VerificationManual en

STAAD Foundation Advanced
CONNECT Edition Update 1 - v8.0.1
Verification Manual
Last Updated: December 20, 2016
Table of Contents
Preface: Introduction ............................................................................................ 5

Chapter 1: Australian Code (AS3600-2001[AMnd 2004]) .............................................................6
1.1 General Isolated Foundation 1 .........................................................................................................................................................6
1.2 General Isolated Foundation 2 .........................................................................................................................................................9
1.3 General Combined Foundation 1 ..................................................................................................................................................18
Chapter 2: British Code (BS8110-1-1997) .................................................................................. 27
2.1 General Isolated Foundation 1 ...................................................................................................................................................... 27
2.10 Mat Combined Foundation ..............................................................................................................................................................90
2.11 General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity ......................................................................................................................95
Chapter 3: Canadian Code (CSA A23.3-2004) ...........................................................................105
3.1 CSA General Isolated Foundation 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 105
3.4 CSA Pilecap Foundation 1 ............................................................................................................................................................. 118
3.5 CSA General Combined Foundation 1 ......................................................................................................................................125
Chapter 4: Indian Code (IS 456 -2000) ..................................................................................... 129
4.1 IS General Isolated Foundation 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 129
4.6 IS General Isolated Foundations 6 ............................................................................................................................................ 147
4.8 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 160
4.12 IS Pilecap Foundation 1 ................................................................................................................................................................. 183
4.13 IS Pilecap Foundation 2 ................................................................................................................................................................. 190
4.14 IS Mat Combined Foundation 1 .................................................................................................................................................. 198
STAAD Foundation Advanced 2 Verification Manual

Chapter 5: United States Code (ACI 318 -2005) ....................................................................... 202
5.1 US General Isolated Foundation 1 .............................................................................................................................................202
5.8 US Isolated Foundation 8 .............................................................................................................................................................. 245
5.9 US Isolated Foundation 9 .............................................................................................................................................................. 247
5.10 US Pedestal Design 1 ......................................................................................................................................................................250
5.11 US General Combined Foundation 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 255
5.12 US General Combined Foundation 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 261
5.13 US Pilecap Foundation 1 ................................................................................................................................................................267
5.16 US Mat Combined Foundation 1 .................................................................................................................................................294
Chapter 6: Deadman Anchors (ACI 318 -2005) .........................................................................301
6.1 Deadman Guy Anchor 1 ................................................................................................................................................................. 301
6.2 Deadman Guy Anchor US 2 ...........................................................................................................................................................310
Chapter 7: Drilled Pier Foundations ........................................................................................ 341
7.1 Drilled Pier Foundation 1 API ..................................................................................................................................................... 341
7.2 Drilled Pier Foundation 2 API ..................................................................................................................................................... 346
7.3 Drilled Pier Foundation 3 FHWA ............................................................................................................................................... 352
7.4 Drilled Pier Foundation 4 FHWA ............................................................................................................................................... 357
7.5 Drilled Pier Foundation 5 Vesic ..................................................................................................................................................362
7.6 Drilled Pier Foundation 6 Vesic ..................................................................................................................................................367
Chapter 8: Plant Foundations ................................................................................................. 372
8.1 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design 1 ........................................................................................................................................372
8.2 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design ............................................................................................................................................381
8.3 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design 3 .......................................................................................................................................391
8.4 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design 4 ........................................................................................................................................400
8.5 Vertical Vessel Seismic Load Generation 1 ............................................................................................................................409
8.14 Vertical Vessel Wind Load Generation 1 ................................................................................................................................ 419
8.18 Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 425

8.19 Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 432
8.20 Horizontal Vessel Pile Cap Foundation ................................................................................................................................... 438
Chapter 9: Technical Support ................................................................................................ 451
List of Figures .................................................................................................................... 452
List of Tables ......................................................................................................................458

Introduction
This document is intended to use as a hand calculation reference for STAAD Foundation Advanced verification
problems. These verification problems files can be found under Example > Verification on the Start Page.
Each section in this manual represents either specific design code (e.g., AS3600-2001) or particular foundation
type (e.g., Dead Man Anchor Guy Foundation).
At end of each hand calculation a comparison table between hand calculations and program results is provided
for various output parameters like bearing pressure, overturning and sliding factor of safety, shear force, etc.

Australian Code (AS3600-2001[AMnd 2004])
1
1.1 General Isolated Foundation 1
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 500 KN, Fx = 0.01 KN, Fz = 0.01 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy =
450 MPa, Column Dimension = 400 mm x 400 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 110 KN/m2. Coefficient of
friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, and FOS against overturning =1.5. Height of soil above footing = 500 mm,
GWT is 1,000 mm from GL.
Surcharge= 10 KN/m2

General Isolated Foundation 1
Figure 1: Australian code General isolated foundation
Approximate area of footing required = 500/110 m2 = 4.545 m2

Assuming 2.5 m x 2.5 m x 0.400 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 2.5 x 2.5 x 0.400 x 25 KN = 62.5 KN
Weight of pedestal = 0.4 x 0.4 x 0.8 x 25 KN = 3.2 KN
Weight of above soil = (2.5 x 2.5 - 0.4 x 0.4) x 0.500 x 18 KN = 54.81 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 2.4 x 2.4 x (0.500+0.400-0.200) x 9.81 KN =
39.554 KN
Load from surcharge = (2.5 x 2.5 - 0.4 x 0.4) x 10 KN = 60.9 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 0 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (500+62.5+54.81+60.9+3.2) KN = 680.41 KN

Maximum pressure = 680.41 / (2.5x2.5) = 108.8656 KN/ m2

108.8656 KN/m2 <110 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation
Total dead load of service state on foundation = 680.41-60.9 = 619.51 KN
Hence Max possible Resisting Sliding force = 0.5 x 619.51 = 309.755 KN
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation
Total dead load of service state load on foundation = 619.51 KN
Hence Max possible Resisting Sliding force = 0.5 x 619.51 = 309.755 KN
Hence OK
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
WRT Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
Max Resisting Moment = 0.5 x 2.5 x 619.51 = 773.3875 KNm
Hence OK
WRT X Direction
Max Resisting Moment = 0.5 x 2.5 x 619.51 = 773.3875 KNm
Hence OK
Comparison
Table 1: Australian verification example 1 comparison
Value of… Reference Result STAAD Foundation Result Percent Difference
General Mode Toolkit Mode
Bearing Pressure, 108.8656 109.0256 109.0293 Negligible

KN/m2

Resisting force for 309.755 310.255 310.066 Negligible

sliding (x), KN
Resisting Moment 773.3875 776.523 775.665 0.4%

for Overturning (z),
KNm

sliding (z), KN
Resisting Moment 773.3875 776.523 775.665 0.4%

for Overturning (x),
KNm

Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1,500 KN, Mz=50 KNm, Mx=50 KNm, fc = 25 N/m2, fy =
450 N/m2m, Column Dimension = 600 mm x 600 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 150 KN/m2. Coefficient of
friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, and FOS against overturning =1.5 (Include SW for Factored Design)

Figure 2: Plan and Elevation
Approximate area of footing required = 1,500/150 m2 = 10.0 m2

Tot Moment wrt Z =50 KNm
Tot Moment wrt X =50 KNm
Stress at four corners ( service condition)
σ1 = V/A – Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
σ2 = V/A – Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
Total Vertical Load on soil
Self wt of footing = (4 m x 4 m) (0.6 m) (25 KN/m3) = 240.0 KN
Self wt of pedestal = (0.6 m x 0.6 m) (0.8 m) (25 KN/m3) = 7.2 KN
Weight of soil = 0.5 m (4 m x 4 m - 0.6 m x 0.6 m)(18 KN/m3) = 140.76 KN
Column reaction load = 1,500 KN

Total Vertical load V = 1,887.96 KN

Zz = Z · X2/6 = 4 x 42/6 =10.67 m3
Zx = Z · X2/6 = 4 x 42/6 =10.67 m3
Mx= 50 KNm
Mz = 50 KNm
σ1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 117.9975 KN/m2
σ2 = V/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 108.6225 KN/m2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 117.9975 KN/m2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 127.3725 KN/m2
Max stress = 127.9975 KN/m2 <150 KN/m2
Hence safe
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 (1,888 KN) = 944 KN
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 (1,888 KN) = 944 KN
Hence OK
Along X Direction
Overturning Moment =50 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 · (4 m) · (1,972 KN) = 3,584 KNm
Hence FOS = 3,584/50 = 71.7 > 1.5
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5 · (4 m) · (1,888 KN) = 3,776 KNm
Hence FOS = 3,872/50 = 75.52 > 1.5
Hence OK

Factored Design
Axial Load = 387.96 KN + 1.4(1,500 KN) = 2,487.96 KN
MX =1.4 x 50 =70 KNm
MZ =1.4 x 50 =70 KNm
Check For Trial Depth against moment about Z Axis

Average Base Pressure along one edge = 137.81 KN/m2 (left end)
Average Base Pressure along other edge = 124.69 KN/m2 (right end)
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 132.23 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 130.27 KN/m2
Hence, the moment at the left critical section Mu (Left) = {(132.23) (1.7 m/2)
+[(137.81-132.23)/2] ) (1.7 m/3)} (1.7 m) (4m) = 785.81 KNm
So max moment with respect to the Z axis, Mu(Z) = 785.81 KNm
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 12 mm bar, effective depth

deff = (600 - 50 - 1.5 x 12) mm = 532 mm
m= fc/fy =0.0555
γ = 0.85 - 0.007(fc - 28) = 0.871 (Take γ = 0.85 per Clause 8.1.2.2
Kumax = 0.4 (Clause 8.1.3)
Ku = 0.34 · γ · (1 - 0.2 · γ) = 0.24
Rumax = 0.85 · fc · γ · Kumax · (1 - Kumax /2) = 3,891
Mumax = ϕ [Rumax · b · d2] = 3,523.988 KNm

Mu < Mumax
Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth against moment about X Axis

Average Base Pressure along one edge = 137.81 KN/m2 (left end)
Average Base Pressure along other edge = 124.69 KN/m2 (right end)
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 132.23 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 130.27 KN/m2
Hence, the moment at the left critical section Mu (Left) = {(132.23) (1.7 m/2)
+[(137.81-132.23)/2] ) (1.7 m/3)} (1.7 m) (4m) = 785.81 KNm
So max moment with respect to the Z axis, Mu(X) = 785.81KNm

deff = (600 - 50 - 1.5 x 12) mm = 532 mm
m= fc/fy =0.0555
γ = 0.85 - 0.007(fc - 28) = 0.871 (Take γ = 0.85 per Clause 8.1.2.2
Ku = 0.34 · γ · (1 - 0.2 · γ) = 0.24
Rumax = 0.85 · fc · γ · Kumax · (1 - Kumax /2) = 3,891
Mumax = ϕ [Rumax · b · d2] = 3,523.988 KNm
Mu < Mumax
Hence OK

Area of Steel Required along X dir

Per AS3600-2009, 8.1.6.1
Minimum area of steel ratio ρmin = 0.2 ( 600

532
) 20.6 25
450
= 0.00170
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.00170 · b · d = 4,070 mm2

So, provided area of steel = 4,185mm2
Area of Steel Required along Z dir

Per AS3600-2009, 8.1.6.1
Minimum area of steel ratio ρmin = 0.2 ( 600

532
) 20.6 25
450
= 0.00170

So, provided area of steel = 4,185mm2
Check for One-Way Shear

Along X Direction
Critical section for moment is at a distance, d, away from the face of column
Average Base Pressure along one edge = 124.69 kN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = 137.81 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 133.98 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 128.52 kN/m2
Hence, the SF at the left critical section:
F = [(133.98 + 128.52)/2] (1.168 m) (4 m) KN = 634.91 KN
Critical shear is 634.91 kN
Developed shear stress, τv = 634.91 kN (103)/[4,000 (532)] = 0.298 N/mm2
τcmax = 0.2 · fc = 5 N/mm2
ß1 = 1.1(1.6 - d/1000) = 1.1(1.6 - 532/1,000) = 1.175
ß2 = 1
ß3 = 1
τc = ϕ · ß1 · ß2 · ß3. · [Ast · fc/(b · d)]1/3 = 0.7{1.175(1)(1)[4410 · 25/(4,000 · 532)]1/3} =
0.307 N/mm2
Hence OK

Along Z Direction
Average Base Pressure along one edge = 124.69 kN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = 137.81 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 133.98 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 128.52 kN/m2
Hence, the SF at the left critical section
F = [(133.98 + 128.52)/2] (1.168 m) (4 m) KN = 634.91 KN
Critical shear is 634.91 kN
Developed shear stress, τv = 634.91 kN (103)/[4,000 (532)] = 0.298 N/mm2
τcmax = 0.2 · fc = 5 N/mm2
ß1 = 1.1(1.6 - d/1000) = 1.1(1.6 - 532/1,000) = 1.175
ß2 = 1
ß3 = 1
τc = ϕ · ß1 · ß2 · ß3. · [Ast · fc/(b · d)]1/3 = 0.7{1.175(1)(1)[4410 · 25/(4,000 · 532)]1/3} =
0.307 N/mm2
Hence OK

Punching Shear
Punching Shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5 · d from the column face. Effective depth for punching shear, deff =
(600 - 50 - 1.0 x 12) mm = 538 mm
u = 4552 mm, a = 600+538 = 1,138mm
Vmax = (42-(1.138)2x131.25= 1,930.025kN
fcv = 0.34 · √(fc)] = [0.34 · √(25)] = 1.7 N/mm2
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 2,251 kN (10)3/(3,888 mm · 672 mm) = 0.862 N/mm2
Punching shear stress capacity
τc = ϕ · fcv /(1.0 + u*Mumax/8Vmax/(a · d) = 0.7x1.7/[1+785.81 /(2·1,930.025 kN (10)3 ·
538 mm)] = 0.863 N/mm2
τv < τc
Hence safe

Comparison
Corner Pressure, 117.9975 117.9974 117.9441 None

KN/m2
108.6225 108.6226 108.5694
117.9975 117.9976 117.9446
127.3725 127.3724 127.3194
Resisting force for 943.98 943.98 943.56 None

sliding, KN
943.98 943.98 943.56
Resisting Moment 3,775.92 3,779.091 3,776.001 None

for Overturning,
KNm 3,775.92 3,779.091 3,776.001

General Combined Foundation 1
Shear Force (One- 634.907 641.904 642.107 1.1%

Way), KN
634.907 641.903 641.106
Resisting Shear 0.307 0.307 0.307 None

Stress (One-Way),
N/mm2 0.307 0.307 0.307
Shear Force (Two- 0.788 0.797 0.797 1.1%

Way), KN
Resisting Shear 0.863 0.863 0.863 None

Stress (Two-Way),
N/mm2
Governing Flexural 785.81 794.471 794.723 1.1%

Moment, KNm
785.81 794.441 794.692
Resisting Flexural 3,523.988 3,523.889 3,523.889 None

Moment, KNm
3,523.988 3,523.889 3,523.889
1.3 General Combined Foundation 1

Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 600 KN each column., fc = 25 MPa, fy = 450 MPa,
Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height-500 mm. and C/C column distance = 3,000 mm .
Bearing Capacity of Soil = 105 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against
overturning =1.5
Ht of soil =450 mm

Approximate area of footing required = 2(600)/115 m2 = 10.435 m2

Assuming 5 m x 2.95 m x 0.600 m footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang = 1 m)
Weight of footing = 5 (2.95) (0.600) (25) = 221.25 KN
Weight of pedestal=2(0.3)(0.3)(0.5)(25) = 2.25 KN
Weight of soil above footing = [5(2.8) - 2(0.3)(0.3)] · 0.450 · 18 = 111.9 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 5(2.95) · (0.45 + 0.6 - 0.25) · 9.81 KN = 115.76 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2 · 600 + 221.25 + 2.25 + 111.9) KN = 1,535.4 KN
Maximum pressure= 1,535.4 /(5 · 2.95) = 104.1 KN/ m2
101 KN/ m2 < 105 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x

Total Service load on foundation = 1,535.4 KN

Hence Max possible Resisting Sliding force = 0.4 x 1,535.4 = 614.16 KN
About Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 5 m · 1,535.4 KN /2 =3,838.5 KNm
Hence OK
About X Direction
max resisting Moment = 2.95 m · 1,535.4 KN /2 = 2264.72 KNm
Hence OK
Comparison

KN/m2
Resisting Moment 614.16 612.849 615.742 Negligible

for Sliding, KN

for Overturning (Z),
KNm

for Overturning (X),
KNm

Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 600 KN and 550 KN on two col., fc = 25 MPa, fy = 450
MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height = 500 mm and C/C column distance=3000 mm .
Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against
overturning =1.5

Approximate area of footing required = (600+550)/100 m2 = 11.5 m2

Assuming 5 m x 3 m x 0.500 m footing dimension,
( left overhang = right overhang = 1 m)
Weight of footing = 5 m · 3 m · 0.500 m · 25 = 187.5 KN
Weight of pedestal = 2(0.3)(0.3)(0.5)(25) = 2.25 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (600 + 550 + 187.5 + 2.25) KN = 1,339.8 KN
Pressure from axial load = 1,339.8 KN/(5 m · 3 m) = 89.3 KN/ m2
CG of foundation raft = 5/2= 2.5 m from left end
CG of load = (1 m · 600 KN + 4 m · 550 KN)/(600 KN + 550 KN) = 2.435 m
Eccentricity= 2.5 - 2.435 = 0.065 m
So Moment Mz = P · e = 1,150 KN (0.065 m) = 75 KNm
Zz = 3 · 52/6 = 12.5 m3
stress due to moment = M/Z = 75 KNm/12.5 m3 = 6 KN/m2
Stress at left end = P/A + M/Z = 89.3 + 6 = 95.3 KN/m2
Stress at right end = P/A - M/Z = 89.3 - 6 = 83.3 KN/m2
So, Maximum stress
95.3 KN/m2 < 100 KN/m2 (Hence safe)

About Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 5 m (1,339.8 KN) /2 = 3,349.5 KNm
Hence OK
Wrt X Direction
max resisting Moment = 3 m (1,339.8 KN) /2 = 2,009.7 KNm
Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth

Moment About Z Axis (sagging)
Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 123.72 KNm
deff = (500 - 50 - 1.5 · 12) mm = 432 mm
m= fc/fy =0.0556
γ = 0.85 - 0.007 · (fc - 28) = 0.87
take γ = 0.85 ( Clause 8.1.2.2)
Ku = 0.34 ·γ · (1 - 0.2 · λ) = 0.34 · 0.85(1 - 0.2 · 0.85) = 0.24
Rumax = 0.85 · fc · γ · Ku · (1 - γ · Ku /2) = 0.85(25)(0.85)(0.24)(1 - 0.85 · 0.24/2) = 3,892.83
N/mm2
Mumax = ϕ [Rumax · b · d2] =0.80 [3,893 N/mm2 · 3,000 mm · (432 mm)2]10-6 = 1,743.67
KNm
Muz < Mumax Hence OK
Moment About Z Axis (hogging)
Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 201.58 KNm
deff = (500 - 50 - 1.5 · 12) mm = 432 mm
m= fc/fy =0.0556
γ = 0.85 - 0.007 · (fc - 28) = 0.87
take γ = 0.85 ( Clause 8.1.2.2)
Ku = 0.34 ·γ · (1 - 0.2 · λ) = 0.34 · 0.85(1 - 0.2 · 0.85) = 0.24

Rumax = 0.85 · fc · γ · Ku · (1 - γ · Ku /2) = 0.85(25)(0.85)(0.24)(1 - 0.85 · 0.24/2) = 3,892.83

N/mm2
Mumax = ϕ [Rumax · b · d2] =0.80 [3,892.83 N/mm2 · 3,000 mm · (444 mm)2]10-6 =
1,743.67 KNm
Muz < Mumax Hence OK
Moment About X Axis
Cantilever length = (3 - 0.3)/2 = 1.35 m
Bending moment at critical section, Mux =489.72 KNm
deff = (500 - 50 - 1.5 · 12) mm = 432 mm
m= fc/fy =0.0556
γ = 0.85 - 0.007 · (fc - 28) = 0.87
take γ = 0.85 ( Clause 8.1.2.2)
Ku = 0.34 ·γ · (1 - 0.2 · λ) = 0.34 · 0.85(1 - 0.2 · 0.85) = 0.24
Rumax = 0.85 · fc · γ · Ku · (1 - γ · Ku /2) = 0.85(25)(0.85)(0.24)(1 - 0.85 · 0.24/2) = 3,892.83
N/mm2
Mumax = ϕ [Rumax · b · d2] =0.80 [3,892.83 N/mm2 · 5,000 mm · (432 mm)2]10-6 =
2,906.11 KNm
Mu < Mumax Hence OK
Area of Steel Required

Along X Direction (Bottom)
Astx = 1,083 mm2
Provided area = 2,664 mm2
Along X Direction (Top)
Astx = 1,268 mm2
Along Z Direction (Bottom)
Therefore, Astz = 3,096 mm2

Figure 5: Graphs of combined strip footing internal forces

Developed shear stress V = 292.97(10)3/(3,000 · 432) = 0.225 N/mm2

τcmax = 0.2 · fc = 5 N/mm2

ß1 =1.1(1.6-d/1000) = 1.2848
ß2 = 1
ß3 = 1
τc =ß1.ß2.ß3.(Ast.fc/b.d)1/3 = 0.332 N/mm2
Hence OK
Punching Shear
For Column One
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5 · d from the column face.
Pm = 4 · (300 mm + 432 mm) = 2,928 mm
Vmax = (840+1.125+(0.732^2/15)*187.5- 120*0.732^2) = 783.52kN
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 783.52 KN · 1000/(2,928 mm · 432 mm) = 0.619 N/mm2
τc = ϕ · [0.34 · √(fc)] = 0.7 · [0.34 · √(25)] = 1.19 N/mm2
τv < τc , Hence safe
For Column Two
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d from the column face.
Pm = 2,976 mm
Vmax = (770+1.125+(0.732^2/15)*187.5- 120*0.732^2) = 713.52kN
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 713.52 KN · 1000/(2,928 mm · 432 mm) = 0.564 N/mm2
τc = ϕ · [0.34 · √(fc)] = 0.7 · [0.34 · √(25)] = 1.19 N/mm2
Comparison

KN/m2
83.3 83.17 83.17
Governing Moment, 123.72 124.398 124.391 0.54%

KNm
201.58 201.26 201.249
489.72 489.055 489.069

Resisting Moment, 1,743.67 1,742.72 1,742.72 Negligible

KNm
2,906.11 2,904.53 2,904.53
Shear Force (One- 293 303.36 303 3.4%

Way), KN
Shear capacity (One- 0.332 0.331 0.331 Negligible

Way), N/mm2
Shear Force (Two- 783.52 778.838 778.838 0.6%

Way), KN
713.52 714.328 714.328
Shear capacity 1.19 1.19 1.19 None

(Two-Way), N/mm2
Resisting Moment 3,349.5 3,343.91 3,343.91 Negligible

for Overturning (Z),
KNm

for Overturning (X),
KNm

British Code (BS8110-1-1997)
2
Reference
Reinforced Concrete by T.J.Macgingley & B.S.Choo, Page 333 and Example: 11.1.
Problem
A column 400 mm X 400 mm carries a dead load of 800 kN and an imposed load of 300 kN. The safe bearing
pressure is 200 kN/m2. Design a square base to resist the loads. The concrete is grade 35 and the reinforcement
is grade 460.
Figure 6: Bending section considered

Figure 7: One-way shear section considered
Figure 8: Two-way shear section considered
Size of base
Self-weight of footing = 2.5 x 2.5 x 0.6 x 25 = 93.75 kN
Therefore, Service load = Dead load + Imposed load + Self weight
= (800 + 300 + 93.75) kN = 1,193.75 kN
Area required = 1,193.75 / 200 m2 = 5.96875 m2
Make the base 2.5 m x 2.5 m.
Moment Steel
Ultimate load = (1.4 x 800) + (1.6 x 300) = 1,600 kN.
Ultimate pressure = 1600 / (2.5 x 2.5) = 256 kNm2

The critical section YY at the column face is shown in Figure 6.1.

MYY= 256 x (2.5 / 2 - 0.4 / 2) x 2.5 x 0.525 = 352.8 kNm.
Area required = 1,193.75 / 200 m2 = 5.96875 m2 .
Effective depth = 600 - 40 - 20 - 10 = 530 mm.
M 352.8 × 106
K = 2
= = 0.0144 < 0.156
bd f CU 2,500 × 5302 × 35
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 -
K
0.9
) = 0.984d
Therefore z = 0.95d,
M YY 352.8 × 106
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 0.95 × 460 × 0.95 × 530
= 1,603.42mm2
Minimum area of steel = 0.0015 x B x d = 0.0015 x 2500 x 530 = 1,987.5 mm2 < AS (Hence Safe)
Let us provide 8 nos. 20 mm bars, AS = 2,512 mm2.
One Way Shear

The critical section Y1 Y1 at d = 530 mm from the face of the column is shown in Figure 6.2.
Design shear force, VU = 256 x (2.5 /2 - 0.53 - 0.4 / 2) x 2.5 = 332.8 kN
Design shear stress, v = 332.8(10)3 / (2500 x 530) = 0.251 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{
5
0.8 f CU
= 4.7328N/mm2 > v
(Hence Safe)
{ ( )} { ( )} { ( )}
f CU 1/3
100AS 1/3 400 1/4
25
0.79 min bd max d min
1 40
3
25
vc = 1.25
=
{ (
0.79 min
100 × 2,512 1/3
2,500
3
× 530
)} { ( )}
400 1/4
max 430
1
35 1/3
25
( )
1.25
0.79(0.19)1/3(1)1/4(1.4)1/3
= 1.25
= 0.407N/mm2 > v
(Hence Safe)
Hence no shear reinforcement is required.
Punching Shear
Effective depth, d = 600 - 40 - 20 = 540 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 810 mm from the column face. The critical perimeter is shown
in Figure 6.3.

Perimeter = 2020 × 4 = 8080 mm

Shear = 256 x (2.52 - 2.022) = 556.42 kN
v = 556.42 x 103 / (8080 × 540) = 0.128 N / mm2 < VC (Hence Safe).
Spacing
We provided 8 nos. 20 mm bars, AS = 2,512 mm2.
Spacing = (2500 - 40 × 2 - 20) / (8 -1) = 342.86 mm.
Comparison
Table 5: British verification example 1 comparison
Effective Depth 530 530 530 None

(mm)
Governing Moment 352.8 352.8 352.8 None

(kN·m)
Area of Steel 2,512 2,513.3 2,513.3 None
Shear Stress (One- 0.251 0.251 0.251 None

Way) (N/mm2)
Shear Stress (Two- 0.128 0.127 0.127 None

Way) (N/mm2)

Reference
Reinforced Concrete by T.J.Macgingley & B.S.Choo, Page 340 and Example: 11.2.
Problem
The characteristic loads for an internal column footing in a building are given in the following table. The
proposed dimensions for the column and base are shown in Figure 6.4. The safe bearing pressure of soil is 150
kN / m2. The materials to be used in the foundation are grade 35 concrete and grade 460 reinforcement.

Table 6: Table BS2.1 - Column loads
Vertical Load (kN) Moment (KN m)
Dead Load 770 78
Imposed Load 330 34
Self-weight of footing = 0.575 x 3.6 x 2.8 x 24 = 139.1 kN.

Total axial load = 770 + 330 + 139.1 = 1239.1 kN.
Total moment = 78 + 34 = 112 kN-m.
Base area = 2.8 x 3.6 = 10.08 m2.
Section modulus = (I / y) = (1/12)BD3/(D/2) = 6.048 m3.

Maximum pressure = 1239.1/10.08 + 112/6.048 = 141.45 kN / m2 < 150 kN / m2 (Hence Safe).

Factored axial load = (1.4 x 770) + (1.6 x 330) = 1606 kN.
Factored moment = (1.4 x 78) + (1.6 x 34) = 163.6 kN-m.
Maximum pressure = 1606/10.08 + 163.6/6.048 = 186.38 kN / m2.
Minimum pressure = 1606/10.08 - 163.6/6.048 = 132.28 kN / m2.
Calculation of Reinforcement Along Shorter Span (X1- X1):

Average pressure for section X1X1 (as shown in Figure 6.5) = 159.33 kN / m2.
Moment (MY) = (159.33 x 1.175 x 3.6) x (1.175 / 2) = 395.943 kN-m.
Effective depth (d) = 575 - 40 - 30 = 505 mm.
M 395.94 × 106
K = 2
= = 0.012 < 0.156
bd f CU 3,600 × 5052 × 35
(Hence Safe)
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 -
K
0.9
) = 0.987d
M YY 395.943 × 106
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 0.95 × 460 × 0.95 × 505
= 1,888.6mm2
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 3,600 x 575 / 100 = 2,691 mm2 > calculated area of steel.
Provide minimum steel.

Figure 10: Sections considered for bending in both directions
Calculation of Reinforcement Along Longer Span (Y1-Y1):

Pressure at section Y1 Y1 (as shown in Figure 6.5) = 162.7 kN / m2.
Moment(MX) = (162.7 x 2.8 x 1.575)x(1.575 / 2)+(0.5 x 1.575 x (186.38 – 162.7) x 2.8)x(2 / 3 x 1.575) =
619.862 kN-m.
Effective depth (d) = 575 - 40 - 20 -10 = 505 mm.
M 619.862 × 106
K = 2
= = 0.025 < 0.156
bd f CU 2,800 × 5052 × 35
(Hence Safe)
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 -
K
0.9
) = 0.96d

M YY 619.862 × 106
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 0.95 × 460 × 0.95 × 505
= 2,956.6mm2
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 2,800 x 575 / 100 = 2,093 mm2 < calculated area of steel. (Hence safe)
One Way Shear Along Section Y2-Y2:

The critical section Y2 Y2 at d = 505 mm from the face of the column is shown in Figure 6.6.
Average pressure for the required section = 178.34 kN / m2.
Design shear force, VU = 178.34 x 2.8 x 1.145 = 534.29 kN
Design shear stress, v = 534.29 / (2.8 × 0.505) = 377.86 kN / m2
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4.7328 N/mm2 > v
(Hence Safe)
{ ( )} { ( )} { ( )}
f CU 1/3
100AS 1/3 400 1/4
25
1 40
3
25
vc = 1.25
{ (
0.79 min
3
2,800 × 505
)} { ( )}
100 × 2,956.6 1/3 400 1/4
max 505
1
25
( )
35 1/3
1.25
0.79(0.206)1/3(1)1/4(1.4)1/3
= 1.25
= 0.420N/mm2 > v
Let us consider 1.5 times shear enhancement.

Vce = 1.5 x 0.42(1,000) = 630 kN/m2 > v (Hence safe)

Figure 11: Sections considered for one-way shear in both directions
Along Section X2-X2:

The critical section X2X2 at d = 450 mm from the face of the column is shown in Figure 6.6.
Average pressure for the required section = 159.33 kN / m2.
Design shear force, VU = 159.33 x 3.6 x 0.67 = 384.3 kN
Design shear stress, v = 384.3 / (3.6 × 0.505) =211.39 kN / m2
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4.7328 N/mm2 > v
(Hence Safe)
{ ( )} { ( )} { ( )}
f CU 1/3
100AS 1/3 400 1/4
25
1 40
3
25
vc = 1.25

=
{ (
0.79 min 3,600 × 505
3
)} { ( )}
100 × 2,691 1/3 400 1/4
max 450
1
25
( )
35 1/3
1.25
0.79(0.148)1/3(1)1/4(1.4)1/3
= 1.25
= 0.374N/mm2 > v
Let us consider 1.5 times shear enhancement.

Vce = 1.5 x 0.374(1,000) = 561kN/m2 > v (Hence safe)
Punching Shear
The punching shear will be calculated for an area outside the area enclosed by the rectangle at a distance 1.5d
from the column face as shown in Figure 6.7.
Figure 12: Section considered for punching shear
Effective depth for punching shear check (d) = 575 - 40 - 20 = 515 mm.
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 807 mm from the column face. Punching shear strength will be
increased by 15% if there is moment apply to the bottom of footing per BS8110- 1997, 3.7.6.2.
Total pressure under the base = 2.8 × 3.6 × 132.28 + 0.5 × 3.6 × 2.8 × (186.38 – 132.28) = 1,606.05 kN.
Pressure under enclosed rectangle = (1.995)2 × 144.335 + 0.5 x (1.995)2 × (174.316 - 144.335) = 634.119 kN
Punching shear force = 1,606.05 - 634.119 = 971.93 kN.
Critical perimeter = 1.995 x 4 = 7.98 m.

Punching shear stress = 971.93 / (7.98 × 0.515) x 1.15 = 271.971 kN / m2.
Comparison
Effective Depth (X- 505 505 505 None

X) (mm)
Effective Depth (Y- 505 505 505 None

Y) (mm)

(My) (kN·m)

(Mx) (kN·m)
Area of Steel (Along 2,093 2,093 2,093 None

X-X)
Area of Steel (Along 2,691 2,691 2,691 None

Y-Y)

Way) (Y1-Y1) (kN)

Way) (X1-X1) (kN)

Way) (kN/m2)

Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1,500 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column
Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS
against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5

Approximate area of footing required = 1500/120 m2 = 12.5 m2

Therefore, total load on the footing = (1500+277.922) KN = 1777.922 KN
Maximum pressure =1777.922/(3.85x3.85)KN/ m2 = 119.95 KN/m2 <120 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Ultimate pressure =1500x1.4/(3.85x3.85) KN/m2 = 141.676 KN/m2
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0

max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1777.922 = 888.961
KN
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.85 x 1777.922 = 3422.5 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1777.922 = 888.961
KN
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.85 x 1777.922 = 3422.5 KNm
Hence OK

Moment About X Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 141.676 x 3.85 x1.775x1.775/2 = 859.26 KN-m
deff = (750-50-1.5 x 12) mm = 682 mm
M ux
K = 2
= 0.0192 < 0.156
bd f CU
Hence safe
Moment About Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 141.676 x 3.85 x1.775x1.775/2 = 859.26 KN-m
deff = (750-50-1.5 x 12) mm = 682 mm
M ux
K = 2
= 0.0192 < 0.156
bd f CU
Hence safe

Along X Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 -
K
0.9
) = 0.979d
So, Z= 0.95d

M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 3,364.9mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0013 x B x D = 3413.41 mm2

Along Z Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 -
K
0.9
) = 0.979d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 3,364.9mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0013 x B x D = 3413.41 mm2

Along X Direction
100 Ast
Percentage of steel pt = B × de
= 0.168
V u,max = 141.676 × 3.85 × ( 3.852- 0.3 - 0.682) = 596.18kN

Developed shear stress V = 596.18×103 / (3,850 × 682) = 0.227 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.168N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.349N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.698N/mm2
So V < Vce , Hence Safe

Along Z Direction

100 Ast
= 0.168
V u,max = 141.676 × 3.85 × ( 3.85 2− 0.3 − 0.682) = 596.18 kN

Developed shear stress V = 596.18×103 / (3850 × 682) = 0.227 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.168 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.349 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.698 N/mm2
Punching Shear
Effective depth for punching shear check, deff = (750-50-1.0 x 12) mm = 688 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 1,032 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 5.5885 m2
Vu = Pr×(B×H - Am) = 141.68 x (3.85^2 - 5.5885) = 1,320.27 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X (b + h + 6 x d) = 9.456 m
Vm1 = Vu/(Pm · d) = 0.201 N/mm2
vt1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
Vm1< Vt1 , Hence safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.167 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2

({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.347 N/mm2
Vm1 < Vc, Hence safe
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
3, 862.3 × 4
No. of 12 mm bar = = 35
π × 12 2
3, 850 − 50 × 2 − 12
Spacing = 35 − 1
= 110mm
Spacing for 12 mm bar = 110 mm

In the Z Direction
3, 862.3 × 4
No. of 12 mm bar = = 35
π × 12 2
3, 850 − 50 × 2 − 12
Spacing = 35 − 1
= 110mm
Check For Development Length

Along x & Z direction
Max dia permitted =25 mm
ß = 0.5
Hence Fbu = ß x √fc =0.5 x 5 = 2.5
Ld = 0.95x fy x ϕ / 4Fbu = 0.95x 415x25/4x2.5 = 985.6 mm
available length = 1,725 mm
Hence OK
Comparison

(mm)

Bearing Pressure 119.95 119.9475 119.9475 None

(kN/m2)
Ku 0.0192 0.0192 0.0192 Negligible
Governing Moment 859.26 859.246 859.246 Negligible

(kN·m)
Shear Force(One- 596.18 596.182 596.182 Negligible

Way) (kN)
Shear Force(Two- 201.1 201.091 201.091 None

Way) (kN)

sliding (kN)

for Overturning
(kN·m)

Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 2000 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column Dimension
= 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding
=1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5 Soil cover above footing =500 mm

Approximate area of footing required = 2,000/100 m2 = 20 m2

Weight of footing = 5.3 × 5.3 × 0.75 × 25 KN = 526.687 KN
Weight of soil = 5.3 × 5.3 × 0.5 × 18 KN = 252.81 KN
Weight of pier = 0.4 × 0.4 × 0.5 × 25 KN = 2 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2,000 + 526.687 + 252.81 + 2) KN = 2,780.06 KN
Maximum pressure = 2,780.06 KN/ (5.3 m × 5.3 m) KN/ m2 = 98.9697 KN/m2 <100
KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Ultimate pressure = 1.4(2,000 KN) / (5.3 m × 5.3 m)KN/m2 = 99.678 KN/m2
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 × 2,780.06 = 1,390.03
KN
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 5.3 × 2,780.06 = 7,367.15 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction

Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 × 2,780.06 = 1,390.03
KN
Hence OK
Hence OK
Check for Trial Depth Against Moment

About X Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 99.68 x 5.3 x 2.45 x 2.45 / 2 = 1,585.57 kN·m
deff = (750-50-1.5 x 16) mm = 676 mm
M ux
K = 2
= 0.0262 < 0.156
bd f CU
Hence safe
About Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 99.68 x 5.3 x = 1651 KN-m
deff = (750-50-1.5 x 16) mm = 676 mm
M ux
K = 2
= 0.0273 < 0.156
bd f CU
Hence safe

Along X Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.97d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 6,262.42 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0013 × B×D = 5,167.5 mm2

Along Z Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.97d
So, Z= 0.95d

M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 6,521.9 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0013×B×D = 5,167.5 mm2

Along X Direction
100 Ast
= 0.182
V u,max = 99.68 × 5.3 × ( 5.3 2- 0.4 - 0.676) = 937.208 kN

Developed shear stress V = 937.208(103)/(5300 × 676) = 0.262 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.185 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.36 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.72 N/mm2
So V < Vce, Hence Safe

Along Z Direction
100 Ast
= 0.185
V u,max = 99.68 × 5.3 × ( 5.3 −2 0.4 − 0.676) = 937.208 kN

Developed shear stress V = 937.208(103)/(5300 x 676) = 0.262 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.185 N/mm2

V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.36 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0. = 72 N/mm2
So V < Vce, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Vu = Pr×(B×H - Am) = 2,200.696 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 × (b + h + 6d) = 9.808 m
Vm1 = Vu/(Pm × d) = 0.328 N/mm2
vt1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.183 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.359 N/mm2
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction

6,262 × 4
No. of 16 mm bar = = 32
π × 16 2
5,300 - 50 × 2 - 16
Spacing = 32 - 1
= 167 mm

In the Z Direction
6,262 × 4
No. of 16 mm bar = = 32
π × 16 2
5,300 - 50 × 2 - 16
Spacing = 32 - 1
= 167 mm

Along X & Z direction
ß = 0.5
Hence Fbu = ß x √fc =0.5 x 5 = 2.5
Hence OK
Comparison

(mm)
Bearing Pressure 98.9697 98.9697 98.9654 Negligible

(kN/m 2 )
Ku 0.0262 0.0262 0.0262 Negligible
Governing Moment 1,585.57 1,585.16 1,584.897 Negligible

(kN·m)

Way) (kN)

Shear Force(Two- 2,200.696 2,202.492 2,202.735 Negligible

Way) (kN)
Steel required (mm 6,262.42 6,260.931 6,259.892 Negligible

2)

Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1,200 KN, Mz=80 KNm, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa,
Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5,
FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5


Tot Moment wrt Z =80 KNm
Tot Vertical Load on soil
Self wt of fdn = 3.65x 3.65x 0.75x25 = 249.8 KN
Dry wt of soil = 0
Col reaction load = 1200 KN
Tot Vertical load V = 1449.8 KN
Zz = Z.X2/6 = 3.65 x 3.652/6 =8.105 m3
Zx = X.Z2/6 = 3.65 x 3.652/6 =8.105 m3
Mx=0
Mz = 80 KNm
σ1 = V/A – Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 118.694 KN/m2
σ2 = V/A – Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 98.953 KN/m2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 98.953 KN/m2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 118.694 KN/m2
= 118.694 KN/m2 < 120 KN/m2
Hence safe
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5×1,449.8 = 724.9 KN
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5×3.63×1,449.8 = 2,645.885 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction

Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation =0.5×1449.8 = 724.9 KN
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5×3.63×1449.8 = 2645.885 KNm
Hence FOS =2645.885 / 80 = 33.074
Hence OK
Check for Trial Depth

Moment About Z Axis
Force creating Moment= (139.922 +127.239) × 0.5 × 1.675 × 3.65 = 816.68 KN
Lever arm = (127.239 + 2 × 139.922) x 1.675/ 3× (139.922 + 127.239) = 0.8508 m
Moment = F× LA = 694.84 KN·m
deff = (750-50-1.5 x 12) mm = 682 mm
M ux
K = 2
= 0.0164 < 0.156
bd f CU
Hence safe

Figure 15: Section considered for bending about the Z axis
Moment About X Axis

Force creating Moment= 126.103 × 1.675 × 3.65 = 770.97 KN
Lever arm = 1.675×0.5 = 0.823 m
Moment = F× LA =646.08 KNm
M ux
K = 2
= 0.0152 < 0.156
bd f CU
Hence safe

Figure 16: Section considered for bending about the X axis

Along X Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.983d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 2, 720 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0013×B×D = 3,236 mm2

So, provided area of steel = 3,559 mm2
Along Z Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.97d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 2, 560 mm2

