Problem set 8

1) The temperature of a 12-oz (0.354-L) can of soft drink is reduced from 20 to 5 ºC by a

refrigeration cycle. The cycle receives energy by heat transfer from the soft drink and
discharges energy by heat transfer at 20 ºC to the surroundings. There are no other heat
transfers. Determine the minimum theoretical work input required by the cycle, in kJ, assuming
the soft drink is an incompressible liquid with the properties of liquid water. Ignore the
aluminum can.

0.591 kJ

2) One-half kilogram of Ammonia Vapor initially at 4 bar, 30 ºC undergoes a process to 14 bar,

100ºC while being rapidly compressed in a piston–cylinder assembly. Heat transfer with the
surroundings at 20ºC occurs through a thin wall. The net work is measured as -72.5 kJ. Kinetic
and potential energy effects can be ignored. Determine σcycle and answer whether it is possible
for the work measurement to be correct.

− 0.0236 kJ/K

3) The electronic components of a computer consume 0.1 kW of electrical power. To prevent

overheating, cooling air is supplied by a 15-W fan mounted at the inlet of the electronics
enclosure. At steady state, 7×10-3 m3/s air enters the fan at 20 °C, 1 bar and exits the electronics
enclosure at 35 ºC. There is no significant energy transfer by heat from the outer surface of the
enclosure to the surroundings and the effects of kinetic and potential energy can be ignored.
Determine the rate of entropy production, in kW/K, ignoring the change in pressure between
the inlet and exit.

4.15×10-4 kW/K

4) The electronic components of a computer are cooled by air flowing through a fan mounted at
the inlet of the electronics enclosure. At steady state, air enters at 20 ºC, 1 atm. For noise
control, the velocity of the entering air cannot exceed 1.3 m/s. For temperature control, the
temperature of the air at the exit cannot exceed 32ºC. The electronic components and fan
receive, respectively, 80 W and 18 W of electric power. Determine the rate of entropy
production, in W/K, when air exits at 26ºC. Ignore the change in pressure between the inlet and
exit.

0.328 W/K
5) Hydrogen gas (H2) at 35 ºC and pressure p enters an insulated control volume operating at
steady state for which = 0. Half of the hydrogen exits the device at 2 bar and 90ºC and the
other half exits at 2 bar and –20 ºC. The effects of kinetic and potential energy are negligible.
Employing the ideal gas model with constant cp = 14.3 kJ/kg·K, determine the minimum
possible value for the inlet pressure p, in bar.

2.12 bar

6) Air enters an insulated turbine operating at steady state at 6.5 bar, 687 °C and exits at 1 bar,
327 °C. Neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes and assuming the ideal gas model,
determine
(a) the work developed, in kJ per kg of air flowing through the turbine.
(b) whether the expansion is internally reversible, irreversible, or impossible.

394 kJ/kg, entropy production is 0.0249 kJ/kgK

7) A system initially contains 2 lb of liquid water at 80ºF and 0.4 lb of ice at 32 ºF. The system
attains an equilibrium state, while pressure remains constant at 1 atm. For water, the specific
enthalpy change for a phase change from solid to liquid at 1 atm is 144 Btu/lb. If heat transfer
with the surroundings is negligible, determine
(a) the final temperature, in ºF
(b) the amount of entropy produced in the process, in Btu/ºR.

48oF, 0.0077 Btu/oR

8) A gas initially at 14 bar and 60°C expands to a final pressure of 2.8 bar isentropically.
Determine the work, in kJ per kg of gas, if the gas is
(a) Refrigerant 134a,
(b) air as an ideal gas.

33.25 kJ/kg, 88 kJ/kg