HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Suggested Answer Book 1

HKDSE CHEMISTRY – A Modern View
(Chemistry)
Coursebook 1
Suggested answers
Chapter 1 The fundamentals of chemistry Page

Number
 Class Practice 1
 Chapter Exercise 3
Chapter 2 The atmosphere
Chapter 3 Oceans
Chapter 4 Rocks and minerals
 Part Exercise 15
 Public Examination Questions 17
Chapter 5 Atomic structure
Chapter 6 The Periodic Table
© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2009

Chapter 7 Chemical bonding: ionic bonding
Chapter 8 Chemical bonding: covalent bonding
Chapter 9 Structures and properties of substances
Chapter 10 Occurrence and extraction of metals
Chapter 11 Reactivity of metals
Chapter 12 Reacting masses
Chapter 13 Corrosion of metals and their protection


HKDSE CHEMISTRY  A Modern View (Chemistry) Coursebook 1
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of chemistry
Class Practice
A1.1
(b) Food : fertilizers, insecticides, food additives
(c) Housing : metals, alloys, cement, glass, plastics
(d) Transport : metals, alloys, fuels, glass, plastics
(e) Medicines : drugs, antibiotics, artificial hormones
(f) Amusement park facilities : metals, alloys, cement, glass, plastics,
semi-conductors
A1.2
Phosphorus and mercury are elements. The others are not.
(Note: A substance with a name consisting of two words (e.g. sodium chloride) is not an
element. A substance with a name of only one word (e.g. ammonia) may or may not be
an element. The only sure way is to check the name against the Periodic Table.)
A1.3
Sodium  silvery grey solid;
Chlorine  greenish yellow gas;
Sodium chloride  white solid.
A1.4
(a) Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, iron, sulphur
(b) Water, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sodium chloride, iron(II) sulphide
(c) Air, sea water, town gas, sodium chloride solution, wine
(Other answers may be given.)
A1.5
(a) Chemical change
(b) Physical change
(c) Physical change
(d) Chemical change
(b) and (c) are physical changes because no new substances are formed. (a) and (d) are
chemical changes because new substances are formed.
A1.6
(a), (b) and (e).
© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2009 1

A1.8
(a) Flat-bottomed flask (l) Crucible tongs (w) Reagent bottle

(b) Round-bottomed flask (m) Spatula (x) Gas syringe
(c) Clamp (n) Heat-resistant mat (y) Measuring cylinder
(d) Retort stand (o) Pestle (z) Beaker
(e) Conical flask (p) Mortar (aa) Funnel
(f) Wire gauze (q) Desiccator (bb) Plastic washbottle
(g) Evaporating basin (r) Test tube holder (cc) Teat pipette
(h) Tripod (s) Test tube rack (dd) Thermometer
(i) Crucible (t) Test tube (ee) Watch glass
(j) Pipeclay triangle (u) Boiling tube (ff) Separating funnel
(k) Bunsen burner (v) Dropping bottle (gg) Glass rod

Chapter 1 Fundamentals of chemistry
Chapter Exercise
1. science, observations, experiments

2. substances, compositions, structures, properties, changes
3. Oxygen, atmosphere
4. chemically combined together, hydrogen, oxygen.
5. heating, electrolysis
6. mixture
7. chlorine, compound
8. element, compound, mixture
9. retains, different
10. ppearance , dour , aste , ensity , elting
11. chemical
12. physical
13. new
14. A
15. B
16. D
17. C
18. C
19. D
20. B
21. B
22. A
23. D
24. A
25. D
26. C
27. B
28. D
29. A
30. (a) A = beaker, B = test tube, C = Bunsen burner, D = wire gauze, E = tripod
stand, F = heat-proof mat, G = test tube holder, H = evaporating dish
(evaporating basin)
(b) (i) Test tube (B).
(ii) Test tube(B), test tube holder (G), Bunsen burner (C) , heat-proof mat
(F).
(iii) Beaker (A), tripod stand (E), wire gauze (D), Bunsen burner (C),
heat-proof mat (F).
31. (a) Tasteless; no smell; colourless; liquid at room conditions

(b) React with iron; react with sodium
(c) Water changes into steam at 100oC. / Water changes into ice at 0oC.
(d) It is because no new substance is formed.
(e) Iron reacts with water to form iron rust. / Sodium reacts with water to form
hydrogen gas.
(f) New substance (e.g. rust or hydrogen gas) is formed.

32. (a) Chlorine, hydrogen, iron, mercury , oxygen, sodium and sulphur
(b) An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into anything
simpler by chemical methods.
(c) Ammonia, sodium chloride and water
(d) A compound is a pure substance made up of two or more elements
chemically combined together
(e) A mixture consists of two or more pure substances (elements or compounds)
which have not chemically combined together.
(f) Sodium chloride solution is a mixture (because a solution is a homogeneous
mixture).
33. (a) No. Both oxygen and hydrogen are gases at room conditions while glucose
is a solid at room conditions. Carbon is black in colour while glucose is
white.
(b) Glucose solution is a mixture. It is because there is no chemical reaction
taking place between glucose and water.
(c) Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water
34. Compounds and mixtures are different in a number of ways. These include:
(1) Compounds have fixed chemical composition while mixtures have variable
chemical composition. Examples: water and air
(2) During the formation of compounds, a chemical change occurs. New
substances are always formed. On the other hand, a mixture is obtained
when different substances are physically mixed. There is no chemical
change. No new substance is formed and the change is seldom accompanied
by energy changes. Examples: formation of water from hydrogen and
oxygen, mixing of sand and sugar
(3) Properties of a compound are very different from that of its constituent
elements. For example, water is colourless liquid while hydrogen and oxygen
are colourless gases. On the other hand, each constituent substance retains
its own properties in mixtures. For example, nitrogen and oxygen are both
colourless gases no matter whether they are isolated or present together in
the air.
(4) Separation of the constituents of a compound requires a chemical process.
For example, breaking water down into the elements hydrogen and oxygen
requires a chemical process called electrolysis. On the other hand,
separation of a mixture requires a physical process only. For example,
separation of iron powder from a mixture just requires the use of a magnet.
35.  PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of a substance are those properties that can be

determined without the substance changing into another substance.
 Examples of physical properties of a substance include colour, odour (smell)
and physical state. For example water is a colourless, odourless liquid under
room conditions.
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of a substance are the chemical reactions of the
substance, and the respective conditions under which each reaction takes
place.

 Examples of chemical properties of a substance include how fast and vigorous

it reacts (i.e., its reactivity) with another substance, the condition(s) needed
for it to react with other substances and what products can be produced when
it reacts with other substances. For example, hydrogen reacts vigorously with
oxygen (or air) only when lit with a burning splint to form water.

Class Practice
A2.1
(a) People in ancient times had little scientific knowledge. In fact, any visible
portion of the Earth appeared more or less flat to the eyes.
(b) Satellite photos clearly show that the Earth is roughly spherical.
(Other answers may be given.)
A2.2
atmosphere
crust
mantle
inner core
outer core
A2.3
1. (a) No. (7 planets have an atmosphere.)
(b) Yes.
2. There is no air on the Moon.
A2.4
Elements Compounds
nitrogen carbon dioxide
oxygen water vapour
helium
neon
argon
krypton
xenon
A2.5
(a)
Helium 269
Neon 246
Nitrogen 196
Argon 186
Oxygen 183
Krypton 153
Xenon 109
Carbon dioxide 78
(b) Neon and helium.

Chapter Exercise
1. crust, mantle , core, atmosphere

2. atmosphere
3. nitrogen, oxygen
4. fractional distillation
5. liquefied
6. supporter
7. glowing
8. A
9. A
10. B
11. B
12. B
13. D
14. (a) Nitrogen

(b) Carbon dioxide and water vapour
(c) Oxygen, argon, neon, helium, krypton, xenon (any two)
15. (a) The volumes of the three gases obtained i.e. argon, nitrogen and oxygen are
930 litres, 78,000 litres and 21,000 litres respectively.
(b) Fractional distillation
(c) No. Oxygen is the most reactive gas in air, whereas nitrogen is unreactive,
which serves the good purpose of ‘diluting’ oxygen in air. If there were
more oxygen in air, metals would be oxidized and corroded faster. Things
would also burn easier, so there would be a greater hazard of fire.
16. (a) Fractional distillation of liquid air

(b) Oxidizing
(c) Physical property: colourless, odourless
Chemical property: it supports combustion
(d) Put a glowing splint into a test tube containing the gas to be tested. If the
gas is oxygen, the splint relights.
17. (a) Nitrogen and oxygen

(b) Oxygen
(c) copper + oxygen  copper(II) oxide
(d) 50 cm3  33 cm3 = 17 cm3
17 cm 3
(e)  100% = 34%
50 cm 3
(f) 21%
(g) The percentage of oxygen in dissolved air (34 %) is much greater than that
in the atmosphere (21 %) because oxygen is more soluble in water than
nitrogen.

18.  Fractional distillation of liquid air is used to separate nitrogen and oxygen
from air.
 The air is first liquefied by repeated cooling and compression.
 Then the liquid air is warmed up bit by bit very slowly.
 Different gases in air boil at different temperatures, so they can be collected
one by one.
 The one boiling off first is nitrogen (boiling point 196 C). The second one to
be collected is argon(boiling point 186 C) /noble gas. Then oxygen gas
(boiling point 183 C) is collected.

Chapter 3 Oceans
Chapter Exercise
1. sodium chloride (common salt), sodium, chlorine

2. evaporation
3. filtration, crystallization
4. saturated
5. boiling, condensation
6. distillate, residue
7. distillation
8. flame test
9. brilliant golden yellow
10. white
11. water, white, blue, blue, pink
12. Brine
13. hydrogen, chlorine, sodium hydroxide
14. B
15. C
16. B
17. C
18. D
19. A
20. (a) Filtration

(b)
glass rod
sand + sodium chloride solution
folded filter paper

sand
filter funnel
sodium chloride solution

stand
(c) Distillation

(d)
thermometer
clamp
boiling tube delivery tube
receiver test tube

sodium chloride
heat solution
anti-bumping granule
water
pure water
(e) Test for sodium ions: Flame test.