So, provided area of steel = 3558.75 mm2

Along X Direction

100 Ast
= 0.143
V u,max =
1
2
(139.922 + 132.479) × 0.993 × 3.65 = 493.65kN
Developed shear stress V = 493.65(10)3/(3,650×682) = 0.198 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.143 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
d
1
= 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.331 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.662 N/mm2

Figure 17: Section considered for one-way shear along X direction
Along Z Direction
100 Ast
= 0.143
Vumax = 126.103 x 0.993 x 3.65 = 457.05 KN

Developed shear stress V = 457.05(10)3 / (3,650 ×682) = 0.184 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.143 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.331 N/mm2

2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.662 N/mm2
Figure 18: Section considered for one-way shear along z direction
Punching Shear
Effective depth for punching shear check, deff = (750-50-1.0 × 12) mm = 688 mm
Punching shear strength will be increased by 15% if there is moment apply to the bottom of footing per
BS8110-997, 3.7.6.2.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 2.364 ×2.364 = 5.588 m2
Vu = Pr×(B×H - Am) x 1.15 = 1121.572 kN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 ×( b + h + 6d) = 9.456 m
Vm1 = Vu/(Pm × d) = 0.150 N/mm2
vt1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.143 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2

({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.331 N/mm2
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
3, 559 × 4
No. of 12 mm bar = = 32
π × 12 2
3, 650 − 50 × 2 − 12
Spacing = 32 − 1
= 115mm

In the Z Direction

3, 559 × 4
No. of 12 mm bar = = 32
π × 12 2
3, 650 − 50 × 2 − 12
Spacing = 32 − 1
= 115mm

ß = 0.5
Hence Fbu = ß x √fc =0.5 x 5 = 2.5
Hence OK
Comparison

(mm)
Corner Pressure 118.694 118.6941 118.6941 None

(KN/m2)
98.953 98.9522 98.9522
98.953 98.9522 98.9522
118.694 118.6941 118.6941
Ku 0.0164 0.0164 0.0164 None
0.0152 0.0152 0.0152

(KN·m)
694.84 694.759 694.759
Shear Force ,One- 493.65 493.513 493.513 Negligible

Way (KN)
457.05 457.052 457.052
Shear Force, Two- 1121.572 1124.568 1121.568 Negligible

Way (KN)

Steel required 3,558.75 3,558.75 3,558.75 None

(mm2)
3,558.75 3,558.75 3,558.75

sliding (KN)
724.9 724.898 724.898

for Overturning
(KN·m) 2,645.8

Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1,500 KN, Fx = 100 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa,

Approximate area of footing required = 1,500/120 = 16.67 m2

Total Moment wrt Z =-0.75x100 =-75 KNm
Self wt of fdn = 4.65 × 4.65 × 0.75x25 =405.42 KN
Dry wt of soil = 0
Col reaction load = 1,500 KN
Tot Vertical load V = 1,905.42 KN
Zz = Z.X2/6 = 4.65 x 4.652/6 =16.757 m3
Zx = X.Z2/6 = 4.65 x 4.652/6 =16.757 m3
Mx=0

Mz = -75 KNm
σ1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 82.65 KN/m2
σ2 = V/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 92.59 KN/m2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 92.59 KN/m2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 82.65 KN/m2
= 92.65 KN/m2 <120 KN/m2
Hence safe
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 100 KN
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 × 1,905.42 = 952.71 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment = 75
max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 4.65 × 1,905.42 = 4,430.1 KN·m
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 × 1,905.42 = 952.71 KN
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 4.65 × 1,905.42 = 4,430.1 KN·m
Hence OK

Moment About Z Axis
Force creating Moment=1/2 x (103.387+97.525) x2.175x4.65 = 1015.988 KN
Lever arm = (97.525 + 2 x 103.387) x 2.175/ 3x (97.525 +103.387) = 1.098m
Moment = F × LA = 1,115.632 KNm
deff = (750-50-1.5 × 12) mm = 682 mm
M ux
K = 2
= 0.0206 < 0.156
bd f CU
Hence safe

Moment About X Axis

Force creating Moment= ((103.69 + 90.86) /2) x 2.175 x 4.65 = 982.258 KN
Lever arm =2.175 x 0.5 = 1.088 m
Moment = Fx LA =1,068.21 KNm
M ux
K = 2
= 0.0198 < 0.156
bd f CU
Hence safe


Along X Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.977d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 4, 368 mm2

Along Z Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.97d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 4, 192 mm2


Along X Direction

Critical section for moment is at a distance, d, from the face of column

100 Ast
= 0.15
V u,max =
1
2
(103.387 + 98.18) × 1.493 × 4.65 = 699.7kN
Developed shear stress V = 699.7(10)3/ (4,650×682) = 0.220N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.15 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
d
1
= 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.336 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.671 N/mm2

Along Z Direction
Critical section for moment is at a dist, d, from the face of column
100 Ast
= 0.15
Vumax = ((103.69 + 90.86) /2) ×1.493×4.65= 674.258 kN

Developed shear stress V = 674.258(10)3/ (4,650×682) = 0.212 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.15 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.336 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.671 N/mm2

Figure 23: Section considered for one-way shear along z direction
Punching Shear
BS8110-997, 3.7.6.2.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 2.364×2.364 = 5.59 m2
Vu = Pr×(B×H - Am) x 1.15 = 1,790.825 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 × (b + h + 6d) = 9.456 m
Vm1 = Vu/(Pm × d) = 0.275 N/mm2
vt1 =
min
{
0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.148 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
d
1
= 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25

0.79(V 1) (V 2) (V 3)
1/3 1/4
Vc = 1.25
= 0.335 N/mm2
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
4, 368 × 4
No. of 12 mm bar = = 39
π × 12 2
4, 650 − 50 × 2 − 12
Spacing = 39 − 1
= 119mm

In the Z Direction
4, 192 × 4
No. of 12 mm bar = = 37
π × 12 2
4, 650 − 50 × 2 − 12
Spacing = 37 − 1
= 126mm


ß = 0.5
Hence Fbu = ß x √fc =0.5 x 5 = 2.5
Hence OK
Comparison

(mm)

(kN/m2)
92.5978 92.5978 92.5978
92.5978 92.5978 92.5978
83.6466 83.6466 83.6466
Ku 0.0198 0.0198 0.0198 None
0.0206 0.0206 0.0206

(kN·m)
1,115.555 1,115.637 1,115.637
Shear Force (One- 699.7 703.792 703.792 Negligible

Way) (kN)
674.258 674.258 674.258
Shear Force (Two- 1,790.825 1,790.825 1,790.825 None

Way)
Steel required 4,750 4,750 4,750 None

(mm2)
4,750 4,750 4,750


sliding (kN)
952.71 952.71 952.71

for Overturning
(kN·m) 4,430.1 4,430.025 4,430.025

Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1,500 KN, Mz=Mx=50 KNm, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 460 MPa,

Approximate area of footing required =1500/100 m2 = 15 m2

Total Moment wrt Z = 50 KNm
Total Moment wrt X = 50 KNm
Self wt of fdn = 4.5 × 4.5 × 0.7 × 25 = 354.375 KN
Dry wt of soil = 0
Col reaction load = 1,500 KN
Tot Vertical load V = 1,854.375 KN

Zz = Z.X2/6 = 4.5 × 4.52/6 =15.1875 m3

Zx = X.Z2/6 = 4.5 × 4.52/6 =15.1875 m3
Mx= 50 KNm
Mz = 50 KNm
σ1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 91.574KN/m2
σ2 = V/A – Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 84.9897 KN/m2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 91.574 KN/m2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 98.1584 KN/m2
= 98.1584 KN/m2 <100 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation =0.5 × 1,854.375 = 927.188
KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment = 50 KNm
Hence FOS = 4,172.344 / 50 = 82.5> 1.5
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation =0.5 × 1,854.375 = 927.188
KN
Hence OK
Hence FOS=4,172.344 / 50 = 82.5> 1.5
Hence OK

About Z Axis
Avg Base Pressure at one edge= (94.4856+103.7037)/2 = 99.0952 KN/m2
Avg Base Pressure at other edge= (103.7037+112.9218)/2 = 108.3128 KN/m2
Force creating Moment = (108.313 +104.011)/2 × 2.1 × 4.5 = 1,003.23 KN

Lever arm = (104.011+2×108.313)×2.1/3×(104.011+108.313) = 1.057m

Moment = F× LA = 1,060.505 KNm
deff = (700-50-1.5 × 12) mm = 632 mm
M ux
K = 2
= 0.0236 < 0.156
bd f CU
Hence safe
About X Axis
Avg Base Pressure at one edge= (94.4856+103.7037)/2 = 99.0952 KN/m2
Avg Base Pressure at other edge= (103.7037+112.9218)/2 = 108.3128 KN/m2
Force creating Moment = (108.313 +104.011)/2 × 2.1 × 4.5 = 1,003.23 KN
Lever arm = (104.011+2×108.313)×2.1/3×(104.011+108.313) = 1.057m
Moment = F× LA = 1,060.505 KNm
deff = (700-50-1.5 x 12) mm = 632 mm
M ux
K = 2
= 0.0236 < 0.156
bd f CU
Hence safe


Along X Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.973d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 4, 042 mm2

Along Z Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.973d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 4, 042 mm2

Along X Direction
100 Ast
= 0.148
V u,max =
1
2
(108.313 + 104.592) × 1.468 × 4.5 = 703.225kN

Developed shear stress V = 703.225(10)3 / (4,500×632) = 0.247 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.148 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.335 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.70 N/mm2
Along Z Direction
100 Ast
= 0.148

V u,max =
1
2
(108.313 + 104.592) × 1.468 × 4.5 = 703.225kN
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.148 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
d
1
= 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.335 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.70 N/mm2
Figure 28: Section considered for one-way shear along Z direction

Punching Shear
BS8110-997, 3.7.6.2.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 2.214×2.214 = 4.902 m2
Vmax = Pr×(B×H - Am) x 1.15 = 1,830.415 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 ×( b + h + 6d) = 8.856 m
Vm1 = Vmax/(Pm × d) = 0.324 N/mm2
vt1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
Vm1 < Vt1 , Hence safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.15 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.335 N/mm2

Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
4, 042 × 4
No. of 12 mm bar = = 36
π × 12 2
4, 450 − 50 × 2 − 12
Spacing = 36 − 1
= 125mm

In the Z Direction
4, 042 × 4
No. of 12 mm bar = = 36
π × 12 2
4, 450 − 50 × 2 − 12
Spacing = 36 − 1
= 125mm

Comparison

(mm)

(kN/m2)
84.9897 84.9897 84.9897
91.574 91.574 91.574
98.1584 98.1584 98.1584
Ku 0.0236 0.0236 0.0236 None
0.0236 0.0236 0.0236

(kN·m)
1,060.505 1,060.474 1,060.474

Way) (kN)
703.225 705.581 705.581

Way) (kN)
Steel required 12 @ 120 c/c 12 @ 120 c/c 12 @ 120 c/c None

sliding (kN)
927.188 927.188 927.188

for Overturning
(kN·m) 4,172.344 4,172.267 4,172.267


Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 500 KN each column, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 450 MPa,
Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height 500 mm. and C/C column distance=3000 mm. Bearing
Capacity of Soil = 150 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5.
Fx = 0.001 KN ( for sliding and overturning check)
Ht of soil = 400 mm. Depth of GWT = 2,000 mm
Approximate area of footing required = 2x500/150 m2 = 6.67 m2

Assuming 5 m x 2 m x 0.600 m footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang=1m)
Weight of footing = 5 m x 2 m x 0.600 x25 KN = 150 KN
Weight of pedestal=2x0.3x0.3x0.5x25=2.25 KN
Weight of soil above footing = (5 x 2-0.3x0.3x2) x 0.400 x18 KN = 70.704 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x500+150 +2.25+70.704) KN = 1,222.954 KN
Maximum pressure= 1222.954 / (5 x2) = 122.295 KN/ m2 < 150 KN/m2
Hence safe
2 ( 500 )( 1.4 )
Ultimate pressure = 5(2)
= 140 kN/m 2

About Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5×5×1,222.954 = 3,057.385 kN·m
Hence OK
About X Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5 ×2 ×1,222.954 = 1,222.954 kN·m
Hence OK

Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 101.219 kN·m
deff = (600 - 50 - 1.5×12) mm = 532 mm
M ux 101.219(10)6
K = = = 0.00715 < 0.156
25(2,000)(532)2
2
f CU bd
Hence OK
deff = (600 - 50 - 1.5×12) mm = 532 mm
M
ux 171.299(10)6
K = = = 0.0121 < 0.156
25(2,000)(532)2
2
f CU bd
Hence OK
Moment About X Axis
Cantilever length= (2 - 0.3) / 2 = 0.85 m
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 140×5×0.852 / 2 =252.875 kN·m
deff = (600 - 50 - 0.5×12) mm = 532 mm
M ux 252.875(10)6
K = = = 0.00715 < 0.156
25(5,000)(532)2
2
f CU bd
Hence OK


(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.986d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 468 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0013×B×D = 1,383 mm2 (as fy > 250)
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.994d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 793 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0013 x B x D = 1,383 mm2 ( as fy>250)

(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.986d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 1, 170 mm2


100 Ast
= 0.149
Vumax = 226.649 KN
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.149 N/mm2

V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.335 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.67 N/mm2
Punching Shear
For Column One
Effective depth for punching shear check, deff = (600 - 50 - 1.0×12) mm = 538 mm
increased by 15% if there is moment applied to the bottom of footing per BS8110-1997, 3.7.6.2.
Two-way shear = 189.03 x 1.15 = 217.385kN
Pm = 300×2+300×2 + 538×12 = 7,656 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm × d) = 217. 385(10)3 / (7,656×538) =0.053 N/mm2
vt1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
τv < Vt1 , Hence safe

For Column Two
increased by 15% if thereis moment apply to the bottom of footing per BS8110- 1997, 3.7.6.2.
Two-way shear = 189.03 x 1.15 = 217.385kN
Pm = 300×2+300×2 + 538×12 = 7,656 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm × d) = 217. 385(10)3 / (7,656×538) =0.053 N/mm2
vt1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
τv < Vt1, Hence safe

Figure 31: Shear force and Bending Moment diagrams

Comparison

(kN/m 2 )
Governing Moment 101.219 101.612 101.149 1.98%

(kN·m)
171.299 174.92 174.90
252.875 253.203 252.874

Way) (kN)
Shear Force (Two- 217.385 215.752 215.199 Negligible

Way) (kN)

for Overturning (Z)
(kN·m)

for Overturning (X)
(kN·m)

Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 600 KN, Mz = 30 KNm, each column., fc = 25 MPa, fy =
450 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height 500 mm. and C/C column distance = 3,500
mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 140 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against
overturning =1.5
No soil above footing and dry condition.

Approximate area of footing required = 2×600/140 m2 = 8.57 m2

Assuming 5.9 m×2.5 m×0.600 m footing dimension,
( left overhang = right overhang = 1.2m)
Weight of footing = 5.9 m × 2.5 m × 0.600 × 25 kN = 221.25 kN
Weight of pedestal = 2×0.3×0.3×0.5×25 = 2.25 kN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2×600 +221.25+ 2.25) kN = 1,423.5 kN
Maximum pressure from axial load= 1,423.5 / (5.9 x2.5) = 96.508 KN/ m2
Total Moment = 30 + 30 = 60 KNm
CG of load= 2.9 m
CG of raft = 2.9 m
Z = 2.5 × 5.92 / 6 = 14.504 m3
So M/Z = 4.137 KN/m2
So stress at left end= P/A + M/Z = 100.645 KN/m2
So stress at right end= P/A - M/Z = 92.2372 KN/m2
100.645 KN/ m2 < 140 KN/m2

Hence safe
About Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5×5.9×1423.5 = 4,199.325 KNm
So FOS = 4,199.325 / 60 = 69.99 > 1.5
Hence OK
About X Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5×2.5×1,423.5 = 1,779.375 KNm
Hence OK

deff = (600 - 50 - 1.5×12) mm = 532 mm
M ux 164.44(10)6
K = = = 0.0093 < 0.156
25(2,500)(532)2
2
f CU bd
Hence OK
deff = (500 - 50 - 1.5×12) mm = 532 mm
M ux 233.56(10)6
K = = = 0.0132 < 0.156
25(2,500)(532)2
2
f CU bd
Hence OK
Moment About X Axis
Cantilever length = (2.5 - 0.3) / 2 = 1.1 m
Ultimate soil bearing pressure w/o self-weight (Max) = 1.4 x 1200/(5.9 x 2.5) + 1.4 x60 / Z = 118.035
KN/m2
Ultimate soil bearing pressure w/o self-weight (Min) = 1.4 x 1200/(5.9 x 2.5) - 1.4 x60 / Z = 109.762 KN/m2
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = (118.035 + 109.762)/2×5.9×1.12/2 = 406.56 kN·m

deff = (500 - 50 - 1.5×12) mm = 532 mm

M ux 406.56(10)6
K = = = 0.00974 < 0.156
25(5,000)(532)2
2
f CU bd
Hence OK

(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.99d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 761 mm2

(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.985d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 1, 080 mm2

(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.99d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 1, 882 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0013×B×D =4,080 mm2


100 Ast
= 0.17
Vumax = 317.771 kN

vc1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.17N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.351 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.702 N/mm2
Punching Shear
For Column One
Two-way shear = 476.443 kN
Pm = 300×2+300×2 + 538×12 = 7,656 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm × d) = 476.443(10)3 / (7,656×538) = 0.116 N/mm2
vt1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v

For Column Two
Two-way shear = 497.173 kN
Pm = 300×2+300×2 + 538×12 = 7,656 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm × d) = 497.173(10)3 / (7,656×538) = 0.121 N/mm2

vt1 =
min
{
0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
Figure 33: Shear force and Bending Moment diagrams

Mat Combined Foundation
Comparison
Value of… Reference Result STAAD Foundation Difference

Advanced Result
Bearing Pressure (kN/m2) 100.645 100.5 Negligible
92.2372 92.2252
Governing Moment 164.44 164.236 Negligible

(kN·m)
233.559 231.776
406.56 406.74
Shear Force (One-Way) 317.771 322.618 Negligible

(kN)
Shear Force (Two-Way) 476.443 471.709 1.0%

(kN)
497.173 500.657
Resisting Moment for 4,199.325 4,192.872 Negligible

Overturning (Z) (kN·m)
Resisting Moment for 1,779.325 1,776.4641 Negligible

Overturning (X) (kN·m)
2.10 Mat Combined Foundation

Reference
Macginley, T. J., and B. S. Choo. Reinforced Concrete: Design Theory and Examples. New York: CRC, 1990. Print.
Page 351, Example: 11.4
Problem
Design a rectangular base to support two columns carrying the following loads:
Column 1 – Dead load 310 kN, imposed load 160 kN

Column 2 – Dead load 430 kN, imposed load 220 kN
The columns are each 350 mm square and are spaced at 2.5 m centers. The width of the base is not to exceed 2.0
m. The safe bearing pressure on the ground is 180 kN/m2. The materials are grade 35 concrete and grade 460
reinforcement.

Let us assume that the self weight of the base is 130 kN.
Total vertical load = 310 + 160 + 430 + 220 + 130 = 1,250 kN.
Area of base = 1,250 / 160 = 7.81 m2 (considering safe base pressure as 160 kN/m2).
Length of base = 7.81/2 = 3.91 m
Let the dimension of the mat be as follows,
Width = 2 m,
Length = 4.5 m,
Depth = 0.6 m.
Hence self-weight of mat = 2 x 4.5 x 0.6 x 24 = 129.6 kN.
Hence, total vertical load = 310 + 160 + 430 + 220 + 129.6 = 1,249.6 kN.
Actual base pressure = 1,249.6 / (2 x 4.5) = 138.84 kN/m2.
Load Case I (DL & IL on both the column)

The ultimate loads are,
Column 1 load = 1.4 x 310 + 1.6 x 160 = 690 kN,
Column 2 load = 1.4 x 430 + 1.6 x 220 = 954 kN.
The distance of center of gravity from column 1 is checked for service load case 1:
x = (954 x 2.5)/(690 + 954) = 1.45 m.

The soil pressure is checked for service loads for case 1:

Base area = 4.5 x 2 =9.0 m2,
Base modulus = 2 x 4.52 / 6 = 6.75 m3.
Direct load = 310 + 160 + 430 + 220 + 129.6 = 1249.6 kN.
The moment about the centerline of the base is,
M = (430 + 220) 1.05 – (310 + 160) 1.45 = 1.0 kN-m.
Maximum pressure = 1249.6 / 9 + 1 / 6.75 = 138.9 kN / m2 < 180 kN / m2 (Hence safe)
Total uniformly distributed upward load = (690 + 954) / (4.5 x 2 / 2) = 365.33 kN / m.
Load Case II (DL & IL on column 1; DL on column 2)

Column 1 load = 1.4 x 310 + 1.6 x 160 = 690 kN,
Column 2 load = 1.0 x 430 = 430 kN.
Direct load = 310 + 160 + 430 + 129.6 = 1,029.6 kN.
M = 430 X 1.54 – (310 + 160) 0.96 = 230 kN-m.
Maximum pressure = 1,029.6 / 9 + 230 / 6.75 = 148.47 kN / m2 < 180 kN / m2 (Hence safe)
Load Case III (DL on column 1; DL & IL on column 2)

Column 1 load = 1.0 x 310 = 310 kN,
Column 2 load = 1.4 x 430 + 1.6 x 220 = 954 kN.
Direct load = 310 + 430 + 220 + 129.6 = 1,089.6 kN.
M = (430 + 220) 1.05 – 310 X 1.45 = 233 kN-m.
Maximum pressure = 1,089.6 / 9 + 233 / 6.75 = 155.59 kN / m2 < 180 kN / m2 (Hence safe)

Design of Longitudinal (Bottom) Steel

The maximum negative BM from Figure 6.18 is 221.7 kN-m
Assuming 40 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar diameter, effective depth = 600 – 40 – 20/2 = 550 mm.
M ux 221.7(10)6
K = = = 0.0104 < 0.156
35(2, 000)(550)2
2
f CU bd
Hence Safe
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.988d

M XX 221.7(10)6
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 0.95 × 460 × (0.95 × 550)
= 971 mm2
The minimum area of steel = 0.13×2000×600 / 100 = 1,560 mm2 > calculated area of steel.
Provide minimum steel.
Provide 16 bars 12 mm in diameter at 125 mm centers to give area of 1,808 mm2.
Design of Longitudinal (Top) Steel

The maximum positive BM from Figure 6.18 is 99.7 kN-m.
Assuming 40 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar diameter, effective depth = 600 – 40 – 20/2 = 550 mm.
M ux 99.7(10)6
K = = = 0.004 < 0.156
35(2, 000)(550)2
2
f CU bd
Hence Safe
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 -
K
0.9
) = 0.995d
M XX 99.7(10)6
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 0.95 × 460 × (0.95 × 550)
= 437 mm2
The minimum area of steel = 0.13×2000×600 / 100 = 1,560 mm2 > calculated area of steel.
Provide minimum steel as above.
Calculation of Vertical Shear

The maximum vertical shear from case 1 is V = 250.8 kN,
250.8(10)3
V = 2, 000 × 550
= 0.228N/mm2
{ ( )} { ( )} { ( )}
f 1/3
100AS 1/3 400 1/4 CU
25
1 40
3
25
vc = 1.25
=
{ ( 100 × 1, 808 1/3
0.79 min 2, 000 × 550
3
)} { ( )}
400 1/4
max 550
1
35 1/3
25
( )
1.25
0.79(0.1644) (1) (1.4)1/3
1/3 1/4
= 1.25
= 0.39 N/mm2 > v

General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity
Punching Shear Check

The critical perimeter for punching shear check is at 1.5 d distance from the face of the column. Here the
perimeter crosses the boundary of the base on two sides. Hence punching shear is less critical than the vertical
shear in this case.
Comparison
Table 16: British verification example comparison

Advanced Result
Longitudinal Bending 221.7 for load III 275 for load III using 24%
Moment that causes Results Along Line
tension on bottom (kN·m)
Longitudinal Bending 99.7 for load I Approx. 100 for load I Negligible
Moment that causes using Results Along Line
tension on top (kN·m)
Area of Steel required for 971 1338 38%

longitudinal moment at
bottom (mm 2 /m)
Base Pressure (kN/m 2 ) 138.84 138.96 None
2.11 General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity

Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data:
Loads:
Fx = -300 KN
Fy = -500 KN
Fz= -200 KN
Mz = 45.89 KNm
Mx =-98.32 KNm
Offset of column in X-direction, Oxd = 300 mm
Offset of column in Z-direction, Ozd =300 mm
Density of soil =14 kN/m3

Depth of Soil = 0.5m

Density of Concrete = 25 kN/m3
Coefficient of Friction, μ = 0.5
Safe Bearing Capacity of the Soil, σ = 120 KN/m2
Factor of Safety against Overturning =1.5
Factor of Safety against Sliding = 1.5
Permissible soil pressure =
Column dimension = 0.3m x 0.3m,
Strength of concrete, fc’ = M-30 = 4,349.39 psi
Strength of steel, fy = Fe-415

Self-wt of footing, wt of soil and surcharge are not included for shear and moment computations
Design started with trial dimensions of 5.0m×5.0m×1.0m
Determination of Base Area of Footing

The base area of footing is determined using service (unfactored) loads with the net permissible soil pressure.
Net permissible soil pressure = 120 KN/ m2
Required base area of footing = (500 + 0.10 x 500)/ 120= 4.5833 m2

Use a 5 .0m x 5.0m square footing (Af = 25 m2).

Using a depth of 1m;
Self-wt. of Footing =(5.0×5.0×1×25) = 625 kN
Wt. of soil = 14×0.5×[(5.0×5.0) – (0.3×0.3)] = 175 kN
Total self weight = 625 + 174.27 + 1.125 = 800 kN
Serviceability Check
The net moments are given by:
Mz = +45.89 - (-300×1.0) + (-500×0.3) = 195.89 kN·m
Mx = - 98.32 + (-200×1.0) - (-500×0.3) = -148.32 kN·m
The pressure at the four corners are given by:
σ1 = ((500+800.395)/ 25) + (6×195.89/53) - (6×148.32/53) = 49.717 kN/m2
σ2 = ((500+800.395)/ 25) - (6×195.89/53) - (6×148.32/53) = 35.478 kN/m2
σ3 =((500+800.395)/ 25) - (6×195.89/53) + (6×148.32/53) = 54.283 kN/m2
σ4 = ((500+800.395)/ 25) + (6×195.89/53) + (6×148.32/53) = 68.522 kN/m2
which is < 120 kN/m2. Hence OK
Stability Check
Calculation for Overturning and Sliding:
For Sliding:
Along X- Direction
Disturbing force = -300 kN
Restoring Force = m×(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 650 kN
Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (650/300) = 2.166 > 1.5 Hence Safe
Along Z- Direction
Disturbing force = -200 KN
Restoring Force = mu×(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 650 kN
Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (650/200) =3.25 > 1.5 Hence Safe
About X- Direction
Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz× (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) = -98.32- 200×
(0.0 +1) = -298.32 kN·m
Restoring Moment = Fy × (Width of Footing ×0.5 +Ozd)+ (Wt of Soil + Wt of Footing) ×
Width of Footing×0.5 = 3,400 kN·m
Hence, Factor of Safety against Overturning = (3,400/298.32) = 11.397 > 1.5 Hence Safe
About Z- Direction

Overturning Moment = Mz + Fx× (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) =45.89 + 300×

(0.0 +1) = 345.89 kN·m
Restoring Moment = Fy × (Width of Footing ×0.5 +Ozd)+ (Wt of Soil + Wt of Footing) ×
Width of Footing*0.5 = 3,400 kN·m
Hence, Factor of Safety against Overturning = (3,400/345.89) = 9.83 > 1.5 Hence Safe
Base Pressure for Shear and Moment Calculation

The pressure at the four corners are given by:
σ1 = (500/ 25) + (6×195.89 /53) - (6×148.32 /53) = 22.283 kN/m2
σ2 = (500/25) - (6×195.89 /53) - (6×148.32 /53) = 3.478 kN/m2
σ3 = (500/ 25) - (6×195.89 /53) + (6×148.32 /53) = 17.717 kN/m2
σ4 = (500/ 25) + (6×195.89 /53) + (6×148.32 /53) = 36.522 kN/m2
Check for Flexure and Calculation for Reinforcement

Factored loads and soil reaction:
To proportion the footing for strength (depth and required reinforcement) factored loads are used. For this
problem, the factors used are all 1.0
Figure 36: Bending about major axes
Bending About Z-axis Bending About X-axis
Critical section for moment is at the face of column

About X- axis
Average Base Pressure along one edge
= (22.283+3.478)/2 =12.8805 kN/m2

Average Base Pressure along other edge

= (17.717+36.522)/2 = 27.1195 kN/m2
5 - (5/2+0.3+0.15) = 2.65
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section
= 27.1195- [(27.1195 - 12.8805)/5.0×2.65] =19.5728 kN/ m2
Hence, the moment at the critical section
Mu =5.0×[19.5725 ×2.65×2.65×0.5+0.5×(27.1195-19.5728)× 2.65×2.65×1/3] = 431.95
kN·m
Effective depth, d = 1000 – 50 – 1.5 × 16 = 926 mm
Mu 431.95(10)6
K = = = 0.00336 < 0.15
5,000(926)2(30)
2
bd f cu
Hence safe
Therefore,
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.9977d
Thus, Z = 0.95d
M XX 431.95(10)6
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 0.95 × 415 × (0.95 × 926)
= 1, 245 mm2
The minimum area of steel = 0.13×5,000×1,000 / 100 = 6,500 mm2 > Calculated area of steel.
So, provide minimum steel = 6,500 mm2
About Z- axis
= (36.522+22.283)/2 =29.4025 kN/m2
(5/2+0.3-0.15) = 2.65
= (17.7167+3.47792)/2 = 10.5973 kN/m2
= 29.4027- [(29.4027-10.5973)/5.0×2.65] =19.4358 kN/m2
Hence, the moment at the critical section
Mu =5.0×[19.4358 ×2.65×2.65×0.5+0.5×(29.4027 –19.4358)×2.65×2.65×2/3}= 457.874
kN·m
Effective depth, d = 1,000 – 50 – 1.5 × 16 = 926 mm
Mu 457.874(10)6
K = = = 0.00356 < 0.156
5,000(926)2(30)
2
bd f cu
Hence safe

Therefore,
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.9961d
Thus, Z = 0.95d
M ZZ 457.87(10)6
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 0.95 × 415 × (0.95 × 926)
= 1,320 mm2
The minimum area of steel = 0.13×5,000×1,000 / 100 = 6,500 mm2 > Calculated area of steel.
So, provide minimum steel = 6,500 mm2
Check for Shear

Assume overall footing thickness = 1.0 m and average effective thickness d = 0.926 m
Wide-beam action (One-Way Shear) :
One-way Shear Along Z-Z axis
Vu = qs× tributary area
Bw = 5.00 m
qs is given by:
= (22.2834+3.47792)/2 =12.8805 kN/m2
= (17.7167+36.5221)/2 = 27.1195 kN/m2
(5/2 +0.3 -0.926 -0.15) = 1.724
= 27.1195- [(27.1195 – 12.8805)/5.0×1.724] = 22.21 KN/ m2
Hence, the one- way shear at the critical section
Vux = 5.0×[22.21×1.724+0.5×(27.1194-22.21)×1.724]= 212.61 kN
Design shear stress, v = 212.61/(5.0×0.926) = 45.92 kN/m2
Now, VC1 = min(0.8 √(fcu),5) N/ mm2= 4,381.78 kN/ m2 > v (Hence Safe)
{ ( )} { ( )} { ( )}
f CU 1/3
100AS 1/3 400 1/4
25
1 40
3
25
vc = 1.25
=
{ (
100 × 6,500 1/3
0.79 min 5,000 × 930
3
)} { ( )}
400 1/4
max 930
1
25
( )
30 1/3
=
0.79(0.145)1/3(1)1/4(1.2)1/3
= 353 kN/m2 > v
1.25 1.25
Consider 1.5× shear enhancement.

Vce = 1.5 × 355 = 706 kN/m2 > v (Hence safe)


One-way Shear Along X-X axis
Vu = qs× tributary area
Bw = 5.00 m
qs is given by:
= (36.5221+22.2834)/2 =29.4027 kN/m2
= (17.7167+3.47792)/2 = 10.5973 kN/m2
(5/2 +0.3 –0.92 –0.15) = 1.73
= 29.4027- [(29.4027-10.5973)/5.0×1.73] =22.89603 kN/ m2
Hence, the Design one-way shear at the critical section
Vuz =5.0×[22.89603×1.73+0.5×(29.4027-22.89603)×1.73] = 226.1924 kN
Design shear stress, v = 226.1924/(5.0×0.93) =48.64353 kN/ m2
Now, vC1 = min(0.8 √(fcu),5) N/ mm2= 4,381.78 kN/ m2 > v (Hence Safe)
{ ( )} { ( )} { ( )}
f CU 1/3
100AS 1/3 400 1/4
25
1 40
3
25
vc = 1.25
=
{ ( 100 × 6,500 1/3
0.79 min 5,000 × 930
3
)} { ( )}
400 1/4
max 930
1
( )
30 1/3
25
=
0.79(0.148)1/3(1)1/4(1.2)1/3
= 355 kN/m2 > v
1.25 1.25
Let us consider 2× shear enhancement.

Vce = 2×355 = 710 kN/m2 > v (Hence safe)
Two-way action (Punching Shear)

Effective depth for punching shear check, d = 1000 - 50 - 1.0 x 16 = 934 mm
BS8110-997, 3.7.6.2.
Area within Critical Perimeter, Am = 3.102×3.102 = 9.622 m2
Vmax = Pr×(B×H - Am) x 1.15 = 507.19 KN
Critical perimeter, Pm = 2 ×( b + h + 6d) = 12.408 m
Vm1 = Vmax/(Pm × d) = 0.044 N/mm2

vt1 =
min
{
0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
Vm1 < Vt1, Hence safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.146 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
30
V3 = = 1.063 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )1/3

0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.354 N/mm2
Comparison
Table 17: British verification example 13 comparisons
Moment about X 431.95 431.466 431.561 Negligible

(kN·m)
Moment about Z 457.874 457.377 457.472 Negligible

(kN·m)
Area of steel about 6,500.00 6,500.00 6,500.00 Negligible

X-X
Area of steel about 6,500.00 6,500.00 6,500.00 Negligible

Z-Z (mm 2 )
Shear Stress (One 48.64 48.447 48.563 Negligible

way) along X (kN/m
2)
Shear Stress (One 45.92 45.732 45.813 Negligible

way) along Z (kN/m
2)
Shear Force (Two 507.19 508.279 508.183 Negligible

way) (kN)

Factor of Safety 2.1656 2.167 2.166 Negligible

against Sliding (X)
Factor of Safety 3.2484 3.25 3.249 Negligible

against Sliding (Z)
Factor of Safety 11.397 11.397 11.397 None

against Overturning
(X)
Factor of Safety 9.83 9.83 9.83 None

against Overturning
(Z)

Canadian Code (CSA A23.3-2004)
3
3.1 CSA General Isolated Foundation 1
Design of a square Isolated Footing
Problem
A tied column –450 mm square and reinforced with eight No. 35 bars– carries an unfactored dead load of 1300
kN and an unfactored live load of 1000 kN. Suitable soil with a factored soil bearing pressure of 300 kN/m2 is
available at a depth of 1.5 m. Design a square footing.
The compressive strength f'c is 25 MPa for the column and 25 MPa for the footing. All steel has fy=400 MPa. Unit
weight of concrete and soil is 24 kN/m2 and 16 kN/m2 respectively.

CSA General Isolated Foundation 1
Note: The Bar sizes used in Canadian Reinforcement Tables are slightly different from the Metric Bar sizes.
Trial Footing Size

Calculate the initial footing size based on soil bearing capacity.
Required area of footing: 2300/300 = 7.66 m2
Self Weight of footing = 3.6 x 3.6 x 0.75 x 24 = 233.28 kN
weight of soil = (3.6 x 3.6 - .452) x 1.5 x 16 = 306.18 kN
Total Axial load = 2300 + 233.28+306.18 = 2839.46 kN
So stress on soil= 2839.46 /(3.6x3.6)= 219.094 kN/m2 < 300 kN/m2
Hence OK.
Calculate Factors of Safety

In this case, we do not have any sliding and overturning forces. The CSA A23.3-04 recommends for a footing that
experiences horizontal shear, the designer must make sure that this shear is transferred to the subgrade
utilizing the passive soil resistance and the friction between the subgrade and the footing surface. The passive

soil resistance will be ignored in STAAD Foundation Advanced to calculate the factor of safety against sliding
check. Factor of safety against overturning must be checked as per the NBCC.
Max sliding force = axial load x coefficient of friction
Coeff. of friction = 0.5,
Sliding force = 0.5x 2839.46 =1419.73 kN (same for X & Z dir)
Max resisting moment against overturning = axial force x Dimension/2 = 0.5x 2839.46 x3.6 kN·m = 5111.028
kN·m (Same wrt both x and z axis).
As per CSA A.23.3-04 cls. 8.3 and Annex C. the 2005 National Building Code of Canada load combination factors
must be used:
Factored Load = 1.25 DL + 1.5 LL = (1.25 × 1,300 kN) + (1.5 × 1,000 kN) = 3,125 kN
Stress on soil from Factored load = 3,125/(3.6 × 3.6) = 241.126 kN/m2

Along X Direction
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 19.5 mm bar (20 mm Metric Bar), effective depth
deff = (750-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm
V u,max = 241.126 3.6 ( )( 3.6 -20.45 - 0.67075) = 784.937 kN

ϕ = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9.deff = 0.9 × 670.75 = 603.675 mm
bw = 3,600 mm
Now allowable one-way shear capacity per CSA A23 clause 11.3.5.2
230
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) ϕc λ f c bw dv = 1012.297 kN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 19.5 (20 mm metric bar), effective depth
deff = (750-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm
V u,max = 241.126(3.6) ( 3.6 -20.45 - 0.67075) = 784.937 kN

ϕ = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9.deff=0.9 × 670.75=603.675 mm
bw = 3,600 mm
230
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) ϕc λ f c bw dv = 1012.297 kN
V < Vc, Hence Safe

Punching Shear
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 19.5 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 690 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 340.25 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = (450+2 × 0.5 × 680.5)2 = 1.2780 m2
Vmax = Pr(B·H - Am) = 241.126 × (3.6 × 3.6 - 1.2780) = 2816.833 kN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 × ( b + h + 2×d) = 4.522 m
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 0.915 N/mm2
α=4
ß=L/B =3.6/3.6 =1
(
Vr1 = 1 +
2
βc )0.19λϕ f c
'
c = 1.852N mm 2 /
Vr2 = ( + 0.19)λϕ /
αs ⋅ d
b0 c f '
c = 2.573N mm 2
Vr3 = 0.38λϕc f '

c = 1.235 N mm 2 /
Considering clause no: 13.3.4.3 and 13.3.4.4, multiplier = 1
Vc = multiplier × min{Vr1, Vr2, Vr3} = 1,235 kN/m2
V < Vc , Hence safe
Development Length
Per CS A23.3-94 clause 12.2.4
Along Z Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
ld = 1.15 Ab
(dcs + K tr ) f ' c
Use approximate formula:

k1k2k3k4 fy
ld = 0.45 1
db
f ' c
where
k1 = 1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 0.8
ℓd = 0.730m
Available Length = (3,600 - 450)/2 - 50 = 1,525 mm

Hence OK
Along X Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
ℓd = 1.15 Ab
(dcs + K tr ) ′
f c
where
k1 = 1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 8
ℓd = 0.730m
Available Length = (3600 - 450)/2 - 50 = 1,525 mm

Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth Against Moment

About X Axis
Bending moment at critical section:
M ux =
1
2
(241.126) × 3.6 3.6 - 0.45 2
2
= 1,076.65 kNm
α1 = 0.85 - 0.0015.f’c = 0.8125

ϕs = 0.85
(
Kr = 1 −
ϕ ⋅ρ ⋅ fy
s
2 ⋅ α1 ⋅ f c ⋅ ϕ
c
) ϕs ⋅ ρ ⋅ f y
Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.664
b⋅d

deff = (750-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm
So, ρ =0.001942 = .194%
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section,
M ux =
1
2
(241.126) × 3.6 3.6 - 0.45 2
2
= 1,076.65 kNm
α1 = 0.85 - 0.0015.f’c = 0.8125

ϕs = 0.85
(
Kr = 1 −
ϕ ⋅ρ ⋅ fy
s
2 ⋅ α1 ⋅ f c ⋅ ϕ
c
) ϕs ⋅ ρ ⋅ f y

Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.664
b⋅d

deff = (750-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm
So, ρ = 0.001942 = .194%
Hence OK

Astx =ρ.B.deff= 4,684.51 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.2% of Gross Cross Section = 5,400 mm2
Astz = ρ.L.deff= 4,684.51 mm2
Comparison
Table 18: CSA verification example 1 comparison

(kN/m2)

(kN·m)
1,076.65 1,076.64 1,074.414

Way) (kN)
784.937 784.942 783.317

Way) (kN)
Resisting Shear 1,012.979 1,012.979 1,012.979 None

Force (One-Way)
(kN)

Resisting Shear 1,235 1,235 1,235 None

Stress (Two-Way)
(kN/m2)
ℓd ,required (mm) 730 730 730 None
730 730 730
ℓd ,available (mm) 1,525 1,525 1,525 None
1,525 1,525 1,525

Design of a square Isolated Footing
Problem
A tied column, 500 mm square, and reinforced with eight No. 35 bars carries an unfactored dead load of 900 kN
and an unfactored live load of 800 kN. Suitable soil with a factored soil bearing pressure of 300 kN/m2 is
available at a depth of 1.5 m . Design a square footing.
The compressive strength f’c is 20 MPa for the column and 20 MPa for the footing. All steel has fy=350 MPa. Unit
weight of concrete and soil is 24 kN/m2 and 16 kN/m2 respectively.

