SOUMoDEEP SEN

RETN No 21300184811002b
O
A2AD UN)VER 51TY
KALAM
M0ULONA AGuL
TECHN0LOY

H S c . LT (Ds),Semesler

ScIENCE
LNTRODUeTON TO DATA
2
CLAss AssESs MENT

learning are
as fol6 ws

hedrfoene
ere n ces belween supery is ed and onsuper ised

UNSUP ERVISED LEARNIN

SUPERY1SED LEARNINE
a model where
T i s h e learoing ef a medel which ZZis he learoing
in eludes an inp 0T variable (x), an enly-he inpu dala is presenf and no

varlable is there
ovlpu variable () and an algorizhn correspon aing
oupof

map the inpot 7the oolpuf i-e, y-fl)

kro wn and nof

he inp o? dala i known and lasele d he inpo sda iz on

labeled

T h i s ype ef le arning is similar l No feach er is here To uidehe

learn in vnder sup erv isi p0 alnprizhms are let en hel own oevises
di's co Ver an shouw he inte eslig
fea ch er
make velorels) the dala.
The learoing algrithm irerales To in

seand
prediclionson he raioing dala
cerrecled by edeherand zh
ges a

slops when The algorithm reaches t6 a

desired a ccur aey

-
ICempelalen supervis ed learning YCompulallona complextly
is
gori thm qoile complex nsoper vi
s ea learn19 algor T0m

.tel less Comp

T Supervise d learning elassificalion Hera The elasses are no knew

problem, e elasses
classes ae kn0 wn

ExP MPLE*SUpr os e, a oser has proVi e

EXAMPLE SUppose, a User has
provlded
a sample of 00 i ma qes eonainine
a sample of T00
1mages andom
faces o 10 ferelpeople. he.k chos enrom n o r o d h e f a l i s
Fs1/y and orqanise Them
ssi7y e ach person ana JrouP
oholos a-are o thal persor Pos sibl
2 he word
predhehen he age
er

regression edt denale elimaon or

vae e one variable ona speeifhed valve ofthe oher var iable he eimalo
one by me ans of solrable eqval ons, aerive d on 0basi availasl
bivariala dala eh an e q u a l on 1s Kno wn as gres sion egvallon

l e an Keg ression, he relal ensbip belween Lhe variable s is assumed b

inean The estimale obtaine ad-rom an equalon of he prm
say, y is

yy+byr-) -z)
0 h e orm
and the eslimale x (say, 2) s oblained fom aanzh

+b,l9- 9) - y-) -)
ana y represenTs 1he mean o respecTiveX and y dala sefs
Pere,
a n d y reprerenthe slandard devialions X
ane Y respeelvey,
ef X and Y.
xy is Zhe corre lalien ce efieien7
eg (i)
Kegression equalon 0 y on d
Gvallen (i) is kno wn as
knowna
knewn as N g r e sS ion e g o a l l on 6f 00 y
The co eheicnt bu iz
Known a Kegre sslon
is
Kegression co eheient on
y
ane
by
hnear
9 resS/ en

he geomelrie repres enlallons

Coehclent opy on

egression Lines
eqvalions 0) ana (are known
as

ils valoe be expressed

quaital/ve variable ythen
can

variable is a
When he sludy valves 0 and 1. In
varla Le akiog only Two porsikle
USina an naealor Varla suceess or

ed e9:,
e raloes o
Kegressien is s
seeh ca'se, h e ogi= le 0 and1.
7we valve,
ne can 6e denoled dy
failoreyes P. t+P. t E tE;
we can cons tder 7he model F
; ]P = P P
shere X; valbes, O an a 1 e .
di ch olo mous vari able
akes Twe
e slody variable

E/y) onhe whele real line thal bs can

Lotroa anl wo valueehe funeleo

-line ar -shape a
curve

1 is non
zheigmaie =hape
Lo) 17 has
mapped 7 be

noloral eheiee pr Ely)av old

A fonc/ oD

u/alve dibolen
Zne comula
be lagiTe dletnibe
o
Ta parlicole
simpped logih
ar
E9
whase c.df i: o k andiF
given
yields
a g0od
fonelion

) T

SIAMOID CUAVE
 17 6ande zhe m value
Yery mpe1Tan s ep inPre proce ss dala missingvaloe e cause
in a dda e h e rea0erldae has
missing values can be aala corruplion eralorerecod daa There can be
handled /olo wing ways
L mpole missing valoes wiTo mean/me dlan
valos can e
conliovoUs
Colu mns dala set wbleh a r e nomerie
io he

repaced wi2hhe cenlral valve (ie, mean mecan o/he remelo' ng

yalues in he colmn. h/s melhod prevens loss of da
imporallon meThe d fo calegorie al celuon
erieal
Wher
Pen
missing valve isem calgoricacolomnsslring5
or
no
ihen-the missing valvek can be replace d lyhe mest rego enf ea