The sample gives a brilliant golden yellow flame in the flame test if sodium
ions are present.
Test for chloride ions: Silver nitrate test
Add silver nitrate solution to the sample, followed by excess dilute nitric
acid. The appearance of a white precipitate indicates the presence of
chloride ions.
21. His conclusion is not justified. He should add the white-powder to distilled water
and stir well, then filter and evaporate the filtrate to dryness by heating, and see
if any solid is left.
22. (a) This is because some metal ions can produce a characteristic coloured light
when they are heated strongly.
(b) (1) Moisten a clean platinum wire with concentrated hydrochloric acid.
(2) Dip the platinum wire into a crushed sample of the salt (or solution) to
be tested.
(3) Heat the platinum wire with the sample strongly in a non-luminous
flame.
(4) Observe the colour of the flame at the wire and identify the metal ions
present.
(c) Potassium ions: lilac; calcium ions: brick red; copper (II) ions: bluish green.
23. (a) It was not a suitable method because the liquid may be unclean, harmful or
even poisonous.
(b) Flame test.
(c) To show the presence of chloride ions, acidified silver nitrate solution is
added to the sample. If chloride ions are present, a white precipitate will be
formed.
(d) To show the presence of water, a few drops of the liquid are added to
anhydrous copper(II) sulphate.
The powder changes from white to blue if water is present.
Alternatively, add a few drops of the liquid to dry cobalt chloride test paper.
The paper changes from blue to pink if water is present.

(e) He could not be sure that the liquid was sea water. Even if the tests showed
that sodium ions, chloride ions and water were present, the liquid might not
necessarily be sea water. For example, it might be just a sodium chloride
solution, without any other salts naturally present in sea water.
24. (a) Electrolysis means ‘decomposition by electricity’.

(b) Chlorine, hydrogen and sodium hydroxide.
(c) Chlorine  water sterilization, manufacture of bleach, etc.
Hydrogen  production of margarine, as rocket fuel, etc.
Sodium hydroxide  manufacture of soap, extraction of aluminium, etc.
25.  Sea water is an important source of common salt (sodium chloride) which has
many uses.
 By the electrolysis of sea water, useful products, hydrogen, chlorine and
sodium hydroxide are obtained. These products can be used to manufacture a
lot of useful chemicals.
 Hydrogen can be used to produce ammonia.
 Chlorine can be used to produce bleach.
 Sodium hydroxide can be used to produce soap.

Class Practice
A4.1
Step 1: calcium carbonate heat
  calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
Step 2: calcium oxide + water  calcium hydroxide
Step 3: calcium hydroxide + water  calcium hydroxide solution (limewater)
Step 4: calcium hydroxide solution (limewater) + carbon dioxide
 calcium carbonate + water
A4.2
calcium carbonate + nitric acid  calcium nitrate + carbon dioxide + water

Chapter Exercise
1. mineral, a mixture of minerals

2. crystalline, chemical
3. extraction
4. ore, aluminium
5. haematite, carbon (or coke)
6. chalk, marble
7. Neutralizing, building material, cement (or other acceptable answers)
8. Weathering
9. Erosion
10. Physical
Chemical
11. uicklime, calcium oxide.
12. acids, carbon dioxide
13. milky
14. iron + carbon dioxide
15. aluminium + oxygen
16. carbonic acid
17. calcium hydroxide + heat
18. calcium hydrogencarbonate
19. calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
20. calcium carbonate (white solid) + water
21. calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water
22. B
23. D
24. D
25. C
26. A
27. B
28. D
29. C
30. C
31. B
32. (a) (1) Both react with acid to give out carbon dioxide.
(2) Both are decomposed on strong heating.
(b) (1) Neutralizing acidic soil and lakes affected by acid rain.
(2) As a raw material to make glass by heating with sand and sodium
carbonate.
(3) As a raw material to make cement by heating with clay. (or any other
possible answers)

33. (a) Weathering is the slow process in which exposed rocks are broken down
into smaller pieces.
(b) Physical weathering and chemical weathering.
(c) It is because carbon dioxide in air dissolves slightly in rainwater, forming
carbonic acid. Carbonic acid can attack rocks.
(d) Calcium hydrogencarbonate
(e) calcium carbonate + carbonic acid  calcium hydrogencarbonate
34. (a) Calcium carbonate

(b) calcium carbonate strong
 heat
 calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
(c)
delivery tube
limewater
limestone
heat
(d) When the gas is passed through limewater for a few seconds, the limewater
turns milky.
35. (a) (i) Calcium oxide

(ii) Calcium hydroxide
(iii) Calcium hydroxide solution
heat
(b) (i) calcium carbonate   calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
(ii) calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid  calcium chloride + carbon
dioxide + water
(iii) calcium oxide + water  calcium hydroxide
(iv) carbon dioxide + calcium hydroxide solution
 calcium carbonate + water
(c) The rock fizzes (colourless gas is given out).

Part I Planet earth
Part Exercise
1. C
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. C
6. A
7. B
8. C
9. A
10. C
11. D
12. D
13. C
14. B
15. A
16. C
17. B
18. C
19. B
20. (a) Hydrogen ― as fuel

Oxygen ― in breathing aids (or any other possible answers)
(b) No. Oxygen and hydrogen inside the container mix to form a gaseous
mixture. All mixtures are impure substances.
(c) Water
(d) Yes. Water is a compound, and a single compound when existing alone is a
pure substance.
21. (a) This conclusion is valid. The brick red colour in the flame test indicates the
presence of calcium, and the white precipitate formed when acidified silver
nitrate solution is added indicates the presence of chloride.
(b) This conclusion is invalid. The bubbles formed when acid was added may
not be carbon dioxide.
(c) Conclusion (a) cannot be disproved. To test the validity of conclusion (b),
pass the gas formed into limewater. If the limewater turns milky, the gas is
carbon dioxide, then the conclusion is valid. If the limewater doesn’t turn
milky, the conclusion is invalid.
(d) The only validity of this statement is that the sample is a mixture containing
calcium chloride. Even carbonate is shown to be present, the tests carried
out are insufficient to rule out the possibility of other substances present in
the sample.

22. (a) X: carbon dioxide; Y : water; Z : carbon dioxide.

heat
(b) calcium carbonate   calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
The limestone cracks and makes a cracking noise.
(c) calcium oxide + water  calcium hydroxide + heat
A lot of heat is produced, with the possible production of some steamy
vapour. The white solid turns into a paste.
(d) calcium hydroxide + carbon dioxide  calcium carbonate + water
The calcium hydroxide solution (limewater) turns milky.
(e) This is the limewater test for carbon dioxide.
23. (a) Refer to Coursebook 1 page 69.

(b) Refer to Coursebook 1 page 70.
(c) Frost action is a physical weathering process. This is because no new
substances are formed during the process. Action of carbonic acid is a
chemical weathering process. This is because carbonic acid changes
calcium carbonate to a new substance, calcium hydrogencarbonate.
(d) When excess of carbon dioxide is bubbled in, soluble calcium
hydrogencarbonate is formed.

Part I Planet earth
Public Examination Questions
1. A
2. D
3. B
4. B
5. A
6. B
7. D
8. C
9. Sea water is a solution while muddy water is a suspension.

The size of ions in sea water is much smaller than that of the mud particles in
muddy water.
Ions in sea water can pass through pores (or holes) in filter device (filter paper /
filter bed etc.) while mud particles cannot.
(Accept equivalent answers)

10. (a) Any ONE of the following:
Substances with colour Substances without colour (white)

Nitrogen dioxide Ammonia
Iron (III) oxide Carbon dioxide
Magnesium oxide
Potassium oxide
or Substances with an odour Substances without an odour

Ammonia Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide Iron(III) oxide
Magnesium oxide
Potassium oxide
or Water soluble substances Water insoluble substances

Ammonia Iron(III) oxide
Carbon dioxide Magnesium oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Potassium oxide
(Also accept other correct classifications. Do NOT accept classification based on
melting point, boiling point, density or electrical conductivity.)
(b) Any ONE of the following:
Acidic substances Basic substances

Carbon dioxide Ammonia
Nitrogen dioxide Iron (III) oxide
Magnesium oxide
Potassium oxide
or Can be reduced by Cannot be reduced by

heating with charcoal heating with charcoal
Carbon dioxide Ammonia
Iron(III) oxide Magnesium oxide
Nitrogen dioxide Potassium oxide
or Can be decomposed by electrolysis Cannot be decomposed by electrolysis

Iron(III) oxide Ammonia
Magnesium oxide Carbon dioxide
Potassium oxide Nitrogen dioxide
or Substances that react with water Substances not react with water
Ammonia Iron(III) oxide
Carbon dioxide Magnesium oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Potassium oxide
(Also accept other correct classifications. Do NOT accept classification based on
bonding and structure.)

Class Practice
A5.1
They are the only two liquid elements.
A5.2
1. (a) Only an element can be classified as a metal or non-metal. Water is not an
element.
(b) Non-metal.
(c) Metal.
2. (a) Mercury. All are metals. Mercury is a liquid, while the others are solids at
room conditions.
(b) Sulphur. Sulphur is a non-metal, while the others are metals.
(c) Iodine. All are non-metals. Iodine is a solid, while the others are gases at
room conditions.
(d) Graphite. All are non-metals. Graphite conducts electricity, while the others
are non-conductors of electricity.
A5.3
(a) (i) Mg
(ii) Ag
(iii) Na
(b) (i) Ar,
(ii) He
(iii) Ne
(c) (i) fluorine
(ii) bromine
(iii) mercury
A5.4
(a) 118
(b) Br
(c) N
(d) The element copper or a copper atom.
A5.5
(a) The commonest type of hydrogen atom.
(b) 91 electrons. Number of neutrons cannot be predicted.
(c) It is not an atom. The numbers of protons and electrons are not equal.
A5.6
A magnesium atom would be changed to a chlorine atom.
A5.7
1. (a) silver
(b) silver
(c) silver

2. (a) Aluminium
27
(b) Al
13
(c) (i) 13
(ii) 13
(iii) 27  13 = 14
A5.8
(a) 3
16 16
(b) O ( O, or oxygen-16)
8
A5.9
(a) 37
(b) 35
(c) 4
(d) 238
(e) We cannot tell from the given data.
(The mass number is not given.)
A5.10
(a) Relative atomic mass of sodium
= mass number of the only type of sodium atom
= 23
(b) Relative atomic mass of neon
20  90  22 10
= = 20.2
100
A5.11
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
A5.12
(a) 17
(b) (i) 2,8,7
(ii)

Chapter Exercise
1. physical
2. bromine, mercury
3. metals, non-metals
4. metals, non-metals, graphite
5. ymbol
6. smallest part
7. element
8. atoms
9. nucleus, neutrons, nucleus, electrons
10. positively, negatively, neutral
11. protons
12. mass number
13. same, different
14. carbon-12
15. weighted average, relative isotopic
16. shells
17. electronic arrangement (electronic configuration)
18. B
19. D
20. D
21. B
22. C
23. D
24. C
25. D
26. (a) True. This is because there is no gaseous metal or semi-metal at room
conditions.
(b) False. This is because mercury is a liquid metal at room conditions.
(c) False. This is because carbon (graphite) is a non-metal which can conduct
electricity. / This is because semi-metals cannot conduct electricity by
themselves.
(d) False. This is because some metals (e.g. sodium) are soft.
(e) True. This is because metals are silvery white, golden or brown in colour.
No metal is red in colour.
27. (a) The mass number of an atom is the sum of the number of protons and
neutrons in the atom.
(b) The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons in the atom.
(c) Isotopes are different atoms of the same element, with the same number of
protons (and electrons) but different numbers of neutrons.