Note: The Bar sizes used in Canadian Reinforcement Tables are slightly different from the Metric Bar sizes.
Trial Footing Size

Initial footing size is based on soil bearing capacity.
Required area of footing: 1,700 /300 = 5.66 m2
Self Weight of footing = 3 x 3 x 0.6 x 24 = 129.6 KN
weight of soil = ( 3 x 3 - .52 ) x 1.5 x 16 = 210 KN
For square footing, the axial force on the footing is: 1,700 +129.6 + 210 = 2,039.6 KN
So stress on soil = 2,039.6 /(3x3)= 226.622 KN/m2 < 300 KN/m2
Hence Ok
As per CSA A.23.3-04 cls. 8.3 and Annex C. the 2005 National Building Code of Canada load combination factors
must be used:
Factored Load = 1.25 DL + 1.5 LL = (1.25 X 900 kN) + (1.5 x 800 kN) = 2,325 kN

Calculate Factors of Safety

In this case, we do not have any sliding and overturning forces. The CSA A23.3-04 recommends for a footing that
experiences horizontal shear, the designer must make sure that this shear is transferred to the subgrade
utilizing the passive soil resistance and the friction between the subgrade and the footing surface. The passive
soil resistance will be ignored in STAAD Foundation Advanced to calculate the factor of safety against sliding
check. Factor of safety against overturning must be checked as per the NBCC.
Max sliding force = axial load x coeff of friction
for coeff of friction =0.5,
Sliding force= 0.5 × 2,039.6 = 1,019.8 KN (same for X & Z dir)
Max resisting moment against overturning = axial force x Dimension/2 = 0.5× 2,039.6 x3 KNm = 3,059.4
KNm (Same WRT both x and z axis).
Stress on soil from Factored load =2,325/(3×3)=258.33 KN/m2

Along X Direction
deff = (600-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 520.75 mm
V u,max = 258.33(3) ( 3 -20.5 - 0.52075) = 565.161kN

ϕ = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9.deff = 0.9 x 520.75 = 468.675 mm
bw = 3,000 mm
230
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) ϕc λ f c bw dv = 640.064kN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
deff = (600-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 520.75 mm
V u,max = 258.33 3 ( )( 3 -20.5 - 0.52) = 565.161kN

ϕ = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9.deff = 0.9 x 520.75 = 468.675 mm
bw = 3,000 mm
230
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) ϕc λ f c bw dv = 640.064kN

V < Vc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
deff = (600-50-1 x 19.5) mm = 530.5 mm
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = (500+530.5)2 = 1.0619 m2
V max = Pr ( B ⋅ H - Am) = 258.33(3 × 3 - 1.0619) = 2,050.649kN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 x ( b + h + 2x d) = 4.122 m

τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 0.937 N/mm2
α=4
ß = L/B = 3/3 =1
(
Vr1 = 1 +
2
βc )0.19λϕ f c
'
c = 1.656N mm 2 /
Vr2 = ( + 0.19)λϕ /
αs ⋅ d
b0 c f '
c = 2.048N mm 2
Vr3 = 0.38λϕc f '

c = 1.104N mm 2 /
Considering clause no: 13.3.4.3 and 13.3.4.4, multiplier = 1
Vc = multiplier × min{Vr1, Vr2, Vr3} = 1,104.6 kN/m2
V < Vc , Hence safe
Development Length
Per CS A23.3-94 clause 12.2.4
Along Z Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
ℓd = 1.15 Ab
(dcs + K tr ) ′
f c
Use the approximate formula:

k1k2k3k4 fy
ℓd = 0.45 1
db
′
f c
where
k1 = 1.3
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 0.8 for 20M and smaller bar size
ℓd = 0.714m

Hence OK
Along X Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
ℓd = 1.15 Ab
(dcs + K tr ) ′
f c
Use the approximate formula:

k1k2k3k4 fy
ℓd = 0.45 1
db
′
f c
where
k1 = 1.3
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 0.8 for 20M and smaller bar size
ℓd = 0.714m

Hence OK

About X Axis
Bending moment at critical section
M ux =
1
2
× 258.33 × 3 × ( 3 -20.5 )2 = 605.46 kN ⋅ m
α1 = 0.85 - 0.0015.f’c = 0.82
ϕs = 0.85
(
Kr = 1 −
ϕ ρfy
s
2α1 f c ϕ
c
)
ρϕs f y
Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.744
Bd

deff = (600 - 50 - 1.5 x 19.5) mm = 520.75 mm
So, ρ =0.00261
Hence OK
About Z Axis
α1 = 0.85 - 0.0015.f’c = 0.82
ϕs = 0.85
(
Kr = 1 −
ϕ ρfy
s
2α1 f c ϕ
c
)
ρϕs f y

Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.744
Bd

deff = (600 - 50 - 0.5 x 20) mm = 540 mm
So, ρ =0.00261
Hence OK

As per clause 7.8.1 equation 10.5.1.2(a).
Astx =ρ.B.deff= 4055.038 mm2
Provide 15 bars of 19.5 mm at 210 mm spacing
Provided area = 4479.714 mm2
Astz = ρ.L.deff = 4055.038 mm2
Provide 15 bars of 19.5 mm at 210 mm spacing
Comparison

( KN/m2)

(KN-m)
605.46 605.46 604.23

Way) (kN)
565.161 565.169 563.710

Way) (kN)
Ld (required) (mm) 714 714 714 None

Ld (available) (mm) 1,200 1,200 1,200 None

Problem
Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 95KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5,
FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5. Height of soil above footing=450 mm, GWT is 300 mm
from GL. Unit weight of concrete = 25 KN/m3 and wet unit weight of soil = 18 KN/m3.
Note: Consider the water effect is permanent and consider buoyancy for bearing capacity check.


CSA Pilecap Foundation 1
Weight of footing = 4.0 × 4.0 × 0.500 × 25 KN = 200 KN

Weight of above soil = 4.0 × 4.0 × 0.450 × 18 KN = 129.6 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 4.0 × 4.0 × (0.500) × 9.81 KN = 78.48 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1200+200 +129.6 -78.48) KN = 1451.12 KN
Maximum pressure = 1647.895 /(4.3x4.3) = 89.12 KN/m2
90.695 KN/ m2 < 95 KN/m2
Hence safe
Stress for Factor design = 1.25x1200/(4.0x4.0) = 93.75 KN/m2
Comparison

(considering
bouyancy) (kN/m2)
3.4 CSA Pilecap Foundation 1

Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 800 kN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 450 MPa, Column Dimension
= 250 mm x 250 mm. Pedestal ht= 500 mm
Pile Data
Dia of pile= 400 mm.
Vertical capacity = 250 kN,
Horizontal capacity = 100 kN
Uplift capacity = 80 kN

Figure 40: Elevation and Plan, with dimension and loads
depth of pilecap= 1.5 x piledia, D=600 mm

Take D=600 mm
c/c pile distance = 3xpile dia =1200 mm. Edge diatance =350 mm
Assuming 4 pile combination,
Coordinates of piles considering pedestal at 0,0,0)
Pile No X Coordinate (mm) Z Coordinate (mm)
1 -600 -600
2 -600 600
3 600 600
4 600 -600
pilecap dimension is 1900 mm x1900 mm x 600 mm

Weight of footing = 1.9 x1.9 x 0.60 x 25 kN = 54.15 kN

Weight of pedestal = 0.25 x 0.25 x 0.5 x 25 kN = 0.78 kN
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = (800+54.15 +0.78) kN = 854.93 kN
So Pile reaction = 854.93 /4= 213.73 kN < 250 kN, Hence OK
As there is no lateral load, moment or uplift force, so each pile is safe in lateral & uplift capacity.
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt = 1.0
Load factor for axial load = 1.5
So, Load on pilecap = 1.5×800+1.0×54.15+1.0×0.78 = 1,254.93 kN
Load on each pile = 1,254.93 /4 = 313.73 kN
Figure 41: Bending sections considered
Calculation of Moment wrt Z Axis

For moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1=from pile2= 313.73 × 0.475 = 149.021 kNm
So Total Mz X1X1 = 298.043 kNm
For moment wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile3=from pile4 = 313.73 × 0.475 = 149.021 kNm
So Total Mz X2X2 = 298.043 kNm
So Max value of Mz = 298.043 kNm
Check For Trial Depth against moment wrt Z Axis

Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 298.043 kN-m

Assuming 50 mm clear cover, 50 mm pile in pilecap & and 11.3 mm bar ( Bar No 10), effective depth
deff = 483.05 mm
B =1,900 mm ,
ϕc = Resistance Factor of concrete = 0.65 (Clause No 8.4.2)
α1 = 0.8125 (Clause No 10.1.7.c)
ß1 = .9075 (Clause No 10.1.7.c)
c = (700.d)/(700+fy) = 294.03 mm (Clause No 10.5.2)
a = β1 × c = 266.832 mm (Clause No 10.1.7.a)
C = α1 × ϕc × f'c × a × bw = 6,639(10)3 kN (Clause No 10.1.7.a)
Resisting Moment = C×(d - a/2) = 2,340.36 kNm
Muz < Resisting Moment, Hence OK
Calculation of Moment wrt X Axis
For moment wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile4 = 313.73 × 0.475 = 149.021 kNm
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 298.043 kN
For moment wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2 = from pile3 = 313.73 × 0.475 = 149.021 kNm
So Total Mx Z2Z2 = 298.043 kNm
So Max value of MX = 298.043 kNm
Check For Trial Depth against moment wrt X Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 298.043 kNm
deff = 438.05 mm
B =1900 mm
C = 6,639(10)3
Resisting Moment = C×(d - a/2) = 2,340.36 kNm
Mux < Resisting Moment, Hence OK

Calculation of Shear
Figure 42: Shear sections considered
For shear wrt X1X1, after geometric calculations of area of sector

Contribution from pile 1 = pile2 = 313.73 × .4729 = 148.379 kN
So Total V X1X1 = 296.758 kN
For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 3= pile4 = 313.73 × .4729 = 148.379 kN
So Max V parallel to X direction = 296.758 kN
For shear wrt Y1Y1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 4 =313.73 × .4729 = 148.379 kN
So Total V Y1Y1 = 296.758 kN
For shear wrt Y2Y2
Contribution from pile 2 = pile 3 =313.73 × .4729 = 148.379 kN
So Total V Y2Y2 = 296.758 kN
So Max V parallel to Z direction = 296.758 kN
Check for One-way Shear

Along X Direction
Shear Strength

( )
230 ′
(1, 000 + dv ) ϕc λ f c bw dv
V r = max
0.1λϕc λ f ′c bw d
= max( 430.352, 268.455) kN = 430.352 kN (Clause no 11.3.5.2)

where
ϕc = Resistance Factor of concrete=0.6 (Clause No 8.4.2)
λ = factor to account Concrete density=1(Clause No 8.6.5)
bw = Section Width = 1,900 mm
d = effective Depth= 463.7 mm (Clause 11.0)
VX < VResistanceX, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
( )
230 ′
(1, 000 + dv ) ϕc λ f c bw dv
V r = max
0.1λϕc λ f ′c bw d
= max( 430.352, 268.455) kN = 430.352 kN (Clause no 11.3.5.2)

VZ < VResistanceZ, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Figure 43: Two-way shear sections considered
Effective depth, d = 600 -100 -11.3 = 488.7 mm

Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =244.35 mm from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1= from pile2 = from pile3 = from pile 4 = 313.73 kN
So total punching shear Vmax = 1,254.92 kN
b0= Perimeter of failure line at d/2 distance from column face = 4x(250+463.7/2+463.7/2) = 2,954.8 mm
Therefore Shear stress τc= Vmax/(b0 x d)= 869.051 kN/m2
Calculation of punching shear stress capacity

λ = 1 (Clause 8.6.5)
ϕc = 0.6 (Clause 8.4.2)
f'c = Strength of concrete (in MPa)
ßc = (Column Length)/(Column Width) = 1,900/1,900 = 1
αs = 4 (Clause No 13.0 & 13.4.4.a)
( )0.19λϕ
Vr1 = 1 +
2
βc c f ′
c = 1, 852 kN/m2 (Eqn no 13.5 Clause no 13.4.4a)
Vr2 = (0.19 + α )λϕ (Eqn no 13.6 Clause no13.4.4b)

d ′
sb c f c = 2, 767.59 kN/m2
0
Vr3 = 0.38λϕc f ′
= 1, 235 kN/m2 (Eqn no 13.7 Clause no 13.4.4c)
c
Vr=Min (Vr1,Vr2,Vr3) = 1,235 kN/m2

Considering clause no: 13.3.4.3 and 13.3.4.4
mod factor = 1
V < VResistance , Hence safe

Along X Direction
Calculate Kr (neutral axis/depth ratio) for Actual Bending Moment
Mu 298.043(10)6
Kr = 2
= = 0.672 N/mm2
bw d 1, 900(483.05)2
(
Kr = 1 −
ϕ ρfy
s
2α1 f c ϕ
c
) ρϕs f y
where
α1 = 0.85- 0.0015×f’c ≥ 0.67 (Clause No 10.1.7)
ϕc = 0.6 (clause 8.4.2)
ϕs = 0.85 (clause 8.4.3)
Solving the equation ρ (steel area ratio) = 0.1804
Therefore, Astx = ρ×b×d= 1,652 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.2/100 × B × D = 2,280 mm2
Along Z Direction
Calculate Kr (neutral axis/depth ratio) for Actual Bending Moment
Mu 298.043(10)6
Kr = 2
= = 0.672 N/mm2
bw d 1, 900(483.05)2
Solving the previously stated equation ρ (steel area ratio = 0.1804

Therefore, Astx = ρ×b×d= 1,652 mm2

CSA General Combined Foundation 1
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.2/100 × B × D = 2,280 mm2

Comparison

Advanced Result
Depth (mm) 600 600 None
Governing Moment (wrt X 298.04 298.04 None

axis) (kN-m)
Resisting Moment (wrt Z 2,340.35 2,340.32 Negligible

axis) (kN-m)
Governing Moment (wrt X 298.04 298.04 None

axis) (kN-m)
Resisting Moment (wrt Z 2,340.35 2,340.32 Negligible

axis) (kN-m)
Shear Force(One-Way) X 296.758 297.659 None

(kN)
Shear Resistance(One- 430.352 430.353 Negligible

Way) X (kN)
Shear Force(One-Way) Z 296.758 297.659 None

(kN)
Shear Resistance(One- 430.352 430.353 Negligible

Way) Z (kN)
Shear stress(Two-Way) 1254.92 1254.929 None

( kN/m 2 )
Resistance Shear Stress 1235 1235 None

(Two-Way) ( kN/m 2 )
Ast ( Along X) (mm 2 ) 1,652 1,656 Negligible

3.5 CSA General Combined Foundation 1

Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 900 kN each column., fc = 30 MPa, fy = 400 MPa,
Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm, Pedestal height-600 mm. and C/C column distance=3500 mm . Bearing
Capacity of Soil = 120 kN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Ht of soil =500 mm. Depth of GWT=200 mm. Surcharge= 5 kN/m2
Note: Consider GWT is permanent.
Approximate area of footing required = 2x900/120 m2 = 15 m2

Assuming 5.7 m × 3.15 m x 0.500 m footing dimension,
left overhang = right overhang = 1.1 m, C/C col dist = 3,500 mm
Weight of footing = 5.7 × 3.15 × 0.500 × 25 kN = 224.44 kN
Weight of pedestal=2 × 0.25 × 0.25 × 0.6 × 25=1.875 kN
Weight of soil above footing = (5.7 × 3.15-2×0.25×0.25) × 0.500 × 18 kN = 160.47 kN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 5.7 × 3.15 × (0.500+0.500-0.200) ×9.81 kN =
140.91 kN

Surcharge load = (5.7 × 3.15-2 × 0.25 × 0.25) × 5= 89.15 kN

Since GWT is permanent in this particular case so need to consider buoyancy for bearing capacity check.
Therefore, total load on the footing is
(2×900+224.44 +1.875+160.47 +89.15 -140.91) kN = 2,135kN
Maximum pressure= 2135 / (5.7 x3.15) = 118.91 kN/m2
1 118.91 kN/ m2 < 120 kN/m2 (Hence safe)
Overturning and Sliding Check

About Z Direction
Total Service load on foundation = 2,135 kN
max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 5.7 × 2,135 = 6,084.75 kNm
Hence OK
About X Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 3.15 × 2,135 = 3362.6 kNm
Hence OK
Sliding Force = 0
Sliding resistance = 0.4 x 2,135 = 854 kN
Comparison

(considering
bouyancy) (kN/m2)
Resisting Moment 6.,084.75 6,078.059 6,078.641 Negligible

for Overturning (Z)
(kN-m)

for Overturning (X)
(kN-m)

Resisting Force 854 853.077 853.158 Negligible

Against Sliding
(resultant) (kN)

Indian Code (IS 456 -2000)
4
4.1 IS General Isolated Foundation 1
Reference
Reinforced Concrete by A.K. Jain, Page 539, Example 18.2.
Problem
= 400 mm X 400 mm, Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100 KN/m2, and Load Factor = 1.5.

IS General Isolated Foundation 1

Assuming 3.5 m x 3.5 m x 0.6 m footing dimension (I = 12.5 m4)
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1000 +183.75) KN = 1183.75 KN
Maximum pressure = 1183.75/(3.5 x 3.5) KN/ m2 = 96.633 KN/m2 <100 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 1000 x 1.5/ (3.5 x 3.5) KN/m2 = 122.45 KN/m2
Mu = 122.45 x 3.5 x 1.55 x 1.55/2 = 514.826 KN-m
de = (600-35-1.5 x 10) mm = 550 mm
700
K u,max = 1, 100 + 0.87 f y
= 0.479
Ru,max = 0.36 × fc × Ku,max × (1-0.42 Ku,max) = 2.066 MPa

Mulim = Ru,max × B × de 2 = 2187.377 × 106 N-mm = 2187.377 KN-m > Mu

Hence safe

Area of steel required along length,
fc 4.6M u
Ast = 0.5 fy
1- 1- 2
× B × de = 2,697.119 mm 2
f c × B × de
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0012 × B × D = 2,520 mm2

Provide area of steel = 2,827.43 mm2

100Ast
= 0.1469
Corresponding allowable τc = 0.28 N/mm2

V u,max
Developed shear stress τc = B × de
V u,max = 122.45 3.5 ( )( 3.5 2- 0.4 - 0.55) = 428.575kN

Developed shear stress τc =
428.575 ( 10 ) 3
3,500 ( 550 )
= 0.222N / mm 2
< τc,all (Hence safe)
Check for Two-Way Shear

de = (600-35-1 x 10) mm = 555 mm
Vumax = 1,500 - (122.45 × .955 × 0.955) = 1388.322 kN
1388.322 ( 10 ) 3
Developed shear stress τc = 4 ( 955 )( 555 )
= 0.654 N / mm 2
Ks = min (0.5+1,1) = 1
Allowable shear stress = K s × τc = 1 0.25 f ′

c = 0.968 N / mm 2
Spacing
2,697.119 × 4
No. of 10 mm bar = π ( 10 )( 10 )
= 34.34 ⇒ 35
3, 500 − 35(2) − 10
Spacing = 35 − 1
= 100.588 mm

Figure 46: Plan of Reinforcement
Comparison
Table 23: IS verification example 1 comparison

(mm)

(kN·m)
Area of Steal 2,697.119 2,697.095 2,697.095 Negligible

calculated (mm2)

Way) (N/mm2)

Way) (N/mm2)


Reference
Reinforced Concrete Structure by Punmia-Jain-Jain, Example 25.1.
Problem
= 500 mm x 500 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2.
Approximate area of footing required = 600/ 120 m2 = 5 m2

Assuming 2.4 m × 2.4 m × 0.35 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 2.4 × 2.4 × 0.35 × 25 KN = 50.4 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (600+50.4) KN = 650.4 KN
Maximum pressure = 650.4 / (2.4 × 2.4) KN/ m2 = 112.92 KN/m2 < 120 KN/m2

Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 600 × 1.5 /(2.4 × 2.4) KN/m2 = 156.25 KN/m2
Bending moment at critical section, Mu = 156.25 × 2.4 × 0.95 × 0.95 /2= 169.21875 KN-
m
de = (350-50-1.5 × 12) mm = 282 mm
700
K u,max = 1, 100 + 0.87 f y
= 0.53
Ru,max = 0.36 × fc × Ku,max × (1- 0.42 Ku,max) = 2.227

Mulim = Ru,max × B × de 2 = 425.214 × 106 N-mm = 425.214 KN-m > Mu
Hence safe

Area of steel required along length,
fc 4.6M u
Ast = 0.5 fy
1- 1- 2
× B × de = 2,977.116mm 2
f c × B × de
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0015 × B × D = 1,260 mm2

100Ast
= 0.4679
Corresponding allowable τc = 0.45 N/mm2

V u,max
Developed shear stress τc = B × de
V u,max = 156.25(2.4) ( 2.4 2- 0.5 - 0.282) = 250.5 kN

250.5 ( 10 ) 3
Developed shear stress τc = 2,400 ( 282 )
= 0.370N / mm 2 < τc,all
Hence safe
Check for Two-Way Shear

de = (350-50-1 x 12) mm = 288 mm
Vumax = 900 - (156.25 × 0.620) = 802.97 KN
802.97 ( 10 ) 3
Developed shear stress τc = 4 ( 788 )( 288 )
= 0.884N / mm 2
Ks = min (0.5+1, 1) = 1
Allowable shear stress = K s × τc = 1 0.25 f ′

c = 0.968 N / mm 2

Hence safe
Spacing
2,977.116 ( 4 )
No. of 12 mm bar = = 26.33 ⇒ 27
π ( 12 ) 2
2,400 - 50(2) - 12
Spacing = 27 - 1
= 88 mm

Provide 12mm bar at 85 mm 28 numbers both sides.
Figure 48: Elevation and Plan showing reinforcement design

Comparison

(mm)

(kN·m)
Area of Steel (mm2) 2,977.116 2,977.202 2,977.202 Negligible

Way) (N/mm2)

Way) (N/mm2)

Reference
Problem
Dimension = 300 mm × 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100.5 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS
Pedestal design is not required as pedestal is considered as concrete enclosed steel pedestal.

Approximate area of footing required = 2,000/100.5 m2 = 19.90 m2

Therefore, total load on the footing = (2,000 + 428.79) kN = 2,428.79 kN
Maximum pressure = 2,428.79/(4.95×4.95) = 99.124 kN/ m2 < 100.5 kN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = (2,000×1.5) / (4.95)2 kN/m2 = 122.436 kN/m2
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation =0.5×2428.79 = 1,214.395
kN
Hence OK

max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 4.95×2,428.79 = 6011.25 kN·m

Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation =0.5×2,428.79 = 1,214.395
kN
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5×4.95×2,428.79 = 6,011.25 kN·m
Hence OK

About X Axis
Mux = 122.436×4.95×2.325×2.325 / 2 = 1,638.06 kN·m
deff = (700 - 50 - 1.5×16) mm = 626 mm
K = 700 / (1,100 + 0.87×fy) = 0.479107
Ru= 0.36×fck×Kumax ×(1 - 0.42Kumax) = 4.133 N/mm2
Resisting Moment = Ru×B deff 2 = 8017.33 kN·m
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Mux = 122.436×4.95×2.325×2.325 / 2 = 1,638.06 kN·m
deff = (700 - 50 - 1.5×16) mm = 626 mm
K = 700 / (1,100 + 0.87×fy) = 0.479107
Hence OK

Along X Direction
From IS -456-2000 Annex G, G-1, b:
Mu = 0.87.fy×Ast×d.(1 - Ast×fy/b×d×fck)

So solving equation for Ast,

Astx = 7,498 mm2
Minimum area of steel Ast,min = 0.0012×B×D = 4158 mm2 ( as fy > 250)
Along Z Direction
Astx = 7,498 mm2
Minimum area of steel Ast,min = 0.0012×B×D = 4,158 mm2 ( as fy > 250)
Provide 39 bars of 16mm at 125 mm spacing

Along X Direction
100 Ast
= 0.253
V u,max = 122.436 × 4.95 ( 4.952- 0.3 - 0.626) = 1,029.69kN

1,029.69 ( 10 ) 3
Developed shear stress V = 4,950 × 626
= 0.332N/mm 2
Now allowable stress= 0.37 N/mm2

V < τc
Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
100 Ast
= 0.253
V u,max = 122.436 × 4.95 ( 4.952- 0.3 - 0.626) = 1,029.69kN

1,029.69 ( 10 ) 3
Developed shear stress V = 4,950 × 626
= 0.332N/mm 2

V < τc
Hence Safe
Punching Shear
deff = (700 - 50 - 1×16) mm = 634 mm

Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 317 mm from the column face.
Vumax =3,000 - (122.436 × 0.872) = 2,893.192 kN
2893.192 (10)3
Developed shear stress, τv = 4(934)(634)
= 1.221N / mm 2
ß = L/B = 4.95/4.95 = 1
k = 0.5 +ß = 1.5 , k ≤ 1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress
τc = k × 0.25 f ck = 1.36 N/mm 2
Comparison

(kN/m2)

(kN·m)
Shear Force 1,029.69 1,029.697 1,029.697 None
Shear Force 2893.192 2893.192 2893.192 None

Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1,000 KN, Fx = 10 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa,
FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5 Surcharge=20 KN/m2


Weight of footing = 3.65×3.65×0.6×25 kN = 199.838 kN
Surcharge = 20 kN/m2
Surcharge force = 20×( 3.65×3.65 - .32 ) = 264.65 kN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1,000+264.65+199.8)= 1,464.48 kN
Maximum axial pressure = P/A = 1,464.48 / (3.65×3.65) = 109.925 kN/m2
Moment due to lateral load= 10×0.6 = 6 kN·m
Total moment, Mz = 6 kN·m
Zz= 3.65×3.652/6 = 8.1045 m3
M/Z = .740 kN/m2
Left edge
σ1 = P/A -M/Z = 109.185 kN/m2
σ2 = P/A -M/Z = 109.185 kN/m2
Right edge

σ3 = P/A +M/Z = 110.665 kN/m2

σ4 = P/A +M/Z = 110.665 kN/m2
110.665 kN/m2 <112 kN/m2 (Hence safe)
Hence OK
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 10 kN
Max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation
Total Service load on foundation =1,464.48 - 264.65 = 1,199.83 kN
Max Resisting force =0.5 × 1,199.83 = 599.915kN
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 3.65 × 1,199.83 = 2,189.689 kN·m
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 0 kN
Max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation
Total Service load on foundation =1,464.48 - 264.65 = 1,199.83 kN
Max Resisting force = 0.5 × 1,199.83 = 599.915kN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment = -6 KNm
Hence OK
Comparison

(kN/m2)
110.666 110.666 110.695
Resisting Moment 2,189.68 2189.66 2189.66 Negligible

for Overturning (x)
(kN·m)


sliding (z) (kN)
Resisting Moment 2,189.68 2189.66 2189.66 Negligible

for Overturning (z)
(kN·m)

sliding (x) (kN)

Problem
Dimension = 300 mm× 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 110 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS
against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5. Height of soil above footing = 450 mm, dry condition.

Approximate area of footing required = 1,200 / 110 m2 = 10.91 m2

Weight of footing = 3.7×3.7×0.55 × 25 kN = 188.237 kN
Weight of soil above footing = (3.72 - .32)×0.45 × 18 kN = 110.16 kN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1,200 + 188.237 + 110.16) kN = 1498.39 kN
Maximum pressure = 1,498.39 / (3.7×3.7) = 109.452 kN/m2 < 110 kN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = (1,200×1.5)/(3.7)2 kN/m2 = 131.4828 kN/m2
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 × 1,498.39 = 749.19 kN
Hence OK


Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 × 1,498.39 = 749.19 kN
Hence OK
Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth against moment about X Axis

Mux = 131.4828 × 3.7 × 1.7 × 1.7/2 = 702.97 kN·m
deff = (550 - 50 - 1.5 × 16) mm = 476 mm
K = 700 / (1,100 + 0.87× fy) = 0.479107
Resisting Moment = Ru×B deff 2 = 2,887.213 kN·m
Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth against moment about Z Axis
Mux = 131.4828 × 3.7 × 1.7 × 1.7/2 = 702.97 kN·m
deff = (550 - 50 - 1.5 × 16) mm = 476 mm
K = 700 / (1,100+0.87× fy) = 0.479107
Hence OK

Along X Direction
Astx = 4,261 mm2

Minimum area of steel Ast,min = 0.0012 × B × D = 2,442 mm2 ( as fy > 250)

Provided area = 4,624.47 mm2
Along Z Direction
Astz = 4,261 mm2
Provide 23 bars of 16 mm at 165 mm spacing along both directions.

Along X Direction
100 Ast
= 0.262
V u,max = 131.4828 × 3.7 ( 3.7 2- 0.3 - 0.476) = 595.45kN

595.45 ( 10 ) 3
Developed shear stress τv = 3,700 × 476
= 0.338N/mm 2

τv < τc
Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
100 Ast
= 0.262
V u,max = 131.4828 × 3.7 ( 3.7 2- 0.3 - 0.476) = 595.45kN

595.45 ( 10 ) 3
Developed shear stress τv = 3,700 × 476
= 0.338N/mm 2

τv < τc
Hence Safe
Punching Shear
deff = (550 - 50 - 1 × 16) mm = 484 mm

IS General Isolated Foundations 6
Vmax = 1,800 - (131.4828 × 0.614) = 1,719.26 kN
1719.26 (10)3
Developed shear stress τc = 4(784)(484)
= 1.132N / mm 2
ß = L/B = 3.7/3.7 =1
k = 0.5 +ß = 1.5 , k ≤ 1
Hence, k = 1
τc = k × 0.25 f ck = 1.25N/mm 2
Comparison

(kN/m2)

(X&Z) (kN·m)
Shear Force (One- 595.45 595.45 595.45 None

way, X&Z) (kN)
Shear Force (Two- 1,719.26 1,719.183 1,719.183 Negligible

way) (kN)
4.6 IS General Isolated Foundations 6

Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 2,000 kN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column Dimension
= 300 mm × 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 102 kN/m2. Coefficient of friction = 0.5, FOS against sliding
=1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5. Height of soil above footing=500 mm, depth of GWT =200 mm


Avoiding buoyancy uplift for bearing capacity - critical
Assuming 5.30 m × 5.30 m × 0.8 m footing dimension
Upward force due to buoyancy = (5.3×5.3×.8 ×9.807)+ (.3×.3 ×9.807×.3) kN = 220.647
kN
Weight of above soil = (5.3×5.3- .32 ) ×0.5 ×18 kN = 252 kN
total load on the footing = (2,000 + 561.8 + 252) kN = 2813.8 kN
Maximum pressure = 2813.8 / (5.3×5.3) = 100.170 kN/m2 < 102 kN/m2
Hence safe
Self weight neglected:
Ultimate pressure = 2,000×1.5 / (5.3)2 = 106.799 kN/m2
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 × 2,593.153 =
1,296.576 kN
Hence OK

Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation=0.5 × 2,593.153 = 1,296.576
kN
Hence OK
Hence OK
Check for Trial Depth against moment

About X Axis
Mux = 106.799 × 5.3 × 2.5 × 2.5 / 2 = 1,768.858 kN·m
deff = (800 - 50 - 1.5 × 16) mm = 726 mm
K = 700 / (1,100 + 0.87× fy) = 0.479107
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Mux = 106.799 × 5.3 × 2.5 × 2.5 / 2 = 1,768.858 kN·m
deff = (800 - 50 - 1.5 × 16) mm = 726 mm
K = 700 / (1,100 + 0.87× fy) = 0.479107
Hence OK

Along X Direction

Astx = 6,956.85 mm2
Provide 36 bars of 16 mm at 145 mm spacing
Along Z Direction
Astx = 6,956.85 mm2

Along X Direction
100 Ast
= 0.1881
V u,max = 106.799 × 5.3 ( 5.3 2- 0.3 - 0.726) = 1,004.145kN

1,004.145 ( 10 ) 3
Developed shear stress V = 5300 × 726
= 0.260N/mm 2

V < τc
Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
100 Ast
= 0.1881
V u,max = 106.799 × 5.3 ( 5.3 2- 0.3 - 0.726) = 1,004.145kN

1,004.145 ( 10 ) 3
Developed shear stress V = 5300 × 726
= 0.260N/mm 2

V < τc
Hence Safe

Punching Shear
deff = (800 - 50 -1× 16) mm = 734 mm
Vmax = 3,000 - (106.799 × 1.069) = 2,885.815 kN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2× ( b + h + 6d) = 4.136 m
τv = Vmax/(Pm× d) = 0.9505 N/mm2
ß = L/B = 4.95/4.95 = 1
k = 0.5 +ß = 1.5, k ≤ 1
Hence, k = 1
τc = k × 0.25 f ck = 1.25N/mm 2
Comparison

(kN/m2)
Governing Moment 1,768.858 1768.836 1768.836 Negligible

(X&Z) (kN·m)
Shear Force (One- 1,004.145 1004.151 1004.151 Negligible

way, X&Z) (kN)

way) (kN)


Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1,500 kN, Fz=120 kN fc = 30 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column
Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 kN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS

Weight of footing = 3.95×3.95×0.6× 25 kN = 234.04 kN
Therefore, total axial load on the footing = (1,500 + 234.04) kN = 1,734.04 kN
Maximum axial pressure = P/A = 1,734.04 /(3.95×3.95) = 111.138 kN/m2
Moment due to lateral load= 120×0.6 = 72 kN·m
Total moment Mx = 72 kN·m
Zx= 3.95×3.952/6 = 10.27 m3

M/Z = 7.01 kN/m2

So,
σ1 = P/A –M/Z = 104.129 kN/m2
σ2 = P/A –M/Z = 104.129 kN/m2
σ3 = P/A +M/Z = 118.148 kN/m2
σ4 = P/A +M/Z = 118.148 kN/m2
118.148 kN/m2 < 120 kN/m2 (Hence safe)
Ultimate Pressure
Maximum axial pressure = P/A = 2250 /(3.95×3.95) = 144.207 kN/m2
Moment due to lateral load= 120×1.5×0.6 = 108 kN·m
M/Z = 10.51 kN/m2
σ1 = σ2 = P/A -M/Z = 133.697 kN/m2
σ3 = σ4 = P/A +M/Z = 154.717 kN/m2
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 × 1,734.04 = 867.02
kN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment = 72 kN·m
FOS = 47.6 > 1.5
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 120
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 × 1,734.04 = 867.02
kN
FOS = 7.22 > 1.5
Hence OK
Overturning Moment = 0 kNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.95 x 1734.04 = 3429.729 kNm
Hence OK


About Z Axis
Critical section for moment is at the face of column; wrt z axis:
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (133.69 + 154.73)×0.5 = 144.21 kN/m2 (left
end)
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (133.69 + 154.73)×0.5 = 144.21 kN/m2 (right
end)
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 144.21 + (144.21-144.21) ×
2,125 / 3,950 = 144.21 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 144.21 + (144.21-144.21) ×
1,825 / 3,950 = 144.21 kN/m2
Hence, the moment at the critical section, Mu = F × LA
Where:
F = (144.21 + 144.21) × 0.5 × 1.825 × 3.95 = 1,039.57 kN
LA = (144.21 + 2× 144.21) × 1.825/ [3× (144.21 + 144.21)] = 0.913 m
Mu (right) = 949.13 kN·m
So, max moment wrt Z axis Mu (z) = 949.13 kN·m

deff = (600 - 50 - 1.5 × 16) mm = 526 mm

K = 700 / (1,100 + 0.87× fy) = 0.479107
Hence OK
About X Axis
Critical section for moment is at the face of column; wrt x axis:
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (133.69 + 133.69)×0.5 = 133.69 kN/m2 (left
end)
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (154.73 + 154.73)×0.5 = 154.73 kN/m2 (right
end)
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 133.69 + (154.73 - 133.69 ) ×
1825/ 3,950 = 143.42 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 133.69 + (154.73 - 133.69 ) ×
2125/ 3,950 = 145.01 kN/m2
Hence, the moment at the critical section, Mu = F × LA
Where:
F = (154.73 + 145.01 ) × 0.5 × 1.825 × 3.95 = 1,080.375 kN
LA = (2×154.73 + 145.01 ) × 1.825/ [3× (145.01 + 154.73 )] = 0.923 m
Mu (right) = 997.186 kN·m
So, max moment wrt Z axis Mu (z) = 997.186 kN·m


deff = (600 - 50 - 1.5 × 16) mm = 526 mm
K = 700 / (1,100 + 0.87× fy) = 0.479107
Hence OK

Along X Direction
Astx = 5,181.024 mm2
Along Z Direction
Astz = 5,448.341 mm2

Shear Plane Parallel to Z Axis
100 Ast
= 0.2806
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (133.69 + 154.73)×0.5 = 144.21 kN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (133.69 + 154.73)×0.5 = 144.21 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 144.21 + (144.21 - 144.21) ×
2,651 / 3,950 = 144.21 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 144.21 + (144.21 - 144.21) ×
2,651 / 3,950 = 144.21 kN/m2

Hence, the SF at critical section

F = (144.21 + 144.21) ×0.5 × 1.299 × 3.95 = 739.94 kN
So max SF along Z axis Fux = 739.94 kN
Developed shear stress τv = 739.94 x 1000 / (3,950 × 526) = 0.356 N/mm2

τv < τc, Hence Safe
Shear Plane Parallel to X Axis
100 Ast
= 0.261
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (133.69 + 133.69)×0.5 = 133.69 kN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (154.73 + 154.73)×0.5 = 154.73 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 133.69 + (154.73 - 133.69 ) ×
2651/ 3,950 = 147.81 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 133.69 + (154.73 - 133.69 ) ×
1.299/ 3,950 = 140.609 kN/m2
Hence, the SF at critical section (left)
F = (133.69 + 140.609)×0.5 × 1.299 × 3.95 = 703.720 kN
Hence, the SF at critical section (right)
F = (154.73 + 147.81) ×0.5 × 1.299 × 3.95 = 776.173 kN
So max SF along X axis Fuz = 776.173 kN

Developed shear stress τv = 776.173 x 1,000 / (3,950 x 526) = 0.373 N/mm2

τv < τc
Hence Safe
Punching Shear
deff = (600 - 50 - 1 × 16) mm = 534 mm
Vmax = 2,149.632 kN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2×(b+2d+h) = 3,336 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm× d) = 1.206 N/mm2
ß = L/B = 3.95/3.95 =1
k = 0.5 +ß = 1.5, k ≤ 1
Hence, k = 1
τc = k × 0.25 f ck = 1.25N/mm 2
τv < τc
Hence safe

Figure 54: Final Plan Dimensions
Comparison
Min Bearing 104.129 104.129 104.129 None

Pressure (kN/m2)
Max Bearing 118.148 118.148 118.148 None

Pressure (kN/m2)

(kN·m)
949.13 948.57 948.57

way) (kN)
740 739.937 739.937

IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 1
Shear Force (Two- 2,149.632 2149.695 2149.695 Negligible

way) (kN)
4.8 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 1

Problem
Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Approximate area of footing required = 2x400/120 m2 = 6.67 m2

(left overhang = right overhang = 1.375 m)
Weight of footing = 5.75 m x 1.35 m x 0.600 x 25 KN = 116.438 KN

Weight of pedestal=2× 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.5 x 25 = 2.25 KN

Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x400+116.438+2.25) KN = 918.688 KN
Maximum pressure = 918.688 /(5.75x1.35) = 118.349 KN/ m2 < 120 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 800 x 1.5/ (5.75 x 1.35) KN/m2 = 154.589 KN/m2

About Z Axis (Sagging)
Bending moment at center of column, Mux = 197.2 KNm
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 156.586 KNm
deff = (600-50-1.5 x 12) mm = 532 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Ru = 0.36 .fck. Kumax .(1-0.42Kumax) = 3.444 N/mm2
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 = 1315.782 KNm
Hence OK
About Z Axis (Hogging)
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 37.49 KNm
deff = (600-50-1.5 x 12) mm = 532 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 = 1,315.782 KNm
Hence OK
With Respect to X Axis
Cantilever length = (1.35-0.3)/2 = 0.525 m
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 154.589 x5.75 x0.5252/2 = 122.499 KNm
deff = (600-50-1.5 x 12) mm = 532 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK


Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
So solving equation for Ast, taking moment at the critical section
Astx = 837.082 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0012 x B x D = 972 mm2 ( as fy>250)
Provide 9 bars 12mm at 150 mm spacing
Astx = 196.383 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0012 x B x D = 972 mm2 ( as fy>250)
Astz = 650.977 mm2

Figure 56: Dimension, Moment, and Shear and diagrams

100 Ast
= 0.1417
Vumax = 170.711 kN

Developed shear stress V = 170.711 x 1000 / (1350 x 532)= 0.237 N/mm2

V < τc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
For Column 1
deff = (600-50-1 x 12) mm = 538 mm
Punching shear= 491.44 kN
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 491.44 x 1000/(300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 538 x 4) x 538 = 0.272 N/mm2
ß=L/B = 5.75/1.35 = 4.26
k=0.5 +ß=5.26 , k≤1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress = τc =k.0.25.√fck = 1.25 N/mm2
For Column 2
deff = (600-50-1 x 12) mm = 538 mm
Punching shear= 491.44 KN
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 491.44 x 1000/(300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 538 x 4) x 538 = 0.272 N/mm2
ß=L/B =5.75/1.35 =4.26
k=0.5 +ß=5.26 , k≤1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress= τc =k.0.25.√fck = 1.25 N/mm2
Comparison

(kN/m2)


(kN·m)
37.49 37.474 37.404
122.499 122.727 122.498
Shear Force(One- 170.71 170.033 170.71 None

Way) (kN)
Shear Force(Two- 491.44 492.362 491.44 None

Way) (kN)
491.44 492.362 491.44

Problem
Ht of soil =500 mm. Dry condition

Approximate area of footing required = 2 x 350/110 m2 = 6.36 m2

Assuming 5 m x 1.65 m x 0.600 m footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang=1 m)
Weight of footing = 5 m x 1.65 m x 0.600 x 25 KN = 123.75 KN
Weight of pedestal=2 x 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.5 x 25 = 2.25 KN
Weight of soil above footing = 5 m x 1.65 m x 0.500 x 18 KN = 72.63 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2 x 350 + 123.75 + 2.25 + 74.25) KN = 898.63 KN
Maximum pressure = 898.63 /(5 x 1.65) = 108.924 KN/ m2 < 110 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 700 x 1.5 / (5.0 x 1.65) = 127.273 KN/m2

