview of Section
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.- Section Type: Pipe (Pipes Circular)
Material
Property modifiers
View General Section
Outside diameter (t3): Outside Diameter.

Wall thickness (tw): Thickness of the sheet.
A
.- Section Type: Double Channel (Dual Channel)
Name of Section
Section Properties
Material
Property modifiers
Outside depth (t3): Total Height of the section.

Outside width (t2): Width of the horizontal
wings (includes central space).
Flange thickness (tf) flange thickness.
Web thickness (tw): web thickness.
Back to Back Distance (dis) Clearance
between Souls.
Overview of Section
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.- Section Type:
Joist. Name of Section
Material
Type of Design:
Series K Series or KCS
C Parametersttoocroppedd
General Parameters:
Width, Mass per attachedd longitud and inertia.
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.- Section Type "Auto Select List": Set a list of sections to perform an iterative design
Structural Steel.
Section Name
List Sections to
Ite ar design
Defining the Initial

section.
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 Define Concrete Sections.

Concrete Sections
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.- Section Type: Rectangular to Beams.
Material
Property modifiers
Depth (t3): Height de Section.

Width (t2): Wor Section.
Reinforcement
Vista General Section
trs
Longitudinal Type Steel Type Steel bars
crossbars
Beam type design.
Coating Atop Section.
Coating the bottom of the Section.
Ductile Reinforcement beams: Allows the

actual bending of the section at the ends of the
beam reinforcement, in order to verify the
requirements of ductility associated with a
required seismic performance. Ie Design by
Capacity (ND3)
Top Left: Strengthening the Top End of the Left Girder Top
Right: Strengthening the Top End of the Beam Right Bottom
Left: Bottom Reinforcement on the left end of the beam
Bottom Right: Strengthening Down on the Right End of Beam
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Scheme of Arrangement of Real Steel Flexural
As (Top-Left) As (Top-Right)
A B
A B
As (Bottom-Left) As (Bottom-Right)
Section A-A
As (Top-Left)
As (Bottom-Left)
Section B-B
As (Top-Right)
As (Bottom-Right)
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.- Section Type: Rectangular to Columns.

Name of Section
Section Properties
Material
Property
modifiers
Depth (t3): Height of the Section.

Width (t2): Section Width.
Reinforc
ement
General view of the Sectiing
It is importhant noted that the diameter of the bar

Longitudinal only taken into account if ut lraises
the "Be Checked" option, ie, whether to check
the section with reinforcing steel indicated.
Design Type Column
Configuration: Rectangular or Circular.
Lateral reinforcement:
Ties (ligatures), Spiral (Straps)
Free bar coating.
Index of parallel bars to Address 3

Diameter of Rebar
Diameter of Transverse Reinforcement Bar.
Esp. Long. bars of confinement.

Bar No. Conf. Parallel to the Address 3
Bar No. Conf. Parallel to Address 2
Check: Reinforcement for review from

the default setting
Design: Reinforced design from the
default setting
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.- Section Type: Circle (Circular)
Section Properties Name
Material
Property
modifiers
Diameter (t3): Diameter Section.
Reinforc
ement
View General lto Section
Importantly Longitudinal diameter bar is taken

into account only if the "Be Checked" option,
ie, whether to check the section indicated
reinforcing steel is used.
Design Type Column
Configuration: Rectangular or Circular.
Lateral reinforcement:
Ties (ligatures), Spiral (Straps)
Free bar coating.
Diameter of Rebar
Diameter of Transverse Reinforcement Bar.
Esp. Long. bars of confinement.
Check: Reinforcement for review from

the default setting
Design: Reinforced design from the
default setting
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.- Section Type: Precast I
TIPOSDESECCIONES:
AASHTO I Beam - Type I, AASHTO I Beam - Type II, AASHTO I Beam - Type III AASHTO I
Beam - Type IV, AASHTO I Beam - Type V, AASHTO I Beam - Type VI, AASHTO-PCI Bulb
Tee - Type BT 54, ETC
Name Overview of Section
Material
Section Properties
Property
modifiers
Dimensions of the
Section.
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.- Section Type: Precast U.
TIPOSDESECCIONES:
Caltrans Standard Bath Tub Girder - 1400 mm Depth, Caltrans Standard Bath Tub Girder - 1550 mm Depth,
Caltrans Standard Bath Tub Girder - 1700 mm Depth, Caltrans Standard Bath Tub Girder - 1850 mm Depth,
Caltrans Standard Bath Tub Girder - 2000 mm Depth, ETC
Name Overview of Section
Dimensions dand the

to
Section.
Material
Section Properties
Property
modifiers
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 Other: General Sections, no prismatic and Sections Designer.
Other sections
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.- Section Type "Section Designer": Allows you to draw and define sections of any
shape, both reinforced concrete and steel. May arbitrarily include reinforcing steels
or, combination of sections.
Section Name
Material
Type of Design:
No Check / Design: Section only for analysis
General Steel Section: General Section Steel.
Concrete Column: Columnto dand Reinforced
Concrete.
Check: Re Reinforcementv v Isar to
psetting the prees
SHARINGTIMEtablecidto
Design: Refuerzor Diseñar
configuration from preestalished
Access to generador of
secciones
Grid, to generate any section for the

structural analysis and design.
Menu and Screen Icons Units
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Movement and Interaction Diagram

Zoom Options. Diagram Moment-Curvature
Properties
Drawing Section.
Tools
Selection Options
or
Punterros
PreDecision
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Moment-Curvature Diagram
Interaction Diagram (Moment vs Axial Load)
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.- Section Type: Nonprismatic (No prismatic).
Change IE22
IOFF
Joff
Change IE33
Absolute Variable Absolute
IOFF L Joff
Where:
 Absolute: The distance is fixed regardless of the length of the linear object, that
is, maintains a fixed absolute value.
 Variable: The distance varies depending on the total length of the linear object
of the absolute distances defined by the element ..
Total = L + L + IOFF Joff
Note: If you define only an absolute length, the other two are modified initially
maintaining its defined proportionality
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In relation to the variation of inertia IE33 and IE22, it must:
 Linear: Linear variation. The value of EI33 varies linearly along the length
of the segment.
 Parabolic: Parabolic Variation. The value of varies linearly along the
length of the segment.
 Cubic: Cubic Variation. The value of varies linearly along the length of
the segment.
Note: For EI22 applies equally.
.- Section Type: General
In this format you can enter the particular properties of a section to use in the analysis and structural design.
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 Import Sections Steel.
After selecting the type of section (Wide Flange, Pipe, Angle, etc) must go to the folder
where the profiles list that brings the program by default c: / Program Files / Computer and
Structures / SAP2000 14 and look the sections .PRO
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5.2.2. Tendon Section: Sections for Guayas.
Adding a New Section
Adding copy of a section
List of Modifying an Existing Section

Sections
Delete an Existing Section
Nombre
Model as Tendon Loads: The guaya just a

geload of Prestressed manner or without
P incorporating stensado cluding losses
o "Other Parameters Losses".
in
Tendon as Element Model: The guaya
addition to the burden of Prestressed or
Postensado incorporates losses included
in "Other Losses Parameters".
Material
Specify diameter
Specify Area
Torsional Constant (J)

Moment of Inertia
Effective Cutting Area
Units
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5.2.3. Section Cable: Cables Section.
Modifying an Existing Section

List of
Sections Delete an Existing Section
Name
Material
Specify diameter
Specify Area
Torsional Constant (J)
Moment of Inertia
Effective Cutting Area
Units Modification Factors

Properties
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5.2.4. Section Area: Area sections.
Section Type: Shell, Plane, asolid

List of
Sections
Modifying an Existing Section
 Sections of behavior Type: SHELL
Section Name
Types of behavior:
Shell Membrane and Plate
Thin used for thin plates where the

deformation is controlled by bending.
Thick is used for thick plates where
deformation occurs by bending and cutting.
Strengthening and Defining Parameters for

Nonlinear behavior of Shell elements.
Material
Thickness to axial strain
Thickness for bending and deformation Court

Note: This thickness is used to determine the
weight of the item.
View and / or modify the layout parameters of

the reinforcement required in the direction of the
local axes in the elements Area (Shell,
Membrane and Plate)
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If done Click on "Modify / Show Design Parameters Shell" we have the following:
Corresponding to rebar
material.
Refine options Coatings

Longitudinal Steel Reinforcement.
Rcoverage at the top of the section, in

direction 1 and 2.
Coating the bottom of the section, in the

direction 1 and 2.
Refine options Coatings Longitudinal Reinforcing Steel:
 If "Default" applies Coatings consider the program as 10% of the height section.
 If "One Layer" is applied coating can be specified at the top of the section, in both
directions.
 If "Two Layer" is applied coating can be specified at the top and the lower part section, in
both directions.
Coating Atop
Section.
Coating the lower section
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If the "Shell-Layered / Nonlinear" option is selected and then click on "Modify / Show
Layer Definition" you have the following:
Linear and
Layers, distance Nonlinear
and defined Behavior
thickness.
Gener Rapid Shape ar entire definition of

Steels and layers of reinforcement
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Rebar arranged in a Define Components (S11, S22, S12)

single layer (Tope) Nonlinear behavior in the plane of the
Name area.
Units
Concrete Material
Behavior outside the

plane: Linear or equal to
that defined in the plane
Material of Rebar. Section

Thickness
m years, sepair and coatings bar

Tam
Unify diameter Nuor Separation in both Free coating in both

and separation mere directions directions
of the bars diametror
Overview Section. General Plan View
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Bars of Define Components (S11, S22, S12)

reinforcement Nonlinear behavior in the plane of the
Name layers arranged on both area.
Units
Concrete Material
Behavior outside the

plane: Linear or equal to
that defined in the plane
Material of Rebar. Section

Thickness
Tamyears,
T and Coatings bar separation
Unify diasubway Number Separation in both Free coating in both

and separation or directions directions
of the bars Diameter
Overview Section. General Plan View
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Reinforcement distance
measured from the neutral Linear and
Material
Nonlinear
axis of the area.
Behavior
Refuerz
s Generated for Concrete and steel
Layer
or at the top and at the bottom section
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Shell Element Type.

FEATURES.
3
Elements area three or four nodes. Each Node 5
degrees of freedom with deformation (three
U3 R2
translations U1, U2 and U3 and two rotations R1,
U2
R2) are obtained. They are stable independently
2
loads perpendicular to and in the
1 U1 element plane. Represents the sum of a
R1 Membrane with a plate.
They can be used to model, analyze and design

slabs, walls or plates under bending, shear and
Load (Ton / axial force.
m2)
Cutting and
bending
deformation.
Load (Ton)
Axial
Deformation
.
Transverse Load (Ton)

Lateral Load (Ton)
Deformation cutting,
bending and axial
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force.
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Item Type Plate.