(d)
Atom Number of Number of Electronic
protons neutrons configuration
10 B
5
5 5 2, 3
11 B
5
5 6 2, 3
10  20 11 80
(e)  10.8
100
28. (a) Q and R

(b) Carbon
(c) Carbon-13 and carbon-14
(d) 135 P, 136 Q, 146 R, 147 S
29. (a)
Atomic Mass Number of Electronic
Atom no. no. protons neutrons electrons arrangement
35
(a) Cl 17 35 17 18 17 2, 8, 7
17
(b) O 8 17 8 9 8 2, 6
40
(c) Ar 18 40 18 22 18 2, 8, 8
(b)
(c) Neon
(d) Argon is very unreactive.
30.  Elements can be classified according to their physical states. For example, at
room temperature, hydrogen and oxygen are gases; bromine and mercury are
liquids; carbon and iodine are solids.
 Elements can also be classified into metals and non-metals. A few elements
have properties in between those of metals and non-metals. They are
classified as semi-metals.
 Examples of metals include sodium and mercury; examples of non-metals
include bromine and hydrogen; examples of semi-metals include boron and
silicon.

Class Practice
A6.1
(a) Period 7, Group II; alkaline earth metals.
(b) Radium.
(c) Yes. Radium is a metal (all metals conduct electricity).
A6.2
Element X: Metal
Element Y: Non-metal
Element Z: We cannot tell from the given data as elements in Group IV can be a metal,
non-metal or semi-metal.
A6.3
(a) 2, 8, 8, 2.
(b) Yes, it is a metal.
(c) (ii).
A6.4
(a) Yes. By knowing the chemical properties of familiar elements in the same group
and the group trend, predictions about the unfamiliar element can be made.
(b) Astatine: D; strontium: A

Chapter Exercise
1. electrons, outermost
2. ascending, atomic numbers
3. period, group, eight,
4. period number, outermost
5. metals, semi-metals, non-metals
6. chemical
7. 1, 1, increases
8. 7, halogens, decreases
9. 8, noble gases
10. B
11. B
12. D
13. C
14. C
15. C
16. C
17. D
18.
Element Electronic Atomic Period Group
arrangement number number number
A 2, 6 8 2 VI
B 2, 8, 2 12 3 II
C 2, 8, 8, 1 19 4 I
D 2, 8 10 2 0/VIII
E 2, 8, 18, 3 31 4 III
F 2, 8, 18, 18, 7 53 5 VII
19. (a) 2
(b) They all have two electrons in the outermost shell.
(c) Increase down the Group.
(d) (i) Beryllium reacts very slowly with water.
(ii) Barium reacts vigorously with water.
(e) Barium is more reactive than calcium. It should be stored under paraffin.
20. (a) Magnesium, silicon, chlorine. They are in Period 3.

(b) Lithium, rubidium, caesium. They are in Group I.
(c) Iron, copper
(d) Caesium
(e) Fluorine
(f) Silicon
(g) Helium
(h) Helium, fluorine, chlorine
(i) Fluorine, chlorine

21. (a) Group II
(b) Alkaline earth metals
(c) Strontium has 2 outermost shell electrons.
(d) Strontium is a silvery white solid at room conditions.
(e) Strontium reacts with cold water more readily than calcium does and
colourless gas bubbles are given off. This is because the reactivity of Group
II elements will increase down the group.
22.  In the modern Periodic Table, elements are arranged in ascending order of
atomic number.
 The elements are arranged in periods and groups of the Periodic Table.
A horizontal row of elements is called a period while a vertical column of
elements is called group.
 Period number = number of occupied electron shells
Group number = number of electrons in outermost shell
 Elements within the same group of the Periodic Table have similar chemical
properties.
 Across a period, the elements change from metals through semi-metals to
non-metals.
 Some of the groups have special names. Group I elements are named as alkali
metals; Group II elements are named as alkaline earth metals; Group VII
elements are named as halogens; Group 0 elements are named as noble gases.
The elements in between Group II and Group III are called the transition
elements.

Class Practice
A7.1
(a) Delete ‘non-metals’.
(b) Delete ‘metals’.
A7.2
(a) Colourless
(b) Purple
(c) Yellow
(d) Green
A7.3
(a) The cathode. Potassium ions are positively charged. They are thus attracted
towards the negative electrode (cathode).
(b) No. Potassium ions are colourless.
(c) A green patch would move towards the negative electrode (cathode).
Chromium(III) ions are green in colour and positively charged. They are
attracted towards the negative electrode.
A7.4
(a) (i) Aluminium atom: 2, 8, 3; aluminium ion: 2, 8
(ii) Chlorine atom: 2, 8, 7; chloride ion: 2, 8, 8
(b) Charge on aluminium ion = +3; charge on chloride ion = 1
A7.5
Simple ions: H+, H, Mn2+
Polyatomic ions: NH4+, NH2, OH
A7.6
(a)
Period
Group I II III IV V VI VII 0
2 Li+ Be2+ N3 O2 F
3 Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ S2 Cl
4 K+ Ca2+ Br
(b) (i) Sr2+

(ii) At

A7.7
(a)
(b)
A7.8
(a) CuCl2
(b) CaS
(c) Al(OH)3
(d) (NH4)2CO3
A7.9
(a) Mg(OH)2
(b) Na2O
(c) PbSO4
(d) K2Cr2O7
A7.10
(a) Calcium nitrate
(b) Iron(III) chloride
(c) Zinc sulphate-7-water
(d) Copper(II) hydroxide

Chapter Exercise
1. octet, duplet
2. electrons, noble gas, ions
3. simple, polyatomic
4. cations, anions
5. coloured
6. electrolysis
7. name, formula
8. group
9. minus
10. ionic, ionic, calcium oxide, calcium, oxygen, Calcium (Ca2+), oxide (O2), ionic
bonds
11. giant ionic structure
12. B
13. A
14. D
15. A
16. C
17. A
18. C
19. B
20.
Compound Formula Expected colour
Sodium nitrate NaNO3 Colourless
Copper(II) sulphate CuSO4 Blue
Potassium chloride KCl Colourless
Nickel(II) sulphate NiSO4 Green
Potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7 Orange
Iron(II) sulphate FeSO4 Pale green
Iron(III) chloride FeCl3 Yellow
Sodium permanganate NaMnO4 Purple
Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 Colourless
21. (a) Calcium sulphate

(b) Cation: calcium ion; anion: sulphate ion
(c) Ionic bonding
(d) CaSO4
(e) The coagulant is white in colour.

(f)
(g) Polyatomic ion
22. (a) A: 2,5; B: 2, 8, 1; C: 2, 8, 2; D: 2, 8, 6

(b) Elements A and D tend to gain electrons to attain an octet of electrons.
(c) Elements B and C tend to lose electrons to attain an octet of electrons.
(d) 4
(e) B3A; B2D; C3A2; CD
(f)
B3A B2D
C3 A CD
23. (a) Magnesium chloride: MgCl2; potassium chloride: KCl; sodium chloride:
NaCl
(b)
MgCl2
KCl
NaCl
(c) Giant ionic structure

(d)
24.  Consider the reaction between sodium and chlorine.

A sodium atom Na has the electronic arrangement 2,8,1. It loses 1 electron to
get the stable octet structure to form a Na+ ion.
 A chlorine atom Cl has the electronic arrangement 2,8,7. It gains 1 electron to
get the stable octet structure to form a Cl ion.
 When sodium atom reacts with a chlorine atom, the sodium atom loses 1
electron to the chlorine atom. By transfer of electron, two ions are formed.
The electrostatic force between the ions is called ionic bonds and the
compound is called ionic compound.
electron
transfer
sodium atom(Na) chlorine atom(Cl) sodium ion(Na+) chlorine ion(Cl)

(loses one electron) (gains one electron)

Class Practice
A8.1
1. Br2, C6H12O6, Ne, NH3
2. (a) Ne
(b) H2
(c) Na
(d) N2
(e) F2
(f) Mg
A8.2
1. lose, gain, share
2. (a) (i)
(or )
(ii) 3 bond pairs, 1 lone pair
(b) (i) NCl3
(ii)
A8.3
(a) CF4
(b) H2O
(c) PH3
(d) SiCl4
A8.4
(a) Molecule
(b) Atom or molecule
(c) Ion
(d) Atom
(e) Molecule
(f) Ion
(g) Molecule
(h) Atom

A8.5
1. (a) C H4
12.0 + 1.0  4 = 16.0
(b) C2 H6
12.0  2+1.0  6= 30.0
(c) C12 H22 O11
12.0 12+ 1.0  22+ 16.0  11= 342.0
2. (a) 23.0 + 35.5 = 58.5

(b) 12.0  2 + 1.0  6 = 30.0
(same as relative molecular mass)
(c) 12.0 + 16.0  3 = 60.0
(d) 63.5 + (14.0 + 16.0  3)  2 + 3  (1.0  2 + 16.0) = 241.5

Chapter Exercise
1. molecule
2. atomicity
3. covalent, covalent
4. share, covalent
5. double covalent
6. triple covalent
7. molecular
8. structural
9. molecular formula, structural
10. dative covalent
11. lone pairs
12. electrostatic, non-directional, directional
13. molecules, ions
14. Relative molecular mass
15. Formula mass
16. C
17. D
18. B
19. C
20. A
21. C
22. C
23. B
24.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

(e)
25. (a) HBr

(b) PH3
(c) CCl4
(d) CS2
(e) NCl3
26. (a) A: 2,1; B: 2,4; C: 2,6; D: 2,8; E: 2, 8, 2; F: 2, 8, 7

(b) Element D
(c)
(i)
(ii)
(d) BC2; C=B=C

(e) A diatomic molecule refers to a molecule of an element which is formed by
2 atoms (i.e. its atomicity is 2).
(f)
(i)
(ii)

27.  Hydrogen reacts with chlorine to form hydrogen chloride. It is formed by

sharing of electrons, one from hydrogen and one from chlorine. Covalent bond
exists between hydrogen and chlorine atoms.
 Ammonia reacts with hydrogen chloride to form ammonium chloride.