Moment About Z Axis (Sagging)


deff = (600-50-0.5 × 12) mm = 532 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Resisting Moment = Ru. B deff2 = 1,608.406 kN·m
Hence OK
Moment About Z Axis (Hogging)
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 532 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 = 1,608.406 kN·m
Hence OK
Moment About X Axis
Cantilever length=(1.65-0.3)/2 = 0.675 m
Mux = 127.273 x5x0.6752/2 = 144.97 kN·m
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 532 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK

Astx = 397.953 mm2


Astx = 692.112 mm2
Astz = 758.329 mm2

100 Ast
= 0.1417
Vumax = 171.78 kN
Developed shear stress τv = 171.78 x 1000 / (1650 x 532) = 0.196 N/mm2
τv < τc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
For Column One
deff = (600-50-1x 12) mm = 538 mm
Punching shear= 434.3 KN
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 435.623 x 1000 / (300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 538 x 4) x 538 = 0.241 N/mm2
ß=L/B =5.75/1.35 =4.26
k=0.5 +ß=5.26 , k≤1
Hence, k=1

For Column Two

deff = (600-50-1x 12) mm = 538 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 435.623 x 1000 / (300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 538 x 4) x 538 = 0.241 N/mm2
ß=L/B =5.75/1.35 =4.26
k=0.5 +ß=5.26 , k≤1
Hence, k=1

Figure 58: Shear Force and Bending Moment diagrams

Comparison

(kN/m2)

(kN·m)
131.2 131.474 131.18
144.97 145.603 144.97

Way) (kN)
Shear Force(Two- 435.62 436.695 435.62 Negligible

Way) (kN)
435.62 436.695 435.62

Problem
Ht of soil =500 mm. Depth of GWT=200 mm

Approximate area of footing required = 2 x 500/130 m2 = 7.69 m2

(left overhang = right overhang = 1.2 m)
Weight of footing = 5.4 m × 1.65 m × 0.600 × 25 kN = 133.65 kN
Weight of pedestal=2 × 0.3 × 0.3 × 0.5 × 25 = 2.25 kN
Weight of soil above footing = ( 5.4 m × 1.65 m - .32×2 )0.500 × 18 kN = 78.57 kN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 5.4 m × 1.65 m x (0.5+0.6-0.2) × 9.81 kN = 78.67
kKN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2 × 500 + 133.65 + 2.25 + 78.57 - 78.67) kN =
1,135.8 kN
Maximum pressure= 1,135.8 /(5.4 ×1.65) = 127.47 kN/ m2 < 138 kN/m2
Avoiding buoyancy effect in bearing capacity check - critical
Total load on the footing = (2 × 500 + 133.65 + 2.25 + 78.57 ) kN = 1,214.47 kN
Maximum pressure= 1,214.47 /(5.4 ×1.65) = 136.304 kN/ m2 < 138 kN/m2

Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 1,000 × 1.5 / (5.4 × 1.65) = 168.35 KN/m2

Mux = 153.124 kN·m
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 532 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
Mux = 112.5 kN·m
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 532 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
About X Axis
Cantilever length = (1.65-0.3)/2 = 0.675 m
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 168.35 ×5.4×0.6752/2 = 207.102 kN·m
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 532 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK


Astx = 809.588 mm2
Provide 11 bars of 12 m at 150 mm spacing
Astx = 592.332 mm2
Astz = 1071.585 mm2


100 Ast
= 0.1417
Vumax = 227.222 kN
Developed shear stress V = 227.222 × 1000 / (1650 × 532) = 0.258 N/mm2


V < τc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
For Column 1
deff = (600-50-1 x 12) mm = 538 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 631.811 × 1000 / (300 × 2 + 300 × 2 + 538 × 4) × 538 = 0.350
N/mm2
ß=L/B =5.4/1.65 =3.27
k=0.5 +ß=4.27 , k≤1
Hence, k=1
For Column 2
deff = (600-50-1 x 12) mm = 538 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 631.811 × 1000 / (300 × 2 + 300 × 2 + 538 × 4) × 538 = 0.350
N/mm2
ß=L/B =5.4/1.65 =3.27
k=0.5 +ß=4.27 , k≤1
Hence, k=1
Comparison

(kN/m2)


(kN·m)
112.5 112.209 112.386
207.102 207.838 207.098

Way) (kN)

Way) (kN)
631.811 632.852 631.777

Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 350 KN & Fx=-30 KN each column., fc = 25 MPa, fy =
415 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height-500 mm. and C/C column distance=4000
mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 90 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against
overturning =1.5. No soil above footing. Dry condition

Approximate area of footing required = 2×350/90 m2 = 7.78 m2

Assuming 6 m × 1.75 m × 0.600 m footing dimension,
(left overhang = right overhang = 1 m)
Weight of footing = 6 m × 1.75 m × 0.600 × 25 kN = 157.5 kN
Weight of pedestal = 2 × 0.3 × 0.3 × 0.5 × 25 = 2.25 kN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2×350+157.5 +2.25) kN = 859.75 kN
Maximum pressure for axial load=P/A = 859.75 /(6×1.75) = 81.88 kN/ m2
Moment on each col = 30 × (0.5 + 0.6) = 33 kNm
So total moment = 33 + 33 = 66 kNm
Z=1.75×62/6 = 10.5 m3
M/Z = 66/10.5 = 6.28 kN/m2
Stress at left end = 81.88+6.28= 88.16 kN/m2
Stress at right end = 81.88-6.28= 75.6 kN/m2
88.16 kN/ m2 < 90 kN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate Pressure

Maximum pressure for axial load = P/A = 1050 /(6×1.75) = 100 kN/ m2
Moment on each col = 45 × (0.5 + 0.6) = 49.5 kNm
So total moment = 49.5 × 2 = 99 kNm
Z=1.75×62/6 = 10.5 m3
M/Z = 99/10.5 = 9.428 kN/m2
Stress at left end = 100 + 9.428 = 109.428 kN/m2
Stress at right end = 100 - 9.428 = 90.572 kN/m2

Mux = 76.86 kN·m (Moment at right side of column)
deff = (600-50-0.5 × 12) mm = 532 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87× fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
Mux = 264.25 kN·m
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 532 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87× fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
About X Axis
Cantilever length=(1.75-0.3)/2 = 0.725 m
BBending moment at critical section, Mux = (109.43+90.57) ×6×0.7252/4 = 157.68 kN·m
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 532 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87× fy )= 0.479107
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 = 5,848. kN·m

Hence OK

Astx = 359.743 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0012 x B x D = 1,260mm2 ( as fy>250)
Astx = 1,411.241 mm2
Astz = 824.44 mm2

Percentage of steel pt = 0.133
Vumax = 248.613 KN
Developed shear stress V = 0.261 N/mm2
V < τc, Hence Safe

Punching Shear
For Column One
deff = (600-50-1 x 12) mm = 538 mm
Punching shear = 449.289 KN
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 449.289 × 1000 / (300 × 2 + 300 × 2 + 538 × 4) × 538 = 0.245
N/mm2
ß=L/B =6/1.75 =3.43
k=0.5 +ß=4.43 , k≤1
Hence, k=1
For Column Two
Punching shear = 458.245 KN
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 458.245 × 1000 / (300 × 2 + 300 × 2 + 538 × 4) × 538 = 0.2496
N/mm2
ß=L/B =6/1.75 =3.43
k=0.5 +ß=4.43 , k≤1
Hence, k=1

Comparison

(kN/m2)
75.59 75.59 75.6

IS Pilecap Foundation 1

(kN·m)
264.25 264.793 264.235
157.68 158.023 157.685

Way) (kN)

Way) (kN)
458.245 460.164 459.190
4.12 IS Pilecap Foundation 1

Problem
Design a pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 500.00 kN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column
Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm.
Pile Data- Dia of pile= 400 mm
Vertical capacity = 250 kN
Horizontal capacity = 100 kN
Uplift capacity = 80 kN

Note: Pile cap design uses initial depth first and then finds a suitable depth for the final design. This example
problem has used the final depth calculated as the initial depth, which satisfies the design on first attempt.
Minimum depth required for the pile cap = 1.5x pile diameter = 1.5x 400 mm = 600 mm
Assume a pile cap depth of 750 mm.
c/c pile distance is equal to 3x the pile diameter =1200 mm. Edge distance = 350 mm
Assuming four pile combination, Coordinates of piles (considering pedestal at 0,0,0)
Table 34: Pile Locations in Plan
Pile No X Coordinate (mm Z Coordinate (mm)
1 -600 -600
2 -600 600
3 600 600

Pile No X Coordinate (mm Z Coordinate (mm)
4 600 -600
Ppilecap dimension is 1,900 mm x1,900 mm x 750 mm

Weight of footing = 1.9 ×1.9 × 0.92 × 25 kN = 67.68 kN
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = (500 + 67.68 ) kN = 567.687 kN
So pile reaction = 567.687 /4 = 141.75 kN < 250 kN
Hence OK
As there is no lateral load, moment, or uplift force, each pile is safe in lateral & uplift capacity.
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken =1
Load factor for axial load is taken 1.5
So, Load on pilecap = 1.5(500) + 1(67.68) = 817.68 kN
Load on each pile = 817.68 /4 = 204.42 kN
Calculation of Moment about Z Axis
For moment wrt X1X1

Contribution from pile 1 = from pile 2 = 204.42 × 0.475 = 97.099 kN·m
So Total Mz X1X1 = 194.199 kN·m
For moment wrt X2X2
C Contribution from pile 3 = from pile 4 = 204.42 × 0.475 = 97.099 kN·m

So Total Mz X2X2 = 194.199 kN·m

So Max value of Mz = 194.199 kN·m
Calculation of Moment about X Axis

For moment wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile 4 = 204.42 × 0.475 = 97.099 kN·m
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 194.199 kN·m
For moment wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2 = from pile 3 = 204.42 × 0.475 = 97.099 kNm
So Total Mx Z2Z2 = 194.199 kNm
So Max value of MX = 194.199 kNm
Check For Trial Depth against moment

About Z Axis
Muz = 194.199 kNm
Assuming 50 mm clear cover, 50 mm pile in pilecap & and 16 mm bar, effective depth calculation is done using
max bar size given which is 16 mm:
deff = 750 - 50 - 50 - 1.5 x 16 = 626 mm
K = 700/(1,100 + 0.87· fy ) = 0.479107
Ru = 0.36·fck·Kumax ·(1-0.416·Kumax) = 3.452 N/mm2
B = 1,900 mm, deff = 626 mm
Resisting Moment = Ru·B·deff2 = 2570.619 kNm
Hence OK
About X Axis
Mux = 304.9 kN-m
Assuming 50 mm clear cover, 50 mm pile in pilecap & and 16 mm bar, effective depth calculation is done using
max bar size given which is 16 mm:
deff = 750 - 50 - 50 - 1.5 x 16 = 626 mm
K = 700/(1,100 + 0.87· fy ) = 0.479107
Ru = 0.36·fck·Kumax ·(1-0.416·Kumax) = 3.452 N/mm2
B = 1,900 mm, deff = 626 mm
Resisting Moment = Ru·B·deff2 = 2570.619 kNm
Hence OK


Along X Direction
M u = 0.87 f y Ast d ( 1 − Ast f y

bd f ck )
Astx = 869. 778 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0012 x B x D = 1,710 mm2 ( as fy > 250)
Along Z Direction
M u = 0.87 f y Ast d ( 1 − Ast f y

bd f ck )
Astx = 869. 778 mm2

Parallel to X Axis
critical section distance from center = .125 + .626 = .751 m < (.6 + .2) m
After geometrical calculation of finding the area of sector
Included angle = 81.94°
Area of sector = .0286 m2
Area of triangle =.0197 m2
Area of partial pile = .0089 m2
Area of pile = .1256 m2
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 = 204.42 x .0089 /.1256 = 14.48 kN
For shear wrt X2X2
So Maximum V along section X1X1= 28.97 kN
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
So Total V Z1Z1 = 28.97 kN
For shear wrt Z2Z2
So Total V Z2Z2 = 28.97 kN
So Max V parallel to Z direction = 28.97 kN

Along X Direction
Percentage of steel pt = 100·Ast/(B·de) = 0.1521
Vumax = 28.97 kN
Developed shear stress V = 28.97 x 1,000 / 1,900 x 626 = 0.024 N/mm2
V < τc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
Vumax = 28.97 kN
Developed shear stress V = 28.97 x 1,000 / 1,900 x 626 = 0.024 N/mm2


V < τc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
deff = 750 - ( 50 - 50 - 16 ) = 634 mm

pile inside of punching shear perimeter = 442 - 400 = 42 mm
Contribution from piles are calculated using approximate method here by converting to equivalent square.
Overlapped area = .001764 m2
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile 2 = from pile 3 = from pile 4 = 204.42 × .15824 /.16
= 202.171 kN
So total punching shear, Vmax = 808.68 kN
Pm = 4 x (250 + 634) = 3,536 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 0.36 N/mm2
ß = L/B =1,900/1,900 = 1
k = 0.5 + ß = 1.5 , k ≤ 1
Hence, k = 1
Now allowable stress= τc = k(0.25)√fck = 1.25 N/mm2
τv < τc, Hence safe

Comparison
Pile Reaction, 141.75 141.92 141.92 Negligible

Service ( kN)
Pile Reaction, 204.42 204.42 204.42 None

Ultimate ( kN)
Governing Moment, 194.19 194.19 194.19 None

Mx ( kN·m)
Governing Moment, 194.19 194.19 194.19 None

Mz ( kN·m)
Shear Force, One- 28.97 28.64 28.64 Negligible

way Z & X ( kN)

way ( kN)
4.13 IS Pilecap Foundation 2

Problem
Design a pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 1,100 KN, Mx= 50 KNm, Fz= 50 KN,fc = 25 MPa, fy =
415 MPa, Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm. Pedestal ht= 500 mm
Diameter of pile= 400 mm.
Vertical capacity =300 KN,
Horizontal capacity = 100 KN
Uplift capacity = 80 KN
Pedestal dimensions: 250 mm x 250 mm

Figure 64: Plan, Elevation, and Pedestal dimensions
depth of pilecap is equal to 1.5x the pile diameter, D = 600 mm

Take D = 1,255 mm
c/c pile distance = 3x pile diameter =1,200 mm. Edge distance =350 mm
Assuming five pile combination,
Coordinates of piles considering pedestal at 0, 0, 0
Table 36: Pile Coordinates in Plan
1 -850 -850

2 -850 850
3 0 0
4 850 -850
5 850 -850
pilecap dimension is 2,400 mm x 2,400 mm x 800 mm

Weight of footing = 2.4 x 2.4 x .8 x 25 KN = 115.2 KN
Weight of pedestal = 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 x 25 KN = 3.125 KN
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = (1,100 + 115.2 + 3.125 ) KN = 1,218.325 KN
So Pile reaction from axial load = 1,218.325 /5= 243.665 KN
Moment from lateral load = (0.8 + 0.5) x 50= 65 KNm
Moment Mx ( from input) = 50 KNm
So Total moment = 115 KNm
Using Rivet theory:
Reaction from moment= ±115(0.85)/[4(0.852)] = ±33.823 KNm
So
Reaction at Pile 2 = reaction at pile 5 = 243.665 + 33.823 = 277.488 KN
Reaction at Pile 1 = reaction at pile 4 = 243.665 - 33.823 = 209.842 KN
Reaction at Pile 3 = 243.665 KN
So Critical vertical reaction= 277.488 kN < 300 KN
Lateral reaction = 50/5 = 10 KN < 50 KN, Hence OK
As there is no net uplift load, each pile is safe in uplift capacity.
Factored Design
Axial Load on pilecap = 1.5(1,100) + 1(118.325) = 1,768.325 KN
Moment on pilecap = 1.5(115) = 172.5 KNm
Load on each pile from axial reaction = 1,768.325 /5 = 353.665 KN
Reaction from moment = ±172.5 (0.85)/[4(0.852)] = ±50.735 KNm
So
Reaction at pile 2 = reaction at pile 5 = 353.665 + 50.735 = 404.4 KN
Reaction at pile 1= reaction at pile 4 = 353.665 - 50.735 = 302.93 KN

Reaction at pile 3 = 353.665 KN
Calculation of Moment
Moment is calculated at face of column
About Z Axis
For moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = 302.93 x 0.6 = 181.758 KNm
Contribution from pile 3 = 0 KNm
So Total Mz X1X1 = 424.398 KNm
For moment wrt X2X2
So Total Mz X2X2 = 424.398 KNm
So Max value of Mz = 424.398 KNm
About X Axis
For moment wrt Z1Z1
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 363.516 KNm

For moment wrt Z2Z2

So Total Mx Z2Z2 = 485.28 KNm
So Max value of MX = 485.28 KNm

Moment About Z Axis
Muz = 424.398 KN·m
Assuming 50 mm clear cover, 50 mm pile in pilecap & and 16 mm bar, effective depth
deff = 676 mm
K = 700/(1,100 + 0.87x fy ) = 0.4791
Ru = 0.36 (fck) Kumax (1-0.416Kumax) = 3.452 N/mm2
B =2,400 mm, deff = 676 mm
Hence OK
Moment About X Axis
Mux = 485.28 KN·m
Assuming 50 mm clear cover, 50 mm pile in pilecap & and 16 mm bar, effective depth
deff = 676 mm
K = 700/(1,100 + 0.87x fy ) = 0.4791
Ru = 0.36 (fck) Kumax (1-0.416Kumax) = 3.452 N/mm2
B = 2,400 mm, deff = 800 mm
Hence OK

Along X Direction
(
M u = 0.87 f y Ast d 1 −
Ast f y
bd f ck )

Astx = 1,488.471 mm2

Along Z Direction
(
M u = 0.87 f y Ast d 1 −
Ast f y
bd f ck )
AstZ = 1,705 mm2
Critical shear distance from center = 926 mm

After geometrical calculation of finding the area of sector
Included angle = 67.66°
Area of sector = .0472 m2
Area of triangle =.0140 m2
Area of partial pile = .033 m2
Area of pile = .1256 m2
Shear Plane Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = 302.93 x .033 /.1256 = 79.59 KN

Contribution from pile 2 = 106.77 KN

So Total V X1X1 = 186.36 KN
For shear wrt X2X2
So Total V X2X2 = 186.36 KN
So Max V for shear plane parallel to Z axis = 186.36 KN
Shear Plane Parallel to X Axis
For shear wrt Y1Y1
So Total V 1Y1 = 159.18 KN
For shear wrt Y2Y2
So Total V Y2Y2 = 213.54 KN
So Max V parallel to Z direction = 213.54 KN

Along X Direction
Vumax = 186.36 KN
V < τc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
Vumax = 213.54 KN
V < τc, Hence Safe

Punching Shear
Effective depth = deff = 800 - ( 50 - 50 - 16 ) = 684 mm

Pile outside perimeter = 850 + 200 - ( 342 + 250 ) = 458 mm
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile 4 = 302.93 KN
Contribution from pile 2 = from pile 5 = 404.4 KN
Contribution from pile 3 = 0 KN
So total punching shear Vmax= 1,414.66 KN
Pm = 4×(500 + 342+ 342) = 4,736 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 0.436 N/mm2
ß = L/B = 2,400/2,400 = s1
k = 0.5 +ß = 1.5 , k ≤ 1
Hence, k = 1
Now allowable stress= τc =k(0.25)√fck = 1.25 N/mm2
τv < τc, Hence safe

IS Mat Combined Foundation 1
Comparison

Service (KN)
277.488 277.488 277.488
243.665 243.664 243.664
209.842 209.840 209.840
277.488 277.488 277.488

Ultimate (KN)
404.4 404.400 404.400
353.66 353.664 353.664
302.93 302.928 302.928
404.4 404.400 404.400

(KN·m)
485.28 485.271 485.271

Way (KN)
213.54 213.555 213.555
Shear Force, Two- 1,414.66 1,414.657 1,414.657 Negligible

Way (KN)
4.14 IS Mat Combined Foundation 1

Reference
Pillai, S. Unnikrishria, and Devdas Menon. Reinforced Concrete Design. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill, 1998. Print.
Page 652, Example 14.7.

Problem
Design a combined footing for two columns with the given data: C1 (400 mm x 400 mm) with 4-25 ϕ bars and
C2 (500 mm x 500 mm) with 4-28 ϕ bars supporting axial loads P1 = 900 kN and P2 = 1600 kN respectively
(under service dead and live loads). The column C1 is an exterior column whose exterior face is flush with the
property line. The center-to-center distance between C1 and C2 is 4.5 meters. The allowable soil pressure at the
base of the footing, 1.5 m below ground level, is 240 kN/m2. Assume a steel of grade Fe 415 in the columns as
well as the footing, and a concrete grade of M 20 in the footing.
Figure 65: Footing Plan
Figure 66: Loads on Footing
Dimension of Mat (Based on the bearing Capacity given):

Length = 6.16 m
Width = 2 m
Depth = 0.95 m

Calculation of Base Pressure

Self-weight of mat = 6.16 x 2 x 0.95 x 25 kN = 292.6 kN
Total load on the mat = (1,600+900+292.6) kN = 2792.6 kN
Base pressure = 2792.6 / (6.16 x 2) kN/m2 = 226.67 kN/m2 < 240 kN/m2 (Hence Safe)
Ultimate load for C1 = Pu1 = 1.5 x 900 = 1350 kN
Ultimate load for C2 = Pu2 = 1.5 x 1600 = 2400 kN
Then uniformly distributed upward load = (Pu1+Pu2)/6.16 kN/m = 608.8 kN/m

Developed shear stress,
1,350 ( 10 ) 3
τv = ( = 0.516 N/mm 2 < τc,allowable
2 × 400 + 882 ) + ( 400 + 882 ) 882
Hence safe
Maximum shear for C2 = 2400 kN
Developed shear stress,
2,400 ( 10 ) 3
τv = 4 × ( 500 + 882 ) × 882
= 0.492 N/mm 2 < τc,allowable
Hence safe
Note: There is no deduction for the upward force underneath the area enclosed by the critical perimeter. This
approach is conservative.
Calculation of Reinforcement
The maximum, “positive” moment at the face of column Cz is given by
M +ve = 608.8 x (1.460 - 0.250)2/2 = 446 KNm
Moment at center of column = 608.8 x (1.460)2 /2 = 648.859 KNm
The maximum “negative” moment occurs at the location of zero shear, which is at a distance x from left edge
M - ve = 608.8 x (2.2175)2/2 - 1350 x (2.2175 - 0.2) = (-) 1227 kNm
for full width.
Maximum negative moment Mu(-) per meter width = 1227/2 = 613.5 KNm/m
Area of steel required on top face along length,
fc 4.5Mu
Ast = 0.5 × fy
1- 1- 2
× B × de
f c × B × de
where
B = 1,000 mm
de = 950-50-.5x12 = 894 mm

Mu = 613.5 x 106 N-mm/mm

Ast = 1948.40 mm2/m
Ast,min = 0.0012 × B× D = 1,140mm2/m
Figure 67: Shear Force (kN, top) and Bending Moment (kNm, bottom) diagrams
Comparison

Advanced Result
Max Bending Moment(-) 613.5 612.543 Negligible

(kN·m/m)
Area of Steal Required 1948.40 1950.301 Negligible

(mm 2 /m)
Base Pressure (kN/m 2 ) 226.67 227.411 Negligible

United States Code (ACI 318 -2005)
5
5.1 US General Isolated Foundation 1
Foundation under Vertical Load Only
Reference
Notes on ACI318-02 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete with Design Applications. 2002. PCA.
Fanella, D.A. and B. G. Rabbat, Page 22-7, Example 22.1-22.3.
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Service dead load = 350 kips, Service live load = 275 kips, Service
surcharge = 100 psf, Average weight of soil above footing = 113 pcf, Gross soil bearing capacity = 4.5 ksf, Column
dimension = 30 x 12 in, Strength of concrete (fc') = 4,000 psi, and Strength of steel (fy) = 60,000 psi.
Ƴconc = 0.13 Kip/ft3
Surcharge =0.7 Psi
Ignore self weight for factored design, Ignore lateral earth pressure for stability check.
Min soil contact required =75%
Soil Condition =Dry.

US General Isolated Foundation 1
Figure 68: Elevation and loads
Solution
Base Area of Footing
The base area of footing is determined using service (unfactored) loads with the net permissible soil pressure.
Axial load (LC3) =350+275 = 625 Kip
Self Weight = 13 x 13 x (33/12)x0.13 =60.4175 Kip
Soil Weight = {13x13-(30x12)/144) x (27/12)} x 0.113 = 42.33623 Kip
Surcharge = (156x156 - 30x12) x 0.7/1000 = 16.78 Kip
Total Axial load =625+60.4175 +42.33623 +16.78 = 744.5333 Kip
σ = Max. Corner Pressure =744.5333 /(156 x 156) = 0.0305939 ksi
GBC =4.5 kip/ft 2 > 4.406 ksf
So, σ < GBC. Hence Safe.
As, no lateral load/overturning moment present. So, no need to check for sliding/overturning.
For Ultimate Design

Axial load =1.2. DL+1.6. LL (Critical condition is LC4) =1.2 x 350 + 1.6 x 275 = 860 ksi
qn = 860/ (156 x 156) =0.03534 ksi = 5.088 ksf
Depth requirement for shear usually controls the footing thickness.
Both, wide-beam action and two-way action for strength computation need to be investigated to determine the
controlling shear criteria for depth.

Wide-beam action
One-way shear check
Along X (Shear plane parallel to global X axis)
d = D - CC -1.5xØ = 33-4-(1.5) x (8/8) = 27.5 in.
Bw = 13 ft = 156 in.
Tributary area = 156 x 44.5 in2
Vu = qn x Tributary Area =0.03534 x 156 x 44.5 =245.33 kip
Shear capacity (as per clause 11.2.1.1),
Vc = (2λ√f'c bw d) = 2 x 1.0 x (√4000) x (156 x 27.5)/1000 = 542.64 kip So, 0.75Vc =0.75 x
542.64 = 406.98 kip
So, Vu <0.75 Vc. Hence Ok.
Along Z (Shear plane parallel to global Z axis)
d = D - CC -Φ/2 = 33-4-(.5) x (8/8) = 28.5 in.
Bw = 13 ft = 156 in.
Tributary area = 156 x 34.5 in2
Vu = qn x Tributary Area =0.03534 x 156 x 34.5 =190.19kip
Shear capacity (as per clause 11.2.1.1),
Vc = (2λ√f'c bw d) = 2 x 1.0 x (√4000) x (156 x 28.5)/1000 = 562.379 kip So, 0.75Vc =0.75 x
562.4 = 421.784 kip
So, Vu <0.75 Vc. Hence Ok
Two-way Action
d = D - clear cover - Ø = 33-4-(1) x (8/8) = 28 in.
Vu = qs x tributary area
Tributary area = [(156 × 156) - (30 + 28) × (12 + 28)] = 22,016 in2
V =0.03534 × 22016 = 778.04 kip
u
Punching Shear Capacity,

bo = (30+12+2x28.5)x2 = 198 in.
βc=Width of col/depth of col = 30/12 = 2.5
So,
V1 = 2+ ( 4
β
)λ f ′c bc d = 1, 249.53 kip
( d
)
V 2 = αs b + 2 λ f ′c bc d = 2, 677.564 kip
0
(clause 11.11.2.1.b)
where

αs = 40
V 3 = 4λ f ′c bc d = 1, 388.366 kip
Vc = min(V1, V2, V3) = 1,249.53 kip

0.75Vc = 0.75 x 1284.82 =937.147 kip
So, Vu < 0.75Vc
Hence, Ok.
bw used for beam action, bo used for two-way action
Calculation of Reinforcement
m = fy/0.85fc = 17.647
β1 = 0.85(as fc =4) .(clause 10.2.7.3)
ρbal = 0.85*ß1*fc*(87/fy.(87+fy)) =0.02851 (clause 10.3.2)
ρmax = 0.75ρbal = 0.0214 (clause 10.3.5)
ρmin =0.0018( as fy =60 (clause 7.12.2)
Reinforcement Along X
d = D - CC -Φ/2 = 33-4-(.5) x (8/8) =28.5 in.
Muz = 0.03534 x 156 x 632/2 = 10940.6 kip-in. = 911.718 kip-ft
Mnz = Muz/ϕ = 12156.25 kip-in. = 1013.02 kipft
Rn = Mnz/bd2 = 0.0959 ksi
2mRn/fy = 0.0564 <1 hence Ok
ρ=
1
m ( 1− 1−
2mR n
fy ) = 0.00162

Ast(x) required = ρbd = 0.00162x156x28.5 = 7.2 in2

Take ρmin ie 0.0018 ,
Ast (X) = ρminbD = 0.0018 x 156 x 33 = 9.27 in2
Reinforcement Along Z
d = D - CC -1.5Φ = 33-4- 1.5x(8/8) = 27.5 in.
Mux = 0.03534 x 156 x 722/ 2 = 14289.8 kip - in = 1190.816 kip-ft
Mnx = Mux/ϕ = 15877.55 kip -in = 1323.129 kip-ft
Rn = Mnx/bd2 = 0.134584 Ksi
2mRn/fy = 0.0791 <1 hence Ok
ρ=
1
m ( 1− 1−
2mR n
fy ) = 0.002289
So provide, Ast Z = ρbd = 0.002289 x 156 x 27.5 = 9.82 in2

Provide:
• #8@12 in c/c along X.
• #8@12 in c/c along Z.
Comparison
Table 39: US verification example 1 comparison
Max corner pressure 0.0306 0.0306 0.0306 None

(Ksi)
Effective Depth 28.5 28.5 28.5 None

Along X (in)

Along Z (in)
Muz (kip-ft) 911.718 910.742 910.742 Negligible
Mux (kip-ft) 1190.816 1189.540 1189.540 Negligible
Ast X (in2) 9.27 9.266 9.266 Negligible
Ast Z (in2) 9.82 9.81 9.81 Negligible
One-way Shear, 190.19 189.996 189.996 Negligible

Vuz(kip)

One-way Shear, 245.33 245.067 245.067 Negligible

Vux(kip)
V (Two-way) (kip) 778.04 777.211 777.211 Negligible

Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 200 Kip (including pedestal weight), fc = 4 Ksi, fy = 60
Ksi, Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, and gross Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2.2 Kip/sqft. Coefficient of
friction =0.4, FOS against sliding =1.4, FOS against overturning =1.4
Notes:
• Neglect footing self-weight for section Design
• Min soil contact area = 75%
• GWT condition –dry
• Surcharge on soil – Nil
• Depth of soil above footing – 0 in.
• Ignore lateral earth pressure for stability check

Figure 69: Elevation and Plan
Solution
Sliding and Overturning Check
Critical load case for overturning and sliding-LC 101
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 0
Max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 x 224.66 = 89.864 Kip
Hence OK
Max resisting Moment = 0.5x 122 x 224.66 = 13,704.26 in·kip
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 x 224.66 = 89.864 Kip
Hence OK

Max resisting Moment = 0.5x 122 x 224.66 = 13,704.26 in·kip
Hence OK

Considering #6 (0.75 in. bars), Effective Depth = D-clear cover - Ø = 18 - 2 - 0.75=15.25 in
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 7.625 inch from the column face.
Punching Shear Vm= 0.018812 × (122 × 122-27.25 × 27.25) = 266.028 Kip
Critical perimeter Pm = bo = 2 × ( b + h + 2 × d) = 109 in
β = Width of col/depth of col = 12/12 = 1
V1 = 2+ ( 4
β
)λ f ′c b0d ( 11.11.2.1(a))
= 2+( 4
1
)×1× 4, 000 × 109 ×
15.25
1, 000
= 630.78 kip
V2 = ( αs d
b0 )
+ 2 λ f ′c bo d
(11.11.2.1(b))
= ( 40 ×10915.25 + 2) × 1 × 4, 000 × 109 × 15.25 = 798.602 kip
V 3 = 4λ f ′c bo d (11.1.2.1(c))
= 4 × 1 × 4, 000 × 109 × 15.25 = 450.52 kip

Vc = min(V1, V2, V3) = 450.52 kip
So, 0.75×Vc = 315.39 kip
Vm < 0.75×Vc, Hence safe
One-Way Shear Check

Check at a distance, d, from the face of the column.
Shear Plane Parallel to Global Z Direction
Effective depth, d = D - clear cover - 0.5× Ø = 18 - 2 - 0.75×.5=15.625 in
V u,max = 0.018812 × 122 × ( 122 2− 12 − 15.625) = 90.368 kip

Allowable shear:
V c1 = 2λ f ′c bw d = 2 × 1 4, 000 × 122 × 15.625(10)−3 = 241.12 kip (11.2.1.1)
0.75×Vc1 = 180.84 Kip

So Vumax < 0.75×Vc1, Hence Safe
Shear Plane Parallel to Global X Axis
Effective depth, d = D - clear cover - 1.5× Ø = 18 - 2 - 0.75×1.5 = 14.875 in

V u,max = 0.018812 × 122 × ( 122 2− 12 − 14.875) = 92.031 kip

Allowable shear:
V c1 = 2λ f ′c bd = 2 × 1 4, 000 × 122 × 14.875(10)−3 = 229.55 kip
0.75×Vc1 = 172.163 kip

Check For Trial Depth Against Moment

About Z Axis
m = fy/(β1fc) = 60/(0.85×4) = 17.6471
where
β1 = 0.85 (as fc = 4 ksi) (Clause 10.2.7.3)
ρbal = 0.85. β1.fc '/fy.{87/(87+f y)} = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.02138
ρmin = 0.0018 (as fy = 60 Ksi)
Effective depth, d = D-clear cover-.5xØ = 18 - 2 - 0.75x.5=15.625 in
Bending moment at critical section at the face of the column
Muz = 0.018812 × 122 × (122-12)/2 × 0.5 × {(122-12)/2} = 3,471.28 in·kip
So Resisting Moment = Mnz = Muz/ϕ =3875 in·kip (ϕ = 0.9)
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.1295 ksi
2m×Rn/fy <1 , Hence OK
ρz = 1/m× (1-√1-2m×Rn/fy) = 0.0022
ρmin < ρz < ρmax Hence OK
About X Axis
Effective depth, d = D-clear cover-1.5xØ = 18 - 2 - 0.75x1.5=14.875 in
Mux = 0.018812 × 122 × (122-12)/2 × 0.5 × {(122-12)/2} = 3,471.28 in·kip
So Resisting Moment = Mnx = Mux/ϕ = 3,875 in·kip
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.1429 ksi
2m×Rn/fy = 0.084 < 1 , Hence OK
ρx = 1/m× (1-√1-2m×Rn/fy) = 0.00243
ρmin < ρx < ρmax Hence OK

Along X Direction

ρz = 0.0022
Therefore, Astx = ρz×b×d = 4.194 in2
Provide 11 #6 bars
Along Z Direction
ρx = 0.00243
Therefore, Astz = ρx×b×d = 4.41 in2
Provide 12 #6 bars
Comparison

Along X (in)

Along Z (in)

(ksi)
Mux (in·kip) 289.273 289.276 289.276 None
Muz (in·kip) 289.273 289.276 289.276 None
Vux (kip) 92.09 92.09 92.09 None
Vuz (kip) 90.37 90.37 90.37 None

way) (kip)
A st reqd. along X (in 4.19 4.19 4.19 None

2)
A st reqd along Z (in 4.41 4.41 4.41 None

2)


Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 250 kip (including pedestal wt) fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60 Ksi,
Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, and Gross Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2 kip/ft2. Coefficient of friction =0.4,
Notes:
• GWT condition - dry
• Suncharge on soil - Nil
• Min soil contact area-75 %
Approximate area of footing required = 250/2 = 125 ft2

Assuming 160 inch × 160 inch × 21 inch footing dimension,
Weight of footing 160 × 160 × 21 × 0.159/(123) = 49.47 kip
Weight of soil above footing 160 × 160 × 32 × 0.159/(123) = 53.27 Kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (250 + 49.47 + 53.27) = 352.74 Kip

For critical load case LC101:

Maximum pressure = 352.74/(160×160) = 0.0138 ksi = 1.9872 ksf2 < 2 ksf
Hence safe
For critical load case LC103:
Ultimate pressure = 250 x 1.4/(160×160) = 0.01367 ksi

Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 × 352.74 = 141.096 kip
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.4 × 160 × 352.74 = 1,881.28 in·kip
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 × 352.74 = 141.096 kip
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.4 × 160 × 352.74 = 1,881.28 in·kip
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Considering #5 bar (5/8 inch dia)
Effective Depth = D-clear cover - Ø = 21 - 2 -1×0.625 = 18.375 in
Punching Shear Vm = 0.01367 x {160x160-30.375x30.375} = 337.33 kip
Pm = bo = 2 × (b + h + 2 × d) = 121.5 in
ß = Width of col/depth of col=12/12=1
V1 = 2+ ( 4
β
)λ f ′c bc d 11.11.2.1(a)
= 2+( 4
1
)1.0 4, 000 × 121.5 × 18.375(10)−3 = 847.197 kip
V2 = α ( d
b
)
+ 2 λ f ′c bc d 11.11.2.1(b)
= ( 40 ×121.5
18.375
+ 2)1.0 4, 000 × 121.5 × 18.375(10)−3 = 1, 136.57 kip

V 3 = 4λ f ′c bc d 11.11.2.1(c)
= 4 × 1.0 4, 000 × 121.5 × 18.375(10)−3 = 564.798 kip

Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 564.798 kip
So, 0.75×Vc = 423.599 kip
One-way Shear Check

Check at a distance, d, from the face of the column.
Shear Plane Parallel to the X Direction
Effective Depth = D-clear cover - 1.5×Ø = 21 - 2 -1.5×0.625 = 18.0625 in
V u,max = 0.01367 × 160 × ( 160 2− 12 − 18.0625) = 122.347 kip

Allowable shear:
V c1 = 2λ f ′c bd = 2 × 1.0 4, 000 × 160 × 18.0625(10)−3 = 365.559 kip
0.75×Vc1 = 274.169 kip

Shear Plane Parallel to the Z Direction
Effective Depth = D-clear cover - 0.5×Ø = 21 - 2 - 0.5×0.625 = 18.6875 in
V u,max = 0.01367 × 160 × ( 160 2− 12 − 18.6875) = 120.979 kip

Allowable shear:
V c1 = 2λ f ′c bd = 2 × 1.0 4, 000 × 160 × 18.6875(10)−3 = 378.2 kip
0.75×Vc1 = 283.656 kip


About Z Axis
m = fy/(β1fc) = 60/(0.85×4) = 17.6471
where
β1 = 0.85 (as fc = 4 ksi) (Clause 10.2.7.3)
ρbal = 0.85. β1.fc '/fy.{87/(87+f y)} = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.02138
ρmin = 0.0018 (as fy = 60 Ksi)
Effective depth, d = D-clear cover-.5xØ = 21 - 2 - 0.5x.625=18.6875 in
Bending moment at critical section at the face of the column

M uz = 0.01367 × 160 ( 74 ×2 74 ) = 5, 988.55 in⋅kip = 499.046 ft⋅kip

So Resisting Moment = Mn = Muz/ϕ = 6,653.95 in·kip = 554.495 ft·kip (ϕ = 0.9)
Rn = Mnz/b×d2 = 0.119 ksi
2m×Rn/fy =0.07 < 1 , Hence OK
ρz = 1/m× (1-√1-2m×Rn/fy) = 0.00202
About X Axis
Effective depth, d = D-clear cover-1.5xØ = 21 - 2 - 1.5×0.625 = 18.0625 in
M ux = 0.01367 × 160 ( 74 ×2 74 ) = 5, 988.55 in⋅kip = 499.046 ft⋅kip

Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.1275 ksi
2m×Rn/fy = 0.075 < 1 , Hence OK
ρx = 1/m× (1-√1-2m×Rn/fy) = 0.002166

Along X Direction
ρx = 0.00202
Therefore, Astx = ρx×b×d = 6.039 in2
Along Z Direction
ρz = 0.002166
Therefore, Astz = ρz×b×d = 6.259 in2
Comparison

Along X (in)

Along z (in)


(Ksi)
M ux (kip-ft) 499.046 498.685 498.685 Negligible
M uz (kip-ft) 499.046 498.685 498.685 Negligible
V ux (Kip) 122.347 122.258 122.258 None
V uz (Kip) 120.979 120.892 120.892 None

way) (kip)
A st reqd. along X (in 6.039 6.048 6.048 Negligible

2)
A st reqd along Z (in 6.259 6.255 6.255 Negligible

2)

Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 300 kip (including pedestal weight), fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60
ksi, Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, and gross Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2.3 ksf. Coefficient of friction
=0.4, FOS against sliding =1.4, FOS against overturning =1.
Notes:
• Ignore self weight for section design
• Min soil contact area = 75%
• Surcharge on soil - Nil
• Ignore lateral earth pressure for stability check.