3 FEATURES.
Elements area three or four nodes. In each

U3 node are obtained 3 degrees of freedom
2 R2 with deformation (U3 Translation perpendicular to the plane and two
rotations R1 and R2). That is, displacement in the plane U1 and
1 U2 are
R1 released. The stiffness matrix element Plate
type depends on the modulus of elasticity and
inertia.
Load (Ton / m2) If discretized (Mesh) and an area of plates is

applied to generate charges in its plane
deformation mechanism is formed. Because of
this, each node generated a discretization
must be a support element in order to limit
these deformations.
If discretized (Mesh) an area of plates and is

applied loads which generate only
perpendicular deformations to their plane,
they are stable, because deformations are
obtained in their local axes U3, R1 and R2
where a defined stiffness.
They can be used to model, analyze and

and design under massive loads perpendicular to
its plane slabs, through the finite element
method.
Flexural and
deformed
Court
A mechanism is
presented to loads in its
plane. Stiffness occurs
without displacement.
Load (Ton)
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Membrane Element Type.
3 Characteristics.
Elements area three or four nodes. In each node

2
U2 are obtained with two degrees of freedom strain
U1 and U2 in the plane of the element, that is,
1 the displacement perpendicular to its plane U3
U1 and R1 and R2 are released rotations (No
moments). The stiffness matrix of an element
type membrane is a function of the elastic
modulus and its area.
If discretized (Mesh) an area of membranes and

generating loads are applied perpendicular to its
plane deformation, a mechanism is obtained. As a
result, every node generated from a discretization,
there should be a support to limit these
deformations. In the case of ETABS program, if a
defined membrane area type loads are applied
perpendicular to their plane, their stiffness matrix
automatically transforms to a shell-like element in
order to maintain balance.
If discretized (Mesh) membrane area and loads

are applied only to generate deformations in its
d plane, they are stable, due to local deformation
axes U1 and U2 where a defined stiffness is
obtained.
They can be used to model slabs simply supported

on beams and / or straps under loads
perpendicular to its plane, where the transmission
of these loads is the same across the tributary
area method.
If the charges (Ton / m2) perpendicular to the

plane are distributed in a uniform way only loads
on the beams are obtained, but if they are
distributed in two senses loads obtained triangular
and / or trapezoidal, depending on the geometry
of the slab.
You Can Use to Analyze and design of Reinforced

Concrete Walls or Metal Plates subjected to a
system of loads in its plane. Links must be joints.
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Shell Formulation .- Fina ("Thin Shell Formulation

Kirchoff"):
Depending on the thickness / length ratio of the structure, the shear deformation can be negligible
compared to the bending deformation. This is the case if the above ratio is less than 0.05 (i.e., 5%).
This means that the length of the structure is 20 times the thickness, and therefore the workpiece is
relatively thin, ie:
If L / T> 20 then use Shell elements Finos
(Where: L = total length of the area, T = thickness of the element)
Kirchoff formulation was created for cases where the court deformation is negligible, allowing
significant savings of time and computational effort.
Formulation .- Thick Shell ("Shell Thick Mindlin

Formulation"):
This applies in the case of considerable thickness Shell elements where cut deformation can not
be neglected compared to the flexural deformation.
If L / T <20, then use elements Shell Thicknesses
Tensions .- Membrane and Bending in THIN SHELL elements:
The SHELL elements have a top surface ("top face") and a lower ("bottom face"). In general the
tension in the upper side are different from the voltages at the underside, unless the structure works
with pure axial forces (ie, forces pure membrane). In pure bending stresses in the upper and lower
face are exactly equal in magnitude but have different meaning: a face working in compression and
the other in tension. SHELL tensions FINE elements (Kirchoff theory) can be decomposed in
membrane tension and bending stresses (shear stresses are neglected since the thickness of the
element is small compared with the other dimensions of the element),
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 Sections behavioral type: PLANE.
Name
Item Type:
Plane-Stress: Stress Element subjected to

Plano.
Plane-Strain: ThePlano emento under
Deformations.
Materi l
r
Area Thickness
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 Sections behavior Type: asolid
Name
Material
Arc angle in
degrees.
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5.2.5. Solid Properties: Properties of Solids.
List of Modifying an Existing Section

Sections
Name
Material
Angulo A, B and C
of the material
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5.2.6. Reinforcing Bar Sizes: Dimensions of Rebar.
Areas of
the bars
Diameter
bars
Adding a New Toolbar
Modify an existing bar
Delete an existing bar
or
Identification Colocar Values

of the Barra po Default
5.2.7. Hinges Properties: Properties of Joints.
Adding a New Listing
Add copy of an Existing
Modifying an Existing
Defined spherical
Delete an Existing
View Details for Ball Joints
View Properties
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After selecting the option Add a new property we are presented with a window where you
select the type of material.
Material for section
Then, specify what will be the type of Hinge and components to consider.
Kind of Hinge:
Information Controlled: Controlled

deformation to ductile failure
Components to Include in
Kneecap
TipodeHinge:
Force Controlled (Brittle): Controlled Force to brittle

failure.
Components to Include in
Kneecap
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 Force Controlled (Brittle): Controlled Force to brittle failure.
Maximum Available Power
Specify a factor depending on the

losing force
Use a specific Force
Acceptable criteria
established for the
Establish a behavior rotation and / or plastic
ifMetric Kneecap curvature.
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 Deformation Controlled (Ductile): controlled deformation for ductile failure
Type:
Parameters for Displacement Control in terms of moments and rotations, Moment-Rotation
for a moment M3 kneecap in a Beam Moment-Curvature
Graph.
Yup is ut liza Moment

Curvatura must be specified
the Long tude of the patella
FacMoments tor Scale, Rotation and / or

curvatures Sellers.
Acceptable criteria established for

the rotation and / or plastic
curvature.
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CASE 1: We emphasize that the values Moment Assignor and Assignor's rotation
determined by the program based on established section steel or concrete with rebar as
shown in Fig.
Sellers Moment and Rotation determined by

the program.
In this case the value of Scale "SF" used by the program are Moments and
Sellers rotations determined internally. In the practical case, if the user has the moment-
rotation diagram of the section you need to do is divide by My and and and enter the
resulting values.
M / My
M Mu Mu / My
My 1
Mr Mr / My
and or  0  and
Timing / Seller Moment Rotation / Rotation Seller
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CASE 2: It specifies that the value determined by the Originator Moment program based
on the established steel or concrete with rebar section, and assume that the transferor
rotation is equal to 1.00, as shown in Figure .
Seller moment defined by the
program.
Seller Unitary Rotation
In this case the values of Scale "SF" using the program are determined internally and
assignor Seller Moment rotation value equal to 1.00. In the practical case, if the user
owns the Moment-rotation diagram of the section you need to do is
divide the time between rotations My and subtract and and enter the values
resulting.
M / My
M Mu Mu / My
My 1
Mr Mr / My
and or  0  and
Timing / Seller Moment Rotation - Rotation Seller
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5.3. Mass Source: Source Masa.
Definition Mass:
CASE 1 From Element and Additional Masses: Dead
weight and additional masses.
From Loads: Loadings
From Element and Additional Masses and
Loads: Dead weight, additional charges and
masses.
Multiplier Factor for load case. That is, the

program loads a mass transforms using a
factor from 0 to 1.00
IMPORTANT: If choose the second

option "From Loads ", include the
If carg
ga "PP" to contemplate the mass weight
Load own.
Mass participation factor.
Case
CTEP 2
Con Definition Mass:
From Element and Additional Masses: Dead
weight and additional masses.
From Loads: Loadings
From Element and Additional Masses and
Loads: Dead weight, additional charges and
masses.
Multiplier Factor for load case. That is, the

program loads a mass transforms using a
factor from 0 to 1.00
IMPORTANT: If the third option "From

Load Mass participation factor. Element and Additional Masses and
Case Loads", is chosen must not include the
load case "PP" and I is taken into account
directly.
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 From Element and Additional Masses: Mass Sets the weight of the structure and
the additional mass added to the model.
 Loads From: Defines the mass loads. In this option you can specify the charges
which are required to obtain the mass of the structure. For each load case a factor
ranging from 0 to 1 Importantly, this option can incorporate the weight "PP" as a
burden to participate as mass is established.
 From Element and Additional Masses and Loads: Defines the mass due to the
weight of the structure, and the added burdens imposed by the masses. For each
load case must be set incorporated a factor ranging from 0 to 1 Importantly, this
option should not add the weight "PP" since it is included in condition "From
Element".
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5.4. Coordinate System / Grids: Coordinate Systems and pipe lines Grid
Add a New System
Add one copy of one System

existing.
Modify an existing system.
Clear one Sistexisting ema.
Converting a sisex themeisting some

lines Grid General
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If you select the "Convert to overall Grid" option and click on "Modify / Show
System" walked to a window where we can redefine Grid lines or add other
coordinates from facing the possibility of diagonal lines.
Type Linea: Straight or Arc.
Coordinates of two points to define the

orientation of the Grid.
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5.5. Joint Constraints: Restrictions on Joint Meetings. Its application to establish a

reduction of degrees of freedom.
Constraint Types
Add a new Constraint

Add a Constraint copy.
Deleting a Withstraint defined.
Constraint Defined
 Constraint Body: Genera that all seams including moving together as a

three-dimensional rigid body. By definition, all degrees of freedom at each joint
connected part. However, the User you can select a set of degrees of
freedom that would be subject to the constraint.
 Diaphragm Constraint: Gene that all joints including moving together as a flat
diaphragm that is rigid against membrane deformations. Indeed, all joints are connected by
links that are rigid in the plane, but not
affect deformation out the plane (Plate).
t
he
It applies when a plane the elements of the structure together have a significant stiffness in
terms of the model being analyzed, yielding an overall behavior as a rigid body in the
plane, relative to a center of mass.
 Constraint Plate: Genera included all joints move together as a plate that is rigid
against bending deformation. Indeed, all joints are connected together by links that are rigid
to bending out of the plane, but do not affect the deformation in the plane (membrane).
 Rod Constraint: Genera included all joints move together as a straight bar that is
rigid against axial deformation. Indeed, all joints maintain a fixed distance from each other
in the direction parallel to the axis of the bar, but normal translation axis and all rotations
are unaffected.
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 Beam Constraint: Genera included all joints move together as a straight beam that
is rigid against bending deformation. Indeed, all joints are interconnected by links that are
rigid to deformation outside the axis, but do not affect the translations along or rotation
about the axis.
 Equal Constraint: Genera included all joints move together with the same
displacement for each selected degree of freedom, taken in the local coordinate system of
the constraint. The other degrees of freedom are not affected.
 Local Constraint: Genera included all joints move together with the same
displacement for each selected degree of freedom, taken separately in the local coordinate
system of the joint. The other degrees of freedom are not affected.
 Weld Constraint: Used to connect different parts of the structural model

is defined separately using meshes.
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5.6. Section Cut: Cutting Sections.

