11/2/2021

Konsep Dasar
Ergonomi
Hendra

2 Konsep Dasar Ergonomik _ Hendra 2021

Apa itu Ergonomik?...

Ergonomics’ is derived from two Greek words

Ergon meaning work
and
Nomos meaning principles or laws

Ergonomics = The Science of Work

Ergonomics is not a new science, although the term has become more
common lately. The phrase was first coined in 1857.

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Apa itu Ergonomik?...

Ergon =
Kerja Ergonomik adalah aturan yang harus dipenuhi atau
diikuti dalam melaksanakan suatu pekerjaan

Ergonomik adalah penerapan ilmu tentang manusia

untuk mengoptimalkan interaksi manusia dengan
Ergonomik (Bahasa lingkungan kerjanya
Yunani)
Ergonomik adalah ilmu tentang upaya menciptakan
pekerjaan sesuai (fit) dengan pekerja

Nomos = FITTING THE JOB TO THE WORKER

Aturan

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Apa itu Ergonomik?...

Definisi Umum

▪ “Ergonomics is essentially fitting the workplace to the worker. The

better the fit the higher the level of safety and worker efficiency.”
Fitting the Task to the Human ~ Grandjean 1990

▪ “Ergonomics removes barriers to quality, productivity and human

performance by fitting products, tasks, and environments to
people.” ErgoWeb.com

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Apa itu Ergonomik?...

▪ ILO (International Labor Organization)
Ergonomic as the application of the human biological sciences in
conjunction with the engineering sciences to the worker and his working
environment so as to obtain maximum satisfaction for the worker which at
the same time enhances productivity

▪ OSHA-USA
OSHA defines ergonomics as the science of “designing the job to fit the
worker, instead of forcing the worker to fit the job.”

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Apa itu Ergonomik?...

International Ergonomic Association (IEA), 2000

▪ Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the
understanding of the interactions among humans and other elements of a system,
and the profession that applies theoretical principles, data and methods to design
in order to optimize human well being and overall system

▪ Ergonomics or Human Factors (as it is commonly termed in the United States) is an

interdisciplinary science that deals with the interaction of people with the objects
they use.
(Pulat, 1992)

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The Role of Ergonomist...

▪ Practitioners of ergonomics, ergonomists, contribute to the planning, design and
evaluation of tasks, jobs, products, organizations, environments and systems in
order to make them compatible with the needs, abilities and limitations of people

▪ Ergonomist or human factor specialist is a person whose primary responsibility is

to deal with ergonomics problem in an organization.

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Beberapa cara kerja yang dapat menimbulkan keluhan,

kelelahan, cidera, maupun penyakit akibat kerja

▪ Stretching (meregangkan tubuh) untuk menjangkau

▪ Mengangkat beban yang berat berulang-ulang
▪ Menjepit dengan tenaga yang besar
▪ Menangani benda-benda yang tajam, sangat panas,
atau sangat dingin.
▪ Bekerja dengan posisi tangan lebih tinggi daripada
bahu
▪ Bekerja dengan postur tubuh statis dalam waktu
yang lama.

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Kenapa Kita Perlu Ergonomik

Cara kerja yang tidak ergonomis dapat berdampak pada :

Efek pada Pekerja Efek terhadap Perusahaan

▪ Fatigue ▪ Kualitas kerja rendah

▪ Nyeri
▪ Sakit – keseleo, sakit punggung, dll
▪ Menurunkan moral kerja
▪ Menyebabkan frustasi dan mudah
tersinggung
▪ Absenteisme
▪ Biaya produksi lebih tinggi
▪ Meningkatkan turnover karyawan
▪ Meningkatkan kebutuhan training

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10 Costs of Ignoring Ergonomics (Pulat, 1992)

1. Less production output
2. Increased lost time
3. Higher medical costs
4. Higher material costs
5. Increased absenteeism
6. Low quality work
7. Injuries, strains
8. Increased probability of accidents and errors
9. Increased labor turnover
10. Less spare capacity to deal with emergencies

