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Neural control and Coordination

✓ Central Nervous System

✓ Human Brain
✓ Case Study: Epilepsy
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Nervous System

Nervous system

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Brain Spinal cord

Somatic Autonomic
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Central Nervous System Human Brain
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NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Ventricles of Brain
✓ The ventricular system is a set of hollow cavities in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Cerebral Aqueduct
✓ The channel in the brain which connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle.

Third ventricle

Cerebral Aqueduct

Fourth ventricle
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Meninges

3 Layers of meninges:

✓ Outer dura mater

✓ Middle arachnoid

mater

✓ Inner pia mater

NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Cerebrospinal Fluid

✓ The subarachnoid space

(space between pia mater &
arachnoid mater) is filled with
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
✓ The ventricles of brain are
also filled with CSF.
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Brain
✓ The vertebrate brain evolved by the enlargement and subdivision of the
✓ Forebrain,
Cerebral
✓ Midbrain, Hemisphere Diencephalon

✓ Hindbrain Midbrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Pons
Cerebellum

Medulla
Oblongata
Spinal cord
Forebrain

Embryo (one month old) Fetus (three months old)

NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Brain

ForeBrain Midbrain Hindbrain

Cerebrum Pons

Thalamus
Medulla

Hypothalamus Cerebellum
Right Cerebral Left Cerebral
Hemisphere Hemisphere

Cerebral
Hemisphere

Corpus
callosum

Longitudinal
fissure

Cerebral cortex
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Cerebrum Gray matter contains cell bodies
and short, non myelinated fibers.

White matter contains myelinated axons

that run together in bundles called tracts.
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Cerebral Cortex
Frontal lobe Parietal lobe

ex
ort
tex

yc
cor
Somatosensory

sor
association

tor

sen
Frontal
Speech area

Mo

ato
Association

Som
area Reading
Speech
Hearing
Visual
Smell association
area
Auditory
association Vision
area
Temporal lobe Occipital lobe
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Cerebral Cortex

Lobe Functions

Association areas carry on higher intellectual processes for

concentrating, planning, complex problem solving, and judging the
Frontal lobes consequences of behavior.

Motor areas control movements of voluntary skeletal muscles.

Sensory areas provide sensations of temperature, touch,

Parietal lobes pressure, and pain involving the skin.

Association areas function in understanding speech and

in using words to express thoughts and feelings.
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Cerebral Cortex

Lobe Functions

Sensory areas are responsible for hearing.

Association areas interpret sensory experiences and remember visual scenes,

Temporal lobes
music, and other complex sensory patterns.

Sensory areas are responsible for vision.

Occipital lobes
Association areas combine visual images with other sensory experiences.
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Forebrain -Cerebrum- Functions
• The cerebrum provides higher brain
functions: interpreting impulses from
sense organs,
• Initiating voluntary muscular
movements,
• Storing information as memory, and
retrieving this information in reasoning.
• The cerebrum is also the seat of
intelligence and personality.
CASE STUDY: EPILEPSY