When a "cut section" applies in a particular group, are obtained for the resulting system of
loads acting on the group
Add a new Section Cut

Add a copy of Court Section
Deleting an Existing Court Section
Section of Court Defined
Once we add one new "Section Cut" we have:
Group Selected.
CASE 1: Results format according to local

axes.
Orientation of local axes to the

results of the analysis.
Definition Advanced of
Orientation of
Local Axes.
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If done check the "Advanced Axes" option and then click on "Advanced" will have
the following:
Defining reference Defining reference

vector in the axial vector in the plane.
direction.
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Selected Group.
Side where the Force is reported.
CASE 2: Format Resoorrlted according to the

convention Design.
orrs
OrIt ientación local axes for lo
resultados the Section Cut
for like behavior
WALL (Muro)

results of Section Cut for a
spandrel-like behavior (Lintel)

results of Section Cut for SLAB
type behavior (Losa)
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Convention Signs and Distribution of Forces for loads in Plano, for elements with type
behavior WALL Area and spandrel
M3-3
V2-2
U3 U1
U2
WALL WALL
V2-2
M3-3
Spandrel
V2-2 U2
M3-3
N N
U1
M3-3 V2-2
U3
Spandrel
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Convention Signs and Distribution of Forces Perpendicular to Plane loads for elements
with type behavior WALL Area and spandrel
M2-2
V3-3
U3
U1
U2
WALL
WALL
M2-2 V3-3
SPAN RTHE N
U2
M2-2 M2-2
U1
N N
V3-3 V3-3
U3
Spandrel
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5.7. Functions: Spectral and Time-history functions.
5.7.1. Response Spectrum: Spectral functions.
Add a Wraith based on

international standards or from a
file
Add Preset Spectrum
Modify an existing spectrum
Delete an existing spectrum

Spectra Defined
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 Type: from File (Add a spectrum from file.txt)
Search the Archive Name Damping Factor
Vs Frequency Acceleration
Period vs Acceleration
Address Photovo
Convert a User Defined
View Argoat
Show Graphic
If the "Convert to User Defined" option is chosen file.txt data are added permanent ly
to your model, as shown below.
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Name Damping Factor
Period vs Acceleration
r sludge and Accelerations

The Per
puedin modified or eliminated.
Por other part, also be
addvalues is to expand the
rang
r
212
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 Time History: Functions Time-History
Add a function or a default list

from a file
Add a new function
Modify an existing function
Delete an existing function

Defined Functions
.- Definition of Cosine function "Cosine" as an

example Name
Param eters
Table of
Values
Plots of the
function
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5.8. Load Patterns: Patterns load.
Add, Edit and / or Delete

. Multiplier Patterns loads
own weight
Patrón C The
rgaA
Load Patterns parenteralutomátic
Typ a
e
Note: In this case only a multiplier of own weight equal or greater than 1.00 in the "PP"
DEAD type is incorporated. Other cases should be "0" in the "Self Weight Multiplier" not
contemplate the weight again.
When loading for SXE QUAKE type "Static X Quake", there are various
options:
 User Loads (SXE-1): This option directly apply loads per floor.
 User Coefficient (SXE-2): This option will apply coefficients for static seismic load
 (SXE-3): one of the Presets Standards (2005 NBCC, IBC2000, IBC2003, NEHRP
97, UBC 97, BOCA 96, ETC) Select. In this setting the parameters of the rules for the
application of static seismic loading is define.
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CASE 1: "User Loads"
Coordinates of the point

Diaphragm forces of application of force
Diaphragm
Level (Z) Use a specific point of

application of force
Apply to FactorEccentricity
Mass dand the
centers AdditioAccidental.
n
CASE 2: "User Coefficient"

Address and Eccentricities Seismic Coefficient
Exposure coefficient based on the

Height of Structure
Height range for Lateral

load.
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CASE 3: For the Standard UBC-97 as an example, it holds:
Address and Eccentricities
Factor of Eccentricity
applied to the diaphragms
Refine Eccentricities for each

diaphragm length values.
Estimating the period of the structure
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Lifting range to be considered

in estimating the height of the
structure.
Factor "R" of reduced response
Seismic Coefficients
Soil Type
Seismic Zone Factor
Factor "Ca"
Factor "Cv"
Factor of the near source.
Importance Factor.
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5.9. Load Cases: Case Load.

Add, Copy, Modify and / or
Clear Case loads
View Case Load

Load Case diagrammatic
Typ
e
Example: permanent load Case "CP" In this case the loading pattern includes SCP and
PP.
Consider Zero conditionis Starts is to

apply this case Load Load Case Type: Static
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Example: Load Case defined by a spectrum "SX-SPECTRAL".
MétodosdeCombinaciónModal:
CQC: Complete Quadratic Combination Type: "Response Spectrum"
Name SRSS: Square Root Squared values
Methods Combination Directional:

SRSS: Square Root Squared value Absolute:
Absolute values by a factor of ECreek
Modes for analysis using
U1: E X Factor of Scale that

U2: U3 Address inclows and Angle
Y: Address Z the accelerating Excitation
gravity factor
Correctiontion of the baseline survey
Acceleratio Spectrum
n
Typical Modal Damping Modifying the Modal Damping

of Structure.
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Method of Modal Combination "CQC" Complete Quadratic Combination
In this expression, r represents a specific response to the earthquake in a definite

direction; ry are the responses in each mode iyja the earthquake, which must be taken
with the sign associated with the mode shape; ω, And ωare the frequencies of the
respective modes; ξ is the damping ratio
from the critical, which must be equal to 5% (typical case). Note that in the above
expression N is representing the number of modes used in combination, and not the
number of floors of the building.
In the case of systems with well-spaced frequencies, this approach of

tends to the classic combination given by the square root of the sum of the squares
"SRSS" of each peak modal.
Example: Equivalent Static Analysis (Pushover)
Consider the following gantry in the XZ plane subjected to lateral loads (LAT) and to
gravitational loads such, as shown in Fig.
Board 5: A monitor in
Analysis
5000 Ux
4000
3000
2000
1000
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First, a case of non-linear load Gravitational "CG-NL" is defined, as shown below.
Load Case: CG-NL

Static Analysis
Patro tions built with load

scaling factors to
contemplate prior to lateral
gravitational action
distortions generated by
Pushover
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Then a case of Nonlinear Lateral Load "Pushover," which begins in the deformed end of
Nonlinear gravitational case "CG-NL" is defined as shown below.
Load Case: The load case "Pushover" then starts the

PUSHOVER final state of the case load Not Static Analysis
The load pattern where

lateral strength needed to
perform the join Pushover is
Included.
For this case it is necessary to modify the

parameters of load application, save steps and the
method used in the numerical approximation.
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 Settings "Load Aplication".
Application Control Load

Displacement
Magnitude of the maximum displacement to where it

will do the analysis.
Perform analysis to address. U1: Board to be taken as a

E X. reference to achieve the
U2: U3 Address maximum lateral displacement
Y: Address Z specified.
 Configuration "Load A polycation ".
"Multiple States" is specified

for the program we present the
results in stages.
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 Configuration "Nonlinear Parameters".

Parameters for the Numerical
Solution.
MétododeDescargainJoints.
 Unload Entire Structure: Download the whole structure to find a point of failure
 Apply Local Redistribution: Redistribution Apply locally to find a point of failure
 Subtract Using Secant Stiffness: Restart with the secant stiffness of the structure to find
a point of failure
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Example: Function Analysis with Time-History (Time History)
Consider a structure based on columns, beams and slab of thickness 20 cm, with an idealized
type Thin-Shell element, subjected to gravitational loads. In the central area of the slab an
Engine generates harmonic character of vertical accelerations (sinusoidal) is located.
Location of Equipment
Location Equi po
NOTE: The computer "Motor" should have a weight and mass known to enter these
values in the program and thereby performing the dynamic analysis according to their type
of
excitation versus time.
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Initial Conditions
Analysis. Type: "Time History"
Name
MétodosdeAnálisis:
Modes for analysis using Modal analysis or by
direct integration.
U1: U2 X
Address: Address Factor of Scale that
Y
U3: Z Address includes lto acele ation
gravedttood.
Acceleration
Function
Typical Modal Damping Cycle Information

of Structure.
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Example:
Buckling
Consider a column in double T section steel elements shaped recessed area and the base. A
unit load is applied to each node its upper end. Then, a buckling analysis where the program
reports we scale factor of the total feed introduced according to each mode of buckling, in
order to obtain the critical load is performed for each case.
Type: "Buckling"
Name
Pa where the load ispattern

included in theof
applied forces corpora
nodes (joints) n s in
Number of Buckling to Scan Modes
1 Kg / node.
Total = 19 Kg
Factor of the first mode
of buckling: 1978.72
Critical Buckling Load:

Q = 19 x 1978.72 = 37595.68 Kg Kg
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5.10. Load Combinations: Load Combinations.
Adding a New Combination
Adding copy of a combination
Modify or View a COMBINATION
Deleting a combination
Add Default
layout
Convert cases Nonlinear
combinations.
Combinations.
If we choose to add a new combination "Add New Combo", we get:
Name
TipodeCombinación:
Add Linear, Envelope, Absolute Add,

SRSS, Range Add
Load patterns incorporated

in combination with scaling
factors majorization or
reduction as appropriate.
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 Types of Matching:
 Linear Add: All results of cases or combinations are multiplied by the factor and
summed including its sign. This type of combination is used to contemplate or gravitational
loads, wind seismic (spectra).
 Envelope: an envelope of maximum and minimum load cases defined for each
outcome or element combinations are evaluated and points. The load cases that give the
maximum and minimum are used to this combination, so that the load combo has two values
for each result and points of elements. Such a combination can be used for moving loads and
other load case where the load required to produce the maximum or minimum force or
effort.
 SRSS. All results of cases or combinations are added using the square root of the
squared values.
 Absolute Add. All results of cases or combinations always add positively.
 Add Range. It has a "Maximum" report from the sum of the maximum positive values
that contribute (a case with a Negative Max value contributes not). On the other hand, has in
turn a negative report from the minimum sum of the negative minimum values (one case with
a Maximum Positive value contributes not).
If we choose the option "Add Default Design Combos" is presented as follows:
The type of design that

correspond to combinations
generate is selected by
reference to the standard
previously established
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5.11. Property Named Sets:
5.11.1. Frame Modifiers: Modifiers property for Gantry elements "Frame"
Through this option you

can place factors that
multiply the basic
properties for girders:
Beams, Columns and
Struts.
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5.11.2. Area Modifiers: Modifiers Area Properties for items.
Through this option you

can place factors that
multiply the basic
properties for area
elements: Shell, Membrane
and Plate.
5.11.3. Frame Releases: Release of Forces and / or moments at the ends of

elements Portals "Frame".
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5.12. Pushover Sets Parameters: Parameters to Define Pushover.
5.12.1. Force vs Displacement: Config ration curve ID Basal Court