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Tujuan Penerapan Ergonomik

Comfort

Ergonomics
Efficiency
• Physical
Well-being • Mental
• Production

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Tujuan Penerapan Ergonomik

▪ Meningkatkan produktivitas
▪ Meningkatkan kualitas kerja
▪ Mengurangi kejadian cidera pada pekerja
▪ Meningkatkan moral kerja
▪ Meningkatkan kenyamanan dalam bekerja
▪ Menurunkan biaya perawatan dan asuransi
▪ Menurunkan tingkat ketidak hadiran pekerja
▪ Menurunkan turnover karyawan

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Work related injuries

▪ NIOSH, 1983
▪ Penyakit paru akibat kerja
▪ Muskuloskeletal
▪ Kanker
▪ Traumatik injuries
▪ Penyakit kardiovaskuler
▪ Gangguan reproduksi
▪ Gangguan syaraf
▪ NIHL
▪ Penyakit kulit
▪ Gangguan psikologis

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Domains of Specialization (IEA)

▪ Physical Ergonomics
Physical ergonomics is concerned with human anatomical,
anthropometric, physiological and biomechanical characteristics as they
relate to physical activity. The relevant topics include working postures,
materials handling, repetitive movements, work-related musculoskeletal
disorders, workplace layout, safety and health.

▪ Cognitive Ergonomics
Cognitive ergonomics is concerned with mental processes, such as
perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect
interactions among humans and other elements of a system. The relevant
topics include mental workload, decision-making, skilled performance,
human-computer interaction, human reliability, work stress and training
as these may relate to human-system design.

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Domains of Specialization (IEA)

▪ Organizational Ergonomics
Organizational ergonomics is concerned with the optimization of
sociotechnical systems, including their organizational structures, policies,
and processes. The relevant topics include communication, crew resource
management, work design, design of working times, teamwork,
participatory design, community ergonomics, cooperative work, new
work paradigms, organizational culture, virtual organizations, telework,
and quality management.

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Indicators of Need for Ergonomics Attention

1. There is an unacceptably large number of rejects on operation
2. Operations are making frequent mistakes on the job
3. There is high material waste
4. Labor turnover on the job is excessive
5. Employees frequently complain about job requirements
6. Production output is unacceptably low
7. Absenteeism is unacceptably high
8. There are accidents or near-accidents on the job
9. Employees frequently visit the infirmary
10. Product quality is low
11. Training time is unacceptably long
12. Employees take frequent rest periods
13. Personal and fatigue allowance are too high

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Indicators of Need for Ergonomics Attention

14. Operator assignment to the job is limited by size, sex, age, or physique
15. There is interference with verbal communication
16. There are request for transfers to other jobs
17. Employees cannot meet production standards
18. Employees are frequently away from the workplace
19. Breaks seem excessively long

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Significant involvement with modification is necessary

when….
▪ Employees are being injured
▪ Production volume is high
▪ Labor turnover is high
▪ The workplace is utilized for more than one shift

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Keilmuan yang terkait…

▪ ANATOMY
▪ PHYSIOLOGY
▪ PSYCHOLOGY
▪ SOCIOLOGY
▪ PHYSICS
▪ ENGINEERING

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10 Prinsip Ergonomik
1. Bekerja dengan Postur Netral
2. Mengurangi penggunaan Tenaga yang Berlebihan
3. Menjaga Semua benda dalam Jangkauan Anda
4. Bekerja Pada Ketinggian yang Baik
5. Kurangi Gerakan yang Berlebihan
6. Kurangi Kelelahan dan Beban Statis
7. Minimalkan Tekanan pada Titik Tertentu
8. Sediakan Jarak (Clearance)
9. Bergerak, Latihan, dan Peregangan
10. Menjaga Kenyamanan Lingkungan Kerja