The ammonium ion has an overall charge of +1. Ammonium chloride contains
one ionic bond and four covalent bonds, three of the N―H bond are normal
covalent bonds and one is dative covalent bond.
 The reaction between ammonia and hydrogen chloride can be considered to be
the formation of dative covalent bond between the lone pair of electrons on the
N atom in NH3 and a H+ ion from HCl.

Class Practice
A9.1
(a) Simple molecular structure, giant covalent structure
(b) Simple molecular structure, macromolecules, giant covalent structure
A9.2
Iodine, bromine, chlorine and fluorine have a simple molecular structure and their
molecules are held by weak intermolecular forces called van der Waals' forces. The
larger the molecular size, the greater the van der Waals' forces. The molecular sizes of
the substances are: I2 > Br2 > Cl2 > F2. Therefore, the strength of the van der Waals'
forces are: I2 > Br2 > Cl2 > F2.
A9.3
(a) Low-melting.
(b) No. They are soft.
(c) No
(d) (i) No
(ii) Yes
A9.4
(a) (i) No
(ii) No
(b) No
A9.5
(a) 2
(b) 2
A9.6
(a) C. It conducts electricity when solid.
(b) B. It does not conduct electricity when solid, but conducts when molten.
(c) A. It does not conduct electricity whether solid or molten, and has a low melting
point.
(d) D. It does not conduct electricity whether solid or molten; and has a very high
melting point.
(e) A. Substances with a simple molecular structure are usually soluble in
non-aqueous solvents (such as heptane).
A9.7
(a) The compound formed between a Group II element X (a metal) and a Group VII
element Y (a non-metal) is an ionic compound.
Element X forms X2+ ions;
Element Y forms Y ions.
The formula of the compound is thus XY2.
(b) It has a giant ionic structure.
(c) Its physical properties are similar to those mentioned in the answer to Example
9.3, part (a) (iii).

Chapter Exercise
1. giant
2. molecules, covalent bonds, intermolecular forces (or van der Waals’ forces)
3. giant, giant lattice (or network)
4. low, non-conductors, insoluble, soluble, non-aqueous solvents
5. solid, high, molten, aqueous solution, soluble, insoluble, non-aqueous
6. solids, high, graphite, non-conductors, insoluble
7. structure
8. giant metallic, metallic, metal ions, sea, delocalized electrons
9. delocalized electrons, non-directional.
10. C
11. A
12. A
13. B
14. A
15. C
16. B
17. (a) Covalent bonding

(b) Giant covalent structure
(c) Diamond
carbon atom
Quartz
oxygen atom
silicon atom

(d) Diamond > quartz> glass
(e) Quartz is a crystalline solid while glass is a non-crystalline solid.
(f) Diamond
(g) Diamond
18. (a) X: Giant ionic structure;

Y: Giant covalent structure;
Z: Simple molecular structure
(b) X: Sodium chloride;
Y: Diamond;
Z: Iodine (Accept other reasonable answers)
(c) X: ionic bond;
Y: covalent bond;
Z: van der Waals’ forces
(d) (i) X has a higher melting point than Z as X has a giant ionic structure
while Z has a simple molecular structure.
(ii) Y has a higher melting point than Z as Y has a giant covalent structure
while Z has a simple molecular structure.
19. (a) Substance B

(b) (i) Substance E is a metal because it conducts electricity in solid state.
(ii) Substance A is an ionic compound because it does not conduct
electricity in the solid state but conducts electricity when molten.
(iii) Substances B and C are covalent compounds with simple molecular
structure because both of them do not conduct electricity whether in
the solid state or in molten form. Besides, they have low melting
points.
(iv) Substance D is a covalent compound with giant covalent structure
because it does not conduct electricity whether in the solid state or in
molten form and has a very high melting point.
(c) Substances B and C are likely to be soluble in heptane (a non-aqueous
solvent.)
20. – The melting point of the above compounds follows the order: CO2 < Li2O <
SiO2
– SiO2 has a giant covalent structure. It has the highest melting point. To melt
the compound, large amount of energy is required to break the strong covalent
bonds among the atoms in SiO2.
– CO2 has a simple molecular structure. It has the lowest melting point. To melt
the compound, relatively small amount of energy is required to break the weak
intermolecular forces among the molecules of CO2.
– Li2O has a giant ionic structure. It has a melting point in between SiO2 and
CO2. To melt the compound, energy is required to break the strong ionic bonds
among the ions in Li2O.

Part II Microscopic World I
Part Exercise
1. B
2. C
3. B
4. A
5. B
6. D
7. C
8. A
9. A
10 C
11. C
12. A
13. (a) The air is first liquefied by repeated cooling and compression. The liquid air
is then warmed up very slowly. Different gases in air boil at different
temperatures and are collected separately.
(b) Ne
(c) (i) 2, 8
(ii)
(d) Neon has an octet of electrons which gives it an exceptional stability.

Therefore, it is very unreactive.
20  90.48  21 0.27  22  9.25
(e) Relative atomic mass of neon = =20.19
100
14. (a) (i) C

(ii) D (or E)
(iii) D and E
(iv) A
(v) B
(b) A and B
A: 2; B: 2, 8
(c) (i) CD2
(ii) HE
(iii) CO
(iv) AB

15. (a) No. If dry filter paper is used, the circuit will be an open one as no
electrolyte is present to complete the circuit.
(b) No. Since copper(II) ions are coloured, they will interfere with the
experimental result.
(c) Permanganate ions.
(d) Since purple permanganate ions are anions (or negatively charged ion), they
are attracted towards the positive electrode (i.e. anode). Hence, Q is positive
electrode (i.e. anode).
(e) It is because the substance migrating towards P is colourless.
(f) The purple patch would migrate towards the opposite direction.
16. (a) The electronic arrangement of C and D are 2,6 and 2,8,7 respectively. Their
atoms can attain noble gas structure by sharing electrons.
(b) A, since it is a metal while all others are non-metals.

(c) (i) A2C; ionic
(ii) AD; ionic
(iii) BC2; covalent
(d) The compound in (c) (iii), BC2. Since BC2 is a covalent compound with
simple molecular structure, only weak van der Waals’ forces exist between
the discrete molecules. Little energy is required to overcome these forces
during melting and boiling.
(e) No. It is because E is a noble gas.
17. (a) Gas

(b) At2
(c) Size of I2 > Br2 > Cl2 > F2. The size of molecule is proportional to the
strength of van der Waals’ forces between the molecules. As the van der
Waals’ forces between iodine are the greatest, iodine is a solid at room
conditions.
(d) At2 < I2 < Br2 <Cl2 < F2
(e) Sodium + iodine  sodium iodide
(f)
+
= Na
–
=I
18. (a) A: Giant ionic structure

B: Giant covalent structure
C: Giant covalent structure
D: Simple molecular structure

(b) A: Sodium chloride
B: Diamond
C: Graphite
D: Water (or other acceptable answers)
(c) A: Ionic bonding
B: Covalent bonding
(d) (i) Covalent bonding
(ii) In structure B, each atom is covalently bonded to four other atoms,
forming a three-dimensional giant network. In structure C, each atom
is covalently bonded to only three other atoms to form a layer. Between
each layer, van der Waals’ forces exist.
(e) (i) C
(ii) A
(iii) B
(iv) D
(v) A
H
19. (a) W: H―H; X: O=O; Y: H―O―H; Z: H C H
H
(b)
W X Y Z
(c) Simple molecular structure
(d) Van der Waals’ forces
(e) No, the van der Waals’ forces between molecules W are weaker than those
between molecules Z. This is because the size of molecule Z is larger than
that of molecule W.

+ 
20. – In sodium chloride, Na and Cl are held together by ionic bonds. They are
packed regularly, so that each ion is surrounded by 6 ions of the opposite
charge.
– The packing continues until a continuous, three-dimensional giant ionic
structure is formed.
The ions are arranged to form a cubic structure as shown below:
+
= Na
–
= Cl
– Sodium chloride has a high melting point as energy is required to break the
strong ionic bonds among the ions in the compound.
– In solid state, the ions present in sodium chloride lattice are not mobile. Thus,
solid sodium chloride cannot conduct electricity. When molten or in aqueous
solution, the ions become mobile and can conduct electricity.

Part II Microscopic World I
1. B
2. B
3. D
4. D
5. D
6. A
7. D
8. A
9. D
10. C
11. C
12. D
13. D
14. D
15. A
16. C
17. B
18. (a)
(b)
(All electrons must be shown in the electronic diagrams.)
19. (a) Isotopes are atoms with the same atomic number but different mass number
/ the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
(b) relative atomic mass = 24  0.786  25  0.101  26  0.113
= 24.3
(c) No, because isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties.

20. (a) (i) (atoms of) same element / same atomic number / number of protons
with different numbers of neutrons / different masses
(ii) Proton Neutron Electron

1
Relative mass 1 1 /negligible
1840
Relative charge +1 0 −1
(b) (i) Average atomic mass / weighted mean / average mass compared with
carbon-12
1/12th of mass of carbon-12 / on a scale where carbon-12 is 12
OR
The mass of 1 mole of atoms of an element compared with 12 g of
carbon-12
(ii) Ar =
121 57.21%  123  42.79% / 121.8558
100
=121.9
21. (a) (i)
(ii) flame test

Calcium compounds give a brick-red flame.
(b) (i) Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same proton number
but different neutron numbers.
(ii) Number of protons Number of neutrons
90
Sr 38 52
(c) (i) They have the same number of electrons in their outermost shells.
(ii) Sr has similar chemical properties as Ca does, thus can replace some of
the Ca required.
22. (a)
(b)
(c) Melting point of A is higher than that of B.

Ions of A are linked by strong ionic bonds / electrostatic force forming giant
crystal lattice. Molecules of B are attracted by weak van der Waals’ forces /
intermolecular forces.