Displacement vs generate under Pushover.
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5.12.2. ATC 40 Capacity Spectrum: Setting parameters to generate the spectrum of

capacity and demand, according to the ATC 40 Standard.
Type to Generate Charts
Spectral Function
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5.12.3. FEMA 356 Coefficient Method: Setting parameters to generate demand by the
method of coefficients, under Rule FEMA 356.
Spectral Function
AIt plicación
Espectro
NorFEMA ma
356ctral
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5.12.4. Equivalent Linearization FEMA 440: Setting parameters for generating capacity
and demand curves with an equivalent linear approximation, under Rule FEMA 440.
Type to Generate Charts
Spectral Function
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5.12.5. Equivalent Displacement Modificaction FEMA 440: Setting parameters to

define the demand with the proposed amendment in Rule FEMA 440.
Spectral Function
Application of
Spectrum Standard
FEMA 356ctral
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6. Draw Menu: Draw
Selection Mode
Redraw Elements
Draw a Special Board
Draw Frame elements, Cables and Guayas
Quick Draw Frame Element, Cables and Guayas.
Draw Struts
Draw beams or correas Secundarias.
r ea at trBirds of a polygon.
Draw an Angelr
Draw one acreages Rectangular
I gavebujo Quicklistbeen of rectangular areas.
Cartoon CSolid ar.
Draw a board Link

Draw Link Two Together
Quick drawing of Link
Draw a cross section

Developing draw a lift.
Draw a Landmark
Draw and / or Edit a general reference line
Pointers Precision
New Tags
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6.1. Draw Frame / Cable / Tendon: Draw Gantry elements "Frame" cables and
Guayas, from two points (Applies to plants, elevations and 3D.
Line Type.
Type Section
Ball joints or recessed
Distance perpendicular to the plane
Control Drawing:
Nothing.
Parallel Parallel to
X to Y to an angle
Parallel Fixed
Length
Fixed Length and angle
d distance in X and Y
Point 2
Point 1 and then
point 2 is dialed.
Point 1
Point 2 1) Point 1 is marked

L
2) Option is selected in Drawing
Angul Control Type.
3) It specifies the length of elements
and the angle to X
o Item 1 4) You click on the screen and draw the
line.
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Point 2
dv 1) Point 1 is marked
2) Option is selected in Drawing
Control Type.
dh Point 1
3) Lengths are specified dh and dv
4) You click on the screen and the line
is drawn.
6.2. Quick Draw Frame / Cable / Quick drawing elements porch

Tendon:
"Frame" cables and Guayas, in a region by clicking (Applies to plants, elevations and
3D).
Line Type.
Type Section
Distance perpendicular to the plane
Is marked with the pointer Grid Line

and the item is automatically drawn in
the XY plane.
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6.3. Quick Draw Secondary Beams: High Beams fast drawing in a region (grid) by
clicking (Applies only to XY plane).
 Option 1:
Type Section
Type 1: Number of Beams
Number of secondary beams
Orientation:
Parallel to Parallel Tangent X
or Y or radial
Axis perpendicular to the nearest
 Option 2:
Type Section
Type 2: Maximum Spacing
Maximum spacing
Orientation:
Parallel to Parallel Tangent X
or Y or radial
Axis perpendicular to the nearest
It is marked with the pointer in the space

3 secondary beams bounded by the grid lines are
parallel to Y automatically drawn and secondary
beams in the selected direction.
Example of an area bounded by the

lines of the Grid.
2 parallel to X
Secondary beams
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6.4. Quick Draw Braces: Fast drawing Struts in a region (grid) by clicking (Applies
only to planes XZ and YZ)
6.4.1. Bracing X (Cross of Saint Andrew)
Type Section
Type X: Cruz de San Andrés
6.4.2. Bracing Inverted V (V Reversed)
Type Section
Type inverted V: V Reversed
Eccentricities:
Centre, Left and Right
6.4.3. Bracing V (V)
Type Section
Type V: V
Eccentricities:
Centre, Left and Right
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6.4.4. Back Bracing ECCEN (the Left Diagonal)
Type Section
Back ECCEN type: Diag. The Left
Eccentricities: Left
and Right
6.4.5. Bracing Forward ECCEN (Diagonal to the Right)
Type Section
Type ECCEN Forward: Diag. To the Right
Eccentricities: Left
and Right
Type "V" Type "ECCEN It is marked with the pointer in the

Forward" space bounded by the grid lines and
braces according to the selected
type are automatically drawn.
Type "ECCEN Back"
Type "X"
Example of an area bounded

Type "V-
by the lines of the Grid.
Reversed"
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6.5. Areas Poly Draw: Draw Areas Plans, Elevations and 3D model from three or
more points.
Type Section of the local

axis orientation
Control Drawing:
Nothing.
Parallel Parallel to
X to Y to an angle
Parallel Fixed
Length
Fixed Length and angle
distance in X and Y
Item 4 Item 3
Route selection points
to generate the area.
Point 1 Point 2
6.6. Draw Rectangular Areas: Draw Rectangular Areas (Applies for Plants
Elevations and 3D) through a drag.
It is marked with the pointer at the

intersection of Grids (2-A) "Item 1"
and the area you drag to the
intersection of Grids (4-C) "Point 2".
In doing so the area is generated in the
Type Section. defined space.
Point 2
Point 1
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6.7. Quick Draw Quick Draw rectangular Areas Areas clicking on a region (grid).
Type Section.
It is marked with the pointer in the

space bounded by the grid lines and
the area is automatically drawn.
6.8. Draw Developed Elevation Definition: Draw an elevation defined by the

user. In this option you can select a route plan for obtaining a
porch arbitrarily
Adding a New View
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Once the label that identifies the view to generate standing, proceeds to go point to point
marking the path to define a particularly elevated. Then to select that view must go to the
View Menu / Set Named View.
3
Elevaccion Generada "V1"
1 2
Perimeter Red represents the

selected route for the development
of the elevation
6.9. Draw Reference point: Draw a point of reference on a point

(Board).
Relative distance X
Relative distance Y
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6.10. Section Cut Draw: Draw a section of Court.

This option allows for the resultant forces for selected elements (beams, columns, Struts,
walls, slabs, etc) for a given load or combination of loads. To Get a cross section must
first see on screen diagrams solicitations (which is required) for any system load, and
then go to the Draw / Draw Section Cut menu and pass a line intersecting the elements
involved.
Results of Court Section
Cross Section
MM omentum 2-2
d
Resulting Forces
V Cortes 2-3
Cross Section
Resulting Forces
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Diagram Cortes
Columns and Beams
for Earthquake X
Section cuttingand
Coordinates of the
Se tion Court
c
Location of
the
Resulting forces.
Resulting Forces Resulting Forces

(Right Side) (Left Side)
 Force (1): Resultant force in the direction of the Court section.

 Force (2): Resultant force in the direction perpendicular to the plane containing
Court section.
 Force (Z): Z Resultant Force
 Moment (1): Resultant moment about the axis of the section of Court.
 Moment (2): net torque about the axis perpendicular to the plane
contains a section of Court
 Moment (Z): Resultant Moment about Z axis
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6.11. Draw General Reference Line: Drawing a General Reference Line.
Draw a line of reference generthe
Once the label that identifies the line ar gene is placed, we proceed to check off the route
point to point to define it in a particular way. Then to select that view must go to the View
Menu / Set Named View.
4
5
3
Generation Line "LR1"
1 2
Perimeter Red represents the

selected route for the development
of general reference line
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6.12. Snap To: Pointers Precision.
Grid Intersection and points
Final Line and midpoints
Intersection of Objects.
Projection perpendicular
Lines and Axes.
High precision grid
6.13. New Labels: New Tags
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7. Select Menu Select
Select
Deselect.
Select using Tables
Invert Selection.
Taking the previous selection
Select Cleanion.
7.1. Select: Select.
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7.2. Poly: Selection through a Traverse.

Example: Consider a 3D structure formed by Frame elements. Then, draw a polygon
enclosing some objects, such as shown in Fig.
Route Selection.
The locked objects are

selected only within the
polygon
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7.3. Intersecting Poly: Selection through the intersection with a Traverse.
Example: Consider a 3D structure formed by Frame elements. Then, draw a polygon

intersecting some objects, as shown in Fig.
Route Selection.
All intersected at directrix or

ends, drawn by polygonal
objects are selected.
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7.4. Intersecting Line: Selection by the intersection of a line.

Example: Consider a structure in the XY plane formed by Frame elements. Then draw a
line that intersects some objects.
Line Deviseto pairto

selection.
All intersected at directrix
line drawn by the objects are
selected.
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8. Menu Assign: Assign.
Allocations to Boards
Assignments to elements Porch
Allowance for Cables Elements
Assignments to Guayas Elements
Assignments to Area Elements
Assignmentsones to Solid Elements
Loads in Boards
Cargas elements Porch
Loads Cables Elements
Loads elements Guayas
Loads elements Area

Loads Solid Elements
Assign patterns Boards

Assign a Group
Update all properties of spherical
Clean the screen Assignments

Generate a copy of Assignments
Paste Assignments
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8.1. Joint: Assign different types of properties and restrictions Boards.
General Restrictions.
Conditional Restrictions
Elastic Links (Springs)
Punctual masses.
Rotation of Local Axes
Zone Settings panel
Tolerance between
meetings.
8.1.1. Restraints: General Restrictions.
Restriction Translations and

rotations based on the local axes of
the Board.
Default Restrictions
Recess Roller Simple Node
Articulation
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8.1.2. Springs: Links Elastics (springs).
Local Orientation Global Orientation
Option Advanced Advanced Option
Links Elastic s "Spring" in Elastic Links "springs" in

Based on Local Based on the Global Axes.
Axis
Translation 1: Stiffness 1 Translation X: X Translation

Translation 2: Stiff 2 And Stiffness: Stiff Y Z
Translation: Stiff Z
Translation 3: Stiffness in 3
Rotation About X: X stiffness around
About Rotation 1: Stiffness around X
Rotation About Y: Y Rotation Stiffness
About Rotation 2: Rotation around Y about Z About: Stiffness about Z
stiffness About 3: Stiffness about Z
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8.1.3. Mass: Mass for Points (Translational and Rotational).
Local Orientation Global Orientation
Translational mass Translational mass
Rotational Mass Rotational Mass
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8.1.4. Local Axes: Rotation of Local Axes.
Rotation around the Z axis
Rotation about the Y axis
Rotation about X axis
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8.1.5. Panel Zone: Zone Panel (Properties and Connectivity).
Elastic Properties of Column
Elastic Properties of Double Column using

plates.
Specific Springs Properties: Stiffness

Moment / rotation.
Nonlinear Properties and

Considerations
Connectivity Analyzed:
Beams with other Struts elements with

other elements
Local Shaft: Column or an angle
Options: Replace or Remove Existing

Panel Zones.
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8.2. Frame: Assign Properties to Elements Porch "Frame"
Assign Sections to "Frame" Elements.
Assign Modifiers Properties.