Approximate area of footing required = 300/2.3 = 130.43 ft2

Weight of footing = 158 x158 x21 x 0.159/ (123) = 48.24 kip
Weight of soil above footing = (158 x158 - 122) x25 x 0.113/ (123) = 40.58 kip
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 158 x158 x (21) x 3.61398x10-5 = 18.946 kip
Total load on footing (Dry) =300 + 48.24 + 40.82 = 388.82 kip
Total Load on footing (Wet) = 388.82 - 18.946 = 369.873 kip
Bearing Pressure
considering critical case = 388.82/1582 = .01557 ksi = 2.24 ksf < 2.3 ksf
Hence OK
Critical loadcase for section design LC 103
Ultimate pressure =300x1.4/ (158x158) = 0.016824 ksi

Along X Direction

Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.4 x 369.873 = 147.94 kip
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.4x 158 x 369.873= 1947.99 kip.ft
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 x 369.873 = 147.94 kip
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 158 x 369.873 = 1947.99 kip.ft
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Considering #6 bars (i.e. 6/8 inch dia)
Effective Depth = D-clear cover - Ø = 21 - 2 - 0.75 =18.25 in
Punching Shear Vm= 0.016824[158x158-30.25x30.25] =404.59 kip
Critical perimeter Pm = bo = 2 x (b + h + 2 x d) = 121 in
ßc = Width of col/depth of col = 12/12=1

Figure 72: Section considered for two-way shear
V1 = 2+( 4
βc
)λ f ′c bc d Clause 11.11.2.1.(a)
(
= 2+
4
1
)1.0 4, 000 × 121 × 18.25(10)−3 = 837.971 kip
V2 = α ( )
d
b
+ 2 λ f ′c bc d Clause 11.11.2.1(b)
= (40 120 + 2)1.0

18
4, 000 × 121 × 18.25(10)−3 = 1, 121.912 kip
V 3 = 4λ f ′c bc d Clause 11.11.2.1.(c)
= 4 × 1.0 4, 000 × 121 × 18.25(10)−3 = 558.647 kip

Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 558.647 kip
So, 0.75×Vc = 418.986 kip

Shear Plane Parallel to the Global X Axis
Effective Depth = D -clear cover - 1.5×Ø = 21 - 2 - 1.5×0.75 = 17.875 in
V u,max = 0.016824 × 158 × ( 158 2− 12 − 17.875) = 146.532 kip

Allowable shear:
V c1 = 2λ f ′c bd = 2 × 1.0 4, 000 × 158 × 17.875(10)−3 = 357.242 kip Clause 11.2.1.1
0.75×Vc1 = 267.931 kip


Shear Plane Parallel to Global Z Axis
V u,max = 0.016824 × 158 × ( 158 2− 12 − 18.625) = 144.539 kip

Allowable shear:
V c1 = 2λ f ′c bd = 2 × 1.0 4, 000 × 158 × 18.625(10)−3 = 373.232 kip Clause 11.2.1.1
0.75×Vc1 = 279.174 kip


Moment About Z Axis
m = fy/(β1fc) = 60/(0.85×4) = 17.6471
where
β1 = 0.85 (as fc = 4 ksi) (Clause 10.2.7.3)
ρbal = 0.85. β1.fc '/f
y.{87/(87+f y)} = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381
ρmin = 0.0018 (as fy = 60 Ksi)
M uz = 0.016824 × 158 ( 73 ×2 73 ) = 7, 082.7 in⋅kip = 590.229 ft⋅kip

Rn = Mnz/b×d2 = 0.1436 ksi
2m×Rn/fy =0.0845 < 1 , Hence OK
ρz = 1/m× (1-√1-2m×Rn/fy) = 0.002446
Moment About X Axis
M ux = 7, 869.67 in⋅kip = 655.806 ft⋅kip
So Resisting Moment = Mnx = Mux/ϕ = 7,869.67 in·kip = 590.229 ft·kip (ϕ = 0.9)

Rn = Mnz/b×d2 = 0.156 ksi
2m×Rn/fy =0.0917 < 1 , Hence OK
ρz = 1/m× (1-√1-2m×Rn/fy) = 0.00266


Along X Direction
ρz = 0.002446
Therefore, Astx = ρz×b×d = 7.194 in2
Ast,min = 0.0018×b×D = 0.0018 × 158 × 21 = 5.97 in2
Along Z Direction
ρx = 0.00266
Comparison

Along X (in)

Along Z (in)
Bearing Pressure 0. 0155 0.0155 0.0155 None

(Ksi)
Mux (kip-ft) 590.22 590.03 590.03 Negligible
Muz (kip-ft) 590.22 590.03 590.03 Negligible
Vux (kip) 146.532 146.503 146.503 Negligible
Vuz (kip) 144.539 144.511 144.511 Negligible

Way) (kip)
A st reqd. along X 7.194 7.195 7.195 Negligible

(in2)
A st reqd along Z 7.514 7.512 7.512 Negligible

(in2)


Foundation under Vertical Load and Biaxial Moments
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 200 kip (including pedestal weight), Mx=240 in·kip. Mz
= -240 in·kip, fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi, Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, and Gross Bearing Capacity of Soil =
2.2 ksf. Coefficient of friction =0.4, FOS against sliding =1.4, FOS against overturning =1.4
Notes:
• Soil Condition = dry
• Soil Surcharge - Nil
• Height of soil above footing = 0 in.

Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 200/2.2 = 90.9 sqft
Assuming 130 inch x130 inch x19 inch footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 130 x130 x19 x 0.159/(123) = 29.55 kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (200+29.55) KN = 229.55 kip
Zx = 130x1302/6 = 366166.667 in3
Zz = 130x1302/6 = 366166.667 in3
Maximum pressure from axial load = 229.55/(130x130) = 0.01358 Ksi
Mx/Zx=240/366166.667 =0.000655 Ksi
Mz/Zz=240/366166.667 =0.000655 Ksi
(For critical Load Case LC 101)
So stress at four corners:

σ1=P/A-Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz= 0.0123 Ksi

σ2=P/A-Mx/Zx-Mz/Zz= 0.0136 Ksi
σ3=P/A+Mx/Zx-Mz/Zz= 0.0149 Ksi
σ4=P/A+Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz= 0.0136 Ksi
Max stress = 0.0149 ksi = 2.144 ksf < 2.2 ksf (Hence safe)
Sliding Check
Along X Direction
For Sliding
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.4 x 229.55 = 91.82kip
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.4 x 229.55 = 91.82 kip
Hence OK
Overturning Check
About X Direction
Overturning Moment =240 in·kip
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 130 x 229.55 = 14920.75 in·kip
FOS = 14920.75 /240 = 62.17 > 1.4
Hence OK
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment =240 in·kip
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 130 x 229.55 = 14920.75 in·kip
FOS = 14920.75 /240 = 62.17 > 1.4
Hence OK
Pressure calculation for strength checks
Pressure from factored axial load = 1.4 x 200/(130x130) = 0.016569 Ksi
Pressure from factored moment = 1.4 x Mx/Zx= 1.4 x 0.000655 = 0.000917 Ksi
Pressure from factored moment = 1.4 x Mz/Zz= 1.4 x 0.000655 = 0.000917 Ksi
So stress at four corners -


Average pressure = (σ1 + σ2 + σ3 + σ4 ) / 4 = 0.016569 Ksi
Punching Shear
Effective Depth = D - clear cover - Ø = 19-2-0.75=16.25 in
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 8.125 in from the column face.
According to ACI-318-11 Clause No: 11.11.7.2, after adding additional factor to account eccentricity
Punching Shear Vm = 0.016569 × [130 × 130 - (12+16.25)2 ] = 266.793 kip
Pm = bo = 2 x (b + h + 2 x d) = 113 in
According to ACI-318-11 Clause No: 11.11.7.2, an additional factor should be added to account moment affect
Vu γv M u C AB
Vu = Ac
+ Jc
γv = 1 - γ f (11-37, ACI-318)
γf =
1 (13-1, ACI318)
2 b1
1+
3 b2
where
b1 & b2 = pier length and width, respectively
d (c1 + d )3 (c1 + d ) d 3 (
d (c1 + d )2 c2 + d )
Jc = 6
+ 6
+ 2
γv = 0.4
Ac = bo × d = 113 × 16.25 = 1,836.25 in2
About X Direction
Mu = 1.4 × 240 kip-in = 336 kip-in
CAB = (12 + 16.25) / 2 = 14.125 in
C1 = C2 = 12in
Jc = 264,353.1 in4
γv M u C AB
V ux = Jc
× Ac = 13.184 kip
About Z Direction
Mu = 1.4 × 240 kip-in = 336 kip-in
CAB = (12 + 16.25) / 2 = 14.125 in
C1 = C2 = 12in
Jc = 264,353.1 in4

γv M u C AB
V ux = Jc
× Ac = 13.184 kip
Vm = 266.793 + max(Vux, Vuz) = 279.977 kip
ßc = Width of col/depth of col=12/12=1
V1 = 2+ ( 4
β
)λ f ′c bc d 11.11.2.1(a)
= 2+( 4
1
)1.0 4, 000 × 113 × 16.25(10)−3 = 696.807 kip
V2 = α ( d
b
)
+ 2 λ f ′c bc d 11.11.2.1(b)
= ( 40 114.5
× 16.25
+ 2)1.0 4, 000 × 114.5 × 16.625(10)−3 = 900.30 kip
V 3 = 4λ f ′c bc d 11.11.2.1(c)
= 4 × 1.0 4, 000 × 114.5 × 16.625(10)−3 = 464.538 kip

Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 464.538 kip
So, 0.75×Vc = 348.404 kip

Effective Depth = D - clear cover - 1.5×Ø = 19 - 2 - 1.5×0.75 = 15.875 in
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.014733+0.016569) ×0.5 = 0.01566 Ksi
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (0.016569+0.018405) ×0.5 = 0.01749 Ksi

Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 0.01749+(0.01566-0.01749)

×86.875/130 = 0.01627 ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 0.01749+(0.01566-0.01749)
×43.125/130 = 0.01689 ksi
Hence, the shear force at the critical section:
F = (0.01749 + 0.01689) × 0.5 × 43.125 × 130 = 96.38 kip
So, maximum shear force along X axis Vux = 96.38 kip
Allowable shear:
V c1 = 2λ f ′c bd = 2 × 1.0 4, 000 × 130 × 18.875 = 261.046 kip
0.75×Vc1 = 195.785 kip


Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.014733+0.016569) x0.5 = 0.01566 Ksi
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (0.016569+0.018405) x0.5 = 0.01749 Ksi
x87.625/130 = 0.01626 ksi
x42.375/130 = 0.01689 ksi
F = (0.01749 + 0.01689) × 0.5 × 42.375 × 130 = 94.69 kip
So, max shear force along Z axis, Vuz = 94.69 kip
Allowable shear:
V c1 = 2λ f ′c bd = 2 × 1.0 4, 000 × 130 × 16.625 = 273.38 kip
0.75×Vc1 = 205.035 kip


About Z Axis
Base Pressure along one edge = 0.0157 Ksi (left end)
Base Pressure along other edge = 0.0175 Ksi (right end)

Moment at critical section (left)

F = 0.5 x ( 0.0157 + 0.0166 ) x 59 x 130 = 123.88 kip,
Lever Arm = 59/3 x [(0.0166+2x0.0157)/(0.0166+0.0157)] =29.2261 inch
Mleft= F x LA = 123.88 x 29.2261 = 3,620.5 kip inch
Moment at the critical section (right):
F = 0.5 x ( 0.0175 + 0.0167 ) x 59 x 130= 131.16 kip
Lever Arm =59/3 x [(0.0167+2x0.0175)/(0.0167+0.0175)] = 29.731 inch
Mright = 131.16 x 29.731 = 3,899.52 kip inch
So, max moment wrt Z axis, Mu(z) = 3,899.52 kip inch = 324.96 kip-ft
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4 ksi) (clause 10.2.7.3)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507 (clause 10.3.2)
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381 (clause 10.3.5)
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60) (clause 7.12.2)
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ϕ =4333.3334 in·kip = 361.110 ft·kip
Rn = Mnz/b×d2 =0.1207 ksi
2m×Rn/fy < 1 , Hence OK
ρz = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002047
About X Axis


Base Pressure along one edge = 0.0157 Ksi (left end)
Moment at critical section (left) :

F = 0.5 x ( 0.0157 + 0.0166 ) x 59 x 130 = 123.88 kip,
Lever Arm = 59/3 x [(0.0166+2x0.0157)/(0.0166+0.0157)]=29.2261 inch
Mleft = 123.88 x 29.2261 = 3620.5 kip inch
Moment at critical section (right) :
F = 0.5 x ( 0.0175 + 0.0167 ) x 59 x 130 = 131.16 kip
Lever Arm =59/3 x [(0.0167+2x0.0175)/(0.0167+0.0175)] = 29.731 inch
Mright = 131.16 x 29.731 = 3899.52 kip inch
So Max moment with respect to X axis Mu (x) = 3899.52 kip inch = 324.96 kip-ft
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4 ksi) (clause 10.2.7.3)
ρmax = 0.75×ρbal = 0.021381 (clause 10.3.5)
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60) (clause 7.12.2)
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ϕ =4333.3334 in·kip = 361.110 ft·kip
Rn = Mnz/b×d2 =0.1322 ksi
ρz = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.00225

Reinforcement Calculation
Area of Steel Along X Direction
ρz = 0.002049
Therefore, Astz = ρz×b×d = 4.428 in2
Provide #6 bars at 12 c/c
Area of Steel Along Z Direction
ρx = 0.00225
Therefore, Astx = ρx×b×d = 4.643 in2
Provide #6 bars at 12 c/c
Comparison

Along X (in)

Along Z (in)

(ksi)
0.0136 0.0136 0.0136
0.0149 0.0149 0.0149
0.0136 0.0136 0.0136
M uz (kip-ft) 324.96 324.472 324.472 Negligible
M ux (kip-ft) 324.96 324.472 324.472 Negligible
V uz (kip) 94.69 94.676 94.676 Negligible
V ux (kip) 96.38 96.322 96.322 Negligible
Shear Force (Two- 279.97 279.960 279.960 None

way) (kip)
A st reqd. along X (in 4.428 4.446 4.446 Negligible

2)

A st reqd along Z (in 4.643 4.634 4.634 Negligible

2)

Foundation under Vertical and Lateral Loads
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 200 kip, Fx= -6 kip, Fz = 6 inch·kip. fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi,
Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, Pedestal dimension = 36 inch x 36 inch x 24 inch and Gross Bearing
Capacity of Soil = 2.2 ksf. Coefficient of friction =0.4, FOS against sliding =1.4, FOS against overturning =1.4
Notes:
• Soil Surcharge = Nil

Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 200/2.2 = 90.9 ft2
Weight of footing =130 x130 x19 x 0.159/(123) = 29.55 kip
Weight of Pedestal = 36 x36 x24 x0.159/(123) = 2.86 kip
Therefore,
total load on the footing = (200+29.55+2.86) kip = 232.41 kip
Zx = 130x1302/6 = 366,166.667 in3
Zz = 130x1302/6 = 366,166.667 in3
Maximum pressure from axial load = 232.41/(130x130) = 0.0138 Ksi
Mx =6x(24+19) =258 kip-in
Mz =6x(24+19) =258 kip-in
Mx/Zx=258/366166.667 =0.0007 Ksi
Mz/Zz=258/366166.667 =0.0007 Ksi


So stress at four corners:
Max stress = 0.0152 ksi = 2.188 ksf < 2.2 ksf (Hence safe)
Factored Pressure for strength checks
P/A = 1.4 x (200)/130x130 = 0.01656 Ksi
Mx/Zx = Mz/Zz = 1.4 x0.0007 = 0.00098 Ksi
So factored stress at four corners
σ1=P/A-Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz = 0.01656 Ksi
σ2=P/A-Mx/Zx-Mz/Zz = 0.01459 Ksi
σ3=P/A+Mx/Zx-Mz/Zz = 0.01656 Ksi
σ4=P/A+Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz = 0.01854 Ksi
Average factored pressure = (σ1 + σ2 + σ3 + σ4) / 4 = 0.01656 Ksi
Sliding Check
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 6 kip
Max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 x 232.41 = 92.96 kip
FOS = 92.96/6 = 15.49 > 1.4 Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 6 kip
Max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 x 232.41 = 92.96 kip
FOS= 92.96/6 = 15.49 > 1.4 Hence OK
Overturning Check
About X Direction
Overturning Moment = 258 kip.inch
Max resisting Moment = 0.5x 130 x 232.41 = 15106.65 kip.inch
FOS= 15106.65/258 = 58.55>1.4
Hence OK
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment = 258 kip.inch

Max resisting Moment = 0.5x 130 x 232.41 = 15106.65 kip.inch

FOS= 15106.65/258 = 58.55 > 1.4
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Effective Depth, deff = D - clear cover - Ø = 19 - 2 - 0.75 = 16.25 in
Punching shear is checked at a perimeter 0.5d = 8.125 inch from the pedestal face.
Critical perimeter Pm = bo = 2 x (b + h + 2 x d) = 209 inch
Punching Shear Vm= 0.01656 (1302 - 52.252) = 237.39 kip

Vu γv M u C AB
Vu = Ac
+ Jc
γv = 1 - γ f (11-37, ACI-318)
γf =
1 (13-1, ACI318)
2 b1
1+
3 b2
where
d (c1 + d )3 (c1 + d ) d 3 (
d (c1 + d )2 c2 + d )
Jc = 6
+ 6
+ 2
γv = 0.4
Ac = bo × d = 209 × 16.25 = 3396.25 in2

About X Direction
Mu = 1.4 x 6 x 43 kip-in = 361.2 kip-in
CAB = (36 + 16.25) / 2 = 26.125 in
C1 = C2 = 36 in
Jc = 1,582,313.877 in4
γv M u C AB
V ux = Jc
× Ac = 8.1 kip
About Z Direction
Mu = 1.4 x 6 x 43 kip-in = 361.2 kip-in
CAB = (36 + 16.25) / 2 = 26.125 in
C1 = C2 = 36 in
Jc = 1,582,313.877 in4
γv M u C AB
V ux = Jc
× Ac = 8.1 kip
Vm = 264.796 + max(Vux, Vuz) = 242.896 kip

ßc = Width of col/depth of col = 36/36 = 1
V1 = 2+ ( 4
β
)λ f ′c bc d 11.11.2.1(a)
= 2+( 4
1
)1.0 4, 000 × 209 × 16.25(10)−3 = 1, 288.786 kip
V2 = α ( d
b
)
+ 2 λ f ′c bc d 11.11.2.1(b)
= ( 40 114.5
× 16.25
+ 2)1.0 4, 000 × 209 × 16.25(10)−3 = 1, 097.626 kip
V 3 = 4λ f ′c bc d 11.11.2.1(c)
= 4 × 1.0 4, 000 × 209 × 16..25(10)−3 = 859.190 kip

Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 859.19 kip
So, 0.75×Vc = 644.394 kip

Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.01656+0.01459) ×0.5 = 0.01559 Ksi
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (0.018543+0.01656) ×0.5 = 0.01756 Ksi
×31.125/130 = 0.01607 ksi


×98.875/130 = 0.01709 ksi
F = (0.01756 + 0. 01709) x 0.5 x31.125 x 130 = 70.11 kip
So, maximum shear force along X axis Vux = 70.11 kip
Allowable shear:
V c1 = 2λ f ′c bd = 2 × 1.0 4, 000 × 130 × 15.875 = 261.046 kip
0.75×Vc1 = 195.785 kip


Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.016569+0.018543) x0.5 = 0.01756 Ksi
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (0.014595+0.016569) x0.5 = 0.01559 Ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section =
0.01559+(0.01756-0.01559)x30.375/130 = 0.01606 ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section =
0.01559+(0.01756-0.01559)x99.625/130 = 0.0171 ksi
F = (0.01756+0.0171)x0.5x30.375x130 = 68.44 ksi
So, max shear force along Z axis, Vuz = 68.44 kip
Allowable shear:
V c1 = 2λ f ′c bd = 2 × 1.0 4, 000 × 130 × 16.625 = 273.38 kip
0.75×Vc1 = 205.035 kip


About Z Axis
Base Pressure along one edge = 0.01559 (left end)
Base Pressure at right face of pedestal = 0.01559 +(0.01756 -0.01559) x83/130 = 0.01685 ksi
Base Pressure at left face of pedestal = 0.01559 +(0.01756 -0.01559) x47/130 = 0.01631 ksi

Moment at critical section (right)

F = (0.01756+0.01685)x0.5x47x130 = 105.13 Kip
Lever Arm = (0.01685+2x0.01756)x47/(3x(0.01685+0.01756)) = 23.6617 in
Mleft= F x LA = 2,487.56 in-kip
So, max moment wrt Z axis, Mu(z) = 2,487.56 in-kip = 207.296 kip-ft
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4 ksi) (clause 10.2.7.3)
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381 (clause 10.3.5)
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60) (clause 7.12.2)
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ϕ = 2487.56 /0.9 = 2763.95 in-kip = 230.329 kip-ft
Rn = Mnz/b×d2 = 2763.95 / (130x16.6252) = 0.077
ρz = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.00129
About X Axis

Base Pressure along one edge = 0.01559 Ksi (left end) (left end)
Base Pressure at right face of pedestal = 0.01559 +(0.01756 -0.01559) x83/130 = 0.01685 ksi
Base Pressure at left face of pedestal = 0.01559 +(0.01756 -0.01559) x47/130 = 0.01631 ksi
Moment at critical section (right) :

F = (0.01756+0.01685)x0.5x47x130 = 105.13 Kip
LA = (0.01685+2x0.01756)x47/(3x(0.01685+0.01756)) = 23.6617 inch
Mright = 105.13 × 23.6617 = 2,487.56 kip inch
So Max moment with respect to X axis Mu (x) = 2,487.56 kip inch =207.296 kip-ft
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4 ksi) (clause 10.2.7.3)
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381 (clause 10.3.5)
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60) (clause 7.12.2)
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ϕ = 2487.56 /0.9 = 2763.95 kip-in = 230.329 kip-ft
Rn = Mnz/b×d2 = 2802.57/ (130×15.8752) = 0.08436 Ksi

ρx = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.001425

Reinforcement Calculations
Along X Direction
ρz = 0.00129
Therefore, Astx = ρz×b×d = 2.788 mm2
Ast,min = 0.0018×b×D = 4.446 in2
Ast,min governs
Provide #6 bars at 12 c/c (As,prov = 4.79 in2)
Along Z Direction
ρx = 0.001425
Ast,min = 0.0018×b×D = 4.446 in2
Ast,min governs
Provide #6 bars at 12 c/c (As,prov = 4.79 in2)
Comparison
Value of… Reference Result STAAD Foundation Percent Difference

Advanced Result
Effective Depth Along X 16.625 16.625 None

(in)
Effective Depth Along Z 15.875 15.875 None

(in)
Bearing Pressure (ksi) 0.0138 0.0138 None
0.0123 0.0123
0.0138 0.0138
0.0152 0.0152
Muz (kip-ft) 207.296 207.200 Negligible
Mux (kip-ft) 207.296 207.214 Negligible
Vuz (kip) 68.44 68.408 Negligible
Vux (kip) 70.11 70.074 Negligible


Advanced Result
Shear Force (Two-way) 242.896 242.868 Negligible

(kip)
A st reqd. along X (in 2 ) 4.446 4.446 None
A st reqd along Z (in 2 ) 4.446 4.446 None

Corner Pressure Calculation for Out-of-Contact Condition
Reference
Wilson, Kenneth (1997). “Bearing Pressures for Rectangular Footings with Biaxial Uplift” Journal of Bridge
Engineering, Vol 2(1), 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(1997)2:1(27), , 27-33. Fig. 7.
Problem
Calculate Corner pressure for an isolated footing with the given data:
Load Fy = 100 Kip (excluding pedestal weight)
Eccentricity along X direction = -3.75 ft. Eccentricity along Z direction = 3.25 ft.
Height of soil on footing = 0 ft.
Note - GWT condition - dry
Surcharge on soil - Nil
Ignore self-weight

Solution
P= Applied load on the footing =100 Kip
Mx= 0+ 100x 3.25= 325 kip-ft
Mz= 0+ 100x 3.75= 375 kip- ft
Assuming 15ft x 10.5 ft footing area:
A=Area of footing = 15x 10.5= 157.5 sq ft
Zx= 15x 10.52/6= 275.625 ft3
Zz= 10.5x 152/6= 393.75 ft3
For the current Load case, Pressure at 4 corners,
σ1= P/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = (100/157.5) - (325/ 275.625) + (375/393.75) = 0.4082 ksf
σ2= P/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz =(100/157.5)-(325/ 275.625)-(375/393.75)= -1.4966 ksf
σ3= P/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = (100/157.5) + (325/ 275.625)-(375/393.75)= 0.8616 ksf
σ4= P/A+ Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz= (100/157.5) + (325/ 275.625)+(375/393.75)= 2.7664 ksf
Here the foundation has arrived into “Out-of-Contact with Soil” situation. Therefore, redistribution is necessary.
After redistribution with manual method, (for the procedure, refer to the reference by K. Wilson), the maximum
pressure is 5 kip/ ft2 at corner 4 and at all other three corners, pressure is zero. (Refer to Figure 2 (on page
244)).
In out of contact situation, redistribution is also performed by STAAD Foundation Advanced. STAAD Foundation
Advanced reports 4.938 kip/ft2 at Corner 4 and zero for other Corners.
Note: Refer job name jobIsolated in the file us-isolated-foundation-7-general.sfa, which is installed
with the program.
The same situation is also generated in the flexible method using the Mat foundation module and maximum
pressure reported is 4.85 kip/ ft2.
Comparison
Table 45: US Verification problem 9 comparison
Before redistribution

Advanced Result
Pressure at corner 1 (kip/ 0.4082 0.4082 None

ft 2 )
Pressure at corner 2 (kip/ -1.4966 -1.4966 None

ft 2 )

ft 2 )


Advanced Result

ft 2 )
Table 46: US Verification problem 9 comparison
After redistribution

Advanced Result
Pressure at corner 1 (kip/ 0 0 None

ft 2 )

ft 2 )

ft 2 )
Pressure at corner 4 (kip/ 4.95 4.938 Negligible

ft 2 )
Figure 76: Results of redistributed pressure from STAAD.Pro

US Isolated Foundation 8
5.8 US Isolated Foundation 8

Foundation with Variable Bearing Capacity
Problem
Density of soil = 22 kN/m3
Depth of soil = 2.5 m
Density of concrete = 25 kN/m3
Coefficient of friction, m = 0.4
Column dimensions = 0.3 m x 0.3 m
Strength of concrete, f'c = 30 Mpa
Strength of steel = fy = 450 Mpa
Applied loads: Fy = -800 kN Type of depth is fixed bottom.
Table 47: Variable bearing capacity (kN/m2)
Depth (m) Width (m)
1 2 3 4 5
2.0 100 120 130 135 140
2.25 110 130 140 140 145
3.0 120 140 150 152 155
3.75 130 150 160 154 160
5.0 140 160 170 156 165
Initial length = 3,400 mm

Initial width = 3,400 mm
Initial thickness = 450 mm
Pedestal length = 500 mm
Pedestal width = 500 mm
Pedestal height = 500 mm

Section
Design starts with a trial dimension of 3.4 m x 3.4 m x 0.45 m.
Calculate the allowable bearing pressure as per the VBC table.
Depth (m) Width (m)
3 4
2.25 140 140
3.0 150 152
Note: To specify using variable bearing capacity input, select the Global Settings tool on the Home ribbon tab.
In the Global Settings dialog, select the Use Variable Bearing Capacity option on the Rigid Foundation
Settings tab.
Using the initial dimensions, the portion of the bearing pressure table is:
For 2.25 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 m dimensions, the bearing pressure is observed to not vary between 3m and 4
m width, so the bearing pressure for 3.4m is 140 kN/m2:
For 3 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 x dimensions, the bearing pressure is linearly interpolated between 3 and 4 m
width:
(
150 + 152 − 150 )( 3.44 −−33 ) = 150.8kN / m 2
For 2.5 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 x dimensions, the bearing pressure is linearly interpolated between 2.25 and 3
m depth:
(
140 + 150.8 − 140 )( 2.53 −−2.25
2.25
) = 143.6kN / m 2
So the calculated gross bearing pressure = 143.6 kN/m2
Calculation of Self Weight and Soil Weight

Depth of soil on top of the footing = 2.5 - 0.45 = 2.05 m
So, soil weight:
(3.4 × 3.4) − (0.5 × 0.5) × 2.05 × 22 = 510.081 kN
Because the footing is specified as a fixed bottom, a full pedestal height of 2.05 m is used in lieu of the initial
0.3048 m.
The self weight of the footing:
(3.4 × 3.4 × 0.45) + (0.5 × 0.5 × 2.05) × 25 = 142.862 kN
The height of pedestal is taken as 2.05 instead of .5 initial height since pedestal is covered inside soil above
which is not suitable.
Total load: = 800 + 510.081 + 142.862 = 1, 452.943 kN

1, 452.943
Base pressure: = 3.4 × 3.4
= 125.68 kN/m 2 < 143.6 kN/m 2
Comparison
Table 48: Comparison of values for US general isolated footing with variable bearing pressure 1
Value of… Reference Results STAAD Foundation Difference

Advanced Results
Corner pressure (kN/m2) 125.68 125.68 none
Calculated bearing 143.6 143.6 none

capacity (kN/m2)
5.9 US Isolated Foundation 9

Foundation with Variable Bearing Capacity
Problem
Density of soil = 22 kN/m3
Depth of soil = 2.5 m
Density of concrete = 25 kN/m3
Coefficient of friction, m = 0.4
Column dimensions = 0.3 m x 0.3 m
Strength of concrete, f'c = 30 Mpa
Strength of steel = fy = 450 Mpa
Applied loads: Fy = -1600 kN Type of depth is fixed bottom.
Table 49: Variable bearing capacity (kN/m2)
Depth (m) Width (m)
1 2 3 4 5
2.0 100 120 130 135 145
2.25 110 130 140 140 155
3.5 120 140 150 159 165

Depth (m) Width (m)
1 2 3 4 5
3.0 130 150 160 154 170
4.0 140 160 170 156 175
Initial length = 3,400 mm

Initial width = 3,400 mm
Initial thickness = 500 mm
Pedestal length =600 mm
Pedestal width = 600 mm
Pedestal height = 300 mm
Solution
Design starts with a trial dimension of 3.4 m x 3.4 m x 0.5 m.
Calculate the allowable bearing pressure as per the VBC table.
Depth (m) Width (m)
3 4
2.5 150 159
3.0 160 154
Note: To specify using variable bearing capacity input, select the Global Settings tool on the Home ribbon tab.
In the Global Settings dialog, select the Use Variable Bearing Capacity option on the Rigid Foundation
Settings tab.
For 2.25 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 m dimensions, the bearing pressure is observed to not vary between 3m and 4
m width, so the bearing pressure for 3.4m is 140 kN/m2:
For 3 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 x dimensions, the bearing pressure is linearly interpolated between 3 and 4 m
width:
(
150 + 159 − 150 )( 3.44 −−33 ) = 153.6 kN/m2
For 2.5 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 x dimensions, the bearing pressure is linearly interpolated between 2.25 and 3
m depth:
(
140 + 153.6 − 140 )( 2.53 −−2.25
2.25
) = 144.53 kN/m2
So the calculated gross bearing pressure = 144.53 kN/m2.

Calculation of Self Weight and Soil Weight

So, soil weight:
(3.4 × 3.4) − (0.6 × 0.6) × 2.0 × 22 = 492.8 kN
(3.4 × 3.4 × 0.5) + (0.6 × 0.6 × 2.0) 25 = 162.5 kN
Base Pressure Calculation

P = the total vertical load applied on the footing = 492.8 + 162.5 + 1,600 = 2,255.3 kN
P 2, 255.3
Base pressure: A
= 3.4 × 3.4
= 194.922 kN/m 2 > 144.53 kN/m 2 NG
Hence not safe. Therefore, the dimensions must be recalculated.
Recalculate the Dimensions

Recalculate the length and width of the footing:
Length = 4.2 m
Width = 4.2 m
Depth (m) Width (m)
4 5
2.25 140 155
3.0 159 165
For depth 2.5 m and width 4 m B.C = 146.33 kN/m2

For depth 2.5 m and width 5 m B.C = 158.33 kN/m2
Now for depth 2.5 m and width 4.2 m B.C = 148.73 kN/m2
So the bearing pressure for a 2.5 m depth and 4.2 m x 4.2 m footing = 148.77 kN/m2
Calculation of New Self Weight and Soil Weight

So, soil weight:
(4.2 × 4.2) − (0.6 × 0.6) × 2.0 × 22 = 760.32 kN
(4.2 × 4.2 × 0.5) + (0.6 × 0.6 × 2.0) 25 = 238.5 kN

US Pedestal Design 1
New Base Pressure Calculation

P = the total vertical load applied on the footing = 760.32 + 238.5 + 1,600 = 2,598.82 kN
P 2, 598.82
Base pressure: A
= 4.2 × 4.2
= 147.33 kN/m 2 < 148.77 kN/m 2
Hence safe.
Comparison
Value of… Reference Results STAAD Foundation Difference

Advanced Results
Corner pressure (kN/m2) 147.33 147.32 none
Calculated bearing 148.77 148.77 none

capacity (kN/m2)
5.10 US Pedestal Design 1

Pedestal under Vertical Load and Biaxial Moments
Reference
PCA. 2002. Notes on ACI 318-02 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete . Skokie, IL:Portland Cement
Association Example 7.8 “Design of Square Column for Biaxial Loading” p.7-46.
Problem
Design the pedestal of an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1,200 Kip, Mx=1,500 in·kip, Mz=3,600
in·kip, fc' = 5 ksi, fy = 60 ksi, Pedestal Dimension = 24-inch x 24 inch, and Gross Bearing Capacity of Soil = 4 Kip/
sqft. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Notes:
• Soil Surcharge = Nil

Solution
Note: The Design of footing is as same as done in the US Isolated Problem 5 (on page 221).
Required nominal strengths, assuming compression-controlled behavior:

ϕ=0.65 (clause 9.3.2.2 (b))
Pn = Pu/ϕ = 1,200/0.65 = 1,846.154 kip
Mnz = Muz/ϕ = 3,600/0.65 = 5,538.46 kip·in = 451.5 kip·ft
Mnx = Mux/ϕ = 1,500/0.65 = 2,307.69 kip·in = 192.31 kip·ft
where
Mnz = Nominal Biaxial moment strength about Z axis
Mnx = Nominal Biaxial moment strength about X axis
Note: Assuming β = 0.65 ( β will generally vary from 0.55 to about 0.70. Hence, a value of 0.65 for β is generally a
good initial choice in a biaxial bending analysis.)
Equivalent uniaxial moment strength Mnoz or Mnox

Mnx / Mnz = 2307.69 / 5538.46 = 0.42 is less than b/D = 1.0 (square pedestal)
Therefore, for square sections with reinforcement equally distributed on all faces,
Total Moment, M noz = M nz + M nx ×

D
b
( 1 −β β )
= 5, 538.46 + 2, 307.69(1.0) ( 1 −0.650.65 ) = 6, 781.062 kip⋅in
Assuming the square pedestal of 24 x 24 inch.
As per clause 15.8.2.1, the minimum area of reinforcement required is 0.005 Ag
So minimum still required = 0.005 × (24×24) = 2.88 in2
Provide 4- #11 bars.

The area of 4- #11 bars = 4 (π /4) (1.410)2 = 6.24 in2

The figure below is an interaction diagram for this column with 4-No. 11 bars.
Figure 77: Column interaction diagram with 4-#11 bars
Check Strength: Bresler Reciprocal Load Method

The equation for this method is:
1
Pn = 1 1 1
+ −
Poz Pox Po
where
Poz = Maximum uniaxial load strength of the column with a moment of Mnz only
Pox = Maximum uniaxial load strength of the column with a moment of Mnx only
Po = Maximum axial load strength with no applied moments
= 0.85 f ′
c ( Ag − Ast ) + Ast f y
This equation is valid if the failure load, Pn ≥ 0.1f'cAg
1,846.154 > 0.1×5×24×24 = 288 kip
Hence, OK
Here:

P0 = 0.85(5)(576 − 6.24) + 60(6.24) = 2, 769 kip
Poz = 2,225 kip

Pox = 2,575 kip
where Poz and Pox are taken from the interaction diagram corresponding to the values of Mnz = 461.5 kip·ft and
Mnx = 192.31 kip·ft, respectively.
The Bresler Reciprocal Load equation becomes:
1
Pn = 1 1 1
= 2, 097 kip > 1, 846 kip
+ −
2, 225 2, 575 2, 769
Hence OK.
Check Strength: Bresler Load Contour Method

M nz M nx
M noz
+ M nox
≤1
where
Mnz = Nominal Biaxial moment strength about Z axis
Mnx = Nominal Biaxial moment strength about X axis
Mnoz = Nominal Uniaxial moment strength about Z axis
Mnox = Nominal Uniaxial moment strength about Xaxis
This equation is valid if the failure load, Pn ≥ 0.1f'cAg
From the interaction diagram, Mnoz = 680 ft·kip for Pn = 1,846 kip
Note: Since the section is symmetrical, Mnoz = Mnox.
The Bresler Load Contour equation becomes:

461.5 192.3
680
+ 680
= 0.96 < 1
Hence OK.
Check Strength: PCA Load Contour Method

( ) ( )
log 0.5 log 0.5
M nz M nx
log β log β
M noz
+ M nox
≤1
To calculate the actual β, the following PCA graph is needed:

Po = 2,796 kip
Pn = 1,846.154 kip
Pn / Po =1,846.154 / 2,796 = 0.66
ω=
Ast
D×b ( )
fy
′
f c
=
6.24
( ) = 0.13
60
24 × 24 5
From the graph β is determined to be 0.66 for ω = 0.13 and Pn/Po = 0.66 and fy =60,000 psi.
The PCA Load Contour equation becomes:
log 0.5 log 0.5
( 680
)
461.5 log 0.66
+ ( )
192.3 log 0.66
680
= 0.65 < 1
Hence OK.
The pedstal section 24 in x 24 in with 4 #11 bars is safe for the loading.
Comparison
Advanced Result
Design Moment M nz (kip- 5,538.46 5,538.456 None

inch)

US General Combined Foundation 1

Advanced Result
Design Moment M nx (kip- 2,307.69 2,307.696 None

inch)
A st reqd. (in2) 2.88 2.88 None
A st provided (in2) 6.24 6.24 None
Bar Configuration 4 numbers #11 bars 4 numbers #11 bars None
5.11 US General Combined Foundation 1

Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 60 Kip each column., fc = 4 Ksi, fy = 60 Ksi, Column
Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, Pedestal height-30 inch. and C/C column distance=195 inch . Bearing Capacity of
Soil = 2.5 ksf. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Ht of soil = 24 inch
Depth of GWT=10 inch

Approximate area of footing required = 2x60/2 sqft = 60 sqft

Assuming 275 inch x40 inch x 24 inch footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang = 40 inch)
Weight of footing = 275 x 40 x 24 x 0.159/123 = 24.3Kip
Weight of pedestal = 2 x 12 x 12 x 30 x 0.159 /123 = 0.795 kip
Weight of soil above footing = (275 x 40-2x12x12) x 24 x 0.127/123 = 18.9 Kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x60+24.3+18.9+0.795) = 163.995 Kip
Maximum pressure= 163.995 /(275x40) = 0.0109 ksi = 2.1468 ksf < 2.5 ksf
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 1.4x2x60/(275x40) = 0.015273 ksi = 2.1993 ksf
With Respect to Z Direction

max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 275x 163.995 = 1,879.11 ft·kip

Hence OK
With Respect to X Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 40x 163.995 = 273.325 ft·kip
Hence OK

Punching Shear
For Column 1
deff = (24-2-1 x 0.75) inch = 21.25 inch 1.771 ft
Two-way shear Vm = 67.113 kip
ßc=Width of col/depth of col=12/12=1
bc=2.(b+d+2.deff)=132 inch
V1 = 2+ ( 4
βc
) f ′c bc d
(
= 2+
4
1
) 4, 000 × 133 × 21.25(10)−3 = 1, 051.652 kip
( )
V 2 = 40 b + 2
d
f ′c bc d
= (40 133 + 2)
21.25
4, 000 × 133 × 21.25(10)−3 = 1, 500.138 kip
V 3 = 4 f ′c bc d
= 4 4, 000 × 133 × 21.25 = 715.101 kip

Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 715.10 kip
So, 0.75Vc= 536.326 kip
For Column 2
deff = (24-2-1) inch = 21 inch
2 way shear Vm = 67.37 Kip
ßc=Width of col/depth of col=12/12=1
bc=2.(b+d+2.deff)=132 inch
( βc4 ) f ′cbcd = (2 + 41 ) 4, 000 × 132 × 21 = 1, 051, 900 lb

V1 = 2+
V 2 = (40 b + 2) f ′c bc d = (40 132 + 2) 4, 000 × 132 × 21 = 1, 466, 284.9 lb

d 21
V 3 = 4 f ′c bc d = 4 4, 000 × 132 × 21 = 701, 266.694 lb
Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 701266.694 lb

So, 0.75×Vc= 525.95 Kip
Vm< 0.75xVc , Hence safe


Effective depth for one-way shear and moment design:
deff = (24-2-1.5 x 0.75) inch = 20.875 inch = 1.74 ft
Vumax = 43.142 kip
Now allowable shear:
'
V c1 = 2 f c bd = 2 4,000 × 40 × 20.875 = 105.645 kip
0.75×Vc1= 79.234 kip


m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Mux = 34.3 ft·kip = 411.6 in·kip
deff = 20.875 in
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ϕ = 457.33 in·kip
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.00381 ksi
m.Rn/fy <1, Hence OK
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.0000636
Hence OK
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60
Mux = 2,415 in·kip
deff = 20.875 in

So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ϕ = 2,683.33 in·kip

Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.154 ksi
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002634
Hence OK
With Respect to the X Axis
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60
Cantilever length=(40-12)/2 = 14 inch
Mux = 353.105 in·kip
deff = 20.875 in
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ϕ =392.339 in·kip
Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.0225 ksi
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.00038
Hence OK
ρz (top) = 0.00263
ρz (bot) = 0.0018
ρx = 0.0018
Therefore, Ast =ρ×b×d
Area of Steel Required along X dir ( bot) = 1.503 in2

Area of Steel Required along X dir (top) = 2.193 in2
Area of Steel Required along Z dir ( bot) = 10.33 in2

Comparison

(ksf)

(ft·kip)
201.25 202.164 202.164
34.3 34.655 34.655

Way) (kip)

Way) (kip)

for Overturning
(ft·kip) 273.325 273.302 273.302
5.12 US General Combined Foundation 2

Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 60 Kip, Mz=360 in·kip for each column., fc = 4 Ksi, fy =
60 Ksi, Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, Pedestal height-30 inch. and C/C column distance=195 inch .
Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2.5 ksf Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning
=1.5

Approximate area of footing required = 2×60/2 ft2 = 60 ft2

Assuming 275 inch x44 inch x 24 inch footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang = 40 inch)
Weight of footing = 275 x 44 x 24 x 0.159/123 = 26.72 Kip
Weight of pedestal = 2x12x12x30x0.159/123 = 0.795 kip
Weight soil = (275 x 44 -144) x 24 x 0.127/123 = 20.84 Kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x60+26.72 +20.84+0.795) Kip = 168.35 Kip
Maximum pressure from axial load = P/A = 168.35 /(275x44) = 0.0138 Ksf = 2.004Ksf
Mz=360+360=720 Kip
Mz=0
Zz= 44x2752/6 = 554583.334 inch3
Mz/Zz = 720/554583.334 =0.0013 ksi = 0.187 ksf
So, stress at left end
σ1 = P/A + Mz/Zz = 0.0152 ksi

stress at right end

σ1 = P/A - Mz/Zz = 0.0126 ksi
So maximum stress = 0.0152 ksi= 2.1905 ksf < 2.5 ksf
Hence safe
wrt Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 275x 168.35 = 23,148.2 in·kip = 1,929.02 ft·kip
Hence OK
Wrt X Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 44x 168.35 = 3,703.72 in·kip = 308.643 ft·kip
Hence OK
Punching Shear
For Column One
deff = (24-2-1 x 0.75) inch = 21.25 in 1.771 ft
Two-way shear, Vm = 89.663 kip
ßc= Width of col/depth of col = 12/12 = 1
bc= 2.(b+d+2.deff) = 133 in
V1 = 2+( 4
βc ) f '
c bc d = 2+ ( 4
1 ) 4,000 × 133 × 21.25(10) −3
= 1,072.652 kip
( d
V 2 = 40 b + 2 ) f '
c bc d = 40( 21.25
133
)
+ 2 4,000 × 133 × 21.25(10)−3 = 1,500.138 kip
V 3 = 4 f ′c bc d = 4 4,000 × 133 × 21.25(10)−3 = 715.101 kip
Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 715.101 kip

So, 0.75×Vc= 536.326 kip
For Column Two
deff = (24-2-1 x 0.75) in = 21.25 in = 1.771 ft
Two-way shear, Vm = 92.513 kip
ßc = Width of col/depth of col = 12/12 = 1

bc = 2.(b+d+2.deff) = 133 in
V1 = 2+ ( 4
βc ) f '
c bc d = 2+ ( 4
1 ) 4,000 × 133 × 21.25(10) −3
= 1,072.652 kip
( d
V 2 = 40 b + 2 ) f '
c bc d = 40( 21.25
133
)
+ 2 4,000 × 133 × 21.25(10)−3 = 1,500.138 kip
V3 = 4 f '
c bc d = 4 4,000 × 133 × 21.25(10)−3 = 715.101 kip
Vc= min{V1, V2, V3} = 715.101 lb

So, 0.75×Vc = 536.326 kip

Effective depth for one-way shear and moment design:
deff = (24-2-1.5 x 0.75) inch = 20.875 inch 1.74 ft
Vumax = 47.19 Kip
'
V c1 = 2 f c bd = 2 4,000 × 44 × 20.875 = 116.182 kip
0.75×Vc1 = 87.136 kip


About Z Axis (sagging)
m = fy/0.85×fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85×ß1×fc×87/fy×(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75× ρbal = 0.0214
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 47.6 ft·kip = 571.165 in·kip
deff = 20.875 in
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ϕ = 635 in·kip
Rn = Mnx/b×d2 = 0.0331 Ksi
m×Rn/fy <1, Hence OK
ρ = 1/m×(1-√1-2m×Rn/fy) = 0.00055
Hence OK
About Z Axis (hogging)
m = fy/0.85×fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471

ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)

ρbal = 0.85×ß1×fc×87/fy×(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75× ρbal = 0.0214
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 204.621 ft·kip = 2455 in·kip
deff = 20.875 in
ϕ = 0.9
So Resisting Moment = Mnz = Muz/ϕ = 2,728.28 in·kip
Rn = Mnx/b×d2 = 0.1423 ksi
ρ = 1/m×(1-√1-2m×Rn/fy) = 0.00242
ρmax Hence OK
About X Axis
m = fy/0.85×fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85×ß1×fc×87/fy×(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75× ρbal = 0.0214
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Cantilever length = (44-12)/2 = 16 in
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 40.73 ft·kip =488.73 in·kip
deff = 20.875 in
So Resisting Moment = Mnz = Muz/ϕ = 543.03 in·kip
Rn = Mnx/b×d2 = 0.0045 ksi
ρ = 1/m×(1-√1-2m×Rn/fy) = 0.000076
Hence OK
ρz (bot) = 0.0018
ρz (top) = 0.00242
ρx (bot) = 0.0018
Therefore, Ast = ρ×b×d
Area of Steel Required along X dir ( bot) = 1.7 in2

Area of Steel Required along X dir (top) = 2.2 in2
Area of Steel Required along Z dir ( bot) = 10.4 in2


US Pilecap Foundation 1
Comparison

(ksf)
1.8166 1.8166 1.8166
Governing Moment 47.6 45.963 45.963 5%

(ft·kip)
204.621 204.125 204.125
40.727 42.865 42.865

Way) (kip)

Way) (kip)
92.513 92.767 92.767
Resisting Moment 308.643 308.643 308.643 None

for Overturning
(ft·kip) 1,929.02 1,929.02 1,929.02
5.13 US Pilecap Foundation 1

Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 330 kip, fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi, Column Dimension = 12 in
x 12 in. Pedestal ht= 20 in.
Dia of pile= 18 in
Vertical capacity = 65 kip
Horizontal capacity = 20 kip
Uplift capacity = 15 kip

Depth of pilecap= 1.5 × pile diameter, D = 27 in.

