CONTENTS

Pages

CERTIFICATE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………………………………. i-v

ABBREVIATION ………………………………………………... vi-xi

LIST OF CASES.…………………………………………………… xii-xx

CHAPTER – I

INTRODUCTION ………………………………………. 1–23

CHAPTER – II

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION RELATED TO

PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT ………………………. 24–69

 Constitutional Direction to States Citizens For

Protection of Environment ……………….……………… 27
(1) The Forty Second Amendment Act, 1976.………..…… 30
(2) Fundamental Duty of the State: Article 48(A) ………… 31
(3) Fundamental Duty of the Citizens: Article 51–A(g) …… 32
(4) Legislative Power Under Constitution ………………… 35
(i) Union List ……………………………………… 35
(ii) State List ……………………………………… 36
(iii) Concurrent List ……..………………………… 36
(5) Environmental Protection and Fundamental Rights …… 40
(i) The Right to Equality …………………………… 41
i
 (ii) The Right to freedom of Trade ………………… 46
(iii) The Right to life. ……………………………… 51
(6) Writ Jurisdiction and Prevention of Environmental
Pollution…………………………………………….… 65

CHAPTER – III

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL

POLLUTION …………………………………………… 70–127

(1) Factor Responsible for Environmental Pollution …….…… 72

(i) Natural Factors ……………………………………… 73
(ii) Man – Made Factors ………………………………… 73
(2) Factors of Environmental Problems: ……………………… 73
(i) Poverty ……………………………………………… 75
(ii) Deforestation ………………………….…………… 77
(iii) Agricultural Development ………………………… 79
(iv) Population Growth ………………………………… 80
(v) Industrial Development …………………………… 81
(vi) Urbanization ……………………………………… 83
(3) Effect of Environmental Pollution: ………………………… 85
(i) Effect of Air Pollution ………...……………………… 85
a) Carbon Monoxide (CO) ………………………… 86
b) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) …………………………… 87
c) Chalrofloro Carbon (CFC) and ozone (O3) ……… 88
d) Methane (CH4) ……………………………………. 89
e) Sulphar Dioxide (SO2) …………………………… 89

ii
 f) Nitrogen Oxides (NO) …………………………… 90
g) Closure of Illegal and Unauthorized
Slaughter House ………………………………… 94
(ii) Effect of Water Pollution ………………………….… 95
a) Surface Water Pollution ………………………… 97
b) Lakes and Sea Water Pollution. ………………… 100
c) Ground Water Pollution ………………………… 102
(iii) Effect of Noise Pollution ……………………………… 104
a) Decibel Level of Common Sounds ………………. 105
b) Permitted Noise Levels .…………………………. 108
(iv) Effect of Soil Pollution …………………….………… 112
 Factors Soil Degradation ………………………………. 114
a) Erosion …………………………………………… 114
b) Use of Fertilizers …………………………………… 116
c) Use of Pesticide …………………………………… 117
d) Use of Salt and Water ……………………………… 118
(v) Effect of Marine Pollution ……………………………. 118
(vi) Effect of Thermal Pollution …..……………………… 119
(vii) Effect of Nuclear Hazards …………………………… 121

CHAPTER – IV

STATUTORY PROVISION FOR PROTECTION OF

ENVIRONMENT ………………………………………… 128–216
(1) Protection under Law of Torts …………………… …. 128
(2) The Indian Constitution ……………………………… 135
(3) Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 ………………… 143
iii
 (4) Indian Penal Code, 1860 ………………………..……. 143
(5) Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 ………………….. 158
(6) Civil Procedure Code 1908 …………………….…… 185
 Protection under Other Acts …………………………… 190
(i) Police Act, 1861 …………………………………… 190
(ii) Indian Easement Act, 1882 …………………………. 193
(iii) Fisheries Act, 1897 ………………………………... 195
(iv) The factories Act, 1948 …………………………… 197
(v) Essential Commodities Act, 1995 ………………… 200
(vi) The Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1958 …… 201
(vii) The Atomic Energy Act, 1962 ……………………… 204
(viii) The Specific Relief Act, 1963 ……………………… 205
(ix) The Insecticide Act, 1968 …………………………… 207
(x) The Consumers Protection Act, 1986 ……………… 211
(xi) Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 ………………………… 212
(xii) National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 ………………… 215