Rewrite Material Properties
Restriction or Liberation forces at the ends /
partial stiffness with springs.
Local axes orientation
Reverse Connectivity
Assign a Longitud Rigigiven in the Extreme
Place a Punto Reference

(Excentricities)
Sognar Proprotection against fire
Configure points to output data
Forces for P-Delta Effect
Lines Assign loads Bridges
Setting Limits Compression and Traction.
Assign Joints for Inelastic Analysis.
Assign springs per unit length
Assign Mass per unit length
Assign Material Temperature Changes
Assign an Automatic Internal Division
Note: To assign properties to elements "Frame" must first be selected objects on

screen.
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8.2.1. Frame Sections: Assigning sections to elements Porch "Frame". Apply directly
to Beams, Columns and Struts.
Sections
8.2.2. Property Modifiers: Modifiers assign properties to elements Porch "Frame".

Applied directly to beams, Co umnas and Struts.
Thick Area
Area Court Address 2
Area Court Address 3
Torsional Constant J
Moment of Inertia I2-2
Moment of Inertia I3-3
Mass
Weight
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8.2.3. Material Property Overwrites: Lets Redefine properties Gantry

elements "Frame". Apply directly to Beams, Columns and Struts.
Using Material defined in the section.
Redefining Material
8.2.4. Releases: Restriction or Liberation forces in elements Porch "Frame".

Applied directly to beams, columns and Arriostramien you.
Liberation Forces at
the Extremes.
Partial rigidity must be

specified at the ends of the
element to the selected
force or moment.
Graphical Representation
of elements Releases
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8.2.5. Local Axes: Changing Local Axes Gantry elements "Frame". Apply
directly to Beams, Columns and Struts.
Angle in degrees.
Advanced Option
Example for Advanced Option: Consider a 3D structure with a sloping roof. The idea is
to turn the straps to put them in the correct orientation.
Board No. 9
Board No. 2
Original Orientation of
Local Axes
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After Belt chose Select the "Advanced" option and have the following:
Advanced
Plano 1-3: Match the Local Axis 3 belt with axis

1 of the main beam. Axis 1 is the vector formed
between the two selected joints.
Vector defined reference by

Two Meetings.
Boards
Local Axes Orientation

property
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8.2.6. Reverse Conectivity:

Reverse connectivity elements Porch "Frame", ie, change the node i by node J. Apply
8.2.7. End (Lenght) Offset:

Rigid length at the ends of elements Porch "Frame" to contemplate the
actual dimensions of the members to connect with it analyze Light on Self
resulting. Apply directly to Beams, Columns and Struts.
Automatic Connectivity
Set Lengths
Stiffness Factor (0 to 1) at the

end.
Free Light Tranche
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8.2.8. Insertion Points:

Lets Change Orientation to the local axes at the ends of elements Porch "Frame" to
contemplate eccentricities unions. Apply directly to Beams, Columns and Struts.
BASELINE for aligning the element to any

notable point of the section, for example, at
the top, the centroid, right, left, etc.
Symmetry around the local axis 2
Eccentricity from Benchmark.
Coordinate System: Local or global
End i: Node Element In Homed

dj:
Element End Node
12 and 3 show local axes. It introduce distance

eccentricity in the box.
s No Change Element stiffness

generated by the eccentricity
Some Notable Points
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It can generate a lateral displacement of the

beam with respect to the column indicating
an equal distance in nodes i and j in the
shaft 3, and taking the TOP CENTER
option. This would achieve the alignment
of the beam with the front and turn the
beam is flush to the top of mezzanine
8.2.9. Output Station:

Sets output points / Analysis Gantry elements "Frame" to get a larger or smaller number of
results per object. Apply directly to Beams, Columns and Struts.
Maximum Number of spacing for stations

output.
Minimum Number of spacing for stations

output.
Add number of exit points for analysis and

design. At the intersection with other
elements.
Add number of exit points for analysis and

design, where concentrated loads occur.
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8.2.10. Tension / Compression Limits:

Sets Limits of Compression and Traction elements Gantry "Frame". Apply directly to
Beams, Columns and Struts.
8.2.11. Hinges:
Assign any distance spherical Gantry elements "Frame". Apply
Relative distances to locate the

spherical
Defined spherical type.

Note: The "Auto" Option by bearings generates
default under Rule FEMA 356
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Example: Assigning a Tie in Reinforced Concrete Beams through the "Auto" option
under the law to Rule FEMA 356.
Distance Relative location of

plastic hinges
FEMA 356 Table used
Customisedttoor and / or Ver Properties
Definition of Court
Confined Section
Amounts of
Reinforcement Ratio
Parameters for defining Moment Diagram / Tie Plastic rotation as FEMA 356
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Table 6-7 of FEMA 356
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Example: Assigning Tie A Reinforced Concrete Columns through the "Auto" option
under the law to Rule FEMA 356.
Distance Relative location of

plastic hinges
FEMA 356 Table used
Customisedttoor and / or Ver Properties
Definition of Court
Confined Section
Parameters for defining Moment Diagram / Tie Plastic rotation as FEMA 356
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Table 6-8 of FEMA 356
8.2.12. Line Springs:

Assign springs per unit length in elements Porch "Frame". Apply directly to Beams,
Columns and Struts.
Elastic stiffness value

link "Spring"
Elastic Behavior Vinculo

"Spring"
Add, Replace and Delete Links elastic

"springs"
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8.2.13. Mass Line:

Assign Mass per unit length in elements Porch "Frame". Apply directly to Beams, Columns
and Struts.
Mass per unit length
Add, Replace and Borrtto Bodies
8.2.14. Material Temperature:

Assigns temperature changes Gantry elements "Frame". Apply
Temperature
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8.2.15. Automatic Frame

Mesh:
Assigns an internal division (Mesh) automatically Gantry elements "Frame" for different
conditions. Apply directly to Beams, Columns and Struts.
Not generate any Division

automatically.
Generate a Division in the

Middle of the element.
Generate a division of the intersection

with other elements.
Stab ecer Minimum or Maximum Number

of Segments.
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8.3. Cable: Cables Assign property.
NOTE: The application of these properties are performed in the same way as elements
Gantry "Frame" explained above.
8.4. Tendon: Assign Properties to Gua ace.
NOTE: The application of these properties are performed in the same way as elements
Gantry "Frame" explained above.
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8.5. Area: Assign Properties to Elements Area.
Assign Sections
Assign Modifiers Rigidities
Redefining Material Properties
Redefining Thickness Area.
Modify Local Axes
Reversing the Local Axis 3
Assign Springs
Assign Moreas
Assignttoor changios temperature
Assign one Internal Meshing
Generar Constraints on Axes
8.5.1. Sections:
Assign sections to elements Area. Apply directly to slabs, ramps and walls.
List of Previously Defined Sections
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8.5.2. Area Stiffness Modifiers:

Assign factors to modify the stiffness elements Area. Apply directly to slabs, ramps and
walls.
Membrane: Modify the

parameters defining the
rigidity in the plane.
Bending: Modify the

parameters defining stiffness
fleIt Xion.
Shear: Modifica parameters que

definstiffness in Court.
Mass: Modify the Estate.

r
Weight: Weight Changes
8.5.3. Overwrites Material Property Area:

To redefine the properties of elements Material Area. Apply directly to slabs, ramps and
walls.
Using Material defined in the section.
Redefining Material
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8.5.4. Thickness Overwrites Area:

To redefine the thickness at each joint in Area elements. Apply directly to slabs, ramps and
walls.
These arrows permitto

locate ifguiente point.
Redefining the Points Area. Isthickness ofl Area in

thickness at each
puntor indicated.
point of the Area
Redefining the Points Area. Distance to Move

beam position
Neutral axis at
neutral every Point each point
Area indicated.
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Example: Consider a 0.25 m thick Area steadily.
3
4
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8.5.5. Local Axes:

Modification of Local Area axes elements. Apply directly to slabs, ramps and walls.
Angle in degrees.
Advanced Option
8.5.6. Reverse Local 3:

Reversing the local axis 3 elements Area. Applies Walls. directly to slabs, ramps and
Maintain Global Assignments in

the same orientation
Maintain Global Assignments in

the same orientation
8.5.7. Temperatures Material:

Assign Temperature changes in elements Area. Apply directly to slabs, ramps and walls.
Temperature value
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8.5.8. Springs Area:

Assign elements of Springs Area. Apply directly to slabs, ramps and walls.
Spring stiffness
(modulus of ballast)
ComportamientodelResorte.
Tension and Compression

Compression only. (Requires a
Nonlinear Analysis)
Only Drive. (Requires of an
Analysis Nonlinear)
Location dthe Spring.