Take D = 31 in.
c/c pile distance = 3 x pile diameter =54 mm
Edge distance =18 inch
Assuming 6 pile combination, coordinates of piles (considering pedestal at 0,0,0):

Pile No X Coordinate (in) Z Coordinate (in)
1 -54 -27
2 -54 27
3 0 -27
4 0 27
5 54 -27
6 54 27
Pilecap Length = 2(54) + 2(18) = 144 inch

Pilecap Width = 54+2(18) = 90 inch
pilecap dimension is 144 inch x90 inch x 31 inch
Weight of footing = 144 x 90 x 31 x 0.16/123 = 37.2 kip
Weight of pedestal = 12 x 12 x 20 x 0.16 /123 = 0.267 kip
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = (330+37.2 +0.267) =367.467 kip
So Pile reaction = 367.467 /6= 61.244 kip < 65 kip
Hence OK
As there is no lateral load, moment, or uplift force, each pile is safe in lateral & uplift capacity.
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken = 1
Load factor for axial load is taken = 1.4
So, Load on pilecap = 1.4(330) + 1(37.2) + 0 1(.267) = 499.467 kip
Load on each pile = 499.467/6 = 83.245 kip

Punching Shear
Effective depth for punching shear check, d = 31 -2 -2 - 1.0 x 0.625 = 26.375in

Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =13.19 in from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile2 = from pile5 = from pile 6 = 83.245 kip
Contribution from pile 3 = from pile4 = 80.898 kip
Punching shear from pile reactions = 494.774 kip
Area outside punching perimeter = 140 x 90 - (12+26.375)2 = 11487.36 in2
Punching shear due to self weight = 37.2 x 11487.36/(140x90) = 32.974 kip
So total punching shear Vm= 494.774 - 32.974 = 461.801 kip
Pm = 4·(12+13.19+13.19) =153.5 in
ß = L/B =12/12 =1
(
V1 = 2 +
4
βc ) (
f ′c bc d = 2 +
4
1 ) 4, 000 × 153.5 × 26.375(10) −3
= 1, 536.321 kip

( d
V 2 = 40 b + 2
c
) (
f ′c bc d = 40
26.375
153.5 )
+ 2 4000 × 153.5 × 26.375(10)−3 = 2, 271.954 kip
V 3 = 4 f ′c bc d = 4 4000 × 153.5 × 26.375(10)−3 = 1, 024.212 kip
Vc = min(V1, V2, V3) = 1,024.212 kip

So, 0.75×Vc = 768.16 kip
Vm< 0.75×Vc, Hence safe
Punching Shear Check for Corner Piles
Corner piles are 1,2,5,6
Each pile is taking reaction 83.245 kip
d critical = 5.486 inch
Effective depth = 26 inch
d critical< Effective depth, Hence Safe
Effective depth for punching shear check, d = 31 -2 -2 - 1.5 x 0.625 = 26.063 in
Parallel to X Axis
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile2 = 83.245 Kip
Contribution from pile 3,4,5,6 =0 Kip
Total shear = 2×83.245 = 166.49 kip
Shear per self weight = {[(144 -12)/2 - 21.063]/144} × 37.2 = 10.317 Kip
So Total V, X1X1 = 166.49 -10.317 = 156.172 Kip
For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 5 = pile6 = 83.245 Kip
Total shear = 2×83.245 = 166.49 kip
Shear per self weight = {[(144 -12)/2 - 21.063]/144} × 37.2 = 10.317 Kip
So Total V, X2X2 = 166.49 -10.317 = 156.172 kip
So V parallel to X direction = 156.172 kip
Now allowable shear
V c1 = 2 f ′c bc d = 2 4, 000 × 90 × 26.063(10)−3 = 296.705 kip
0.75×Vc1 = 223 kip

V < 0.75×Vc1, Hence Safe

Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 3 = pile 5 = 13.469 Kip
Contribution from pile 2 =pile 4 =pile 6 =0 Kip
Total shear = 3×13.469 = 40.407 kip
Shear per self weight = {[(90 -12)/2 - 26.063]/90} × 37.2 = 5.347 kip
So Total V, Z1Z1 = 40.407 -5.347 = 35.08 kip
For shear wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2 =pile 4 =pile 6 = 13.469 kip
Contribution from pile 1 =pile 3 =pile 5 =0 Kip
Total shear = 3×13.469 = 40.407 kip
Shear per self weight = {[(90 -12)/2 - 26.063]/90} × 37.2 = 5.347 kip
So Total V, Z2Z2 = 40.407 -5.347 = 35.08 Kip
So V parallel to Z direction = 35.08 kip
Now allowable shear
V c1 = 2 f ′c bc d = 2 4, 000 × 144 × 26.063(10)−3 = 474.73 kip
0.75×Vc1 = 356 kip

For either direction:
m = fy/0.85·fc = 60/ (0.85·4) = 17.65
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc = 4)
ρbal = 0.85·ß1·fc·87/fy·(87 + fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75·ρbal = 0.02138
ρmin = 0.0018 (as fy= 60 ksi)


Calculation of Mz
For moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile2 = 83.245 × 48 = 3,995.76 in·kip
Contribution from pile 3 = from pile 4 = 9.12 × 1.5 = 13.68 in·kip
Contribution from pile 5,6 = 0 in·kip
Total moment = 2(3,995.76) + 2(13.68) = 8,018.88 in·kip = 668.24 ft·kip
Moment due to self weight = 46.89 ft·kip
So Total Mz X1X1 = 668.24 - 46.89 = 621.35 ft·kip
For moment wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 5 = from pile6 = 83.245 × 48 = 3,995.76 in·kip
Contribution from pile 3 = from pile 4 = 9.12 × 1.5 = 13.68 in·kip
Contribution from pile 5,6 = 0 in·kip
Total moment = 2(3,995.76) + 2(13.68) = 8,018.88 in·kip = 668.24 ft·kip
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ϕ = 690.39 ft·kip

Rn = Mnz/b·d2 = 0.136 ksi

m×Rn/fy = 0.0399 < 1, Hence OK
ρ=
1
m ( 1− 1−
2m ⋅ Rn
fy ) = 0.0023
ρmin< ρ < ρmax, Hence OK

Calculation of Mx-
For moment wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1=from pile 3=from pile 5= 83.245 × 21 = 1,748.145 in·kip
Total moment = 3(1,748.145) = 5,244.44 in·kip = 437.036 ft·kip
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 437 - 26.195 = 410.838 ft·kip
For moment wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2=from pile 4=from pile 6= 83.245 × 21 = 1,748.145 in·kip
Total moment = 3(1,748.145) = 5,244.44 in·kip = 437.036 ft·kip
So Total Mx Z2Z2 = 437 - 26.195 = 410.838 ft·kip
So Max value of MX = 410.838 ft·kip
So Resisting Moment = Mnx= Mxux/ϕ = 456.487 ft·kip
Rn = Mnz/b·d2 = 0.056 ksi
m·Rn/fy = 0.0165 <1, Hence OK
ρ=
1
m ( 1− 1−
2m ⋅ Rn
fy ) = 0.0009
So ρ= ρmin=0.0018
ρ < ρmax, Hence OK

Along X Direction
ρ = 0.0023
b = 90 in, d=26.625 in
Therefore, Astx = 5.40 in2
Along Z Direction
ρ = 0.0018
b = 144 in , d=26.063 in
Therefore, Astxz = 6.76 in2

Comparison
Pile Reaction (kip) 83.245 83.244 83.2 None

(ft·kip)
456.487 456.813 456.554

Way (kip)
35.08 35.06 35.038

Way (kip)
Note: Pile cap self-weight, soil weight, buoyance, and surcharge are included when calculating shear forces and
moments. This feature is only available in US code.

Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 150 kip, Mx= 50 ft·kip. fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi, Column
Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch. Pedestal ht= 20 inch
Pile Data- Dia of pile= 18 inch
Vertical capacity = 65 kip,
Horizontal capacity = 20 kip


depth of pilecap= 1.5xpiledia, D=27 inch

Take D=27 inch
c/c pile distance = 3× pile dia =54 mm. Edge distance =18 inch
Assume a 4 pile combination.
Coordinates of piles; considering pedestal at 0,0,0
Pile No X Coordinate (in) Z Coordinate (in)
1 -27 -27
2 -27 27
3 27 27
4 27 -27
Pilecap Length = 54+2x18 = 90 inch

Pilecap Width = 54+2x18 = 90 inch
pilecap dimension is 90 inch x90 inch x 27 inch
Weight of footing = 90 x 90 x 27 x 0.16/123 = 20.25 kip
Weight of pedestal = 12 x 12 x 20 x 0.16 /123 = 0.267 kip
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = (150+20.25 +0.267) =170.517 kip
So Pile reaction from axial load = 170.517 /4= 42.629 kip
Moment Mx (from input) = 50 ft·kip = 600 in·kip
Using Rivet theory-
Reaction from moment= ±600x0.27/(4x272) = ±5.55 Kip
So,
Reaction at Pile 2= reaction at pile 3 = 42.629 +5.55 = 48.185 kip
Reaction at Pile 1= reaction at pile 4 = 42.629 -5.55 = 37.085 kip
So Critical vertical reaction= 48.185 Kip < 65 kip
As there is no net uplift/lateral load, each pile is safe in uplift & lateral capacity.
Factored Design
So, Axial Load on pilecap = 1.4x150+20.25 x1+0.267x1= 230.517 Kip
Moment on pilecap = 1.4x50 ft·kip = 840 in·kip

Load on each pile from axial reaction =230.517 /4=57.629 Kip

Reaction from moment= ±840×27/(4×272) = ±7.78 Kip
So,
Reaction at Pile 2= reaction at pile 3 = 57.629 +7.78 = 65.409 Kip
Reaction at Pile 1= reaction at pile 4 = 57.629 -7.78 = 49.849 Kip
Punching Shear
Figure 85: Section considered for two-way shear
Effective Depth for punching shear, deff = D - clear cover - Ø =27-2-2-0.625 = 22.375 in
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =11.19 in from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1=from pile 4= 49.849 Kip

Contribution from pile 2=from pile 3= 65.409 Kip

So punching shear Vm= 230.516 kip
Area outside punching = (7.52 - (22.375 + 12)2/144) = 48.044 ft2
Punching shear due to self weight = (48.044/56.25)×20.52 = 17.3 kip
According to ACI-318-11 Clause No: 11.11.7.2, after adding additional factor to account moment affect
Vu = Vu/Ac + (γv x Mu x CAB) /Jc
γv = 1- γf
γf =
1 (13-1, ACI318)
/
1 + 2 3 b1 / b2
where
b1 and b2 = pier length and width, respectively
γv = 0.4
Pm = 4×(12+22.375) =137.5 in
Ac = Pm × deff = 137.5 × 22.375= 3,076.56 in2
About x direction,
Mu = 1.4 × 50 kip-ft = 840 kip-in
CAB = (12 + 22.375) / 2 = 17.19 in
Jc = (deff×(C1 deff)3)/6+(deff3×(C1+deff))/6+(deff ×(C2+deff)×(C1+deff)2)/2
C1 = C2 = 12in
Jc = 670,076 in4
Vux_moment = ((γv × Mu × CAB) /Jc) × Ac = 26.52 kip
Total punching shear Vu = 230.516 - 17.3 + 26.52 = 239.74 kip
ß = L/B = 12/12 = 1
( βc4 ) f ' cbcd = (2 + 41 ) 4,000 × 137.5 × 22.375(10)−3 = 1, 167.4 kip

V1 = 2+
V 2 = (40 b + 2) f ' c bc d = (40 137.5 + 2) 4,000 × 137.5 × 22.375(10)−3 = 1, 655.69 kip

d 22.375
V3 = 4 f '
c bc d = 4 4,000 × 137.5 × 22.375(10)−3 = 778.316 kip
Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 778.316 kip

So, 0.75×Vc = 583.74 kip

Corner piles are 1,2,3,4
Pile 1/4 are taking reaction 49.849 Kip & Pile 2/3 are taking reaction 65.409 Kip
d critical = 4.46 inch

Effective depth = 22.375 in

d critical< Effective depth, Hence Safe
Figure 86: Section considered for one-way shear
Effective Depth for punching shear, deff =D-clear cover- Ø = 27-2-2-1.5x0.625 = 22.063 in
Parallel to X Axis
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = 21.188 Kip
Contribution from pile 3,4 =0 Kip
Contribution from self weight = 3.811 Kip
So Total V, X1X1 = 48.987 - 3.811 = 45.176 Kip
For shear wrt X2X2


Contribution from pile 1,2 = 0 Kip
So Total V, X2X2 = 48.987 - 3.811 = 45.176 kip
So V parallel to X direction = 45.176 kip
V c1 = 2 f ′c bd = 2 4, 000 × 90 × 22.063(10)−3 = 251.164 kip
0.75×Vc1 = 188.373 kip

Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
So Total V, Z1Z1 = 42.38 - 3.811 = 38.57 Kip
For shear wrt Z2Z2
So Total V, Z2Z2 = 55.598 - 3.817 = 51.787 kip
So V parallel to Z direction = 51.787 kip
V c1 = 2 f ′c bd = 2 4, 000 × 90 × 22.063(10)−3 = 251.164 kip
0.75×Vc1 = 188.373 kip


Figure 87: Section considered for bending
About Z Axis
Calculation of Mz-
For moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = 49.849 × 21/12 = 87.24 ft·kip
Contribution from pile 4 = 65.409 × 21/12 = 114.46 ft·kip
Contribution from pile 3,4=0 in·kip

Total moment = 87.24 + 114.46 = 201.7 ft·kip

Contribution self weight =14.259 ft·kip
For moment wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 4=49.849 x21/12=87.24 ft·kip
Contribution from pile 3=65.409 x21/12=114.46 ft·kip
Contribution from pile 1,2=0 in·kip
Total moment = 87.24 + 114.46 = 201.7 ft·kip
So Total Mz X2X2 = 201.7 -14.259 = 187.443 ft·kip
So max Mz = 187.443 ft·kip
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ϕ = 208.27 ft·kip
m = fy/0.85×fc = 60/(0.85×4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85×ß1×fc×87/fy×(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75×ρbal = 0.02138
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Rn = Mnz/(b×d2) = 0.057 ksi
ρ = 1/m×(1-√1-2m×Rn/fy) = 0.001
So, ρ =ρmin = 0.0018
ρ < ρmax Hence OK
About X Axis
Calculation of Mx-
For moment wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile 4 = 49.849 × 21/12 = 87.24 ft·kip
Contribution from pile 2 = from pile 3 = 0 ft·kip
Total moment = 2×87.24 = 174.47 ft·kip
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 174.47 - 14.259 = 160.21ft·kip
For moment wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2 = from pile 3 0= 65.409 × 21/12 = 114.465 ft·kip
Contribution from pile 1=from pile 4=0 ft·kip
Total moment = 2×114.465 = 228.93 ft·kip


So Total Mx Z2Z2 = 228.93 -14.259 = 214.665 ft·kip
So Max value of MX = 214.665 ft·kip
So Resisting Moment = Mnz = Muz/ϕ = 238.517 ft·kip
m = fy/0.85×fc = 60/(0.85×4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85×ß1×fc×87/fy×(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75×ρbal = 0.02138
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Rn = Mnz/(b×d2) = 0.0653 ksi
ρ = 1/m×(1-√1-2m×Rn/fy) = 0.0011
So, ρ =ρmin = 0.0018
ρ < ρmax Hence OK

Along X Direction
ρ = 0.0018
b= 90 inch , d=22.063 in
Therefore, Astx = 3.6 in2
Along Z Direction
ρ = 0.0018
b= 90 inch , d=22.063 in
Therefore, Astz = 3.6 in2
Comparison
Pile Reaction (kip) 49.849 49.851 49.851 None
65.409 65.407 65.407

(ft·kip)
238.517 238.72 238.761

Shear Force(One- 45.176 45.176 46.654 3.3%

Way) (kip)
51.787 51.787 53.47

Way) (kip)

Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = -1,200 KN & Mz = 100 KNm, fc = M 25, fy = Fe 415
Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm, Pedestal ht= 500 mm
Dia of pile= 300 mm
Vertical capacity = 250 KN
Horizontal capacity = 50 KN
Uplift capacity = 50 KN

Depth of pilecap= 1.5 × pile diameter, D = 450 mm

Take D = 780 mm
c/c pile distance = 3 × pile diameter = 900 mm
Edge distance = 350 mm
Assuming six pile combination, coordinates of piles (considering pedestal at 0,0,0):

1 -900 -450
2 -900 450
3 0 -450
4 0 450
5 900 -450
6 900 450
Pilecap Length =2(900) + 2(350) = 2,500 mm

Pilecap Width = 900 + 2(350) = 1,600 mm
pilecap dimension is 2500 mm x 1600 mm x 780 mm
Weight of footing = 2.5 × 1.6 × 0.78 × 25 = 78 kN
Weight of pedestal = 0.25 × 0.25 × 0.5 × 25 = 0.78 KN
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = 1200 + 78 + 0.78 = 1,278.78 kN
So Pile reaction from axial load = 1,278.78/6 = 213.13 kN
So Pile reaction at Pile1 /Pile 2 = 213.13 +100·0.9/(4×0.9×0.9) = 240.91 kN
So Pile reaction at Pile3 /Pile 4 = 213.13 kN
So Pile reaction at Pile5 /Pile 6 = 213.13 - 100·0.9/(4×0.9×0.9) = 185.35 kN
So Critical Pile reaction = 240.91 kN < 250 kN
Hence OK
As there is no lateral load, moment, or uplift force, each pile is safe in lateral & uplift capacity. Similarly, as there
is no tension pile case, each pile is safe against uplift.
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken = 1
Load factor for axial load is taken = 1.4
So, Load on pilecap = 1.4(1,200) + 1(78) + 1(0.78) = 1,758.78 kN
So Pile reaction from axial load = 1758.78/6 = 293.13 kN
Moment, Mz = 1.4(100) = 140 kN·m
So Pile reaction at Pile 1 /Pile 2 = 293.13 + 140·0.9/(4·0.9·0.9) = 332.02 kN
So Pile reaction at Pile 3 /Pile 4 = 293.13 kN
So Pile reaction at Pile 5 /Pile 6 = 293.13 -140·0.9/(4·0.9·0.9) = 254.24 kN

Punching Shear
Effective depth for punching check,deff = 780 - 50 - 50 - 165 = 664 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =332 mm from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 = 1(332.02) = 332.02 kN

Contribution from pile 3 = pile 4 = 137.782 kN
Contribution from pile 5 = pile 6 = 1(254.24) = 254.24 kN
So total punching shear, Vm= 2(333.02 + 137.782 + 254.24) = 1,448.08 KN
Area outside punching = (4 - (0.664 + 0.25)2) = 3.165 m2
Punching shear due to self weight = (3.165/4)*20.52 = 61.71 KN
Vu γv M u C AB
Vu = Ac
+ Jc
γv = 1 - γ f (11-37, ACI-318)
γf =
1 (13-1, ACI318)
2 b1
1+
3 b2
where

d (c1 + d )3 (c1 + d ) d 3 (
d (c1 + d )2 c2 + d )
Jc = 6
+ 6
+ 2
γv = 0.4
Pm = 4×(0.25+0.664) = 3.656 m
Ac = Pm× deff = 3.656 × 0.664= 2.428 m2
About X Direction
Mu = 1.4 × 100 kN·m
CAB = (0.25 + 0.664) / 2 = 0.407 m
C1 = C2 = 0.25m
Jc = (deff×(C1 deff)3)/6+(deff3×(C1+deff))/6+(deff ×(C2+deff)×(C1+deff)2)/2 = 0.3826 m4
Vux_moment = ((γv × Mu × CAB) /Jc) × Ac = 184.525 kN
Total punching shear Vu = 1,448.08 - 61.71 + 184.525 = 1,570.9 kN
ß = L/B = 250/250 = 1
( ) f b d = 6, 049 kN
V1 = 2 +
4
βc
′
c c
= (40 ) f b d = 9, 341 kN
d ′
V2 bc c c
V 3 = 4 f ′c bc d = 4, 032 kN
Vc = min(V1, V2, V3) = 4,032 kN

So, 0.75×Vc = 3,024 kN
Vm< 0.75×Vc, Hence safe

Corner piles are 1, 2, 5, & 6
Critical Pile 1 & 2 with axial Reaction 333.02 kN
B1 = 1,450 mm & B2 =2,105 mm
d1 = 163 mm
d2 = 225 mm
d critical = 225 mm
Effective depth = 655 mm
d critical < Effective depth, Hence Safe

Figure 90: Section considered for one-way shear
Effective depth for punching check, deff = 780 - 50 - 50 - 1.5 x 16 = 656 mm

Parallel to X Axis
Shear Plane is at a distance d (656 mm from face of column)
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from piles 3, 4, 5, & 6 = 0 kN
Contribution from self weight = 14.633 kN
So Total V X1X1 = 2(313.73) - 14.633 = 612.821 kN
For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from piles 1, 2, 3, & 4 = 0 KN
Contribution from self weight = 14.633 kN

So, Total V, X2X2 = 2(240.233) -14.633 = 465.63 KN

Shear, V, parallel to X direction = 612.821 kN
Now allowable shear
V c1 = 2 f ′c bc d = 871.78 kN
0.75×Vc1 = 653.835 kN
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from all piles = 0 KN
Contribution from self weight = 0.926 KN
So Total V, Z1Z1 = -0.926 KN
For shear wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from all piles =0 KN
Contribution from self weight = 0.926 KN
So Total V, Z2Z2 = -0.926 KN
Shear, V, parallel to Z direction = 0 KN
No shear parallel to the Z axis, Hence Safe
m = fy/0.85·fc= 415/(0.85·25) = 19.529
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc = M 25)
ρbal = 0.85×ß1×fc×87/fy×(87 + fy) = 0.025729
ρmax = 0.75·ρbal = 0.019297
ρmin = 0.0018 (as fy= 415 N/mm2)

Figure 91: Section considered for moment

Calculation of Mz
For moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 = 332.02(0.775) = 257.32 kN·m
Contribution from pile 3 = pile 4 = 3.75 kN·m
Contribution from pile 5 = pile 6 = 0 kN·m
Contribution self weight = 19.744 kN·m
So Total Mz X1X1 = 2(257.32) + 2(3.75) - 19.744 = 498.636 kN·m
For moment wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 5 = pile 6 = 332.02(0.775) = 257.32 kN·m
Contribution from pile 3 = pile 4 = 3.75 kN·m
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 = 0 KNm
Contribution self weight = 19.744 kN·m
So Total Mz X2X2 = 2(257.32) + 2(3.75) - 19.744 = 498.636 kN·m
So Critical value of Mz = 498.636 kN·m
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ϕ = 554.04 kN·m
Rn = Mnz/(b·d2) = 0.805 N/mm2
m·Rn/fy = 0.0379 < 1, Hence OK
ρ = 1/m· (1-√1-2m·Rn/fy) = 0.002

ρ = ρmin=0.0018
ρmin < ρ < ρmax, Hence OK
Calculation of Mx
For moment wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 = 332.02(0.325) = 107.9 kN·m
Contribution from piles 2, 4, & 6 = 0 kN·m
Contribution self weight =11.106 kN·m
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 107.9 + 95.27 + 82.63 - 11.106 = 274.696 kN·m
For moment wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from piles 1, 3, & 5 = 0 kN·m
Contribution self weight =11.106 kN·m
So Total Mx Z2Z2 = 107.9 + 95.27 + 82.63 - 11.106 = 274.696 kN·m
So Max value of Mx = 274.696 kN·m
So Resisting Moment = Mnx= Mxux/ϕ = 317.78 KNm =318 KNm
Rn = Mnz/(b·d2) = 0.555 N/mm2
m×Rn/fy = 0.0261 <1, Hence OK
ρ = 1/m· (1-√1-2m·Rn/fy) = 0.00136
So ρ= ρmin=0.0018
ρ < ρmax, Hence OK

Along X Direction
ρ = 0.0020
b = 1,600 mm, d = 655 mm
Therefore, Astx = 2099 mm2
Along Z Direction
ρ = 0.0018
b = 2,500 mm, d = 655 mm
Therefore, Astz = 2,952 mm2

US Mat Combined Foundation 1
Comparison
Pile Reaction, 332.019 332.019 332.019 None

Ultimate (kN)
332.019 332.019 332.019
293.13 293.13 293.13
293.13 293.13 293.13
254.241 254.24 254.24
254.241 254.24 254.24

(kN·m)
305.218 305.352 305.352

Way (kN)
-0.926 -0.917 -0.917
Shear Force, Two- 1,570.9 1,571.346 1,571.346 Negligible

Way (kN)
5.16 US Mat Combined Foundation 1

Reference
Bowles, Joseph E. Foundation Analysis and Design . 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001. Print. Page 475-481,
Example 9-1
Problem
Design a rectangular combined footing using the conventional method given. fc’ = 3,000psi (column and footing),
fy = 60,000 psi, qa = 2 ksf.

Figure 92: Elevation and dimensions
Column 1 Column 2
12 in. x 12 in. 15 in. x 15 in.
4 No. 7 bars 4 No. 8 bars
DL = 60 kips DL = 110 kips
LL = 60 kips LL = 90 kips
Find out ultimate soil pressure

Pu 1 = 1.2 x 60 + 1.6 x 60 = 168 kips
Pu 2 = 1.2 x 110 + 1.6 x 90 = 276 kips
ΣPw = P1 + P2 = 60 + 60 + 110 + 90 = 320 kips
Ultimate ratio UR= (168 + 276) / 320 = 1.3875
Maximum soil pressure permitted under factored loads qult = qa x UR = 2 × 1.3875 = 2.775 ksf
This is necessary so that eccentricity is not introduced in finding L using working loads and then switching to
“ultimate” values.
Find footing dimensions L and B; first locate load resultant from center of column 1
Resultant vertical load R = 168 + 276 = 444 KN
Point of action of R is obtained as
R × e = 276 × 15, which gives e = 276 X 15/444 = 9.324 ft
To make the resultant 444 kips (factored loads) fall at L/2:
L = (9.324 + 0.5) x 2 = 19.648 ft
We will use 19.75 ft.
Find B
BLq = 444

444
B= 19.648 × 2.775
= 8.143 ft
Use B = 8.17 ft.
Find out bending moment and shear force

Uniformly distributed upward load = (Pu 1 + Pu 2) / 19.75 = 22.48 kip / ft
Shear between column 1 and 2 using integration (set integration constant by inspection):
dV = ∫0x q d x
V = 22.48 x – 168
V = 0 at x = 168 / 22.48 = 7.47 ft (locates point of Mmax)
Moment between column 1 and 2 (again set integration constant by inspection):
dM = ∫0x dV d x
M =
22.48( x )
2
2
(
− 168 x − 0.5 )
At x = 1(right face of column 1),
M = -72.76 ft-kips
Maximum negative M at V = 0 is
M =
22.48(7.47)2
2
( )
− 168 7.47 − 0.5 = − 543.76 ft⋅kips
These values are Mu values and can be directly used to compute steel quantities.
Figure 93: Forces on foundation
Maximum positive bending moment is at the face of column 2

= 22.48 x (3.625)2 / 2 = 147.7 ft-kips
Maximum shear force at the face of column 2
= 22.48 x 14.875 – 168 = 166.39 kips

Figure 94: Shear and Bending diagrams
Select depth based on analysis for both wide-beam and diagonal tension
a. Critical location for wide-beam is readily obtained.
b. Diagonal tension may have to be investigated for three conditions:
i. three-side zone, column 1
ii. four-side zone, column 2
iii. three-side zone, column 2
Check wide beam first (slope of shear diagram = constant) using V diagram:
B vc d = 166.39 – 22.48 d
vc = 11.825 ksf (allowable)
8.17 × 11.825 d = 166.39 – 22.48 d
d = 166.39 / 119.1= 1.397 ft (16.765 in)
Checking diagonal tension at column 1 using “d” just obtained for a three-side zone and
vc = 4 × 0.75 3, 000 = 164.317psi = 23.66ksf
Perim. = (12 + 8.38) x 2 + 12 + 16.765 = 69.525 in = 5.794 ft

The net shear is column load – upward soil force in diagonal tension zone:
(12 + 8.38) × (12 + 16.765)
A= 144
= 4.07ft2
V = Pcol -Psoil = 168 – 4.07 x 22.48 / 8.17= 156.8 kips

156.8
Actual v = 5.794 × 1.397
= 19.37 ksf < 23.66 ksf (O.K.)
At column 2 a four side zone gives

(15 + 16.765)2
A= 144
= 7.01ft2
And

V = 276 – 7.01 x 22.48 / 8.17 = 256.74 kips

Perim. = (15 + 16.765) x 4 / 12 = 10.59 ft
256.74
v= 10.59 × 1.397
= 17.354 ksf < 23.66 ksf (O.K.)
By inspection a three-side diagonal tension is not critical at column 2.
Design negative steel (between columns 1 and 2)

For fy = 60 and fc’ = 3 ksi and b = 12 in, obtain a = 1.96As:
(
As d −
a
2 ) =
Mu
ϕfy
(
As 16.765 − 0.98As = ) 543.76 × 12
0.9 × 60 × 8.17
= 14.79
As = 0.94 in2 / ft
Ast 0.94 200
ρ= bd
= 16.765 × 12
= 0.00467 > fy
(OK)
Less than maximum allowable percent of steel

Use 12 No. 8 bars at 8.2 –in spacing across top of footing:
As = 12(0.79) = 9.48 > 7.68 in2
Run 1/3 of bars full length of footing (less 3 in end cover):
Ld is O.K.
Find steel in short direction under column 1

B’ = 12 + 16.765 x 0.75 = 24.574 in = 2.05 ft
8.17 − 1
L ′= 2
= 3.585 ft
168
q= 8.17 × 2.05
= 10.03ksf (conservative)
10.03(3.585)2
M = 2
12 = 773.45in⋅kips
Take d = (16.765 – 1) in to allow for longitudinal rebars:
(
As 15.765 − 0.98As = ) 773.45
0.9 × 60
= 14.323
As = 0.98 in2 / ft
p is O.K. from previous calculation. Use 4 No. 7 bars at 6 in:
L d = 0.04 × 0.60 × 60, 000 × 3, 000 = 26.3in
or
Ld = 0.004 × 0.875 × 60000 = 21 in
Ld furnished = 3.585 × 12 – 3 = 40 in

Compute short direction steel at column 2; use d= 15 in:

B’ = 15 + 16 × 1.5 = 39 in = 3.25 ft
8.17 − 1.25
L ′= 2
= 3.46 ft
276
q= 8.17 × 3.25
= 10.394ksf (conservative)
10.394(3.46)2
M = 2
12 = 746.6 in⋅kips
(
As 15.765 − 0.98As = ) 776.478
0.9 × 60
= 14.379
As = 0.98 in2 / ft
Use 6 No. 7 bars at 6.5 in
Check dowel requirements of column to footing

At column 1 the supporting area is not on all sides; therefore the bearing stress is limited to:
fc = 0.75 × 0.7 × fc’ = 1.575 ksi
p = 12 x12 x 1.575 = 226.8 > 168 kips (dowels not required for load transfer)
Use 4 dowels to provide at least 0.05Ag:
As = 0.005 × 144 = 0.72 in2
Use 4 No. 6 for 4 x (0.44) = 1.76 in2 at column 2 with concrete all around
A2
ψ= A1
>2
Use 2
fc = 0.75 × 0.7 fc × 2 = 3.15 ksi
P = 15 × 15 × 3.15 = 708.75 >> 276
Use four dowels same size as column 1.
Comparison

Advanced Result
Average Base Pressure 0.01911 0.02 Negligible

(kip/in 2 )
Longitudinal moment that 543.76 63.656 kip-ft/ft × 8.17 ft = 4.4%

produces tension on top 520 kip-ft
(kip-ft)


Advanced Result
Longitudinal moment that 147.7 185.73 (obtained using 24.6%

produces tension on Results Along Line
bottom (kip-ft) method)
Required Area of 0.94 Approximately 1.0 sq.in/ft 6.0%

Reinforcement (in 2 /ft) each on top and bottom
face

Deadman Anchors (ACI 318 -2005)
6
6.1 Deadman Guy Anchor 1
Problem
Location: 380 ft Brenham (Wesley), TX guyed tower Design Project
Figure 95: Deadman Anchor Guy Tension Block section
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load condition
Axial Tension = 83.815 kip
Slope with Horizontal = 54.231°
Necessary Factors of Safety:
FOS against Uplift = 1.5
FOS against sliding = 2
Ultimate Load Factor = 1.3
Material Specification:
strength of concrete = 4 ksi
strength of steel = 60 ksi
strength of guy rod steel = 50 ksi
unit weight of concrete, γc = 150 lb/ft3
unit weight of water = 62.4 lb/ft3
Soil & GWT condition:

Deadman Guy Anchor 1
Table 60: Soil Test Report Summary
Layer Index No Layer Type Depth of Layer Cohesion (psf) Angle of Friction Dry Density (pcf)
1 Sand 0-2 0 30 115
2 Sand 2-15 0 30 115
3 Sand 15-below 0 30 115
Assume depth of Ground Water Table (GWT) = 8 ft below ground line (GL)
Assume soil cone angle of uplift = 30°
Surcharge on soil at GL =0 kip/ft2
Solution
First let us calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at guy rod
Horizontal component of load, H = P×cosθ = 83.815 × cos(54.231°) = 48.9656 kip
Vertical component of load, V = P×sinθ = 83.815 × sin(54.231°) = 68.0245 kip
Min area required for guy rod = 83.815/50 = 1.677 in2. I.e., if single rod is used, min dia of rod required = 1.5 in.
Table 61: Properties of soil (divided into approx. 6 in. thick strips)
Layer Soil C (psf) ϕ γd γ Overburden Ka Pa Kp Pp Adhesion

Type Depth (pcf) actual (Psf) (psf) (psf) Factor α
(ft) (pcf)
sand 0 0 30 115 115 0 0.334 0 3.006 0 0
sand 0.5 0 30 115 115 57.5 0.334 19.19 3.006 172.8 0
sand 1 0 30 115 115 115 0.334 38.37 3.006 345.7 0
sand 1.5 0 30 115 115 172.5 0.334 57.56 3.006 518.5 0
sand 2 0 30 115 115 230 0.334 76.74 3.006 691.3 0
sand 2.5 0 30 115 115 287.5 0.334 95.93 3.006 864.2 0
sand 3 0 30 115 115 345 0.334 115.1 3.006 1037 0
sand 3.5 0 30 115 115 402.5 0.334 134.3 3.006 1210 0
sand 4 0 30 115 115 460 0.334 153.5 3.006 1383 0
sand 4.5 0 30 115 115 517.5 0.334 172.7 3.006 1556 0
sand 5 0 30 115 115 575 0.334 191.9 3.006 1728 0

Layer Soil C (psf) ϕ γd γ Overburden Ka Pa Kp Pp Adhesion

Type Depth (pcf) actual (Psf) (psf) (psf) Factor α
(ft) (pcf)
sand 5.5 0 30 115 115 632.5 0.334 211 3.006 1901 0
sand 6 0 30 115 115 690 0.334 230.2 3.006 2074 0
sand 6.5 0 30 115 115 747.5 0.334 249.4 3.006 2247 0
sand 7 0 30 115 115 805 0.334 268.6 3.006 2420 0
sand 7.5 0 30 115 115 862.5 0.334 287.8 3.006 2593 0
sand 8 0 30 115 115 920 0.334 307 3.006 2765 0
sand 8.5 0 30 115 52.6 946.3 0.334 315.7 3.006 2844 0
sand 9 0 30 115 52.6 972.6 0.334 324.5 3.006 2923 0
sand 9.5 0 30 115 52.6 998.9 0.334 333.3 3.006 3003 0
sand 10 0 30 115 52.6 1025 0.334 342.1 3.006 3082 0
Ka=tan2 (450+ ϕ/2)

Kp=tan2 (450- ϕ/2)
Note: ϕ is in degrees.
Pa= γ×h×Kp
Pa or a particular layer = Pa of previous layer + γ×h×Ka
where
Ka = Active EP coeff of the present layer
γ = Soil density of Soil at present layer
h = Thickness of present layer)
Pp= γ×h×Kp + 2C×√(Kp)
Pp of a particular layer = Pp of previous layer + γ×h×Kp
where
Kp = Passive EP coeff of the present layer
γ = Soil density of Soil at present layer
h = Thickness of present layer
C = Cohesion of Present layer in kip/ft2
Note: Here, γ is the density of soil which is used when soil layer is above GWT
If the soil layer is below GWT, then submerged density of soil (γ-γsoil) is used
Adhesion factor α = 0.31 + 0.34/C, α ≤1
Take a 11.5' x 4' x 3.5 ft block with 0.5' tow with total embedment depth 10'.