1ssing value is very larqe hen can be re place cwih al

add n ewfealeres To model
prevens a daa bo someljmes 2
hile evc oding whi eh ma y resu1 in poor peformanee

ie Other impolalien metho ds

pe nding on he nalure
7-he dale or dala 1ype some ohen imp ulall 20s
melho de a y be appropriale. e9 we can use- the Last Ohservalon Larrf

For ward! ((oer) mehod to ure he last valdohzorvalhon A l he miesiog value

e dala variablei lonqilodoa)in palore thatie 1he dala eoleclo d
sequvenially ron he same respon den over ime

ivPedieen missing Yalues

h regresslon
Jep or e/a ssifealn mode/ can be sed rThe pre dielon
missi4 values dep endi ng an enaorecenlouous or calegorical
)he
aFor conlnuo os
ing missing ralba. dal we can use
/ioear or nonL Dea
higher orderpolynemia reqre saven and fpr calegorlcal tla , we may UseP

he are ssion. 7his melhe d

regr gives a
b eler olfhon
resulf than ther m ethe ds /01enli oned
earlienas lakes n lo aecoun the
Zhe eovar(ance missing valbe colume wilh

olher colomnS

ro ws with missing valvels)

hssing values can be handled by deleliog lhe ro ws O clu MD

having oull valus I/ eolemn: hare more an ha e row s a s n u / zhen

Zhe enire eelomn can be drappe d. he rows havinq one or more colomo valves

as nall ean alke be drepped. I resul in a loss finfprm aban. / h e

Properlon missiog valees is very a r e in a da7asef, thenteis he meoel

tul0ok poerly
a l a seience algoithms and radi are (we
ional applicalen program mi07
Compiemeni arY appro
adrllonal
applcalen
aches at Prodveiog l the mos7
pro doeing s0jto
setorare programs.
elemenlary level of crPu
pslrucloreinslrvcllons are
o coufse, no

diferences belween learneaandadi.oal Tlearo ed algori hms

onsisis af alge rih ms
o
loopa-else elause= anmuiplealons similar To hal feo
any
7radilen al program
earn ea alqorilhm is a resol maled searehAn epliomiaalon
mathe dic lasked find algornm
eror measure e
an hat mimmiz es an

a aning dala. llgooitpms odata sclence solves compe bof narrow lask
wpere colle eling aLarge amo ont traioi daliinyolved Example o
Such alqorilh ms afe is Lmage and speech eneoHere, we vihize
recoqni
a

smallLarge set ef adala thal

a s e r aside a before Zhat the raining phase
To Test

ana valt gale Zne sysfem corfecime ness atler it has been ained 1/the preciste
lo dalaa
pfeier7, hen he medel in ready t emplay fer pracheal pre
he roles are auemalealy prodvced or learot hom the data

labelslie, ans wer

PATA scIENCE medel(ie, roles)
MAeHINE LEARNIN

programming
75 beler applie d en

d,radflionalapplicalien
n the 6ther han be
be redeced
aloesrenchop T
broadpreblems
hal can' iomply
eee l d a r e Here we examioe lhe iopo
maximi 2e d.
algorilhm or wr 1e cede ha
d oufcome ana boild an

qure o dt zhe infende

s/alemen/s nceded
neede, 7 change he seppied iopor
ContapsLe
rules and
in classic program ming para 4ig ms
othe xDecTe d eulpur
medel lie, roles) Zabels wer
TRADTONA

PROGA HING1
data

or
for
mobilehones coihprodoet calalag
mobile

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aPp
build an
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check-o vf fonelonahlies
cart an d men]s on

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shew
sho w -sp
c U s l o m e r - s p e c i f i c agverli
cusomer se

radhlieval pregra
mminy e mployed
scien ce algorith ms
are
dala
dala se

par7 where
e
izhe
applcalion
thaf
 rue posilve when a noll hyeothe sis ie acloal, roe andzhe nol hypelhesis
(TP)
pledls ealed roe Pilve
ehepreaicle d valee mafehes he acloal value, 6olh are posile

/soe n eqallve uhen a null hypothesis ie rejecled

aelvall4 wron9 nd fis
(TN) ethe aclval valve was neqalive andhe predicIod valwe ir also
noq alive

False pe e
posilie: whenà nullhypolhesie is aclo ally fake bot stlgot acceple4
(F P) Tethe aclual valoe was negalive but predicled valve is
posll ve
False negalive when a
noll hypoT6esisis acloally rue bot h
(FN) -eywhen The acloal valve was pesilive but pre die valve i
negallve

Dow We
depoe' Troe
Fsve Rate, TPR =
TP

oncloal pesilive

TP

T P t FN
ie,uhe propprlion acloal pesilive valvez tha was predicle d correct
FalseP e Rate, FPR FP

actual Negalive
FP

TN+ FP

i-e,lhe propori aclual r e negalve va oes

zhat was predi eted e be
posilive yalves. 7his aso knouwo a false - alarm ralloT basicaly
the probabihy falsely rejecting the noll hyp Th e=is o a
parleolar tes