23. General:
NaCl: ionic / has ionic bonds
Beware of contradictions for this mark, especially reference to
intermolecular forces.
Ignore ‘atoms’.
Graphite: covalent / giant molecular / macromolecular

Ignore van der Waals’, intermolecular, molecules
Conductivity:
NaCl: ions cannot move / no free ions (or electrons) / mobile ions only in
solution or when molten
Graphite: delocalised electrons / free electrons (between layers) / electrons

conduct
Ignore lone pair
Melting point:
Both graphite and NaCl: Bonds are strong / bonds difficult to break / large
amount of energy is needed to break bonds
Solubility:
NaCl: Water is polar / water has a dipole / ions interacts with water molecules
Graphite: no interaction with water / no intermolecular forces with water /

graphite is non-polar
QWC: At least 2 complete sentences in which the meaning is clear.

24. (a)
[Diagrams must be complete and accurate]

(b) (i) Attraction / electrostatic forces/ bonds / attractions between (positive)
ions / lattice and delocalised / free electrons / sea of electrons.
[Not metallic bonding] [Not ‘just forces’]
(ii) Electrostatic attractions/forces between ions or attractions between
(oppositely charged) ions / Na+ & Cl−
[Not ionic bonding]
(iii) (Here) the ionic bonding in NaCl is stronger / requires more energy to
break than the metallic bonding in Na
QoL Accept ‘bonding/forces of attraction in NaCl is stronger than in Na’
[If IMF/molecules / van der Waals’/dipole-dipole mentioned in
parts(i) or (ii), then CE = 0 for parts (i) and/or(ii) and CE = 0 for
part(iii)]
(c) Comparison:
Sodium conducts and sodium chloride does NOT conduct
Allow ‘only Na conducts’
Accept ‘Na conducts, NaCl only conducts when molten’
[Do not accept sodium conducts better than sodium chloride etc.]
Explanation:
(Delocalised) electrons flow though the metal
Allow e− move / carry current / are charge carriers/transfer charge.
[Not ‘electrons carry electricity’]
[Not ‘NaCl has no free charged particles’]
Ions can’t move in solid salt
(d) Layers can slide over each other − idea that ions / atoms / particles move.
[Not molecules] [Not layers separate]

25. Chemical Knowledge
Similarity in Chemical properties

Both Cl2 and Br2 can oxidize SO32− to SO42−
X2 + SO32− + H2O → 2X−(aq) + SO42− + 2H+
Both Cl2 and Br2 can undergo addition with alkenes
X2 + CH2=CH2 → CH2XCH2X
Both Cl2 and Br2 can undergo substitution with alkanes
X2 + CH4 → CH3Cl + HX
Both Cl2 and Br2 can react with metals (e.g. Na) to give ionic halides
X2 + 2Na → 2NaX
Both Cl2 and Br2 can react with Fe2+ to give Fe3+
X2 + 2Fe2+ → 2X− + 2Fe3+
Both Cl2 and Br2 can react with I− to give I2
X2 + 2I− → 2X− + I2
Both Cl2 and Br2 can undergo disproportionation in alkalis
X2(g) + 2OH−(aq) → X−(aq) + OX−(aq) + H2O(l)
Trend in reactivity
Chlorine is more reactive than bromine.
The addition Cl2(g) to KBr(aq) gives a brown solution. But the addition of Br2(aq)
to KCl(aq) gives no observable change.
Effective Communication

Na2O and MgO are ionic compounds. The cations and anions pack together to
form a giant ionic structure / lattice / crystal.
The attraction between cations and anions in Na2O and MgO is strong ionic bond
/ strong electrostatic attraction exists between cations and anions.  Na2O and
MgO have high melting points.
SiO2 has a covalent network structure / giant covalent structure.
Melting of SiO2 requires the breaking of strong covalent bonds between atoms.
 SiO2 has a high melting point.
SO2 has a simple molecular structure.
Intermolecular attraction is weak van der Waals’ forces / dipole-dipole attraction,
 SO2 has a low melting point / exists as a gas at room temperature and
pressure.
Effective communication
General guidelines for marking effective communication:
(i) The markings for effective communication should be relate to the

candidate’s knowledge in chemistry.
A candidate who wrote a paragraph which is totally unrelated to the
question shuold deserve zero marks both in chemical knowledge and in
effective communication.
(ii) The table belowillustrates the relationship between the mark for chemical
knowledge and the maximum mark for effective communicaton, together
with the points to be considered in marking effective communication.
maximum mark for

mark for chemical points to be considered
effective
knowledge in paragraph (iii) below
communication
4 or above 3 (A), (B) and (C)
3 or below 2 (B) and (C)
(iii) The three marks for efective communication are awarded as follows :
(A) the ability to present ideas in a precise manner, including the proper
use of chemical terms (this mark should not be awarded to answers
which contained a lot of incorrect / superfluous materials) ;
(B) the ability to present ideas in a systematic manner (i.e., the answer is
easy to follow) ;
(C) the ability to present answer in paragraph form and to express ideas
using full sentences.

27. Structure and hardness
M1 both macromolecular/giant atomic/giant covalent/giant molecular;
QoL
M2 C atoms in diamond joined to 4 other C atoms / diagram with min
5 C atoms i.e. shows tetrahedral shape / coordination number = 4;
M3 C atoms in graphite joined to 3 other C atoms diagram with clear

extended hexagonal plane/pattern i.e. shows trigonal planar shape /
coordination number = 3;
M4 diamond hard / crystal strong;

(not diamond stronger than graphite)
M5 because of 3-D structure / rigid structure / not layered;
M6 graphite (soft) as layer can slide over each other;
M7 QoL as only (weak) van der Waals’ forces between layers;
Melting point (for either allotrope)
M8 covalent bonds must be broken / overcome;
M9 which are strong / many / hard to break;

(M9 tied to M8)
Other difference
M10 diamond is non-conductor of electricity, graphite is conductor

OR appropriate difference in appearance;

Class Practice
A10.1
(a) B. It is hard and strong, yet very cheap.
(b) A and C. They have a beautiful shiny appearance. A is chemically inert, and C is
also corrosion resistant. They are both very expensive metals.
(c) C. It is very expensive.
(d) D. It is light (with a low density) but strong and corrosion resistant.
(e) A and C. C is more widely used because it is cheaper.
A10.2
(a) Electrolysis.
aluminium oxide electrolys
 is
 aluminium + oxygen
(b) Electrolysis.
sodium chloride electrolys
 is
 sodium + chlorine
(c) Heating the metal ore with carbon.
heat with carbon
haematite    iron + carbon dioxide
(d) Displacement from solution containing silver.
(e) Physical separation.
(f) Electrolysis.
magnesium chloride electrolys
 is
 magnesium + chlorine
(g) Heating the metal ore in air and then with carbon
heat in air
lead(II) sulphide    lead(II) oxide + sulphur dioxide
heat with carbon
lead(II) oxide   lead + carbon dioxide

Chapter Exercise
1. physical
2. Iron
3. electrical wires.
4. high, density
5. Silver , expensive
6. compounds
7. heating, carbon, electrolysis
8. abundance, mining, extracting
9. Abundance, ore, extracting, upply, emand
10. non-renewable, conserving, longer.
11. reusing, reducing, replacing, recycling
12. melting, using, conserves, pollution
13. D
14. B
15. B
16. D
17. C
18. A
19. B
20. (a) E. This is because it is light and highly resistant to corrosion.

(b) A. This is because it is strong and cheap.
(c) D. This is because it is strong and highly resistant to corrosion.
(d) E. This is because it is a good conductor of electricity and light.
(e) C. This is because it is highly resistant to corrosion and expensive.
21. (a) Electrolysis

(b) Silver (or other acceptable answers)
(c) silver oxide → silver + oxygen
(d) lead (or other acceptable answers)
(e) lead(II) sulphide + oxygen → lead(II) oxide + sulphur dioxide
lead(II) oxide + carbon → lead + carbon dioxide
(f) Metal X is the most reactive whereas metal Y is the least reaction.
22. (a) P might be calcium. Calcium would react with cold water to give calcium
hydroxide and hydrogen at a moderate rate.
Q is mercury. Mercury(II) nitrate and silver nitrate would decompose on
heating to give metal, nitrogen dioxide (brown fumes) and oxygen. Since Q
is a liquid metal, it should be mercury.
R might be copper. Since R has no reaction with dilute hydrochloric acid, it
should be below lead in the reactivity series (i.e. it may be copper, mercury,
silver or gold). But R displaces Q (mercury) from an aqueous solution of
nitrate of Q, therefore R is more reactive than mercury. It is therefore likely
to be copper.
S might be zinc. Zinc oxide could be reduced to metal by carbon monoxide
but not by hydrogen at 1500 C.

(b) P, S, R, Q
(c) The lower the position of a metal in the reactivity series, the more ancient
would be the year of discovery.
23. (a) Landfills

(b) We have to conserve metal resources because metals are limited in amount
in the Earth’s crust and non-renewable.
(c) (1) Reuse the metal mooncake containers to hold things e.g. stationery or
letters.
(2) Recycle the used metal mooncake containers by putting them at used
metal collection booths so that iron and tin can be recycled for use.
(3) Replace the metal mooncake containers with paper containers. (We can
choose to buy mooncakes with more environmentally friendly paper
containers.)
(4) Reduce the consumption of mooncakes to save metal resources.
24. – Social perspective:

Recycling promotes public awareness of resource scarcity. For example,
special containers are provided for people to dispose of recyclable aluminum
cans. Posters and television advertisements are designed for educational
purposes.
– Economic perspective:
Metal resources are limited. However, demand for metals keeps on increasing.
Recycling is an effective way of conserving metals. Recycling saves energy
and other resources. Thus, it reduces the cost of metals.
– Environmental perspective:
Recycling of metals can reduce pollution due to metal waste. Also, recycling
would cause less metal ores to be mined. This would minimize the
environmental problems arising from mining and extraction from ores.