Soil Depth upper lvl of Soil Depth lower lvl of Avg Pp effective on block Weighted Avg Pp (lb/ft)
layer(ft) layer(ft) surface (psf)
0 0.5 0 0
0.5 1 0 0
1 1.5 0 0
1.5 2 0 0
2 2.5 0 0
2.5 3 0 0
3 3.5 0 0
3.5 4 0 0
4 4.5 0 0
4.5 5 0 0
5 5.5 0 0
5.5 6 0 0
6 6.5 0 0
6.5 7 2333.2891 1166.645
7 7.5 2506.1254 1253.063
7.5 8 2678.9616 1339.481
8 8.5 2804.9066 1402.453
8.5 9 2883.9604 1441.98
9 9.5 2963.0142 1481.507
9.5 10 3042.068 1521.034

Figure 96: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift diagram
Check for Safety Against Sliding

Tot Passive resistance per unit length = 9,606.163 lb/ft
Length = 11.5 ft
Tot Passive resistance = 9,606.163 × 11.5 /1000 = 110.471 kip
Allowable Horizontal Load on Anchor = 48.9656 kKip
Safety Factor against Horizontal Load = 110.471 / 48.9656 = 2.12
FOS is greater than min required FOS, Hence OK
Check for Safety Against Uplift

Given value of dispersion angle = 30°, consider wedge at all sides with dimension of 0.5 ft.
Figure 97: Dispersion line diagram
As wedge is present so dispersion is to be started from bottom of block.
Soil Soil γ actual H1 (ft) H2 (ft) X1 (ft) X2 (ft) L1 (ft) L2 (ft) B1 (ft) B2 (ft) Volume
Depth Depth (pcf) (ft 3 )
upper lower
lvl of lvl of
layer(ft) layer(ft)
0 0.5 115 10 9.5 6.2763 5.987 24.05 23.47 16.55 15.97 193.24
505
0.5 1 115 9.5 9 5.9875 5.699 23.47 22.9 15.97 15.4 181.85
128
1 1.5 115 9 8.5 5.6987 5.41 22.9 22.32 15.4 14.82 170.79
116

upper lower
lvl of lvl of
layer(ft) layer(ft)
1.5 2 115 8.5 8 5.4099 5.121 22.32 21.74 14.82 14.24 160.06
47
2 2.5 115 8 7.5 5.1211 4.832 21.74 21.16 14.24 13.66 149.67
19
2.5 3 115 7.5 7 4.8322 4.543 21.16 20.59 13.66 13.09 139.61
276
3 3.5 115 7 6.5 4.5434 4.255 20.59 20.01 13.09 12.51 129.88
728
3.5 4 115 6.5 6 4.2546 3.966 20.01 19.43 12.51 11.93 120.49
545
4 4.5 115 6 5.5 3.9658 3.677 19.43 18.85 11.93 11.35 111.43
728
4.5 5 115 5.5 5 3.677 3.388 18.85 18.28 11.35 10.78 102.71
277
5 5.5 115 5 4.5 3.3882 3.099 18.28 17.7 10.78 10.2 94.321
915
5.5 6 115 4.5 4 3.0993 2.811 17.7 17.12 10.2 9.621 86.264
72
6 6.5 115 4 3.5 2.8105 2.522 17.12 16.54 9.621 9.043 78.541
183
6.5 7 115 3.5 3 2.5217 2.233 16.54 15.97 9.043 8.466 48.151
304
7 7.5 115 3 2.5 2.2329 1.944 15.97 15.39 8.466 7.888 41.095
082
7.5 8 115 2.5 2 1.9441 1.655 15.39 14.81 7.888 7.311 34.372
519
8 8.5 52.6 2 1.5 1.6553 1.366 14.81 14.23 7.311 6.733 27.983
613
8.5 9 52.6 1.5 1 1.3664 1.078 14.23 13.66 6.733 6.155 21.928
366

upper lower
lvl of lvl of
layer(ft) layer(ft)
9 9.5 52.6 1 0.5 1.0776 0.789 13.66 13.08 6.155 5.578 16.206
776
9.5 10 52.6 0.5 0 0.7888 0.5 13.08 12.5 5.578 5 10.818

844
Soil Depth Soil Depth Soil weight Strip Perimeter Adhesion Cohesion Adhesion =
upper lvl of lower lvl of (lbf) thickness Area of Factor α C×α×A (psf)
( C) (psf)
layer (ft) layer (ft) effective for contact (ft2)
adhesion (ft)
0 0.5 22223.181 0 0 0 0 0
0.5 1 20912.897 0 0 0 0 0
1 1.5 19640.984 0 0 0 0 0
1.5 2 18407.441 0 0 0 0 0
2 2.5 17212.269 0 0 0 0 0
2.5 3 16055.467 0 0 0 0 0
3 3.5 14937.037 0 0 0 0 0
3.5 4 13856.977 0 0 0 0 0
4 4.5 12815.287 0 0 0 0 0
4.5 5 11811.968 0 0 0 0 0
5 5.5 10847.02 0 0 0 0 0
5.5 6 9920.4428 0 0 0 0 0
6 6.5 9032.2361 0 0 0 0 0
6.5 7 5537.3999 0.5 15.5 0 0 0
7 7.5 4725.9345 0.5 15.5 0 0 0
7.5 8 3952.8397 0.5 15.5 0 0 0
8 8.5 1471.9381 0.5 15.5 0 0 0

Soil Depth Soil Depth Soil weight Strip Perimeter Adhesion Cohesion Adhesion =
upper lvl of lower lvl of (lbf) thickness Area of Factor α C×α×A (psf)
( C) (psf)
layer (ft) layer (ft) effective for contact (ft2)
adhesion (ft)
8.5 9 1153.432 0.5 15.5 0 0 0
9 9.5 852.47642 0.5 15.5 0 0 0
9.5 10 569.0712 0.5 15.5 0 0 0
Height of soil above top level of block = 6.5 ft

Height of water effecting the weight of concrete = 10 - 8 = 2 ft
Weight of concrete block = L×B×H×γc = 11.5 x 4 x 3.5 x 0.15 = 24.15 kip
Reduction of concrete weight due to buoyancy = 2 x 4 x 11.5 x 62.4/1000 = 5.7408 kip
So, total buoyant weight of concrete = 24.15-5.7408 = 18.4092 kip
Weight of soil over top of anchor in a truncated pyramid = 215.93 kip
Uplift resistance due to soil/concrete adhesion = 0 Kip
Total downward force due to surcharge (after distribution through soil)
= surcharge × Top surface area of block × {top surface area/ dispersed surface area}
= s×L×W×[L×W/{(L+2×h×tanø))×(W+2×h×tanø)}]
= 0 × (11.5×4) × (11.5×4) / ( (11.5+2×(10-3.5) × tan(0.01745×30)) × (4+2×(10-3.5) ×
tan(0.01745×30))) =
0 Kips
Therefore, total resistance against uplift = 18.4092 + 215.93 + 0 + 0 = 234.34 kip
Required anchor uplift resistance = V = 68.0245 kip
Net Safety factor = 234.34 / 68.0245 = 3.445
Required Factor of safety against Uplift = 1.5
Available FOS is greater than min required FOS, Hence OK
Design Checks for the Top & Front Face Rebar

Top Rebar Design Check
Vertical Force,V= 68.0245 kip
Length, L = 11.5 Kip
Force/Length = w = V/L = 5.915 kip
Bending Moment = w×L2/8 = 97.786 ft·kip
Factored Moment, M = 1.3 × 97.786 = 127.1218 ft·kip
ϕ = 0.9

ß = 0.85 - 0.05×(fc-4)
0.85 ≥ ß ≥ 0.65
ß = 0.85
width, B = 4 ft
Effective Depth, deff = D-clear cover-Tie bar dia -0.5×top rebar dia
deff = 38.19 in
Area of each top rebar = 0.601 in2
Total area of top rebar = As = 2.404 in2
a = As×fy/(ß×fck×B) = 0.883847 in
Resisting Moment = M1 = ϕ×As×fy×(deff - a/2) = 408.37 ft·kip
Ratio = 408.37 / 127.1218 = 3.213 >1, Hence OK
Front face Rebar Design Check
Vertical Force, V = 48.9656 kip
Length, L = 11.5 ft
Force/Length = w = V/L = 4.258 kip/ft
ϕ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05×(fc-4)
0.85 ≥ ß ≥ 0.65
ß = 0.85
width, B = 3.5 ft
Effective Depth, deff = D-clear cover-Tie bar dia -0.5 × top rebar dia
deff = 44.19 inch
Area of each front rebar = 0.601 in2
Total area of Front Rebar = As = 1.803 in2
a = As×fy/(ß×fck×B) = 0.757583 inch
ratio = 355.472 / 91.5057 = 3.885 >1, Hence OK

Deadman Guy Anchor US 2
Comparison
Table 62: Deadman Anchor (US) verification example 1 comparison
Value of Reference Result STAAD Foundation Difference

Advanced Result
Sliding Resistance (kip) 110.471 110.388 Negligible
Uplift Resistance (kip) 234.34 234.496 Negligible
Horizontal FOS 2.257 2.253 Negligible
Vertical FOS 3.445 3.448 Negligible
Factored moment resisted 127.1218 127.086 Negligible

by top rebar (ft·kip)
Max moment capacity 408.37 407.66 Negligible

(vertically hogging)
(ft·kip)

by front rebar (ft·kip)

(horizontally hogging)
(ft·kip)
6.2 Deadman Guy Anchor US 2

Problem
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load condition:
Axial Tension = 75.926 Kip


unit weight of concrete = 150 lb/ft3
unit weight of soil = 62.4 lb/ft3
Soil & GWT condition
Table 63: Soil test report summary
1 clay 0-2 0 0 106
2 clay 2-15 800 0 106
3 clay 15-below 800 0 106
Assume depth of Ground Water Table (GWT) from GL = 8 ft

Surcharge on soil at GL =0 Kip/ft2
Calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at guy rod
Min area required for guy rod =1.519 in2. I.e., if a single rod is used, the minimum diameter of that rod required =
1.4 in.
Table 64: Properties of soil (divided into relevant small strips each max 1/2 ft thick)
Layer Soil C (psf) φ γd (pcf) γ actual Overbur K a P a (psf) K p P p (psf) Adhesio

Type Depth (pcf) den n Factor
(ft) (Psf) α
clay 0 0 0 106 106 0 1.001 0 1.001 0 0
clay 0.5 0 0 106 106 53 1.001 53.07 1.001 53.07 0
clay 1 0 0 106 106 106 1.001 106.1 1.001 106.1 0

Layer Soil C (psf) φ γd (pcf) γ actual Overbur K a P a (psf) K p P p (psf) Adhesio

(ft) (Psf) α
clay 1.5 0 0 106 106 159 1.001 159.2 1.001 159.2 0
clay 2 0 0 106 106 212 1.001 212.3 1.001 212.3 0
clay 2.5 800 0 106 106 265 1.001 265.3 1.001 1866 0.735
clay 3 800 0 106 106 318 1.001 318.4 1.001 1919 0.735
clay 3.5 800 0 106 106 371 1.001 371.5 1.001 1972 0.735
clay 4 800 0 106 106 424 1.001 424.5 1.001 2026 0.735
clay 4.5 800 0 106 106 477 1.001 477.6 1.001 2079 0.735
clay 5 800 0 106 106 530 1.001 530.7 1.001 2132 0.735
clay 5.5 800 0 106 106 583 1.001 583.7 1.001 2185 0.735
clay 6 800 0 106 106 636 1.001 636.8 1.001 2238 0.735
clay 6.5 800 0 106 106 689 1.001 689.9 1.001 2291 0.735
clay 7 800 0 106 106 742 1.001 742.9 1.001 2344 0.735
clay 7.5 800 0 106 106 795 1.001 796 1.001 2397 0.735
clay 8 800 0 106 106 848 1.001 849.1 1.001 2450 0.735
clay 8.5 800 0 106 43.6 869.8 1.001 870.9 1.001 2472 0.735
clay 9 800 0 106 43.6 891.6 1.001 892.7 1.001 2494 0.735
clay 9.5 800 0 106 43.6 913.4 1.001 914.6 1.001 2516 0.735
clay 10 800 0 106 43.6 935.2 1.001 936.4 1.001 2537 0.735
Kp=tan2(450 + ϕ/2)
Kp=tan2(450 - ϕ/2)
Pa= γ×h×Kp
So Pa or a particular layer = Pa of previous layer + γ×h×Ka
where
Ka = Active Earth Pressure coefficient of the present layer
γ = Density of Soil at present layer

Pp= γ×h×Kp + 2C.√(Kp)

So Pp or a particular layer = Pp of previous layer + γ×h×Kp
where
Kp = Passive Earth Pressure coefficient of the present layer
γ = Density of Soil at present layer
C = Cohesion of Present layer, in Kip/ft2
Note: Here γ is the density of soil which is used when soil layer is above GWT.
If Soil layer is below GWT then submerged density of soil (γ-γsoil) is used
Adhesion factor α = 0.31 + 0.34/C , α ≤ 1
Table 65: Soil layers
Soil Depth upper level of Soil Depth lower level of Avg Pp effective on block Weighted Avg Pp (lb/ft)
layer (ft) layer (ft) surface (psf)
0 0.5 0 0
0.5 1 0 0
1 1.5 0 0
1.5 2 0 0
2 2.5 0 0
2.5 3 0 0
3 3.5 0 0
3.5 4 0 0
4 4.5 0 0
4.5 5 0 0
5 5.5 0 0
5.5 6 0 0
6 6.5 0 0
6.5 7 2317.4172 1158.709
7 7.5 2370.4843 1185.242
7.5 8 2423.5513 1211.776
8 8.5 2460.9987 1230.499

8.5 9 2482.8262 1241.413
9 9.5 2504.6538 1252.327
9.5 10 2526.4814 1263.241
Figure 99: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift
Check for Safety against Sliding

Length = 14 ft
Tot Passive resistance = 8543.207 × 14 /1000 = 119.605 kip
Allowable Horizontal Load on Anchor = 48.9706 kip
Check for Safety against Uplift

Given value of dispersion angle = 0°, consider no wedge to support uplift load.
As wedge is not present so dispersion is to be started from top of block.

upper lower
level of level of
layer(ft) layer(ft)
0 0.5 106 6.5 6 0 0 14 14 4 4 28
0.5 1 106 6 5.5 0 0 14 14 4 4 28
1 1.5 106 5.5 5 0 0 14 14 4 4 28
1.5 2 106 5 4.5 0 0 14 14 4 4 28
2 2.5 106 4.5 4 0 0 14 14 4 4 28
2.5 3 106 4 3.5 0 0 14 14 4 4 28
3 3.5 106 3.5 3 0 0 14 14 4 4 28
3.5 4 106 3 2.5 0 0 14 14 4 4 28
4 4.5 106 2.5 2 0 0 14 14 4 4 28
4.5 5 106 2 1.5 0 0 14 14 4 4 28
5 5.5 106 1.5 1 0 0 14 14 4 4 28
5.5 6 106 1 0.5 0 0 14 14 4 4 28
6 6.5 106 0.5 0 0 0 14 14 4 4 28
6.5 7 106 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 7.5 106 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7.5 8 106 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 8.5 43.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8.5 9 43.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 9.5 43.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9.5 10 43.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Soil Depth Soil Depth Soil weight strip Perimeter Adhesion Cohesion Adhesion =
upper lvl of lower lvl of (lbf) thckness Area of Factor α ( C ) (psf) C. α.A (psf)
layer(ft) layer(ft) effective for contact
adhesion (ft) (sq.ft)
0 0.5 2968 0 0 0 0 0
0.5 1 2968 0 0 0 0 0
1 1.5 2968 0 0 0 0 0
1.5 2 2968 0 0 0 0 0
2 2.5 2968 0 0 0.735 800 0
2.5 3 2968 0 0 0.735 800 0
3 3.5 2968 0 0 0.735 800 0
3.5 4 2968 0 0 0.735 800 0
4 4.5 2968 0 0 0.735 800 0
4.5 5 2968 0 0 0.735 800 0
5 5.5 2968 0 0 0.735 800 0
5.5 6 2968 0 0 0.735 800 0
6 6.5 2968 0 0 0.735 800 0
6.5 7 0 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
7 7.5 0 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
7.5 8 0 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
8 8.5 0 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
8.5 9 0 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
9 9.5 0 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
9.5 10 0 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
Height of soil above top level of block = 6.5 ft

Height of water affecting the weight of concrete = 10 - 8 = 2 ft
Weight of Concrete Block = L × B × H × γc = 14 × 4 × 3.5 × 0.15 = 29.4 kips
Reduction of concrete weight due to buoyancy = 2 × 4 × 14 × 62.4/1000 = 6.9888 kip


Uplift Resistance due to Soil/Concrete adhesion = 74.08 kip
= surcharge x Top surface area of block x {top surface area/ dispersed surface area}
= s×L×W×[L.W/{(L+2×h×tanø)).(W+2.h.tanø)}]
= 0×(14×4) × (14×4) / ( (14+2×(10-3.5) × tan(0.01745×0))×(4+2×(10-3.5) ×
tan(0.01745×0))) = 0 kips
Therefore, total resistance against uplift = 22.4112 + 38.58 + 74.08 + 0 = 135.072 kip
Required anchor uplift resistance = V = 58.0229 Kip
Safety Factor against Horizontal Load = 1.5
Design Checks for the Top & Front Face Rebar

Length, L = 14 Kip
Force/Length = w=V/L = 4.14449285714286 Kip
ϕ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05×(fc-4)
0.85 ≥ ß ≥ 0.65
ß = 0.85
width, B = 4 ft
Effective Depth = deff = D-clear cover-Tie bar dia -0.5 × top rebar dia
deff = 38.19 in
Area of each top rebar (assuming #7 bar) = 0.601 in2
ratio = 408.37 / 132.0033 = 3.094 >1, Hence OK
Resisting Moment is greater than Factored Moment, Hence Safe
Vertical Force, V = 48.9706 Kip

Length, L = 14 ft
Force/Length = w=V/L = 3.4979 Kip/ft
Factored Moment M = 1.3 × 85.699 = 111.4087 ft·kip
Figure 101: Bending moment diagram - front face
ϕ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05×(fc-4)
0.85 ≥ ß ≥ 0.65
ß = 0.85
width, B = 3.5 ft
deff = 44.19 in
Total area of Front Rebar = As = 1.803 in2
a = As×fy/(ß×fck×B) = 0.757583 in
ratio = 355.472 / 111.4087 = 3.191 >1, Hence OK
Comparison

Advanced Result


Advanced Result


(ft·kip)


(ft·kip)
Sliding Resistance (Kips) 119.605 119.548 0.05
Uplift Resistance (Kips) 135.072 135.126 0.04
Horizontal FOS 2.443 2.44 0.13
Vertical FOS 2.328 2.33 0.09
Factored moment resisted 132.0033 131.963 0.04

by top rebar ( Kip.ft)
Max moment capacity 408.37 407.66 0.18

(Kip.ft)
Factored moment resisted 111.4087 111.454 0.05

by front rebar (Kip.ft)
Max moment capacity 355.472 354.856 0.18

(Kip.ft)

Problem

Axial Tension = 92.435 kip
FOS against uplift = 1.5
Ultimate load factor = 1.3
Material Specification
Table 67: Soil test report summary
1 silt 0 500 20 105
2 silt 2 500 20 105
3 silt 15 500 20 105

Calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at gyerod
Min area required for guy rod =1.849 in2. I.e., if a single rod is used, the minimum
diameter of the rod required = 1.6 in.

Layer Soil C (psf) φ γd (pcf) γ actual Overbur K a P a (psf) Kp P p (psf)

Type Depth (pcf) den (Psf)
(ft)
silt 0 500 20 105 105 0 0.491 0 2.043 1429.3
silt 0.5 500 20 105 105 52.5 0.491 25.77 2.043 1536.6
silt 1 500 20 105 105 105 0.491 51.53 2.043 1643.8
silt 1.5 500 20 105 105 157.5 0.491 77.3 2.043 1751.1
silt 2 500 20 105 105 210 0.491 103.1 2.043 1858.3
silt 2.5 500 20 105 105 262.5 0.491 128.8 2.043 1965.6
silt 3 500 20 105 105 315 0.491 154.6 2.043 2072.9
silt 3.5 500 20 105 105 367.5 0.491 180.4 2.043 2180.1
silt 4 500 20 105 105 420 0.491 206.1 2.043 2287.4
silt 4.5 500 20 105 105 472.5 0.491 231.9 2.043 2394.6
silt 5 500 20 105 105 525 0.491 257.7 2.043 2501.9
silt 5.5 500 20 105 105 577.5 0.491 283.4 2.043 2609.1
silt 6 500 20 105 105 630 0.491 309.2 2.043 2716.4
silt 6.5 500 20 105 105 682.5 0.491 335 2.043 2823.6
silt 7 500 20 105 105 735 0.491 360.7 2.043 2930.9
silt 7.5 500 20 105 105 787.5 0.491 386.5 2.043 3038.2
silt 8 500 20 105 105 840 0.491 412.3 2.043 3145.4
silt 8.5 500 20 105 42.6 861.3 0.491 422.7 2.043 3188.9
silt 9 500 20 105 42.6 882.6 0.491 433.2 2.043 3232.4
silt 9.5 500 20 105 42.6 903.9 0.491 443.6 2.043 3276
silt 10 500 20 105 42.6 925.2 0.491 454.1 2.043 3319.5
silt 10.5 500 20 105 42.6 946.5 0.491 464.5 2.043 3363
silt 11 500 20 105 42.6 967.8 0.491 475 2.043 3406.5
silt 11.5 500 20 105 42.6 989.1 0.491 485.5 2.043 3450

Layer Soil C (psf) φ γd (pcf) γ actual Overbur K a P a (psf) Kp P p (psf)

Type Depth (pcf) den (Psf)
(ft)
silt 12 500 20 105 42.6 1010 0.491 495.9 2.043 3493.5
Kp = tan2(450+ϕ/2)
Kp = tan2(450-ϕ/2)
Pa= γ×h×Kp
where
γ = Density of soil at present layer

where
Kp = Passive Earth pressure coefficient of the present layer
C = Cohesion of present layer, in kip/ft2
Note: Here γ is the density of soil which is used when soil layer is above GWT.
If Soil layer is below GWT then submerged density of soil (γ-γsoil) is used.
Adhesion factor α = 0.31 + 0.34/C, α ≤ 1
Take a 10' × 4 ' × 5 ' block without tow at a total embedment depth 12'.
0 0.5 0 0
0.5 1 0 0
1 1.5 0 0
1.5 2 0 0
2 2.5 0 0

2.5 3 0 0
3 3.5 0 0
3.5 4 0 0
4 4.5 0 0
4.5 5 0 0
5 5.5 0 0
5.5 6 0 0
6 6.5 0 0
6.5 7 0 0
7 7.5 2984.5298 1492.265
7.5 8 3091.7854 1545.893
8 8.5 3167.1708 1583.585
8.5 9 3210.6859 1605.343
9 9.5 3254.2011 1627.101

Length = 10 ft
Tot Passive resistance = 16,316.053 × 10 /1000 = 163.161 kip
Allowable Horizontal Load on Anchor = 78.9806 kip

FOS is greater than the minimum required FOS, Hence OK
Check for Safety Against Uplift

Given value of dispersion angle = 20°, consider no wedge to support uplift load.
As wedge is not present so dispersion is to be started from top of block
Soil Soil γ actual H1 (ft) H2 (ft) X1 (ft) X2 (ft) L1 (ft) L2 (ft) B1 (ft) B2 (ft)
Depth Depth (pcf)
upper lower
level of level of
layer (ft) layer (ft)
0 0.5 105 7 6.5 2.5489 2.367 15.1 14.73 9.098 8.7337
0.5 1 105 6.5 6 2.3668 2.185 14.73 14.37 8.734 8.3696
1 1.5 105 6 5.5 2.1848 2.003 14.37 14.01 8.37 8.0054
1.5 2 105 5.5 5 2.0027 1.821 14.01 13.64 8.005 7.6413
2 2.5 105 5 4.5 1.8206 1.639 13.64 13.28 7.641 7.2772
2.5 3 105 4.5 4 1.6386 1.457 13.28 12.91 7.277 6.913
3 3.5 105 4 3.5 1.4565 1.274 12.91 12.55 6.913 6.5489
3.5 4 105 3.5 3 1.2745 1.092 12.55 12.18 6.549 6.1848
4 4.5 105 3 2.5 1.0924 0.91 12.18 11.82 6.185 5.8206
4.5 5 105 2.5 2 0.9103 0.728 11.82 11.46 5.821 5.4565
5 5.5 105 2 1.5 0.7283 0.546 11.46 11.09 5.457 5.0924
5.5 6 105 1.5 1 0.5462 0.364 11.09 10.73 5.092 4.7283
6 6.5 105 1 0.5 0.3641 0.182 10.73 10.36 4.728 4.3641
6.5 7 105 0.5 0 0.1821 0 10.36 10 4.364 4
7 7.5 105 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7.5 8 105 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 8.5 42.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8.5 9 42.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 9.5 42.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9.5 10 42.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Depth Depth (pcf)
upper lower
level of level of
layer (ft) layer (ft)
10 10.5 42.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.5 11 42.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 11.5 42.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11.5 12 42.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Soil Depth Soil Depth Volume (ft Soil weight strip Perimeter Adhesion Cohesion Adhesion =
upper level lower level 3 ) (lbf) thickness Area of Factor α (C) (psf) C. α×A (psf)
of layer(ft) of layer(ft) effective contact
for (ft2)
adhesion
(ft)
0 0.5 66.492505 6981.713 0 0 0.99 500 0
0.5 1 62.219927 6533.092 0 0 0.99 500 0
1 1.5 58.079939 6098.394 0 0 0.99 500 0
1.5 2 54.072541 5677.617 0 0 0.99 500 0
2 2.5 50.197734 5270.762 0 0 0.99 500 0
2.5 3 46.455517 4877.829 0 0 0.99 500 0
3 3.5 42.84589 4498.818 0 0 0.99 500 0
3.5 4 39.368853 4133.73 0 0 0.99 500 0
4 4.5 36.024407 3782.563 0 0 0.99 500 0
4.5 5 32.81255 3445.318 0 0 0.99 500 0
5 5.5 29.733284 3121.995 0 0 0.99 500 0
5.5 6 26.786608 2812.594 0 0 0.99 500 0
6 6.5 23.972522 2517.115 0 0 0.99 500 0
6.5 7 21.291027 2235.558 0 0 0.99 500 0
7 7.5 0 0 0.5 14 0.99 500 6930

Soil Depth Soil Depth Volume (ft Soil weight strip Perimeter Adhesion Cohesion Adhesion =
upper level lower level 3 ) (lbf) thickness Area of Factor α (C) (psf) C. α×A (psf)
of layer(ft) of layer(ft) effective contact
for (ft2)
adhesion
(ft)
7.5 8 0 0 0.5 14 0.99 500 6930
8 8.5 0 0 0.5 14 0.99 500 6930
8.5 9 0 0 0.5 14 0.99 500 6930
9 9.5 0 0 0.5 14 0.99 500 6930
9.5 10 0 0 0.5 14 0.99 500 6930
10 10.5 0 0 0.5 14 0.99 500 6930
10.5 11 0 0 0.5 14 0.99 500 6930
11 11.5 0 0 0.5 14 0.99 500 6930
11.5 12 0 0 0.5 14 0.99 500 6930
Height of soil above top level of block = 7 ft

Height of water affecting the weight of concrete = 12 - 8 = 4 ft
Weight of Concrete Block = L × B × H × γc = 10 x 4 x 5 x 0.15 = 30 kip
Reduction of concrete weight due to buoyancy = 4 × 4 × 10 × 62.4/1000 = 9.984 kip
So, total buoyant weight of concrete = 30-9.984 = 20.016 kip
Uplift Resistance due to Soil/Concrete Adhesion = 69.3 kip
= s×L×W×[L.W/{(L+2×h×tanø))×(W+2×h×tanø)}]
= 0×(10×4) × (10×4) / ( (10+2×(12-5)×tan(0.01745×20))×(4+2×(12-5)×tan(0.01745×20))) =
0 kip

Therefore, total resistance against uplift = 20.016 + 61.98 + 69.3 + 0 = 151.296 kip
Required anchor uplift resistance = V = 48.024 kip
Required Factor of safety against Horizontal Load = 1.5
Now Design Check Top & Front Face Rebar

Length, L = 10 kip
Force/Length = w = V/L = 4.8024 kip
ϕ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05×(fc-4)
0.85 ≥ ß ≥ 0.65
ß = 0.85
width, B = 4 ft
deff = 56.19 inch
Area of each top rebar = 0.601 in2
ratio = 603.099 / 78.039 = 7.729 >1, Hence OK
Length, L = 10 kip
Force/Length = w=V/L = 7.89806 kip/ft

ϕ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05×(fc-4)
0.85 ≥ ß ≥ 0.65
ß = 0.85
width, B = 5 ft
deff = 44.19 in
Total area of front rebar = As = 1.803 in2
ratio = 356.394 / 128.3438 = 2.777 >1, Hence OK
Comparison

Advanced Result



Advanced Result

(ft·kip)


(ft·kip)

Problem
Axial Tension = 250 kip
Slope with Horizontal = 50°

1 C- Øtype 0 0 20 104
2 C- Øtype 3 0 20 104
3 C- Øtype 5 500 22 105
4 C- Øtype 8 800 15 105
5 C- Øtype 10 800 20 106
6 C- Øtype 12 850 15 106
7 C- Øtype 20 850 15 106

Calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at guy rod:
Horizontal component of load, H = P×cosθ = 250 ×cos(50°) = 160.6297 kip
Vertical component of load, V = P×sinθ = 250 ×sin(50°) = 191.5676 kip

Min area required for guy rod = 250/50 =5 in2. I.e , if a single rod is used, then the
minimum diameter of that rod required = 2.6 inch.
Layer Soil C (psf) ϕ γd (pcf) γ actual Overbur K a P a (psf) K p P p (psf) Adhesio

(ft) (Psf) α
C- 0 0 20 104 104 0 0.491 0 2.043 0 0

Øtype
C- 0.5 0 20 104 104 52 0.491 25.52 2.043 106.2 0

Øtype
C- 1 0 20 104 104 104 0.491 51.04 2.043 212.5 0

Øtype
C- 1.5 0 20 104 104 156 0.491 76.57 2.043 318.7 0

Øtype


(ft) (Psf) α
C- 2 0 20 104 104 208 0.491 102.1 2.043 424.9 0

Øtype
C- 2.5 0 20 104 104 260 0.491 127.6 2.043 531.2 0

Øtype
C- 3 0 20 104 104 312 0.491 153.1 2.043 637.4 0

Øtype
C- 3.5 0 20 104 104 364 0.491 178.7 2.043 743.6 0

Øtype
C- 4 0 20 104 104 416 0.491 204.2 2.043 849.9 0

Øtype
C- 4.5 0 20 104 104 468 0.491 229.7 2.043 956.1 0

Øtype
C- 5 0 20 104 104 520 0.491 255.2 2.043 1062 0

Øtype
C- 5.5 500 22 105 105 572.5 0.455 279.1 2.202 2662 0.99
Øtype
C- 6 500 22 105 105 625 0.455 303 2.202 2777 0.99

Øtype
C- 6.5 500 22 105 105 677.5 0.455 326.9 2.202 2893 0.99
Øtype
C- 7 500 22 105 105 730 0.455 350.9 2.202 3009 0.99

Øtype
C- 7.5 500 22 105 105 782.5 0.455 374.8 2.202 3124 0.99
Øtype
C- 8 500 22 105 105 835 0.455 398.7 2.202 3240 0.99

Øtype
C- 8.5 800 15 105 105 887.5 0.589 429.6 1.701 3932 0.735
Øtype
C- 9 800 15 105 105 940 0.589 460.6 1.701 4021 0.735

Øtype
C- 9.5 800 15 105 42.6 961.3 0.589 473.1 1.701 4057 0.735
Øtype


(ft) (Psf) α
C- 10 800 15 105 42.6 982.6 0.589 485.7 1.701 4094 0.735

Øtype
C- 10.5 800 20 106 43.6 1004 0.491 496.4 2.043 4338 0.735
Øtype
C- 11 800 20 106 43.6 1026 0.491 507.1 2.043 4383 0.735

Øtype
C- 11.5 800 20 106 43.6 1048 0.491 517.8 2.043 4427 0.735
Øtype
C- 12 800 20 106 43.6 1070 0.491 528.5 2.043 4472 0.735

Øtype
C- 12.5 850 15 106 43.6 1092 0.589 541.3 1.701 4439 0.71
Øtype
C- 13 850 15 106 43.6 1113 0.589 554.2 1.701 4476 0.71

Øtype
C- 13.5 850 15 106 43.6 1135 0.589 567 1.701 4514 0.71
Øtype
C- 14 850 15 106 43.6 1157 0.589 579.9 1.701 4551 0.71

Øtype
C- 14.5 850 15 106 43.6 1179 0.589 592.7 1.701 4588 0.71
Øtype
C- 15 850 15 106 43.6 1201 0.589 605.6 1.701 4625 0.71

Øtype
C- 15.5 850 15 106 43.6 1222 0.589 618.4 1.701 4662 0.71
Øtype
C- 16 850 15 106 43.6 1244 0.589 631.3 1.701 4699 0.71

Øtype
Ka = tan2(450+ ϕ/2)
Kp=tan2(450- ϕ/2)
Pa= γ×h×Kp
where


where
Kp = Passive Earth Pressure coefficient of the present layer
C = Cohesion of present layer in kip/ft2
Note: Here, γ is the density of soil which is used when soil layer is above GWT.
If Soil layer is below GWT then submerged density of soil (γ-γsoil) is used
Adhesion factor α = 0.31 + 0.34/C, α ≤ 1
Take a 12' x 6' x 8' block with 0.5' tow at a total embedment depth 16'.
0 0.5 0 0
0.5 1 0 0
1 1.5 0 0
1.5 2 0 0
2 2.5 0 0
2.5 3 0 0
3 3.5 0 0
3.5 4 0 0
4 4.5 0 0
4.5 5 0 0

5 5.5 0 0
5.5 6 0 0
6 6.5 0 0
6.5 7 0 0
7 7.5 0 0
7.5 8 0 0
8 8.5 3585.8214 1792.911
8.5 9 3976.5905 1988.295
9 9.5 4039.3571 2019.679
9.5 10 4075.5883 2037.794
10 10.5 4216.0538 2108.027
10.5 11 4360.672 2180.336
11 11.5 4405.2086 2202.604
11.5 12 4449.7453 2224.873
12 12.5 4455.6838 2227.842
12.5 13 4457.8949 2228.947
13 13.5 4494.9765 2247.488
13.5 14 4532.0582 2266.029
14 14.5 4569.1398 2284.57
14.5 15 4606.2214 2303.111
15 15.5 4643.3031 2321.652
15.5 16 4680.3847 2340.192

Total Passive resistance per unit length = 34,774.35 lb/ft
Length = 12 ft

Tot Passive resistance = 34,774.35 × 12 /1000 = 417.293 kip

Allowable Horizontal Load on Anchor = 160.6297 Kip
Check for Safety against Uplift

Given value of dispersion angle = 28°, consider wedge at all sides with dimension of 0.5 ft.
As wedge is present so dispersion is to be started from bottom of block.
Depth Depth (pcf)
upper lower
level of level of
layer(ft) layer(ft)
0 0.5 104 16 15.5 9.0114 8.745 30.02 29.49 24.02 23.49
0.5 1 104 15.5 15 8.7454 8.479 29.49 28.96 23.49 22.96
1 1.5 104 15 14.5 8.4794 8.213 28.96 28.43 22.96 22.43
1.5 2 104 14.5 14 8.2134 7.947 28.43 27.89 22.43 21.89
2 2.5 104 14 13.5 7.9475 7.681 27.89 27.36 21.89 21.36
2.5 3 104 13.5 13 7.6815 7.416 27.36 26.83 21.36 20.83
3 3.5 104 13 12.5 7.4155 7.15 26.83 26.3 20.83 20.3
3.5 4 104 12.5 12 7.1495 6.884 26.3 25.77 20.3 19.77
4 4.5 104 12 11.5 6.8835 6.618 25.77 25.24 19.77 19.24
4.5 5 104 11.5 11 6.6176 6.352 25.24 24.7 19.24 18.7
5 5.5 105 11 10.5 6.3516 6.086 24.7 24.17 18.7 18.17
5.5 6 105 10.5 10 6.0856 5.82 24.17 23.64 18.17 17.64
6 6.5 105 10 9.5 5.8196 5.554 23.64 23.11 17.64 17.11
6.5 7 105 9.5 9 5.5536 5.288 23.11 22.58 17.11 16.58
7 7.5 105 9 8.5 5.2877 5.022 22.58 22.04 16.58 16.04
7.5 8 105 8.5 8 5.0217 4.756 22.04 21.51 16.04 15.51
8 8.5 105 8 7.5 4.7557 4.49 21.51 20.98 15.51 14.98

Depth Depth (pcf)
upper lower
level of level of
layer(ft) layer(ft)
8.5 9 105 7.5 7 4.4897 4.224 20.98 20.45 14.98 14.45
9 9.5 42.6 7 6.5 4.2237 3.958 20.45 19.92 14.45 13.92
9.5 10 42.6 6.5 6 3.9578 3.692 19.92 19.38 13.92 13.38
10 10.5 43.6 6 5.5 3.6918 3.426 19.38 18.85 13.38 12.85
10.5 11 43.6 5.5 5 3.4258 3.16 18.85 18.32 12.85 12.32
11 11.5 43.6 5 4.5 3.1598 2.894 18.32 17.79 12.32 11.79
11.5 12 43.6 4.5 4 2.8938 2.628 17.79 17.26 11.79 11.26
12 12.5 43.6 4 3.5 2.6278 2.362 17.26 16.72 11.26 10.72
12.5 13 43.6 3.5 3 2.3619 2.096 16.72 16.19 10.72 10.19
13 13.5 43.6 3 2.5 2.0959 1.83 16.19 15.66 10.19 9.66
13.5 14 43.6 2.5 2 1.8299 1.564 15.66 15.13 9.66 9.128
14 14.5 43.6 2 1.5 1.5639 1.298 15.13 14.6 9.128 8.596
14.5 15 43.6 1.5 1 1.2979 1.032 14.6 14.06 8.596 8.064
15 15.5 43.6 1 0.5 1.032 0.766 14.06 13.53 8.064 7.532
15.5 16 43.6 0.5 0 0.766 0.5 13.53 13 7.532 7
Soil Depth Soil Depth Volume (ft Soil weight Strip Perimeter Adhesion Cohesion Adhesion =
upper level lower level 3 ) (lbf) thickness Area of Factor, α (C) (psf) C×α×A
of layer(ft) of layer(ft) effective contact (psf)
for (ft2)
adhesion
(ft)
0 0.5 353.46306 36760.16 0 0 0 0 0
0.5 1 339.37096 35294.58 0 0 0 0 0
1 1.5 325.56184 33858.43 0 0 0 0 0
1.5 2 312.0357 32451.71 0 0 0 0 0

for (ft2)
adhesion
(ft)
2 2.5 298.79255 31074.43 0 0 0 0 0
2.5 3 285.83239 29726.57 0 0 0 0 0
3 3.5 273.1552 28408.14 0 0 0 0 0
3.5 4 260.761 27119.14 0 0 0 0 0
4 4.5 248.64978 25859.58 0 0 0 0 0
4.5 5 236.82155 24629.44 0 0 0 0 0
5 5.5 225.2763 23654.01 0 0 0.99 500 0
5.5 6 214.01403 22471.47 0 0 0.99 500 0
6 6.5 203.03475 21318.65 0 0 0.99 500 0
6.5 7 192.33845 20195.54 0 0 0.99 500 0
7 7.5 181.92513 19102.14 0 0 0.99 500 0
7.5 8 171.7948 18038.45 0 0 0.99 500 0
8 8.5 125.94744 13224.48 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
8.5 9 116.38308 12220.22 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
9 9.5 107.10169 4562.532 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
9.5 10 98.103293 4179.2 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
10 10.5 89.387875 3897.311 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
10.5 11 80.955441 3529.657 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
11 11.5 72.80599 3174.341 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
11.5 12 64.939522 2831.363 0.5 18 0.735 800 10584
12 12.5 57.356038 2500.723 0.5 18 0.71 850 10863
12.5 13 50.055537 2182.421 0.5 18 0.71 850 10863
13 13.5 43.03802 1876.458 0.5 18 0.71 850 10863

for (ft2)
adhesion
(ft)
13.5 14 36.303486 1582.832 0.5 18 0.71 850 10863
14 14.5 29.851935 1301.544 0.5 18 0.71 850 10863
14.5 15 23.683367 1032.595 0.5 18 0.71 850 10863
15 15.5 17.797783 775.9833 0.5 18 0.71 850 10863
15.5 16 12.195182 531.7099 0.5 18 0.71 850 10863
Height of soil above top level of block = 8 ft

Height of water effecting the weight of concrete = 16 - 9 = 7 ft
Weight of Concrete Block = L×B×H×γc = 12 x 6 x 8 x 0.15 = 86.4 kip
Reduction of concrete weight due to buoyancy = 7 x 6 x 12 x 62.4/1000 = 31.4496 kip
Uplift Resistance due to Soil/Concrete Adhesion = 193.3 kip
= s×L×W× [L×W/{(L+2×h×.tanϕ))×(W+2×h×tanϕ)}]
= 0×(12×6) × (12×6) / ( (12+2×(16-8)×tan(0.01745×28))×(6+2×(16-8)×tan(0.01745×28))) =
0 kips
Therefore, Total resistance against uplift = 54.9504 + 490.67 + 193.3 + 0 = 738.921 kip
Allowable anchor uplift resistance = V = 191.5676 kip
Safety Factor against Horizontal Load = 1.5

Design Checks for Top & Front Face Rebar

Length, L = 12 Kip
Force/Length = w=V/L = 15.96397 kip
ϕ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05×(fc-4)
0.85 ≥ ß ≥ 0.65
ß = 0.85
width, B = 6 ft
Effective Depth, deff = D - clear cover - Tie bar dia -0.5 × top rebar dia
deff = 92.19 inch
Area of each top rebar (Assuming #7 bars) = 0.601 in2
Assuming 6 bars, the total area of top rebar = As = 3.606 in2
a = As×fy/(ß×fck×B) = 0.883847 in
Resisting Moment = M1 = ϕ×As×fy×(deff - a/2) = 1,488.8 ft·kip
ratio = 1,488.835 / 373.5576 = 3.986 >1, Hence OK
Horizontal Force, H = 160.6297 kip
Length, L = 12 ft
Force/Length = w = V/L = 13.386 kip/ft