Konsep Dasar Ergonomik _ Hendra 2021

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Musculoskeletal Disorders
▪ Merupakan gangguan yang terjadi pada otot rangka yang disebabkan oleh proses
kerja yang tidak ergonomis.
▪ Dikenal juga dengan cummulative trauma disorders (CTDs).
▪ Contoh:
▪ Low Back Pain, tendinitis dan carpal tunnel syndrome

Low Back Pain Tendinitis Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

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Musculoskeletal Disorders
▪ Musculoskeletal disorders, or MSDs, are
injuries or illnesses to soft body tissue
such as:
▪ Muscles
▪ Nerves
• MSDs do not include injuries caused by
▪ Tendons slips, trips, falls or other similar accidents.
▪ Ligaments
▪ Joints • MSDs can differ in severity from mild,
▪ Cartilage periodic symptoms to severe, chronic
and debilitating conditions.
▪ Spinal Discs

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MSDs – Signs & Symptoms

▪ Aching
▪ Burning
▪ Cramping
▪ Loss of Color
▪ Numbness
▪ Pain
▪ Swelling
▪ Stiffness
▪ Tingling
▪ Weakness

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Musculoskeletal Disorders
Which parts of the body are affected?

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Faktor Risiko CTDs

▪ Pengorganisasian kerja yang buruk
▪ Pekerjaan yang berulang-ulang
▪ Penggunaan tenaga yang berlebihan
▪ Postur janggal
▪ Bekerja pada posisi statis
▪ Tekanan atau kontak fisik yang berlebihan
▪ Lingkungan kerja yang kurang baik (pencahayaan dan getaran)

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MSD Risk Factors-Avoid:

▪ Bending wrists
▪ Twisting at the waist
▪ Rolling shoulders
▪ Leaning forward
▪ Bending at the waist
▪ Winged elbows
▪ Overreaching
▪ Stepping backward
▪ Locking your knees

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Prevent, Prevent, Prevent!

▪ The bottom line: prevent accidents and injuries from occurring!

▪ Ensuring your workstation is ergonomically designed is one method

to prevent injuries.

▪ All employees need to have a basic understanding of ergonomics and

should report any ergonomic hazards to their supervisor immediately.

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Exercises – Knee Kiss

• Pull one leg to your chest, grasp with both hands

and hold for a count of five.

• Repeat with the opposite leg.

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Exercises - Windmill

•Place your feet apart on the floor.

•Bend over and touch your right

hand to your left foot, with your
left arm up.

•Repeat with opposite arm.

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Exercises – Back Relaxer

• Bend down between your knees for as long as you can.

• Return to upright position, straighten and relax.

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Exercises – Pectoral Stretch

• Grasp your hands behind your neck and

press your elbows back as far as you can.

• Return to starting position, then drop your

arms and relax.

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Exercises – Middle/Upper Back Stretch

• Raise your right arm and grasp it below the elbow with your
left hand.

• Gently pull your right elbow toward your left shoulder as you
feel the stretch.

• Hold for five seconds.

• Repeat with left arm.

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Exercises – Side Stretch

• Interlace your fingers and lift your arms over

your head, keeping your elbows straight.

• Press your arms backward as far as you can.

• Slowly lean to the left and then to the right

until you can feel the stretching.

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Exercises – Finger Stretch

• With palms down, spread your fingers apart

as far as you can.

• Hold for the count of five.

• Relax and then repeat.

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Exercises – Shoulder Roll

• Slowly roll your shoulders forward five times in a circular motion

using your full range of motion.

• Then roll your shoulders backward five times with the same circular
motion.

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Review
▪ Repetitive motion tasks can lead to Musculo-Skeletal Disorders
(MSDs).
▪ Maintain correct posture while sitting/standing/walking.
▪ Stretch to “limber up” muscles before and after work.
▪ Take regular breaks.
▪ Exercise regularly.
▪ Ensure your workstation is set up to be ergonomically correct.
▪ Ensure lighting in your work area is adequate.
▪ Report ergonomic hazards or symptoms to your supervisor.

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Terima Kasih

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