In the caras 1, 2, 3, 4, Cap or
Bottom ofrr of Area.
Steering ng the spring.
Units
8.5.9. Mass Area:

Mass Assign elements of Area. Apply directly to slabs, ramps and walls.
Mass
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8.5.10. Automatic Area Mesh: Divide automatically Areas (Internal Mesh).
I gaveVidir Aareas indicating a number of objects to generate

both d local management for between points 1-2 and 1-3.
Areas divided indicating a maximum size of each object to generate both

local addresses between points 1-2 and 1-3.
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Dividireláreaencuadradosytriángulostomandoencuenta:
a) Intersecting Grid line with the axes Visible areas.

b) Linear objects intersecting axes selected areas
c) Views on Selected areas.
Divide Areas through a cut based on linear

objects selected
Areas divided through a cortand basador at selected

applying a ángulo of rotation about the local axes.
DiviAre dirusing as a general criterion is based onllection

of points and lines with a maximum size of each e emento
area to generate the discretization.
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8.6. Solid: Solid Assign Properties to Elements.
Assign Sections
Modify Local Axes
Assign Springs
Assign temperature changes
Reversing the Local Axis 3
Assign an Internal Meshing
Generate Constraints lI Shafts
8.6.1. You properties:

Assign sections Solid elements.
List Previously Sections

Inassigned from
8.6.2. Local Axes:

Changes the Local Axes to Solid elements.
Rotation around the Z axis
Rotation about the Y axis
Rotation about X axis
Advanced Rotation Mode.
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8.6.3. Surface Spring:

Assigns Springs Solid surface elements.
Spring stiffness
(modulus of ballast)
ComportamientodelResorte.
Tension and Compression

Compression only. (Requires a
Nonlinear Analysis)
Only Drive. (Requires of an
Analysis Nonlinear)
Locatetion of Spring.
In the faces 1, 2, 3, 4, or Part i
Topenferior Area.
Spring address.
and
Units
8.6.4. Temperatures Material:

Assign Temperature changes in solids.
Temperature value
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8.6.5. Switch Faces:

Select the faces change
Move assignments face
s Face
No Move asignaciones
8.6.6. Automatic Solid Mesh:

Split Solid indicating a number of

objects to generate address lI points 1-2,
1-3 and 1-5.
Solid divide indicating a maximum size

of the objects to generate points toward
1-2, 1-3 and 1-5.
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8.7. Joint Loads: Loads Assign Gaskets.
Assign Forces
Assign Shifts
Assign Response Vehicles
8.7.1. Forces: Assign forces in joints.
Forces in X, Y, Z
Load Pattern
Moments around X, Y, Z
Pattern dand
Load Forces in 1, 2, 3
Moments about 1, 2, 3
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8.7.2. Displacement: Displacement in Boards Assign.
Displacements in X, Y, Z
Load Pattern
or
Rotations alrededor of X, Y, Z
Load Pattern Movesments in 1, 2, 3
Rotations about 1, 2, 3
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8.8. Frame Loads: Loads to Assign Items Gantry "Frames"
Loads Assign a Function to Severity
Assign loads.
Assign Distributed Loads.
Assign Loads Temperature.
Assign general deformations.
Assign Axial deformations.
Assign Load Patterns "Axial"
Assigning Parameters Turrent s wave.
Assign Parametereters ofl wind.
Assign ComponResponse agencies

orrthe
Commercial Vehicleso
8.8.1. Gravity: Assigning Loads in function to Gravity.
Load pattern.
Loads in Direction X, Y, Z
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8.8.2. Points: Assigning Loads Punctual.
Load pattern. Application of forces or moments

including address and Global or
Local System
Absolute Distances
Relative distances according to L
8.8.3. Distributed: Assign Distributed Loads.
Load pattern. Applicationng dForces or e

Momenn cough including direction
and System Global or Local
Trapezoidal Loads
Absolute Distances
Relative distances according to L
Uniformly Distributed Load

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8.8.4. Temperature: Assigning Loads of temperature.
TipodeAplicacióndelaCarga.
Temperature: Temperature Change as General.

Temperature Gradient 2-2: Change of temperature relative to the local axes 2-2
Temperature Gradient 3-3: Change of temperature relative to the local axes 3-3
Load pattern.
Value temtemperature
applied to elemento.
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8.9. Cable Loads: Loads to Assign Cables.
Assign Distributed Loads.
Assign Vehicle Response Components
NOTE: Application of loads on wires is presented for in the same way as

elements gantry "Frame".
8.10. Tendon Loads: Loads Assign to Guayas.
Assign forces or efforts.
Assign Vehicle Response Components
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Load pattern.
Loads in Direction X, Y, Z
8.10.2. Tendon Forces / Stress: Assigning Loads o Efforts to Guayas.
Car Pattern ga.
Location Applied Force

or Effort
Applied Force or
Effort
Friction Losses
Other Losses
NOTE: Application of other charges in Guayas is done in the same way as presented
for elements gantry "Frame".
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8.11. Area Loads: Loads to Assign Items Area
Assign Evenly Distributed
Assign Frame Distributed Loads elements
Assign surface pressure loads.
Assign Loads Pore pressure.
Assign Loads of temperature.
Assign Warps
Assign loads
n tees wind pressure
Assign Coeficien
Assign Componentes Response VehiclesI
Load pattern.
Loads andn addrion X, Y, Z
8.11.2. Uniform (Shell): Assign uniformly distributed loads.
Load pattern.
Distributed Load Application

including address and Global or
Local System
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8.11.3. Uniform to Frame (Shell):

Assign charges directly to the elements of Support "Frames" by the method of Tax Base
width rectangles, triangles and trapezoids, as the shape of the object area.
Load pattern.
Application Loads directly to the

elements Apheard "Frame" by area
tax,, inclugoing Street address,
Global System or Local and shape
distribution.
One Way: Distribute the load only in the

addrAxis 1 of the Local Area ion.
Note: Proper weight is not Two Way: Distribute the load on the two
distributed. local directions (1 and 2) of the Area.
8.11.4. Surface Pressure (All):

Assign charges directly to the elements of Support "Frames" by the method of Tax Base
width rectangles, triangles and trapezoids according to the shape of the object of Area.
Pressure Generation mttoonera

directly in the Area (Kg / Load pattern.
m2).
Face Area where you will

be placing the burden.
Multiplier Factor Parameter Triangular loads generated in

the Area Boards, following the terms of an "Joint Patterns"
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previously defined.
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8.12. Joint Patterns: Pattern Boards. Set Allows load distribution Triangular shape to
contemplate pressure of liquids and dirt.
Option 1.
General Formula for a Line
Constants The FORMula
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Option 2.
Through a Z coordinate and

specific weight
Parám
mters
Z coordinate of the selected Board

taller.
Specific Gravity or Unit Value to

define the Triangular load
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8.13. Assign Copy And Paste: Copy and paste Assignments elements.
Procedure: a particular item is selected, then "Copy Assign" is applied and finally "Paste
Assign" applies.
Note: In this picture what you want to hit a new item is selected.
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9. Analyse Menu: Analyze.
Options Analysis
Create a Pattern Analysis
Select Load Case to Run
Running Analysis
Running Live Analysis.
Deformed Geometry No Change
Show Details ULTima Cacing
9.1. Set Analysis Options: Options Analysis. Flat or Spatial Analysis. Dynamic
Analysis, P-Delta effect.
Degrees of Freedom Assets
Fast Selection of Degrees of

Freedom Assets:
Space Frame Analysis in 3D
Plane Frame Analysis XZ plane
Grid Plane: XY Plane Space
Truss Analysis: Analysis in 3D
without torsion.
Settlement Options
Save as type Database

Access or Excel
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9.2. Solver Options: Options Settlement.
Settlement options. Options Analysis Process
Other Options
Case d Analysis for reporting

mass and strength in
toText goat
p
9.3. Set Load Cases to Run: Select the load cases to run.
Run / Do Not Run Case: Run or Run the selected Load Case
Show Case: Show the selected load case
Results for Case Delete: Delete the results for the selected Load Case
Run / Do Not Run All: Running or not Running all load cases
Results Delete All: Delete all the results of load cases
Show case load Tree: Tree diagram Show type of load cases
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 Load Case Tree Show: Show Diagram Tree Type Load Case.
9.4. Undeformed Modify Geometry: Geometry No Change Deformed.
Load Case
Scale Factor Offset
9.5. Show Last Run Detail: Show Details last Corrida.
Name, Location and

Features Archive
Details last Corrida
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10. Display Menu: Show.
View Deformed Model no.
View Assigned Loads.
View Assigned Features
See Lines Bridges.
Deformed Model View to the charges.
Diagrams and ForcesnMembers
See Diagrams I work Virtual.
View lines and Superficies of Influence
See Curvas of Response Spectra.
See curv s histogram.
Ver Pushover curves (Nonlinear Static)
See results Joints.
See Tables (Data Entry and Exit)
Save Current View
Show Views Saved
10.1. Show Loads A signs: View Assigned Loads Gaskets, Gantry elements, cables,
Guayas, Areas and Solids.
Seals / Points
Elements Porch / Cables / Guayas

Areas
Solid
Nonlinear Links
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View Loads on Boards / Points
Load Pattern
Coordinate System
TipodeCarga:
Forces, Displacements
Display on the screen the

charges assigned
View Loads on Members / Lines
Load Pattern
Type of
Cargo:
Show Moments Loads or applied

directly to Linear Elements
Include moment loads. Show

in Screens
Loads assigned.
View Loads Area Objects
Load Pattern
TipodeCarga:
Uniformly distributed
temperature
Wind dynamic pressure
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View Loads on Solid
Load Pattern
TipodeCarga:
Uniformly distributed temperature

Wind dynamic pressure
View Loads on "LINK"
Load Pattern
Coordinate System
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10.2. Show Misc ASSIGNS: View assignments on Boards elements Gantry, Cables,
Guayas, Areas and Solids.
View Assignments
on Boards.
Restrictions, Local Axles, Springs, Bodies,

Zones panel, etc.
View Asignaciones in Elements

"Frame "Cables and Guayas
Sections, Restrictions, spherical, Local Axes, Springs,

Mass, Temperature, etc.
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View Areas
assignments.
Sections, Restrictions, Local Axles, Springs,

Mass, temperature, etc.
View Assignments
in Solid
Properties, Restrictions, Local Axles, Springs,

Internal Grids, temperature, etc.
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10.3. Show Deformed Shape: Deformed Model View.
Load Case or Combination
Show Deformed Footsteps
Scale Factor
Show th Displacements of the

e
Elements of Area through Contours
Show Position Original Structure without

defIt ormación.
Show Deformed Curvttoo
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10.4. Show Forces / Stresses: View Forces and / or Efforts Together Gantry elements
"Frame", Cables, Guayas, Areas and Solids.
Seals / Points
Elements Gantry "Frame" and cables
Area elements like behavior with Shell
Area elements with type behavior Plane
Area elements with type behavior asolid
Solid Elements
Nonlinear links.
10.4.1. Joints: Joints reactions.
d
Show Reactions Footsteps
Show Results as Arrows
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10.4.2. Frame / Cables: Power Gantry elements "Frame" and Cables.
Show diagrams Footsteps
Components:
Axial Force: Axial Force
Torsion: Torsion
Shear: Cut. Moment:
Moment
Scale Factor
t
Show Coloured Diagrams
Show Diagrams
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If an item is selected and click on the right mouse button, we have:
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Sign Convention in Frame elements.-
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10.4.3. Shell: Forces in members area Shell Behavior Type
Cas Cargo or Combination
CASE 1
Type: Forces
Components of Forces
Show Results Footsteps
Case: Nonlinear.
Rangor Co about
(Maximum and Minimum) for
scale dand values
s strate the
Mos
Deformed
Show Roomlathes
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 F11: force per unit length acting on half of the surface of the sides 1 (positive and negative)
about the axis 1.
 F22: force per unit length acting on half of the surface of the two sides (positive and negative)
about the axis 2.
 F12: Force per unit length actu nd in the middle of the surface faces 1 (positive and negative)
about the axis 2 and on sides 2 (positive and negative) about the axis 1.
 FMAX: Maximum Force main per unit length acting on half of the surface. By definition it is
oriented, where the force F12 becomes zero.
 FMIN: Main per unit length acting on half of the surface Low Force. By definition it is
oriented, where the force F12 becomes zero.
 M11: Moment per unit length acting on the middle surface faces 1 (positive and negative)
about the axis 2.
 M22: Moment per unit length acting on the middle surface of the faces 2 (positive and
negative) about the axis 1.
 M12: TORQUE acting per unit length in the middle of one face area (positive and
negative) about the axis 1 and the sides 2 (positive and negative) about the axis 2.
 MMAX: Home Maximum Moment per unit length acting on half of the surface.
By definition it is oriented, where the moment becomes zero M12.
 MMIN: Minimum principal moment per unit length acting on half of the surface.
By definition it is oriented, where the moment becomes zero M12.
 V13: Cut length per unit out of the plane of the half shell acting surface faces 1 (positive and
negative) direction 3.
 V23: Cut length per unit out of plane from Shell acting on half of the surface of the two sides
(positive and negative) direction 3.
 VMAX: Maximum length cutting unit out of plane from Shell half acting towards the surface
3.
315
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Distribution moments per unit length in

Area elements through color scale
contours.
Distribution of momenta by
l unitength Area elements through of
Arrows.
316
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CASE 2
Type: Efforts
Output Type
Case: Nonlinear.
Range Con n about

(Maximum and Mínimo) Stress Components
for the scale dand values
Show Contorwe
Show Deformed
 Visible Face: Shows Visible Results in the face area.