CHAPTER – V

CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT,

PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE AND POLLUTER

PAYS PRINCIPLE ………………………………………. 217–288

(1) Concept of Sustainable Development …………………… 223

 Element of Sustainable Development …………………… 226
(i) Inter-generational equity ……………………….…… 227
(a) International law and intergenerational equity …… 229

iv
 (b) The Principles of Intergenerational equity ………… 231
(c) Planetary rights and obligations …………………… 232
(d) Codification of Intergenerational rights and
Obligations………………………………………… 233
(ii) Intergeneration of Environmental Protection and
Economic Development …………..……………..….. 236
(iii) The Right to Development …………………………… 237
(iv) Sustainable Utilization and Conservation of Natural
Resources …………………………………………… 238
(2) Concept of Precautionary Principle …………………… 239
(3) Concept of Polluter pays principle ……………………… 247
 Sustainable Development: National Perspective ……… 252
(i) Environmental Protection in Ancient India ……… 253
(ii) Environmental Protection In Medieval India ……… 254
(iii) Environmental Protection During The British
Period……………………………………………… 257
(iv) Environmental Protection During the Post
Independence Era …………………………………… 259
 Indian Constitution and Environment Protection …….. 261
(i) The Forty Second Amendment Act, 1976 ……… 262
(ii) Fundamental Duty of the State, Article 48 (A) …… 262
(iii) Fundamental Duty of the Citizens Article 51-A (g) …… 263
(iv) Legislative Power Under Constitution …………… 264
(v) Environmental Protection and Fundamental Rights…… 266
a) The Right to Equality and Environment ……… 266

v
 b) The Right to Freedom of Trade and
Environmental ………………………………… 267
c) The Right to Life and Environment ………….. 269
d) Right to Constitutional Remedies and Environment …271
 Legislative Endeavors to Protect Environment ………… 273
(i) The Water (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1974 …………………………… 276
(ii) Air (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1981 …………………….……… 278
(iii) The Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 ……… 279
 Executive Measures to Protect Environment …………… 281

CHAPTER – VI

ENVIRONMENT AND JUDICIAL RESPONSE TO

ESTABLISH EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT

AND POLLUTION FREE ENVIRONMENT …………. 289–319

 Recent Trends of Environment Protection in the Country … 307

CHAPTER – VII

NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL, ITS FUNCTIONING

AND EFFECTIVENESS VIS – A- VIS NATIONAL

GREEN TRIBUNAL ACT, 2010…………………..…… 320–374

(A) Need for an Alternative forum in Environment matters ….. 322

(1) Object of the Act …………………….. ……………….. 323
(2) Why Green Tribunal …………………. ……………….. 326
vi
(3) Salient Features of the Act ……………………………. 326
(4) Establishment and Composition of the Tribunal ………. 328
(5) Appointment of the member of the Tribunal ………..…. 329
(6) Chairperson and Members of the National
Green Tribunal ………………..………………………. 330
(7) Tenure of the Office of the Members …………..………. 332
(8) No other office during the Tenure …………………….. 333
(9) Fee ……………………………………………………. 333
(10) Jurisdiction of the Tribunal ………………………….. 335
(11) The Judicial Remedy under the Act …………………… 337
(12) Appeal to Supreme Court ………………………………. 337
(13) Bar on Jurisdiction of Tribunal …………………… ….. 337
(14) Application of Certain Principles ……………………. 338
(15) Relief, Compensation and Restitution under the Act …. 338
(16) Who can file an Application for Relief, Compensation or
Settlement of Dispute ……………………………..… 338
(17) Compensation and Relief can be Claimed under the
Following Heads ………………………………….…… 340
(18) Miscellaneous Aspects ………………….…………... 341
(19) Powers and Procedure ………………………………… 341
(20) Penalty ……………………………….………………… 342
(21) Notable Orders ………………………………………. 343
(22) Environment Courts in other Countries ………..…… 344
(i) Australia (New South Wales) ………………….. 344
(ii) New Zealand ……………………………..………. 346

vii
 (B) The National Green Tribunal, Act, 2010 ………………… 347
(C) National Green Tribunal (Practices and Procedure
Rules) 2011 ………………………………………………… 351

CHAPTER – VIII

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS …………..……. 375–400

BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………….…… 401–409

PRIMARY SOURCES:

(i) ACTS, STATUTES & INTERNATIONAL

CONVENTION ………………………………………. 401
(ii) REPORTS…………………………………………….. 402

SECONDARY SOURCES:

(i) BOOKS ………………………………………….. … 403

(ii) ARTICLES ………………………………………….. 406
(iii) JOURNALS ………………………………………….. 408
(iv) NEWSPAPERS ……………………………………… 408
(v) MAGAZINES………………………………………… 408
(vi) WEBSITES ………………………………………….. 409
(vii) DICTIONARIES …………………………………….. 409

viii