Class Practice
A11.1
Rubidium hydroxide. As can be seen from Figure 11.10, very reactive metals (e.g. K,
Na, Ca) react with water to form a metal hydroxide and hydrogen; fairly reactive
metals form a metal oxide and hydrogen. Rubidium should be more reactive than
potassium, since it is lower than potassium in Group I. (The reactivity of Group I
elements increases down the group.) Thus rubidium should form rubidium hydroxide,
not rubidium oxide.
A11.2
(a) C, A, D, B
(b) C: potassium; A: calcium;
D: magnesium; B: copper
A11.3
1 molecule of sulphur dioxide gas reacts with 2 formula units of aqueous sodium
hydroxide, to produce 1 formula unit of aqueous sodium sulphite and 1 molecule of
liquid water.
A11.4
(a) (i) 2
(ii) 2
(b) (i) 4
(ii) 4
(c) Yes
A11.5
(a) (i) 2 Cl atoms, 7 O atoms
(ii) 2 N atoms, 8 H atoms, 2 Cr atoms, 7 O atoms
(iii) 6 Fe atoms, 9 S atoms, 36 O atoms
(iv) 6 Na atoms, 3 C atoms, 39 O atoms, 60 H atoms
(b) 2Pb3O4(s)  6PbO(s) + O2(g)
A11.6
(a) Mg(s) + 2Ag+(aq)  Mg2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
(b) 3Mg(s) + 2Al3+(aq)  3Mg2+(aq) + 2Al(s)
A11.7
1. Yes. Magnesium is more reactive than iron.
2. No. Magnesium is much more expensive than iron.
3. (a) 2Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s)  4Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)
(b) 2AgO(s)  2Ag(s) + O2(g)

Chapter Exercise
1. (a) oxides
(b) hydroxide, hydrogen, oxide, hydrogen
(c) chloride, hydrogen
(d) reactivity, same, reactivity, metal reactivity series
2. formulae, symbols, physical states, relative, products
3. electrons, positive, electrons
4. more, displace, xides, ompounds
5. lower
6. heat, reactive, carbon.
7. ions, ions, Ions, spectator ions
8. position, electrolysis, carbon, old, impurities.
9. B
10. A
11. B
12. C
13. D
14. C
15. C
16. D
17. (a) copper

(b) potassium
(c) gold
(d) iron
(e) potassium
18. (a) 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Al2O3(s)

(b) 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
(c) 2Cu(NO3)2(s) → 2CuO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
(d) 2KClO3(s) → 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
(e) 2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(f) 3CuO(s) + 2NH3(g) → 3Cu(s) + N2(g) + 3H2O(l)
(g) 4FeS2(s) + 11O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(s) + 8SO2 (g)
(h) 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(l)
(i) Mg3N2(s) + 3H2O(l) → 3MgO(s) + 2NH3(g)
(j) 2Al(s) + 3Fe2+(aq) → 2Al3+(aq) + 3Fe(s)
19. (a) A reaction takes place. Magnesium dissolves and colourless bubbles are
evolved.
Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq)  MgSO4(aq) + H2(g)
(b) A reaction takes place. Calcium burns quite vigorously with a brick-red
flame to produce a white powder.
2Ca(s) + O2(g)  2CaO(s)
(c) No reaction takes place.
(d) No reaction takes place.
(e) No reaction takes place.

(f) A reaction takes place. Copper slowly dissolves and some shiny crystals
form on the copper surface. The solution gradually turns blue.
Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq)  Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)
20. (a) Oxygen gas

(b) Silver
(c) Hydrogen gas
(d) Sodium
(e) (i) Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)  ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
(ii) Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)  Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
(f) A<C<B
21. – Electrolysis of molten ore:

Reactive metals can be obtained from their ores by electrolysis. During the
process, the purified ore is melted. Electricity is then passed through the ore to
separate the metal from it.
e.g. aluminium oxide electricit
 y
 aluminium + oxygen
– Reduction of the metal ore with carbon:
Some less reactive metals can be extracted from their ores by heating with
carbon.
e.g. iron(III) oxide + carbon  iron + carbon dioxide
– Heating the metal ore in air:
Metal oxides of some unreactive metal decompose on heating to produce the
metal and oxygen.
e.g. silver oxide  silver + oxygen
– The lower the position of the metal in the reactivity series, the easier it is
extracted (e.g. by heating the metal ore in air).

Class Practice
A12.1
1 mole of silver contains 6.02  1023 silver atoms.
number of moles of silver atoms
= number of atoms/L
1.204 10 23
= = 0.200 mol
6.02 10 23
Molar mass of silver (Ag)
= 108 g mol1
Mass of pure silver metal to be weighed out (for counting indirectly)
= number of moles  molar mass
= 0.200  108 g
= 21.6 g
A12.2
1. (a) 55.8  2 + (32.1 + 16.0  4)  3 = 399.9
(b) 399.9 g mol-1
(c) 399.9  0.2000 = 79.98 g
2. Molar mass of silver (Ag)

= 108 g mol1
Number of moles of silver atoms
mass (g)
=
molar mass (g mol - 1 
27.0
= mol
108
= 0.250 mol
Number of silver atoms
= number of moles  L
= 0.250  (6.02 1023)
= 1.51  1023
A12.3
1. (a) 0.200  35.5 = 7.10 g
(b) 0.200  (35.5  2) = 14.2 g
(c) 1.20 mol of chlorine (Cl2) contains the same number of molecules as 1.20
mol of water (H2O).
Mass of chlorine
= 1.20  (35.5  2) g
= 85.2 g
2. (a) Molar mass of sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

= 23.0 + 16.0 + 1.0 g mol1
= 40.0 g mol1
Mass of NaOH = 0.250  40.0 g = 10.0 g

Number of formula units of NaOH
= 0.250  6.02  1023
= 1.51  1023
(b) Since helium is monoatomic, molar mass of He = 4.0 g mol1.
Number of moles of He molecules
0.20
= mol
4.0
= 0.050 mol
Number of He molecules
= 0.050  6.02  1023
= 3.0  1022
(c) Molar mass of sulphur dioxide (SO2)
= 32.1 + 16.0  2 g mol1
= 64.1 g mol1
Number of moles of SO2
3.0110 24
= mol
6.02 10 23
= 5.00 mol
Mass of SO2 = 5.00  64.1 g = 321 g
(d) Number of moles of X
3.0110 23
= mol
6.02 10 23
= 0.500 mol
23.0
Molar mass of X= g mol1
0.500
= 46.0 g mol1
A12.4
1. Number of moles of Na
100
= = 4.35 mol
23
Since number of moles of Na : number of moles of NaNO3 = 1 : 1
number of moles of NaNO3 = 4.35 mol
Mass of NaNO3 = 4.35  (23.0 + 14.0 + 16.0  3) = 369.75 g
14.0
% by mass of N in NaNO3 =  100%
23.0  14.0  16.0  3
= 16.5%
Mass of N = 369.75 g  16.5% = 61.0 g
2. Number of moles of Na
4.6
= = 0.2 mol
23.0
Since number of moles of Na : number of moles of Na2CO310H2O = 2 : 1
number of moles of Na2CO310H2O = 0.1 mol
Mass of Na2CO310H2O
= 0.1  (23.0  2 + 12.0 + 16.0  3 + 10  (1.0  2 + 16.0)) g
= 28.6 g

% by mass of H2O in Na2CO310H2O

10  (1.0  2 16.0)
=  100%
(23.0  2 12.0  16.0  3  10.0  (1.0  2  16.0))
= 62.9%
Mass of H2O = 28.6  62.9% = 17.99 g
3. Let the relative atomic mass of M be a

relative atomic mass of M 1
Fraction by mass of M in MO =
formula mass of M
79.87 a
=
100 a  16.0
a = 63.5
5.68
4. % by mass of Cl in MCl =  100% = 21.13%
26.88
% by mass of M in MCl = 100%  21.13% = 78.87%
Let the relative atomic mass of M be a.
relative atomic mass of M 1
Fraction by mass of M in MCl =
formula mass of MCl
78.87 a
=
100 a  35.5
a = 132.5
A12.5
(a) C4H8
(b) CH2
A12.6
1. Let CxHyOz be the empirical formula of the compound.
1.173
Number of moles CO2 = = 0.0267 mol
44.0
number of moles of C = 0.0267 mol
0.24
Number of moles of H2O = mol = 0.0133 mol
(1.0  2  16)
number of moles of H = 0.0133  2 mol = 0.0266 mol
Mass of C in the compound = 0.0267  12.0 g = 0.3204 g
Mass of H in the compound = 0.0266  1.0 g = 0.0266 g
mass of O in the compound = (1.200  0.3204  0.0266) g= 0.849 g
0.849
number of moles of O in the compound = mol = 0.053 mol
16.0
C H O
Masses (in g) 0.3204 0.0266 0.849
Number of moles(mol) 0.0267 0.0266 0.053
Relative number of 0.0267 0.0266 0.053
1 =1 2
moles 0.0266 0.0266 0.0266
Empirical formula of the compound is CHO2.

2.
C H
Masses (in g) 0.857 0.143
Number of moles(mol) 0.857 0.143
= 0.07142 = 0.143
12.0 1.0
Relative number of 0.07142 0.143
=1 2
moles 0.07142 0.07142
Empirical formula of the compound is CH2.
A12.7
Since all the C in CO2 and H in H2O came from the compound,
12.0
mass of C in the compound = 1.32 g  = 0.36 g
12.0  16.0  2
1.0  2
mass of H in the compound = 0.45 g  = 0.05 g
1.0  2  16.0
The rest of the compound must be oxygen.
mass of O in compound = (0.81  0.36  0.05) g = 0.40 g
Now go on to find the empirical formula as follows:

C H O
Masses (in g) 0.36 0.05 0.40
Number of moles of atoms
(mol)
mass in g 0.36 0.05 0 .4
(= ) in g mol1 12.0
=0.03
1 .0
=0.05
16.0
=0.025
molar mass
Relative number of moles

(divided by the smallest 0.03 0.05 0.025
=1.2 =2 =1
number) 0.025 0.025 0.025
Multiplied by the smallest

possible whole number (5
1.2  5 = 6 2  5 = 10 15=5
here) to turn all values into
whole number
empirical formula of compound is C6H10O5
Let its molecular formula be (C6H10O5)n, where n is a whole number.
Relative molecular mass of (C6H10O5) n = 320
n (12.0  6 + 1.0  10 + 16.0  5 ) = 320
162n = 320
n=2
molecular formula of compound is C12H20O10.

A12.8
(a) Ca(s) + 2H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
(b) Mole ratio of Ca : Ca(OH)2 = 1 : 1
Molar mass of Ca = 40.1 g mol1
Molar mass of Ca(OH)2 = 40.1 + (16.0 + 1.0)  2 g mol1 = 74.1 g mol1
1.50
Number of moles of Ca used = mol
40.1
= 0.0374 mol
Number of moles of Ca(OH)2 formed = 0.0374 mol
theoretical mass of Ca(OH)2 formed = 0.0374  74.1 g
= 2.77 g
(c) (1) Calcium used might be impure.
(2) There was loss of material during the various experimental processes, e.g.
filtration.