 Top Face: Displays the results on the upper surface (6) Area.
 Face Bottom: Displays the results on the lower side (5) of the area.
 Maximum: Sample Results with Positive Values.
 Maximum: Displays with Negative Values Results.
 Absolute Maximum: Displays all the positive and negative results.
317
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Stress Distribution in a Beam-Column Connection in Steel.
318
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 S11: Effort per unit area acting on half of the surface of the sides 1 (positive and negative) about
the axis 1.
 S22: Effort per unit area acting on half of the surface of the two sides (positive and negative)
about the axis 2.
 S12: Effort per unit area acting on the middle surface faces 1 (positive and negative) about the
axis 2 and on sides 2 (positive and negative) about the axis 1.
 SMAX: Home Maximum Effort per unit length acting on half of the surface.
By definition it is oriented, where the stress becomes zero S12.
 SMIN: main Least Effort per unit length acting on half of the surface. By definition it is oriented,
where the stress becomes zero S12.
 S13: Cutting Effort per unit area outside the plane of the Shell operating in half the surface faces
1 (positive and negative) towards 3.
 S23: Shear stress per unit area out of the plane of the shell acting on half the surface of the two
sides (positive and negative) direction 3.
 SMAX: Maximum Cutting Effort per unit area outside the plane of the Shell acting on half of the
surface in 3 direction.
319
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CASE 3
Type: Efforts Layers
Output Type
Location for the

Show Results Footsteps output report
Case: Nonlinear.
Range Contorno (Maximo

and Meminimum) for
Climbersat willLords
Stress Components
Show Contorwe
r mada
View the Defor
320
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CASE 4
Reinforcement Design
Output Type
Case: Nonlinear.
Componentes for Design
Range Contorno (Maximum

and Mínimo) for the scale de
valueis
n lathes
Show Con
Show Deformsda
The program SAP2000 v14 it does is get the areas of steel required for the acting stresses
(Axial, Cortes, moments, etc.) in each of the differentials generated area discretization
(mesh).
Ast1: Indicates the area of steel required in the local 1 axis flexural areas.
AST2Indicates the area of steel required in the local axis 2 flexural areas.
These areas (AST1 and AST2) are reported on the screen per unit length, that is, in cm2 /
cm or m2 / m. For example, if you get the required steel area is 0.085 cm2 / cm, then we
can multiply by 100 cms and obtain a value of 8.5 cm2 / m.
321
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Areas of steel per unit

length
322
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10.4.4. Solids: Forces in members area Shell Behavior Type
annddEsfuerzos
Components da
Rango the Contour (Maximum and Minimum)

to e values Creek
Show Deformed
323
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 S11: stress (force per unit area) acting on sides 1 (Positive and Negative) in the
direction of the local axis 1.
 S22: stress (force per unit area) acting on sides 2 (Positive and
Negative) in the direction of the local axis 2.
 S33: stress (force per unit area) acting Faces 3 (Positive and
 S12: Cutting Effort (force per unit area) acting on sides 1 (Positive
and negative) in the direction of local axis 2 and acting on sides 2 (Positive and
 S13: Cutting Effort out of Plano (force per unit area) acting between 1 (Positive
and Negative) in the direction of the local axis 3.
 S23: Cutting Effort out of Plano (force per unit area) acting on the 2 (Positive
and Negative) in the direction of the local axis 3.
 SMAX: Principal Max Effort (force per unit area). By definition this effort is
geared court where efforts are Null.
 SMIN: Main Minimal Effort (force per unit area). By definition this effort is
geared court where efforts are Null.
 SVM: Effort Von Mises (force per unit area).
Von Mises stress.

vm = 1/2 [( 1- 2) 2 + ( 1- 3) 2 + ( 2 3) 2].
324
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10.4.5. Show Static Pushover Curve: Show Graph Pushover.
Graph Court of Basal vs Displacement Monitored Board
Spectrum Graph Capacidad and Demand by ATC-40
Performance point
values
325
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Graph of capacity by the method according to FEMA 356 Coefficients
According ulated
calc values A 356
FEM
325
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Graph Spectrum Capacity and Demand by FEMA 440 (Equivalent Linear

Approximation)
Performance
point values
Graph of Layerity p r including modification ofsplazaments according

to FEMA 440
Values calculated
according to
FEMA 440
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326
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327
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328
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329
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330
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331
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10.4.6. Hinge Show Results: Show results Joints.
Spherical pattern on a Porch

WithDecree Armed
Resuld States Tie one

Diagrama Plastic Moment Vs Rotation
VResults from the st

propiedades Kneecap
Moments and Rotations results for each

stage.
332
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s of the Kneecap properties. Diagramma

Results
Moment vs Rotation defined Segounn FEMA
356.
Moments calculated tir Sellers of

parproperties including steel tion
secerzo.
refu
333
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Load cases
10.4.7. Tables: Show Tables.
Model Definition
Combinations
Results of Analysis
The sum of the modal mass

participatory in both directions must
be greater than 0.90.
334
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11. Menu Design: Design
Design Elements in Steel
Design of Concrete Elements
Design Element Aluminum
Design Element Cold Formed Steel
Lateral Bracing
Redefine Design procedure for one or

more theementos.
Design of Pources
11.1. Steel Frame Design: Design Elements Gantry "Frame" Steel.
Check and / or Preferences Redefine Design
View and / or Redefine Design Parameters
Select Groups Design
Select Design Combinations
Limits Lateral Offset
Set Limits for periods of mode shapes
Start the design and / or Test Structure
Interactive design elements in Steel
Show Information Design
Cancel the section defined by Auto-Selection
Change Design Section
Delete Sections Ultimo Design Analysis
Check Vs Analysis Section Design Section
Check All items Satisfy
Clear definitions of the parameters in Steel
Clear outcomes Steel Design
335
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11.2. View / Preferences Review: View and / or Redefine Design Preferences.
Descrip ion
Í Item selected
In this form you can specify or redefine in the box, the code design to use, type of structures, Seismic
Factors, Type Analysis (LRFD or ASD), Factors Deduction Resistance, Maximum value Value Demand /
Capacity, coefficients, and various details of the Code of Design on selected steel. The above mentioned
items depend on the selected Code or Standard.
336
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11.2.1. View / Check Overwrites: View and / or Redefine Design Parameters.
Descripción the
Item selected
This form is puede specify or redefine the appropriate box section design, element type, maximum
allowable Arrows, factors not braced length, effective length factors, coefficients, assignor effort,
compressive strength, tensile, bending, and more., whether for one or more elements of steel. If zero "0"
puts the program determines the default value.
337
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11.2.2. Select Design Group: Select Group Design.
Choosing groups
Groups for Design
Existing Groups
11.2.3. Select Design Combinations: Choose Groups Design
Type of Combination:
Strength: Deflection Forces:

Arrow
Added Combinations
List of Schemes
Automatically Generate
Combinations by Design Code
338
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11.2.4. September Lateral Displacement Targets: Lateral displacement limit.
Automatic allocation of maximum

allowable joint Drifts previously selected
Maximu
m Drift
Maximum Drifts Off

Lateral Load Review Board OffsetTMENT
Case Maximo
ESTttooblecidor
Through this form the program designed the entire structure using a self parameter in
differeefore theementos of it, considering the maximum displacements or drifts prreviambeing
established in the corresponding joints, and in turn meeting the criterios of Arrows resistance and
allowable. That is, the structure is
designed to complgo to the required strength, and maximum allowable Arrows
Displaceability max xima istablecida.
339
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11.2.5. Set Time Period Targets: Setting Limits periods of mode shapes.
Mode
Existing Periods
s
Maximum Periods
For Modes
Through this form the prrogramto design the entire structure using a parameter
self-selection into different elements of it, considering the vibration modes
previously established paeach ra modal, and in turn meeting the criteria
and arrows resistance permitted. That is, the structure is designed to meet the required strength,
Arrows maximum allowed and Established Maximum periods for each mode shape.
11.2.6. Start Design / Check of

Structure: I
Start the Design and / or review the structure contemplating groups, combinations, and
particular definitions coefficients previously performed in the same following the
regulatory guidelines established.
340
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Applied Standard.
Design output
Input Data for Design
P-Ratio & M Colors Values: Relationship Values Demand / Capacity to Axial Force and
Bending with indication colors.
d
P-M Colors / Shear Ratio Values: Relationship colors Demand / Capacity to Axial Force
and
Flexion. Values of Relationship Demand / Capacity to
Court.
PM Colors Ratio / No Values: Relationship colors Demand / Capacity to Axial Force and
Bending (without values)
Cont Plate Area / Doubler Plate Thickness:. Area required plates and Continuity
Required thickness of plates (double) attached to the soul.
Beam / Column Capacity Ratios: capacity ratio given by the sum of Resistant Moments in
Beams / Columns Moments Resistant attending a Node in each plane.
PM Colors / Beam Shear Forces: Relationship colors Demand / Capacity to Axial Force and
Bending. Values Cutting forces in beams.
PM Colors / Brace Axial Forces: Relationship colors Demand / Capacity to Axial Force and
Bending. Values of Axial forces in Struts.
341
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11.2.8. Change Design Section: Changing the Design section
Sections available for changing the original

section designed.
Importantly SAP2000 coefficient determining Sufficiency (CS) of each of the elements

(Belts, Beams, Struts and columns) that belong to the structure in accordance with the
combinations and Norm. The coefficient
Sufficiency expresses the critical relationship Demand / ity in Interaction
Layer
axial force and moments acting simultaneously as well as the maximum allowable arrows, as a
result, in any case must be equal to or less than 1.00.
For the case of a type system "SMF" "Special Moment Frames" Checks if the program:
1) The profiles for the beams and columns are compact Seismic
2) The beams possess adequate lateral support.
3) The Strong-Column Weak Beam criterion in each Board, in a simplified way
worth considering on-resistance (Ry).
4) Reinforcing plates in the Area Panel.
For the case of a strong type system "SCBF" "Special concentrically Braced frames" quake
Checks if program:
1) Profiles for braces and columns are compact Seismic

2) Braces meet the maximum allowable slenderness equal to 4 * (E / Fy) 1/2
342
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For the case of an earthquake resisting system type "EBF" "Excentrically Braced frames"
Checks if the program:
1) The profiles for the beams are compact Seismic-Links

2) The profiles are compact Columns for Seismic
3) The profiles for Struts are compact.
4) The resistance of the Struts on condition that links one Probable Maximum cut equal
to 1.25 Ry Vn occurs.
5) The resistance of the beams outside the zone of links under the condition that the same
court a Maximum Probable equal to 1.10 Ry Vn occurs.
Note: These criteria are based on the Standard AISC 341-05 "Sesimic Provisions".
343
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11.3. Concrete Frame Design: Design of Concrete Elements.
Interactive Design of Concrete items
Show Property Informationng

Design
Change Section Design
Clear The SectLast ions Design Analysis
Go All elements ificar Satisfying
Clear definitions of the parameters in Concrete
Clear outcomes in Concrete Design
344
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11.3.1. View / Preferences Review: View and / or Redefine Design Preferences.
Descrip ion
Item
is I eccionado
In This Form A poolside and specify or redefine in the box, the code design
used, factors Don'tsmycos, Deduction Resistance Factors, Maximum value of Factor Utilization,
Coefficients, and several details in Concrete Design Code selected. The above mentioned items depend
on the selected Code or Standard.
345
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Descriptioion
Item sI eleccionado
In this Form A poolsidespecify or redefine in the box, the design section, type Elemandnt, not braced
Factors length, effective length factors, coefficients, both for one or more elements of Concrete. If
zero "0" puts the program determines the default value.
346
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11.3.3. Select Design Combo: Select Combinations for Design.

Arrow
Added Combinations
List Comcombinations
Ge erar Combinations
Automatically by the Code of
Design

Structure:
Start the Design and / or review the structure looking combinations, coefficients and
particular definitions previously made in the same following the regulatory guidelines
established.
347
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Applied Standard.
Design output
Input Data for Design
Longitudinal Reinforcing: REINFORCING Longitudinal

Rebar Percentage: quantitativeto the acber of longitudinal reinforcement
Shear Reinforcing: Refuerzo dCourt and steel.
Column P-M-M Interaction Ratios: Ratio Demand / Capacity to flexo-Compression
Columns.
(6.5) Beam / Coluumn Capacity Ratios: capacity ratio given by the sum of (6.5) res
Momentsiistings in Beams / Columns Resistant moments that converge to a node at each level.
Column / Beam Capacity Ratios: capacity ratio given by the sum of moments Resistant
Columns / Beams Resistant Moments attending a Node in each plane.
Joint Shear Capacity Ratios: Ratio Demand / Capacity to Court Meetings
Twist Reinforcing: Steel reinforcement for torsion.
348
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11.3.6. Change Design Section: Changing the Design section.
Sections available for changing the

original section designed.
349
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.- In the case of steel shear beam, the program is determined by the level of design
element. For example, if "Sway Special" is selected is designed for capacity, that is, the
area of steel section is a function of the gravity load factored over the cut from assuming
that the ends of the beam plastic hinges are generated flexion.
Capacity cuts by steel calculation
Court Gravity
Moment Capacity (Left) with steel

calculation.
Moment Capacity (Right) with steel calculation
If the cutting capacity is greater than

gravitational court implies that Vc = 0
Importantly, the court, Strong Column / Beam Weak relationship and checking node
should be checked for real steel placed and not calculated, so we proceed to indicate the
upper and lower end steels left and right beams. This involves removing the analysis and
then go to the Define / Frame menu
350
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Real Steel
Cortes by Cttoacity with Real to place on flat steel.

The value is higher than initially obtained.
Court Gravity
Moment Capacity (Left) with the real steel placed

in Planos
Moment Capacity (Right) with the actual

placing on flat steel.
If the cutting capacity is greater than gravitational court

implies that Vc = 0
351
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11.4. Aluminium Frame Design: Design Elements in Aluminum.
Interactive Design Element Aluminum
Section Cancel definAuto-selection round by
Change Section Design
Clear The SectLast ions Design Analysis
Checkr Vs Analysis Section Design Section
Go All elements ificar Satisfying
r Clear definitions of the parameters in Aluminum
Clear the results of Design in Aluminum
352
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m
Descripción the
ITem selected
orrEsstructures, type
S In This Formand may specify or redefine in the box, the code to use Design, Tipo
of analysis (LRFD or ASD), Resistance Factors Deduction, Maxim mor willlor Relations Demand /
Capacity Ratios, and various details of the Code of Design on selected aluminum. The above
mentioned items depend on the selected Code or Standard.
353
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Descripción
item
mSelectedI
ionado
In this Form sand may specify or redefine in the box, the design section, type theementor maximum
allowable Arrows, factors not braced length, effective length factors, coefficients, assignor effort,
compressive strength, tensile, bending, and more., whether for one or more elements of aluminum. If zero
"0" puts the program determines the default value.
354
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11.4.3. Select Design Group: Select group Design
Choosing groups
Groups for Design
Existing Groups
11.4.4. Select Design Combinations: Select combinations of design.

Arrow
Added Combinations
List of Schemes
Combinations Automatically
Generate Code by Design
Established.
355
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Structure:
Applied Standard.
Salida the design
Data Entry for Design
PM Ratio Colors & Values: Values of Value Demand / Capacity to Axial Force and Bending,
indicating colors.
PM Colors / Shear Ratio Values: Relationship colors Demand / Capacity to Axial Force and
Bending. Ratio values Demand / Capacity to Court.
Deflection (without values)
356
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section designed.
11.5. Cold Formed Steel Frame Design: Design Elements for the Cold Formed Steel.
Interactive design elements to cold formed steel.
Cancel the section defined by Auto-Selection
Change Design Section
Delete Sections Ultimo Design Analysis
Check All items Satisfy
Clear definitions of the parameters in Aluminum
Clear the results of Design in Aluminum
357
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m
Descripción the
ITem selected
In This Form good winand specify or redefine in the box, the code to use Design, Tipor Estructura,
Type Analysis (LRFD or ASD) Deduction Resistance Factors, Maximum value Demand / capability
ratio, coefficients, and various details of the Code of Design Elements for cold-formed steel. The
above mentioned items depend on the selected Code or Standard.
358
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Descripción the
Ite selected
In This Form is pou can specify or redefine the appropriate box section design, element type,
maximum allowable Arrows, factors not braced length, effective length factors, coefficients,
assignor effort, compressive strength, tensile, bending, and more., one or both elements of cold-
formed steel. If zero "0" puts the program determines the default value.
359
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11.5.3. Select Design Group: Design Select groups.
Choosing groups
Groups for Design
Existing Groups
11.5.4. Select Design Combinations: Select combinations of design.
Strength:
Deflection Forces:
Arrow
Added Combinations
List of Schemes
Automatically Generate Combinations by

Design Code
360
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Structure:
Applied Standard.
Design output
Data Input for

the Dise or
re
PM Ratio Colors & Values: Values of Value Demand / Capacity to Axial Force and Bending,
indicating colors.
PM Colors / Shear Ratio Values: Relationship colors Demand / Capacity to Axial Force and
Bending. Ratio values Demand / Capacity to Court.
Bending (without values)
361
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section designed.
11.6. Lateral Bracing: Lateral bracing.
Determined by the program
Determined by User
11.6.1. Specify Point Bracing: Bracing Specify points.
Location bracing
Location Relative or Absolute from

baseline
362
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11.6.2. Bracing Uniform: Uniform Distance between Struts.
Location bracing
LocatioRelative or Absolute ion with

respecto to start
11.7. Overwrite Frame Design Procedure: Redefine Element Design Procedure.
Material Default as
No Design
363
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SAP2000 Software Manual (English)

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Application Manual Program SAP2000 v14

Management control files. Through this option

3.2.3. Type: Symmetry ................................................................................................... 92

8.5. Area: Assign Properties to Elements Area ................................................................. 276

10. Display Menu: Show. .............................................................................................. 302

(SAP2000) Integrated Software for Structural Analysis &

Regarding the creation of SAP2000 models

SAP2000 is capable of handling the largest and

SAP2000 determined by the finite element

SAP2000 has a powerful design in steel, concrete

Regarding Nonlinear analysis can obtain the

The use of springs with behavior only

Moreover, a study of the compression capacity

USER MANUAL / USER GUIDE.

Menu: File Menu: Help

1.1. General List Menu screen.

Edit Define Draw Assign Show Options Help

Archive Vie Bridges Select Analyze Design Tools

Location of Drop Down Menu

Screen Icons Coordinates

1.2. Screen Icons description.

New Save the Making Unlock Analyze Moving

Open a Print out Update Analyze ZOOM Options

Rotate Move on Grid

2. File Menu: Archives.

Start a New Model

Open a New Existing

Save the Current File

Control File Create a

Print Setup for Graphics: Graphics

Configuring and Creating Reports

Write an Advanced Report

Capturing Images and Archives

Running the Last Analysis

Display Input and Output in Text file

List of recently used files.

2.1. New Model Initialization: Conditions for Starting a New Model.

Conditions of Units Project

2.1.1. Select Template Select Models Defaults.

Screen Only Grid Beams Armor Armor Porches

Structures Walls Slabs Models Iscaleras Structures

Structures Models Bridges Bridges Modeler Pipes and

2.1.2. Blank Option:

2.1.3. Grid Option Only:

Number of Grid Lines in

Grid spacing lines at X,

Location of the first grid line

Number of Grid Lines:

Along Radius: Number of Transverse Lines

Grid Spacing Lines:

Along Radius: Distance between Lines Along

Location of First Grid Lines:

Along Radius: Location of the First Line Transversal

2.1.4. Beam Option:

Edit the line spacing and location of Number of Length of

List of Previously Defining a

2.1.5. Option 2D Trusses:

Number of Rooms Length of Rooms

LiSections sta Defining a

Number of Rooms Length of Rooms

Include Lista Se cions Defining a

Type: Truss "Pratt" Dimensions, Divisions and Alturas

Include Restrictions List Sections Defining a