Chapter Exercise
1. relative atomic masses

2. Avogadro constant (L)
3. 12, carbon–12
4. formula mass, gram
5. molar mass
6. Relative atomic mass, number
7. empirical
8. composition
9. relative molecular mass
10. theoretical
11. B
12. C
13. D
14. C
15. D
16. B
17. A
18.
Molar
Formula Relative atomic mass Relative molecular mass
mass
(a) Na 23.0 N.A. 23.0

(b) NO3 N.A. N.A. 62.0
(c) N 14.0 N.A. 14.0
(d) N2 N.A. 28.0 28.0
(e) H2O N.A. 18.0 18.0
(f) NaCl N.A. N.A. 58.5
(g) [Cu(NH3)4]2 N.A. N.A. 131.5
19. (a) (i) Number of sodium atoms

= 2  6.02  1023 atoms = 1.204  1024 atoms
(ii) Number of moles of oxygen gas
2
= mol = 0.0625 mol
16.0  2
Number of oxygen atoms
= 0.0625  2  6.02  1023 atoms = 7.525  1022 atoms
(iii) Number of atoms in 1.5 moles of nitrogen dioxide gas
= 1.5  3  6.02  1023 atoms = 2.709  1024 atoms
(iv) Number of atoms in 0.5 moles of sodium carbonate-10-water
= 0.5  36  6.02  1023 atoms = 1.084  1025 atoms
(v) Number of moles of aluminium sulphate
22
= mol = 0.0643 mol
27.0  2  (32.1  16.0  4)  3
Number of atoms in 0.0641 mol aluminium sulphate
= 0.0643  17  6.02  1023 atoms = 6.580  1023 atoms

(b) (i) Mass of chloride present in 267 g of aluminium chloride
= (267  54) g = 213 g
(ii) Number of moles of chlorine atoms in 267 g of aluminium chloride
213
= mol = 6 mol
35.5
(iii) Number of moles of aluminium atoms in 54 g of aluminium
54
= mol = 2 mol
27.0
(iv)
Al Cl
Number of moles (mol) 2 6
Relative number of 2 6
=1 =3
moles 2 2
Empirical formula of aluminium chloride is AlCl3.
20. (a) (i) Assume the mass of the compound to be 1 g.
C H
Masses (in g) 0.75 0.25
Number of mole (mol) 0.75 0.25
= 0.0625 = 0.25
12.0 1 .0
Relative number of moles 0.0625 0.25
=1 =4
0.0625 0.0625
The empirical formula of this compound is CH4.
(ii) Assume the mass of the compound to be 1 g.
Na S O
Masses (in g) 0.365 0.254 0.381
Number of moles 0.365 0.254 0.381
= 0.0159 = 0.0079 = 0.0238
(mol) 23.0 32.1 16.0
Relative number 0.0159 0.0079 0.0238
=2 =1 =3
of moles 0.0079 0.0079 0.0079
The empirical formula of this compound is Na2SO3.
(b) Assume the mass of the sodium to be 1 g.
Sodium oxide formed in air:
Na O
Masses (in g) 1 0.35
Number of moles(mol) 1 0.35
=0.0435 = 0.0219
23.0 16.0
Relative number of 0.0435 0.0219
=2 =1
moles 0.0219 0.0219
The empirical formula of the sodium oxide formed in air is Na2O.
Sodium oxide formed in pure oxygen:
Na O
Masses(in g) 1 0.70
Number of moles(mol) 1 0.70
= 0.0435 = 0.0438
23.0 16.0
=1 =1
0.0435 0.0435
The empirical formula of the sodium oxide formed in pure oxygen is NaO.
21. (a) Mass of anhydrous sodium carbonate
= (13.07  8.23) g = 4.84 g
(b) Formula mass of anhydrous sodium carbonate
= 23.0  2 + 12.0 + 16.0  3 = 106.0
(c) Number of moles of anhydrous sodium carbonate in the sample
4.84
= mol = 0.0457 mol
106.0
(d) Number of moles of water in the sample
8.23
= mol = 0.457 mol
1.0  2  16.0
(e)
Na2CO3 H2O
Number of moles (mol) 0.0457 0.4572
=1 = 10
0.0457 0.0457
22. (a) 2Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s)  4Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)

(b) Number of moles of 2 kg of iron(III) oxide
2000
= mol = 12.53 mol
55.8  2 16.0  3
Mole ratio of Fe2O3 to C = 2 : 3
3
   number of moles of carbon needed = 12.53  mol = 18.80 mol
2
Mass of carbon needed = 18.80  12.0 g = 226 g (or 0.226 kg)
(c) Mole ratio of Fe2O3 to Fe = 1 : 2
   number of moles of iron produced = 12.53  2 mol = 25.06 mol
Mass of iron produced = 25.06  55.8 g = 1398 g (or 1.398 kg)
23. (1) Weigh a clean, dry crucible and lid.

(2) Clean a magnesium ribbon with sand paper and put it into the crucible.
(3) Cover the crucible with the lid and weigh again. Calculate the mass of
magnesium used.
(4) Heat the crucible strongly until the magnesium catches fire.
(5) From time to time, lift the lid slightly so as to let air in to react with
magnesium.
(6) When reaction completed, allow the crucible to cool.
(7) Weigh the lid, crucible and the contents.
(8) Calculate the mass of magnesium oxide formed. Then calculate the mass of
oxygen in the compound.
(9) The empirical formula can be worked out by changing the composition by
mass to the simplest whole number mole ratio.

Class Practice
A13.1
1. In Tube 1, moisture in air has been absorbed by anhydrous calcium chloride. In
Tube 2, dissolved air in water has been driven out by boiling. Besides, the oil
layer on top prevents air from dissolving in water again.
Iron nail is immersed in distilled water in Tube 3.
Distilled water contains dissolved air.
2. No; there is no air on the Moon.
(In March 1998, NASA revealed that there was strong evidence for the existence
of a large quantity of ice at the poles of the Moon. Thus the old idea that there
was no water on the Moon might have to be changed.)
A13.2
Stainless steel is too expensive to be used in large objects.

Chapter Exercise
1. Corrosion, air, water

2. rusting
3. water, iron(III) oxide
4. (a) acidic solutions, soluble salts
(b) temperature
(c) less
(d) neven, ointed
5. blue, Fe2+(aq)
6. (a) aint, il, rease, metal
(b) lloys
(c) acrificial, alvanizing
(d) athodic
7. aluminium oxide, anodizing (or anodization)
8. A
9. B
10. B
11. B
12. B
13. C
14. (a) The anhydrous calcium chloride can absorb moisture (water) in air.
(b) The oil layer can prevent air from dissolving in water.
(c) Tubes 2, 3 and 4. This is because all these tubes have both water and air
inside.
(d) Tubes 1 and 5. This is because tube 1 has no water inside wheras in tube 5
the boiled distilled water does not contain air.
(e) 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) + 2nH2O(l)  2Fe2O3nH2O(s)
(f) Adding acidic solutions or soluble salts to the test tubes can increase the
speed of rusting.
15. (a) Dish 1: A blue colour appears, mainly around the head and tip of the nail.
Dish 2: A blue colour appears, mainly around the head and tip of the nail.
The blue areas are larger than the ones observed in Dish 1.
Dish 3: No blue colour appears but gas bubbles appear around the
magnesium ribbon.
(b) Dish 1: A blue colour appears, showing that the iron nail rusts. The blue
colour appears mainly around the head and tip of the iron nail
because these regions are sharply pointed. Iron loses electrons more
readily in these regions.
Dish 2: A blue colour appears, showing that the iron nail rusts. The iron
wrapped with copper rusts more quickly than iron alone. This is
because the copper is less reactive than iron, causing iron to lose
electrons more readily. This speeds up the rusting of the iron nails.
Dish 3: A blue colour does not appear, showing that the iron nail does not
rust. This is because magnesium is more reactive than iron,
preventing iron from losing electrons. However, magnesium reacts
with hot water in the gel to form hydrogen. This explains why there
are gas bubbles around the magnesium ribbon.
(c) Magnesium > Iron > Copper
16.  Both water and air are necessary for rusting to occur. Any method which can
keep out one or both of them from iron will prevent rusting.
 Applying a protective layer:
Coating with paint, plastic, oil or grease as well as tin-plating prevents oxygen
and water from contacting iron for rusting to occur.
 Sacrificial protection:
When iron is in contact with a more reactive metal, the more reactive metal
loses electrons in preference to iron. This would prevent iron from rusting.
 Using alloys of iron:
Stainless steel can be made by alloying steel with other metals like chromium,
nickel and manganese.
 Cathodic protection:
Electricity can prevent iron rusting by supplying electrons to the iron. Thus, it
prevents the iron from losing electrons.

Part III Metals
Part Exercise
1. A
2. D
3. B
4. B
5. A
6. B
7. D
8. D
9. A
10. A
11. (a) Y>X>Z

(b) Stored under paraffin oil.
(c) 2Y + 2H2O(l)  2YOH(aq) + H2(g)
(d) Y floats on water and burns. Colourless gas bubbles are evolved.
(e) X is calcium.
Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq)  CaCl2(aq) + H2(g)
(f) Brick red flame
(g) Z is iron. Z can be extracted from its ore by heating with carbon.
Fe3O4(s) + 2C(s)  3Fe(s) + 2CO2(g)
12. (a) 0.90 g (read from the graph)

(b) One mole of X weighs 65 g.
 mass of Y produced by the reaction of one mole of X
65
= 3.0  g = 217 g
0.90
217
(c) Number of moles of Y produced = mol = 2 mol
108
Charge of an ion of X = 2
(d) X(s) + 2Y(aq) X2(aq) + 2Y(s)
6.02 10 22
13. (a) (i) Mass of 6.02  1022 lead atoms = 207.2  g = 20.72 g
6.02 10 23
(ii) Mass of 3.01  1024 carbon dioxide molecules
3.10 10 24
= (12.0  16.0  2)  g = 220 g
6.02 10 23
(iii) Mass of 3.01  1023 sulphate ions
3.0110 23
= (32.1  16.0  4)  g = 48.1 g
6.02 10 23
2.48 10 24
(iv) Number of moles of aluminium nitrate = mol = 1.37 mol
3  6.02 10 23
Mass of aluminium nitrate = [27.0  (14.0  16.0  3)  3]  1.37 g
= 292 g

(b) (i) Assume the mass of the compound to be 1 g.

C H
Masses(in g) 0.923 0.077
= 0.0769 = 0.077
12.0 1.0
=1 =1
0.0769 0.0769
The empirical formula of this compound is CH.
(ii) Assume the mass of the compound to be 1 g.
Pb O
Masses(in g) 0.866 0.134
= 0.0042 = 0.0084
207.2 16.0
=1 =2
0.0042 0.0042
The empirical formula of this compound is PbO2.
(iii) Assume the mass of the compound to be 1 g.
Al S O
Masses(in g) 0.1579 0.2807 0.5614
Number of moles(mol) 0.1579 0.2807 0.5614
= 0.0058 =0.0087 = 0.0351
27.0 32.1 16.0
Relative number of 0.0058 0.0087 0.0351
=1 = 1.5 =6
moles 0.0058 0.0058 0.0058
The empirical formula of this compound is Al2S3O12.
(iv) Assume the mass of the compound to be 1 g.
C N O H
Masses(in g) 0.4067 0.2373 0.2713 0.0847
Number of moles(mol) 0.4067 0.2373 0.2713 0.0847
12.0 14.0 16.0 1.0
= 0.0339 = 0.0170 = 0.0170 = 0.0847
Relative number of 0.0339 0.0170 0.0170 0.0847
=2 =1 =1 =6
moles 0.0170 0.0170 0.0170 0.0170
The empirical formula of this compound is C2NOH5.
14. (a) To maintain a continuous flow of town gas over copper oxide and to burn
away excess town gas.
(b) Larger
(c) Mass of copper oxide used = (22.68  20.10) g = 2.58 g
(d) Mass of copper formed = (22.16  20.10) g = 2.06 g
(e) Mass of oxygen combined with copper = (2.58  2.06) g = 0.52 g
(f) This oxygen was removed by combining with CO and H2 in town gas to
form CO2 and H2O respectively.
2.06
(g) Number of moles of copper atoms formed = mol = 0.0324 mol
63.5

0.52
(h) Number of oxygen atoms combined with copper = mol = 0.0325 mol
16.0
(i)
Cu O
=1 =1
0.0324 0.0324
The empirical formula of the copper oxide is CuO.
15. (a) (i) Air and water

(ii) Sodium chloride and wet mud
(iii) Yes
(iv) The paint acts as a protective layer which keeps oxygen and water
from iron.
(b) Car exhaust contains acidic gas like nitrogen oxides which speed up the
rusting process. Also, the exhaust is very hot.
(c) Aluminium
16. The reactivity of metals can be found out by displacement reactions:

(1) Clean the metals with sand paper.
(2) Add solutions B to E to 4 different test tubes. Label them accordingly with a
whiteboard marker.
(3) Add metal A to each of the test tubes. Leave them to stand for a few
minutes.
(4) Check carefully for any coating formed on the metal surface. The formation
of a coating indicates that a displacement reaction has happened.
(5) Repeat procedures (2) to (4) by using the following combinations:
(a) add metal B to test tubes containing solutions of A, C, D and E.
(b) add metal C to test tubes containing solutions of A, B, D and E.
(c) add metal D to test tubes containing solutions of A, B, C and E.
(d) add metal E to test tubes containing solutions of A, B, C and D.
(6) A metal with higher reactivity will displace any metal from their nitrate
solutions.
(7) The reactivity of metals can thus be arranged according to their reaction
behaviours with other metal nitrate solutions.

Part III Metals
1. B
2. A
3. D
4. A
5. B
6. A
7. C
8. A
9. D
10. C
11. C
12. A
13. C
14. Magnesium burns with a brilliant flame. / A with solid (MgO) or a yellow solid
(Mg3N2) is formed.
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
white
or 3Mg + N 2 → Mg3N2
yellow
15. Zinc granules dissolve / a (colourless) gas is evolves / solution gets warm
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
or Zn + 2H+ → Zn2+ + H2
16. (a) MgO + Cl2 + C → MgCl2 + CO or 2MgO + 2Cl2 + C → 2MgCl2 + CO2

(b) redox (reaction) / displacement (reaction)
Potassium is a more powerful reducing agent / more reactive than
magnesium.
(c) (i) electrolysis
(ii) Magnesium chloride is an ionic compound / electrolyte / conduct
electricity in molten state / contains mobile ions.
(d) sacrificial protection / making alloy / firework / flash

17. (a) Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2
(b) (i)
(1 mark for a correct set-up; 1 mark for the label of an appropriate gas
collecting device)
(ii) The calcium metal is covered by a layer of calcium oxide. Reaction
between Ca and water starts only when the oxide layer dissolves.
or The reaction of calcium with water is exothermic.
The reaction becomes faster at elevated temperatures.
(Accept other reasonable answers.)
(c) Any TWO of the following:
Potassium floats / moves about on the surface of water while calcium sinks.
Potassium melts (to form a silvery ball) while calcium does not.
Potassium burns (with a lilac flame) while calcium does not catch fire.
The reaction of potassium with water gives a hissing sound while that of
calcium and water does not.
The reaction of calcium with water gives bubbles while that of potassium
with water does not.
(Accept other reasonable answers)
18. (a) Hydrogen / H2

It burns with a ‘pop’ sound.
(b) redox / reduction-oxidation reaction
(c) Reactivity : Z＜Y＜X / X＞Y＞Z
Y is more reactive than Z as Y can replace Cu from CuSO4(aq) but Z
cannot.
X is more reactive than Y as X can react with cold water but Y cannot /
oxide of X cannot be reduced by carbon but oxide of Y can.
(d) X is a reactive metal.
It reacts with water in the copper (II) sulphate solution and the colourless
gas liberated is hydrogen.

19. (a) hydrogen / H2
(b) Sr + 2H2O → Sr(OH)2 + H2
(c) different numbers of moles / atoms / different Ar values so different number
of moles of H2 / more mores of Ca
(i.e. an attempt to quantify difference)
20. (a) Pb O
90.6 9.4
mole ratio :
207.2 16
= 0.4373 : 0.5875
= 3 : 4
Empirical formula of X is Pb3O4
(b) Let mole ratio of PbO to PbO2 be x : y
mole of Pb x  y 3
: 
mole of O x  2 y 4
X is a mixture of PbO and PbO2 in a mole ratio of 2:1.
or, X is not a mixture. In X, two-third of the lead exists in an oxidation number
+2, while one-third in an oxidation number +4.
21. (a) Two possible methods:

Method 1
Mass of Cl per formula unit = 135.2  0.525
= 70.98
Mass of S per formula unit = 64.22
70.98
No. of Cl atom per formula unit =
35.5
= 2.0
64.22
No. of S atom per formula unit =
32.1
= 2.0
Molecular formula : S2Cl2
Method 2
S Cl
47.5 52.5
mole ratio :
32.1 35.5
= 1.48 : 1.48
= 1 : 1
Molecular formula = (SCl)x
135.2
x=
(32.1  35.5)
=2
Molecular formula: S2Cl2
(b)

Anozidation is to thicken the layer of aluminium oxide on the surface of

aluminium metal.
The oxide layer is impervious (impermeable) to oxygen (water) / prevents the
metal from reaction with air.
Sacrificial protection is to attach a more reactive metal to a less reactive metal.

The more reactive metal is more readily oxidized / forms cations more readily /
gives out electrons more readily  Corrosion of the less reactive metal is
prevented.
Tin-plating is to coat the surface of an iron object with tin.

Tin can protect the iron form rusting because tin / the tin oxide formed prevents
oxygen and water from contacting with iron for rusting to occur.
Effective communication
General guidelines for marking effective communication:
(i) The markings for effective communication should be relate to the

candidate’s knowledge in chemistry.
A candidate who wrote a paragraph which is totally unrelated to the
question shuold deserve zero marks both in chemical knowledge and in
effective communication.
(ii) The table belowillustrates the relationship between the mark for chemical
knowledge and the maximum mark for effective communicaton, together
with the points to be considered in marking effective communication.
maximum mark for

mark for chemical points to be considered
effective
knowledge in paragraph (iii) below
communication
4 or above 3 (A), (B) and (C)
3 or below 2 (B) and (C)
(iii) The three marks for efective communication are awarded as follows :
(A) the ability to present ideas in a precise manner, including the proper
use of chemical terms (this mark should not be awarded to answers
which contained a lot of incorrect / superfluous materials) ;
(B) the ability to present ideas in a systematic manner (i.e., the answer is
easy to follow) ;
(C) the ability to present answer in paragraph form and to express ideas
using full sentences.

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HKDSE CHEMISTRY – A Modern View

Chapter 1 The fundamentals of chemistry Page

Chapter 2 The atmosphere

Chapter 4 Rocks and minerals

 Public Examination Questions 17

Chapter 5 Atomic structure

Chapter 6 The Periodic Table

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2009

Chapter 7 Chemical bonding: ionic bonding

Chapter 8 Chemical bonding: covalent bonding

Chapter 9 Structures and properties of substances

 Public Examination Questions 43

Chapter 10 Occurrence and extraction of metals

Chapter 11 Reactivity of metals

Chapter 12 Reacting masses

Chapter 13 Corrosion of metals and their protection

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2009

 Public Examination Questions 70

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2009

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2009 1

(a) Flat-bottomed flask (l) Crucible tongs (w) Reagent bottle

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2009 2

1. science, observations, experiments

31. (a) Tasteless; no smell; colourless; liquid at room conditions

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2009 3

35.  PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of a substance are those properties that can be

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2009 4

 Examples of chemical properties of a substance include how fast and vigorous

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2009 5

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2009 6

1. crust, mantle , core, atmosphere

14. (a) Nitrogen

16. (a) Fractional distillation of liquid air

17. (a) Nitrogen and oxygen

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2009 7

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2009 8

1. sodium chloride (common salt), sodium, chlorine

20. (a) Filtration

sand + sodium chloride solution

folded filter paper

sodium chloride solution

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2009 9

receiver test tube

(e) Test for sodium ions: Flame test.

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2009 10

24. (a) Electrolysis means ‘decomposition by electricity’.

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2009 11

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2009 12

1. mineral, a mixture of minerals

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2009 13

34. (a) Calcium carbonate

35. (a) (i) Calcium oxide

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2009 14

20. (a) Hydrogen ― as fuel

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2009 15

22. (a) X: carbon dioxide; Y : water; Z : carbon dioxide.

23. (a) Refer to Coursebook 1 page 69.

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2009 16