Factored Moment M = 1.3 × 240.945 = 313.2285 ft·kip

ϕ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05×(fc-4)
0.85 ≥ ß ≥ 0.65
ß = 0.85
width, B = 8 ft
Effective Depth, deff = D - clear cover - Tie bar dia -0.5 × front rebar dia
deff = 68.19 inch
Area of each front rebar (assuming #7 bars) = 0.601 in2
Assuming 6 bars, total area of front rebar = As = 3.606 in2
a = As×fy/(ß×fck×B) = 0.662885 in
Resisting Moment = M1 = ϕ×As×fy×(deff - a/2) = 1,101.2 ft·kip
ratio = 1,101.17 / 313.2285 = 3.516 >1, Hence OK
Comparison
Value of Reference Result STAAD Foundation Percent Difference

Advanced Result
Sliding Resistance (Kip) 417.293 413.188 1%
Uplift Resistance (Kip) 738.921 719.286 2.7%
Horizontal FOS 2.598 2.571 1%
Vertical FOS 3.858 3.756 2.6%

by top rebar ( ft·kip)
Max moment capacity 1,488.835 1,486.29 Negligible

(ft·kip)

Max moment capacity 1,101.17 1,099.277 Negligible

(ft·kip)

Drilled Pier Foundations
7
7.1 Drilled Pier Foundation 1 API
Reference
American Petroleum Institute. API RP 2A-WSD Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms -
Working Stress Design
Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: API
Load Fy= 100 kip, fc= 4 ksi, fy= 60 ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 2 ft, pier height= 30 ft, water level at 40 ft.
Soil Profile by Layer
1. Sand, 8 ft deep, angle of friction 30 deg, Avg Density 108 lb/ft3, Density- Loose
2. Sand, 13 ft deep, angle of friction 34 deg, Avg Density 110 lb/ft3, Density- Medium
3. Clay, 9 ft deep, cohesion 2 kip/ft2, Avg Density 110 lb/ft3, Density- Dense
Elasticity of Soil 0.3 ksi

Drilled Pier Foundation 1 API
Figure 109: Pier Elevation
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Skin Friction - 100%
Neglected zone for skin friction
Top - 5ft
Bottom - Pier Dia = 2ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi

Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
Critical Depth
Critical depth is set to be calculated by program as:
3( )Ec I
Es d
0.286
= 37.169 ft
Effective Overburden Pressure

Po = (Soil Density of respective layer x Depth to the center of the layer)
Effects of water and critical depth are also considered calculating Po
Layer Effective Overburden Pressure (lb/ft2)
Layer1 432
Layer2 1579
Layer3 2789
Skin Friction
Ψ, Factor from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2
Ψ = Cohesion / Effective Overburden Pressure
Layer Ψ
Layer1 0
Layer2 0
Layer3 0.7171
α, Factor from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2

α = 0.5 × Ψ -0.5 Ψ ≤ 1.0
α = 0.5 × Ψ -0.25 Ψ > 1.0
Layer α
Layer1 0
Layer2 0

Layer α
Layer3 0.59045
K Coefficient of lateral earth pressure from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.3

K=0.8 (for straight pier)
δ = Friction angle between soil and pier
Friction angles are selected from API RP 2A-WSD Table 6.4.3-1
Shaft friction (f), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
For cohesive soil layer, f = α × c
For cohesionless soil layer, f = K ×Po × tanδ
Layer Shaft Friction (psf)
Layer1 125.788
Layer2 589.040
Layer3 1180.889
Skin Friction Resistance (Qf), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1

Qf = f × As
Layer Qf (kip)
Layer1 6.3228
Layer2 48.1136
Layer3 66.7777
Total Skin Friction 121.214
Modified Skin Friction Based on Neglected Zones for Skin Friction

Qf (modified) is calculated by considering top and bottom neglect layer
Layer Qf_modified (kip)
Layer1 2.3711
Layer2 48.1136
Layer3 51.9382
Total Modified Skin Friction 102.423

Base Resistance
Unit end bearing (q), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
For cohesive soil layer q = 9 × c
For cohesionless soil layer q =po × Nq
Nq is selected from API RP 2A-WSD Table 6.4.3-1
Layer q (kip)
Layer1 5.184
Layer2 31.58
Layer3 18.0
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1
Qp = q × Ap
Layer Qp (kip)
Layer1 16.286
Layer2 99.211
Layer3 56.549
End Bearing for bottom Layer, Qp_bott = 56.549 kips
Unfactored Capacity
4
d
Self wt = x 4
+ ρconc = 14.137 kip
Σ Q f_mod + Q p_bott − Self_wt = 144.834 kip

i i
Factored Capacity
ΣQ
f_mod Q p_bott − Self_wt
i i
FS_skin
+ FS_bearing
= 48.278 kip

Comparison
Table 74: Drilled Pier (API) verification example 1 comparison

Advanced Result
Unfactored Tip Resistance 56.549 56.571 Negligible

(kip)
Unfactored Skin 102.423 102.487 Negligible

Resistance (kip)
Unfactored Total Axial 144.834 144.916 Negligible

Capacity (kip)
Factored Tip Resistance 18.849 18.857 Negligible

(kip)
Factored Skin Resistance 34.141 34.162 Negligible

(kip)
Factored Total Axial 48.278 48.305 Negligible

Capacity (kip)
7.2 Drilled Pier Foundation 2 API

Reference
American Petroleum Institute. API RP 2A-WSD Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms -
Working Stress Design
Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: API
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 4ft, pier height= 39ft, water level at 50ft.
Soil Profile by Layer
1. Clay , 6ft deep, cohesion 1kip/ft2, Avg Density 105lb/ft3, Density- Very Loose
2. Clay, 13ft deep, cohesion 1.1kip/ft2, Avg Density 110lb/ft3, Density- Medium
3. Clay, 8ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft2, Avg Density 111lb/ft3, Density- Dense
4. Clay, 12ft deep, cohesion 3kip/ft2, Avg Density 113lb/ft3, Density- Very Dense
Elasticity of Soil 0.3ksi

K = 0.8
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Top - 5ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi

Critical Depth
Critical depth is set to be calculated by program
3 ( )
Ec I
Es d
0.286
= 74.511 ft

Po= (Soil Density of respective layer x Depth to the center of the layer)
Layer1 315
Layer2 1345

Layer3 2504
Layer4 3626
Skin Friction
Ψ, Factor from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2
Ψ = Cohesion / Effective Overburden Pressure
Layer Ψ
Layer1 3.1746
Layer2 0.8178
Layer3 0.7987
Layer4 0.8274
α Factor
Layer α
Layer1 0.3746
Layer2 0.5528
Layer3 0.5597
Layer4 0.5497

K=0.8 (for straight pier)
δ, Friction angle between soil and pier
Friction angles are selected from API RP 2A-WSD Table 6.4.3-1
Shaft friction, f, from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
Layer1 375
Layer2 608

Layer3 1119
Layer4 1649
Skin Friction Resistance (Qf), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1

Qf = f × As
Layer Qf (psf)
Layer1 24.000
Layer2 99.353
Layer3 112.487
Layer4 248.677

Layer Qf_modified (psf)
Layer1 4.707
Layer2 99.353
Layer3 112.487
Layer4 165.785
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing (q), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
For cohesive soil layer, q = 9 × c
For cohesionless soil layer, q =po × Nq
Nq is selected from API RP 2A-WSD Table 6.4.3-1
Layer q (psf)
Layer1 9000
Layer2 9900

Layer q (psf)
Layer3 18000
Layer4 27000
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1
Qp = q × Ap
Layer Qp (psf)
Layer1 113.097
Layer2 124.407
Layer3 226.195
Layer4 339.292
End Bearing for bottom Layer

Qp_bott = 339.292 kip
Unfactored Capacity
4
d
Self wt = x 4
Σ Q f_mod + Q p_bott − Self_wt=648.11 kip

i i
Factored Capacity
ΣQ
f_mod Q p_bott − Self_wt
i i
FS_skin
+ FS_bearing
= 216.037 kip
Comparison
Table 75: Drilled Pier (API) verification example 2 comparison

Advanced Result

(kip)

Resistance (kip)

Drilled Pier Foundation 3 FHWA

Advanced Result

Capacity (kip)

(kip)

(kip)

Capacity (kip)
7.3 Drilled Pier Foundation 3 FHWA

Reference
Sabatini, P. J., Pass, D.G., Bachus, R.C. (1999) Geotechnical Engineering Circular No. 4 - Ground Anchors and
Anchored Systems (FHWA-IF-99-015). Washington, D.C.:Federal Highway Administration.
Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: FHWA
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 2ft,
pier height= 30ft, water level at 40ft.
Soil Profile
1. Sand, 8ft deep, angle of friction 30deg, Avg Density 108lb/ft3, N60- 11
2. Sand, 13ft deep, angle of friction 34deg, Avg Density 110lb/ft3, N60- 13
3. Clay, 9ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft2, Avg Density 110lb/ft3, N60- 16
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%

Top - 5ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
Critical Depth

3( ) Ec I
Es d
0.286
= 37.362ft

Po = (Soil Density of respective layer × Depth to the center of the layer)
Layer1 432
Layer2 1579
Layer3 2789
Skin Friction
α Factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.6
α = 0.55
Layer α
Layer1 0
Layer2 0
Layer3 0.55
β1 Dimensionless correlation factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.18 or 11.19

β1 = 1.5 − 0.245 depth for N60 ≥ 15 11.18
β1 =
N60
1.5 − 0.245 depth for N60 < 15 11.19
15
Layer β1
Layer1 0.9017
Layer2 0.8536
Layer3 0
δ, Friction angle between soil and pier

Assumed to be same as soil friction angle
Shaft friction, f , from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.16 & 11.17
For cohesive soil layer, f = α × su
For cohesionless soil layer, f = β × σ vi

Layer1 389.50
Layer2 1347.86
Layer3 1100.0
Skin Friction Resistance (Qf), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2

Rs = f × As
Layer Rs (kip)
Layer1 19.578
Layer2 110.095
Layer3 62.204

Layer Rs_modified (kip)
Layer1 7.342
Layer2 110.095
Layer3 48.381
Total Modified Skin Friction 165.817
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing, q, from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.1, 11.2, & 11.4b
For cohesive soil layer,
q = 9 × c if c ≥ 2005 and depth ≥ 3× pier dia.

q = (4/3) × ln(Ir + 1)×c if c < 2005 and depth ≥ 3× pier dia.
where
Ir = Elasticity of soil / c
For cohesionless soil layer, q = min(0.6 × N60, 30 psf)
Layer q (kip)
Layer1 13.2

Layer q (kip)
Layer2 15.6
Layer3 5.53
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
RB = q × Ap
Layer RB (kip)
Layer1 41.469
Layer2 49.009
Layer3 17.623
End Bearing for bottom Layer, RB-bott = 17.623 kips
Unfactored Capacity
4
d
Self wt = x 4
Σ Rs_mod + R B_bott − Self_wt = 169.303 kip

i i
Factored Capacity
ΣR
s_mod R B_bott − Self_wt
i i
FS_skin
+ FS_bearing
= 56.434 kip
Comparison
Table 76: Drilled Pier (FHWA) verification example 3 comparison

Advanced Result

(kip)

Resistance (kip)

Capacity (kip)


Advanced Result

(kip)

(kip)

Capacity (kip)
7.4 Drilled Pier Foundation 4 FHWA

Reference
Sabatini, P. J., Pass, D.G., Bachus, R.C. (1999) Geotechnical Engineering Circular No. 4 - Ground Anchors and
Anchored Systems (FHWA-IF-99-015). Washington, D.C.:Federal Highway Administration.
Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: FHWA
Load Fy = 100kip, fc = 4ksi, fy = 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter = 4ft, pier height= 39ft, water level at 50ft.
Soil Profile
1. Clay, 6ft deep, cohesion 1kip/ft2, Avg Density 105lb/ft3, N60 10
2. Clay, 13ft deep, cohesion 1.1kip/ft2, Avg Density 110lb/ft3, N60 12
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Neglected zone
for skin friction Top - 5ft

Concrete Properties
fc = 4 ksi
Ec= 3,605 ksi
Density= 150lb/ft3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29,000ksi
Critical Depth
3( )Ec I
Es d
0.286
= 74.511 ft


1 315
2 1345
3 2504
4 3626
Skin Friction
α Factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.6
α = 0.55 (for all layers)
Layer α
1 0.55
2 0.55
3 0.55
4 0.55
β Dimensionless correlation factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.18 or 11.19

β = 0 (for all layers)
δ Friction angle between soil and pier
Shaft friction, f, from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.16 & 11.17
For cohesive soil layer, f = α × su
For cohesionless soil layer, f = β x σ vi
1 550
2 605
3 1100
4 1650

Skin Friction Resistance, Qf, from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2

Rs = f × As
Layer Rs (kip)
1 41.469
2 98.835
3 110.584
4 248.814
Σ (Total Skin Friction) 499.702

1 6.912
2 98.835
3 110.584
4 165.876
Σ (Total Modified Skin Friction) 382.206
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing, q, from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.1, 11.2, & 11.4a
For cohesive soil layer,
q = 9 × c if c ≥ 2005 and depth ≥ 3× pier dia.

q = (4/3) × ln(Ir + 1)×c if c < 2005 and depth ≥ 3× pier dia.
where
Ir = Elasticity of soil / c
For cohesionless soil layer, q = min(0.6 × N60, 30 psf)
Layer q (kip)
1 3.646
2 3.880
3 5.611

Layer q (kip)
4 27
End Bearing for each layer, Qp, from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
RB = q × Ap
Layer RB (kip)
1 45.815
2 48.759
3 70.510
4 339.292
End Bearing for bottom Layer, RB-bott = 339.292 kips
Unfactored Capacity
4
d
Self wt = x 4

i i
where
dw = depth of water
γw = density of water
Factored Capacity
ΣR
s_mod R B_bott − Self_wt
i i
FS_skin
+ FS_bearing
= 215.995 kip
Comparison
Table 77: Drilled Pier (FHWA) verification example 4 comparison

Advanced Result

(kip)

Resistance (kip)

Drilled Pier Foundation 5 Vesic

Advanced Result

Capacity (kip)

(kip)

(kip)

Capacity (kip)
7.5 Drilled Pier Foundation 5 Vesic

Reference
Vesić, Aleksandar Sedmak (1973). “Analysis of Ultimate Loads on Shallow Foundations,” Journal of Soil
Mechanics and Foundations Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 99. No SM1, p.53.
Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: Alternate Vesic Method
Load Fy = 100 kip, fc = 4ksi, fy = 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter = 2ft,
pier height= 30ft, water level at 40ft.
Soil Profile
1. Sand, 8ft deep, angle of friction 30deg, Avg Density 108lb/ft3,
2. Sand, 13ft deep, angle of friction 34deg, Avg Density 110lb/ft3,
3. Clay, 9ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft2, Avg Density 110lb/ft3,
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%

Top - 5ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4 ksi
Ec= 3,605 ksi
Density= 150 lb/ft3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29,000ksi
Critical Depth

3 ( )Ec I
Es d
0.286
= 32.169 ft

Layer Effective Overburden Pressure (psf)
1 432
2 1579
3 2789
Skin Friction
α Adhesion Factor for Drilled Pier in Cohesive Soil
α = 0.55 (FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.6)
Layer α
1 0
2 0
3 0.55

K = 0.8 (for straight pier)
For cohesive soil layer, f = α x c
1 199.532
2 852.039
3 1100
tan(δ1) = 0.577, tan(δ2) = 0.675

Skin Friction Resistance, Qf, from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
Rs = f × As

Layer Rs (kip)
1 10.030
2 69.596
3 62.204

1 3.761
2 69.596
3 48.381
Base Resistance
Cohesive Soil (Bottom Layer)
Unit end bearing, q , from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.1, 11.2 & 11.4a
Factor Fr = 1
Factor Ncp = 9
Cohesionless Soil
(
N qp = e πtan (δ)tan2 45 +
δ
2
) (Vesic 1973, Eqn 4)
For cohesive soil layer q = Fr × Nqp ×c

For cohesionless soil layer q =po × Nqp
Layer q (psf)
1 7,949
2 46,485
3 18,000
RB = q × Ap

Layer RB (kip)
1 57.809
2 92.488
3 56.549
End Bearing for bottom Layer, RB_bott = 56.549 kip
Unfactored Capacity
4
d
Self wt = x 4

i i
Factored Capacity
Σ Rs_mod
i R B_bott − Self_wt
i
FS_skin
+ FS_bearing
= 54.753 kip
Comparison
Table 78: Drilled Pier (Vesic) verification example 5 comparison

Advanced Result

(kip)

Resistance (kip)

Capacity (kip)

(kip)

(kip)

Capacity (kip)

7.6 Drilled Pier Foundation 6 Vesic

Reference
Vesić, Aleksandar Sedmak (1973). “Analysis of Ultimate Loads on Shallow Foundations,” Journal of Soil
Mechanics and Foundations Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 99. No SM1, p.53.
Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: Alternate Vesic Method
Load Fy= 100 kip, fc= 4 ksi, fy= 60 ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 4ft, pier height= 39ft, water level at 50ft.
Soil Profile
1. Clay, 6ft deep, cohesion 1kip/ft2, Avg Density 105lb/ft3, Density- Very Loose
2. Clay, 13ft deep, cohesion 1.1kip/ft2, Avg Density 110lb/ft3, Density- Medium
3. Clay, 8ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft2, Avg Density 111lb/ft3, Density- Dense
4. Clay, 12ft deep, cohesion 3kip/ft2, Avg Density 113lb/ft3, Density- Very Dense
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Top - 5ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi

Critical Depth
3 ( )
Ec I
Es d
0.286
= 74.511 ft

Po = (Soil Density of respective layer x Depth to the center of the layer)
1 315
2 1345

3 2504
4 3626
Skin Friction
α Adhesion Factor for Drilled Pier in Cohesive Soil
α = 0.55 (All layers)
K Coefficient of lateral earth pressure
K = 0.8 (for straight pier)
1 550
2 605
3 1100
4 1650
tan(δ) = 0
Skin Friction Resistance (Qf), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
Rs = f × As
Layer Rs (kip)
1 41.469
2 98.835
3 110.584
4 248.814


Layer R s_modified (kip)
1 6.911
2 98.835
3 110.584
4 165.876
Base Resistance
Cohesive Soil (Bottom Layer)
Unit end bearing, q, from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.1, 11.2 & 11.4a
Factor Fr = 1
Factor Ncp = 9
Layer q (psf)
1 9000
2 9900
3 18000
4 27000
RB = q × Ap
Layer RB (kip)
1 113.097
2 124.407
3 226.195
4 339.292
End Bearing for bottom Layer, RB_bott = 339.292 kip
Unfactored Capacity
4
d
Self wt = x 4


i i
Factored Capacity
Σ Rs_mod
i R B_bott − Self_wt
i
FS_skin
+ FS_bearing
= 215.995 kip
Comparison
Table 79: Drilled Pier (Vesic) verification example 6 comparison

Advanced Result

(kip)

Resistance (kip)

Capacity (kip)

(kip)

(kip)

Capacity (kip)

8
Plant Foundations
8.1 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design 1

Input Parameters
Geometric Description
Vessel Geometry
Effective Height, Hve = 30 ft
Effective Diameter, Dve - 10 ft
Center of Gravity, CG = 8 ft
Pedestal Geometry
Height = 2 ft
Diameter = 12 ft
Footing Geometry
Minimum Footing Diameter = 14 ft
Maximum Footing Diameter = 16 ft
Minimum Footing Depth = 1 ft
Maximum Footing Depth = 2 ft

Plant Foundations
Vertical Vessel Foundation Design 1
Figure 115: Tank and foundation elevation
Anchor Bolt Data
Figure 116: Anchor bolt plan
Bolt Circle Diameter, BCD = 123 in

Bolt Diameter, BD = 1 in
Sleeve Diameter, SD = 1.5 in.
Number of Anchor Bolts, Nb = 10
Effective Embedment Depth, heff = 1.5 ft
Design Parameters

Plant Foundations
Soil
Soil Depth, Ts = 2 ft
Soil Density, Vsoil = 110 pcf
Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure, SBC = 4 ksf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Concrete Density, Vc = 15o pcf
Concrete strength, f'c = 4 ksi
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Bar Type : Imperial
Minimum Bar Diameter = 4
Maximum Bar Diameter = 11
Stability
Minimum Stability Ratio = 1.5
Primary Load Description
Table 80: Primary load description
Load Types Axial Force (kip) Base Moment (ft-kip) Base Shear (kip)
Empty Load (De) -20 0 0
Operating Load (Do) -40 0 0
Test Load (Dt) -60 0 0
Erection Load (Dr) -30 0 0
Live Load (Dl) 0 0 0
Wind Load
Wind Load Calculation per ASCE 7-05
Partial Wind Case: Percentage of wind = 50%
Wind Speed, V = 90 mph
Exposure category B, Case 2
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd = 0.95 per ASCE 7-05 Table 6-4
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1 per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-4
Importance factor, IW = 1.15 per ASCE 7-05 Table 6-1
Gust Effect Factor, G = 0.85 per ASCE 7-05 Table 6.5.8

Plant Foundations
Net Force Coefficient, Cf = 0.8 per ASCE 7-05 Gig. 6-20 & Fig. 6-21
Table 81: Wind loads
Elevation Kz Pressure Width Area Shear Moment
0 0.57472 0.01302 10 10 0.088534 0.0
15 0.57472 0.01302 10 150 1.328 9.960
20 0.623954 0.014135 10 50 0.480594 8.410392
25 0.66503 0.015066 10 50 0.512232 11.52522
30 0.700591 0.015871 10 50 0.539622 14.83962
Total Wind Shear = 3.746 kip

Total Wind Moment = 44.735 ft-kip
Seismic Load
Importance Factor, I = 1
Fundamental Period, T = 4.1 s
Long Period, TL = 12 s
Site Class C
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at Short Period, Ss = 1.997
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 Sec, S1 = 0.805
Short Period Site Coefficient at 0.2s Period, Fa = 1
Long Period Site Coefficient at 1.0s Period, Fv = 1.3
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter st Short Period, SDS = 1.332
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 sec, SD1 = 0.697
Response Modification Factor, R = 2
Calculation Of Seismic Response Coefficient
Cs = 0.805
Empty Seismic = Cs × De = 1.701 kip
Operating Seismic = Cs × Do = 3.402 kip
Test Seismic = Cs × Dt = 5.103 kip
Load Combination Table

Plant Foundations
Table 82: Applied Load Combination - Allowable Stress Level
Load Empty Operatin Wind Seismic Test Erection Live User User User
g Load Load 1 Load 2 Load 3
Case Load
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 1 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0.9 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0.9 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 0.83 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0
Table 83: Applied Load Combination - Strength Level
Case Load
1 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
3 0 1.2 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 1.2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0.9 0 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0.9 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0.9 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 1.6 0 0 0.9 0 0 0 0
9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Plant Foundations
Table 84: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level
Load Axial Shear Moment
Case (kips) (kips) (kip-ft)
1 40 0 0
2 40 3.746 44.735
3 40 2.3816 19.053
4 20 3.746 44.735
5 36 2.3816 19.053
6 18 1.1908 9.5264
7 30 1.873 22.368
8 49.8 1.555 18.565
Governing Loads
Axial = 49.8 kip
Shear = 3.746 kip
Moment = 44.73534 kip-ft
Table 85: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level
1 56 0 0
2 48 0 0
3 48 5.993 71.577
4 48 3.403 27.218
5 18 5.993 71.577
6 36 3.403 27.218
7 18 1.702 13.609
8 27 2.997 35.788
Governing Loads

Plant Foundations
Axial = 56 kips
Shear 4.57674 kips
Moment = 71.5765 ft-kip
Pedestal Design
Pedestal flat Pf = Dp × tan(45) = 4.971 ft
Pedestal area = D p2 − 2 ( Dp − P f
2
) 2
= 119.294 ft 2
Pedestal weight Dp = 212.077 × 2 × 0.15 = 35.788 kip

M ped = overturning moment at pedestal base = 0 kip
1.6Mped = 1.6 x (0) = 0 kip-ft (Load Comb. 201)
Nd = number of dowels = assume 24
Dowel Circle, DC = 11.5 ft
Du + Wped = operating weight of vessel + pedestal weight = 56 + 35.788 = 91.788 kip
Tensile Force In Each Dowel Per PIP STC03350 4.5.4
4M u, ped De + D p 4(0) 91.788
Fu = N d × DC
− 0.9 Nd
= 24 × 115
− 0.9 24
= − 3.44 kip
Fu = 0 kip
Area of Dowel Bar Required
As_ped_req = Fu/(ϕ·fy) = 0 in2
Minimum Dowel Reinforcement per PIP STC03350 4.5.5: 24 #5 bars
Weight of Soil, Wsoil = 20.412 kip
Design Results
Stability Ratio is calculated based on PIP STE03350 Eqn. 15
Table 86: Stability Ratio
Load Case Eccentricity Stability Ratio
1 0 0
2 0.374 21.41014
3 0.179 44.72791
4 0.427 18.73092
5 0.183 43.60848
6 0.104 77.1421

Plant Foundations
7 0.199 40.14039
8 0.146 54.75053
Soil bearing calculations are per PIP STE03350 4.7.2
Table 87: Soil bearing check
Load Case Max Soil Bearing (ksf) Min Soil Bearing (ksf)
1 0.754 0.754
2 0.898 0.887
3 0.823 0.817
4 0.803 0.793
5 0.804 0.799
6 0.684 0.682
7 0.779 0.773
8 0.860 0.855
Max Diagonal Soil Bearing Pressure, fdia = 0.898 ksf

Max Diagonal Soil Bearing Pressure, fflat = 0.887 ksf
Concrete Design
One Way Shear
Figure 117: One-way shear dimensions
Location of Pedestal Face from Face of Footing, X1 = 2.8539 ft

Plant Foundations
Location of Shear check from Face of Footing, X2 = 0.965 ft

Shear Stress, Vu = 0.291 ksf
Factored Shear Stress Capacity per ACI318-05 Eqn. 11-3, ϕVC = 13.661 ksf
Two way Shear Check
Figure 118: Two-way shear check
Octagonal Perimeter, bo = 50.219 ft

Punching Shear Force, Vu = 23.867 kip
Factored Shear Capacity, ϕVc = 1,848 kip
Required development length for bars
{
0.87db f y
ℓd = ′ = 12 in
4β f c
max 12 in
Available development length for bars (From face of Pedestal to face of Footing) = 1.75 ft
db = 0.5 in
Rn = Mu / (0.9·1ft·d2) = 3.59(10)-4ksi
m = fy / (0.85· fc) = 17.647
m·Rn / fy = 1.16(10)-4
1− 1 − 2m ( Rn
fy )
ρ= m
=0

Ast_req = p·d·1ft = 0 in2
pmin = 0.0018
Minimum Area of Steel Req

Plant Foundations
Vertical Vessel Foundation Design
Ast_min = pmin·d·1ft = 0.421 in2

Spacing Required
s = 4 in.
Area of Steel Provided
Ast_prov = (π·db 2/4)·1ft/s = 0.589 in2
Bar Size = 4
Final Dimensions
Footing Diameter = 16 ft
Footing Thickness = 2 ft
Comparison
Table 88: Vertical Vessel verification example 1 comparison

Advanced Result
Footing Diagonal (ft) 16 16 none
Footing Thickness (ft) 2 2 none
Footing Soil Bearing (ksf) 0.887 0.887 none
Stability Check 18.731 18.731 none
One Way Shear Check 0.291 0.299 2.7%

(ksf)
Punching Shear Check 23.867 23.871 none

(kip)
Reinforcement Provided 0.589 0.589 none

(in 2 )
8.2 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design

Input Parameters
Geometrical Description
Vessel Geometry

Plant Foundations
Effective Diameter, Dve = 13 ft

Center of Gravity, CG = 8 ft
Pedestal Geometry
Height, Tp = 4 ft
Diameter, Dp = 15 ft
Footing Geometry
Minimum Footing Diameter = 18 ft
Maximum Footing Diameter = 24 ft
Minimum Footing Depth = 2 ft
Maximum Footing Depth = 2 ft
Anchor Bolt Data

Plant Foundations
Figure 120: Anchor bolt plan
Bolt Circle Diameter, BCD = 168 in

Bolt Diameter, BD = 1 in.
Sleeve Diameter, SD = 1.5 in
Effective Embedment Depth, heff = 0.167 ft
Design Parameters
Soil
Soil Depth, Ts = 2 ft
Soil Density, Vsoil = 110 pcf
Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure, SBC = 4 ksf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Concrete Density, Vc = 15o pcf
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Bar Type : Imperial
Stability
Minimum Stability Ratio = 1.5
Primary Load Description

Plant Foundations
Erection Load (Dr) -70 0 0
Wind Load
Wind Load Calculation per ASCE 7-05
Partial Wind Case: Percentage of wind = 50%
Wind Speed, V = 110 mph
Exposure category C, Case 2
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd = 0.95 per ASCE 7-05 Table 6-4
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1 per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-4
Importance factor, IW = 1.15 per ASCE 7-05 Table 6-1
Gust Effect Factor, G = 0.85 per ASCE 7-05 Table 6.5.8
Net Force Coefficient, Cf = 0.8 per ASCE 7-05 Gig. 6-20 & Fig. 6-21
Table 90: Wind loads
Elevation Kz Pressure Width Area Shear Moment
2 0.848884 0.028727 13 26 0.507899 0.507899
15 0.848884 0.028727 13 169 3.301344 28.06143
20 0.901885 0.030521 13 65 1.349026 23.60796
25 0.945265 0.031989 13 65 1.413912 31.81303
30 0.982253 0.033241 13 65 1.469238 40.40405
40 1.043581 0.035316 13 130 3.121944 109.268
50 1.093775 0.037015 13 130 3.272105 147.2447
52 1.102844 0.037322 13 26 0.659847 33.65219

Plant Foundations
Total Wind Moment = 414.559 ft-kip

Seismic Load
Importance Factor, I = 1
Fundamental Period, T = 4.1 s
Long Period, TL = 12 s
Site Class C
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at Short Period, Ss = 0.105
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 Sec, S1 = 0.043
Short Period Site Coefficient at 0.2s Period, Fa = 1.2
Long Period Site Coefficient at 1.0s Period, Fv = 1.7
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter st Short Period, SDS = 0.084
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 sec, SD1 = 0.049
Response Modification Factor, R = 2
Calculation Of Seismic Response Coefficient
Cs = 5.973x10-3
Empty Seismic = Cs x De = 0.167 kip
Operating Seismic = Cs x Do = 0.394 kip
Test Seismic = Cs x Dt = 0.436 kip
Load Combination Table
Case Load
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 1 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0.9 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0.9 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 0.83 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0

Plant Foundations
Case Load
1 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
3 0 1.2 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 1.2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0.9 0 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0.9 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0.9 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 1.6 0 0 0.9 0 0 0 0
9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 66 0 0
2 66 15.09532 414.5593
3 66 0.275945 2.207563
4 28 15.09532 414.5593
5 59.4 0.275945 2.207563
6 25.2 0.117068 0.936542
7 70 7.547658 207.2797
8 60.59 6.264556 172.0421
Governing Loads
Axial = 70 kip
Shear = 15.09532 kip

Plant Foundations
Moment = 414.5593 ft-kip
1 92.4 0 0
2 79.2 0 0
3 79.2 24.15251 663.2949
4 79.2 0.394208 3.153661
5 25.2 24.15251 663.2949
6 59.4 0.394208 3.153661
7 25.2 0.16724 1.337917
8 63 12.07625 331.6474
Governing Loads
Axial = 92.4 kip
Shear = 24.15251 kip
Moment = 663.2949 kip
Pedestal Design
Pedestal flat, Pf = Dp × tan(45) = 6.213 ft
Pedestal area = D p2 − 2 ( Dp − P f
2
) 2
= 186.396ft 2
Pedestal weight, Dp = 186.396 × 4 × 0.15 = 118.838 kip

M ped = O.T.M. at pedestalbase = 414.56 + 15.095 ×4 = 474.94 kip-ft
1.6Mped = 1.6 × (474.94 kip-ft) = 759.904 kip-ft (Load Comb. 205)
Dowel Circle, DC = 14.5 ft
Du + Wped = operating weight of vessel + pedestal weight = 25.2 + 111.838 = 136.038 kip
Tensile Force In Each Dowel Per PIP STC03350 4.5.4
Fu =
4M uped
N d × DC
− 0.9
De + D p
Nd
=
4(759.904)
30(14.5)
− 0.9( 136.038
30 ) = 2.91kip
Area of Dowel Bar Required

Plant Foundations
As_ped_req = Fu/(ϕ·fy) = 0.054 in2

Minimum Dowel Reinforcement per PIP STC03350 4.5.5 : 30 #5 bars
Dowel Bar Size Provided = 5
Potential Conc. Failure Area per PIP STC03350 Fig.
An = 0.596 ft2
Compressive Force In Each Dowel Based on PIP STC03350 4.6.2
(Load Comb. 203)
M uped De + D p 759.904 136.038
Pu = LA
+ 0.9 Nb
= 0.667(14.5)
+ 0.9 2
= 9.98kip
Fc = Pu/An = 0.12 ksi

Fc < f'c, OK
Design Results
Stability Ratio is calculated based on PIP STE03350 Eqn. 15
Table 95: Stability Ratio
1 0.000 0
2 1.826 4.929712
3 0.014 646.6431
4 2.117 4.251975
5 0.014 631.2025
6 0.007 1302.479
7 0.900 10.00197
8 0.773 11.64614
Soil bearing calculations are per PIP STE03350 4.7.2

Max Diagonal Soil Bearing Pressure, fdia = 1.89 ksf
Max Diagonal Soil Bearing Pressure, fflat = 1.82 ksf
Concrete Design
One Way Shear

Plant Foundations
Figure 121: One-way shear dimensions
Location of Pedestal Face from Face of Footing (X1) = 2.174 ft

Location of Shear check from Face of Footing (X2) = 0.6 ft
Shear Stress, Vu = 0.7 ksf
Factored Shear Stress Capacity ϕVC per ACI318-05 Eqn. 11-3 = 13.66104 ksf
Two way Shear Check
Figure 122: Two-way shear check
Octagonal Perimeter, bo = 60.906 ft

Punching Shear Force, Vu = 83.901 kip
Factored Shear Capacity, ϕVc = 2,092 kip
Required development length for bars
{
0.87db f y
ℓd = ′ = 12 in
4β f c
max 12 in
Available development length for bars (From face of Pedestal to face of Footing) = 1.25 ft

Plant Foundations
Rn = Mu / (0.9·1ft·d2) = 8.54(10)-4 ksi = 0.854 psi

m = fy / (0.85· fc) = 17.647
m·Rn / fy = 2.51(10)-4
1− (
1 − 2m
Rn
fy )
ρ= m
= 0.000

Ast_req = ρ·d·1ft = 0.0 in2
Minimum Area of Steel Req
ρmin = 0.0018
Ast_min = ρmin·d·1ft = 0.408 in2
Spacing Required
s = 4 in.
Area of Steel Provided
Ast_prov = (π·db2/4)·1ft/s = 0.589 in2
Bar Size = 4
Final Dimensions
Footing Diameter = 18 ft
Footing Thickness = 2 ft
Comparison

Advanced Result
Footing Diagonal (ft) 18 18 None
Footing Thickness (ft) 2 2 None
Footing Soil Bearing (ksf) 1.82 1.82 None
Stability Check 4.25 4.25 None
One Way Shear Check 0.7 0.698 None

(ksf)
Punching Shear Check 83.901 82.643 1.5%

(kip)

Plant Foundations

Advanced Result
Reinforcement Provided 0.18765 0.18765 9

(in2)

Problem
Figure 123: Plan

Plant Foundations
Figure 124: Footing Elevation
Figure 125: Section
Wind Load
In accordance with ASCE/SEI7-05
V = 115mph

Plant Foundations
Vessel Data
Empty wt. (De) = 170.3 kip

Operating wt.(Do) = 345.2kip
Test wt. (Dt) = 624.1 kip
Structural Data
Allowable net soil bearing pressure at a depth of 5 feet for transient load combinations (i.e., load combinations
that include wind loads) = 3.25 ksf
Consider self-weight for factored design
γ =110pcf
f' c = 4,000 psi
f y = 60,000 psi
From Wind Load Analysis
(Nominal loads)
V = 44.75 kip
M = 1,902 kip-ft (at top of grout)
Anchor Bolts
24,1-1/2-inch Ø type ASTM F1554, Grade 36, with a 4-inch Ø x 15-inch-long sleeve and 1-ft - 2-inch projection
on a 14' - 10.5" Ø bolt circle (non pretensioned)
Pedestal Design
Pedestal Dimensions and Weight
BC + 9 inches = 178.5 inches+ 9 inches = 187.5 inches (Equation 1a, PIP STE03350)
BC + 8(BD)= 178.5 inches + 8 x (1.5inches) = 190.5 inches (Equation 1b, PIP STE03350)
BC + SD + 9 inches - BD = 178.5 inches + 4 inches + 9 inches - 1.5 inches
= 190.0 inches (Equation 1d, PIP STE03350)
BC + SD + 7 x (BD) = 178.5 + 4 + 7 x (1.5inches) = 193 inches Controls = 16.083ft
(Equation 1e, PIP STE03350)
Use a 16-ft - 1-1/8-inch octagon
Note: Pedestal diameter had to be increased to 17-ft - 8-1/2-inches to provide a sufficiently large projected
concrete failure area to resist the tensile load in the anchor bolts.
Pedestal Reinforcement
Pedestal area= 259.781 ft 2 (Table 1, PIP STE03350)
Pedestal weight (Dp) = (259.781) x (4.5) x (0.15 kcf) = 175.352kip
Mped = O.T.M. at pedestal base = 1902+ (4.5 ft) x (44.75 kip) = 2103.375 kip-ft
Mu ped = 1.6 Mped = 1.6 x (2103.375 kip-ft) = 3365.4kip-ft

Plant Foundations
(Load Factors should be in accordance with PIP STC01015,Table 4)

Dowel Circle Diameter DC = 17.71 - (say 0.5 ft) = 17.208 ft
De + Dp = empty weight of vessel + pedestal weight = 138.684 + 175.352 = 313.93 kip
Fu = 4 x M uped / [Nd x DC] - 0.9 (De + Dp)/Nd (Equation 2, PIP STE03350)
= ( 4 x 3365.4) / [(36) x (17.21)] - 0.9(345.6)/36
= 13.089 kip
Asreqd = Fu/ ϕ fy = 13.09/ (0.9 x 60) (Equation 3, PIP STE03350 )
= 0.242 in2
Use 36 #5 bars (A s = 0.31 inch2) with #4 ties at 15 inches c/c (minimum controls)
Footing Design
Foundation type: octagonal-shaped foundation
Select Trial Octagon Size
M ftg = Moment at footing base = 1902 + 6.0 x 44.75 = 2170.5kip-ft
SB = allowable gross soil bearing= 3.25 + 5x 0.11 = 3.80ksf
Trial diameter = (2.6) x (M ftg /SB) 1/3 = (2.6) x [(2170.5)/(3.80)] 1/3 = 21.57 ft
Try a 21-ft - 8-3/4-inch octagon.
Area = 391.1 ft2
Check Required Thickness for Pedestal Reinforcing Embedment
For #5 hooked bar,
0.02Ψ λ f y
c 0.02(1.0)(1.0)60, 000 (ACI 318-11, Section 12.5.2)
ℓdh = db = 0.625 = 11.86in
′ 4, 000
f c
Asreq'd / Asprov = (0.242 in2 )/(0.31 in2 ) = 0.78

Treq'd = (3 in clear cover ) + (2 layers) x (0.75 in bar) + (0.78) x (0.7) x (11.86 in) = 10.98
in
(assuming #6 bars )
Tmin = 12 inches
So
footing thickness = 18 inches is adequate
Footing Weights
Net weight of pedestal = (259.7 ft2)[(4.5 ft)(0.15 kcf) - (3.5 ft)(0.11 kcf)] = 75.3 kip
Weight of footing + soil = (391.1 ft2)[(1.5 ft)(0.15 kcf) + (3.5 ft)(0.11 kcf)] = 238.6 kip
Total (Ds) = 75.3 kip + 238.6 kip = 313.9 kip

Plant Foundations
P e = D e + D s = 170.3 kip + 313.9 kip = 484.2 kip

P o = D o + D s = 345.2 kip + 313.9 kip = 659.1 kip
P t = D t + D s = 624.1 kip + 313.9 kip = 938.0 kip
Check Soil Bearing and Stability

(Load combinations as per PIP STC01015, Table 3)
Load Comb 101 - [1.0(Ds + De) + 1.0W]
P = Pe = 484.2 kip, M ftg = 2,170.5 kip-ft
e = Mftg/P = (2170.5)/ (484.2) = 4.48 ft
Stability ratio = b/2 x e = (21.73)/ [2 x (4.48)] = 2.43 > 1.5
where
b = D = trial diameter of the footing
O.K.
(Equation 15, Clause 4.7.4.3 of PIP STE03350)
e/D = (4.48)/(21.73) = 0.206 > 0.122 ∴ Ldiag = 2.85
f = LP/A = (2.85 x 484.2)/(391.1) = 3.53ksf < 3.80 ksf
Hence, O.K.
Load Comb 102 - [1.0(Ds + Do) + 1.0W]
P = Po = 659.1 kip Mftg = 2,170.5 kip-ft
e = Mftg/P = (2170.5)/ (659.1) = 3.29 ft
e/D = (3.29)/(21.73) = 0.152 > 0.122 ∴ Ldiag = 2.25
f = LP/A = [(2.25) x (659.1)]/(391.1) = 3.79ksf < 3.80ksf
Hence, O.K.
(Equation 11, PIP STE03350)
Load Comb 103 - [1.0(Ds + Dt) + 1.0Wp]
Wp = Partial Wind, Around 35 % of design wind force
P = Pt = 938.0 kip
Partial wind velocity= 68 mph
M ftg = (68/115) 2 x (2170.5 ) = 758.895 ft-kip
e = M ftg /P = (758.895) / (938.0) = 0.81 ft
e/ D = (0.81)/(21.73) = 0.037 < 0.122
f = P/A x [1 + (8.19) x (e/D)]
= [(938.0) / (391.1)] x [1 + (8.19) x (0.037)] = 3.1251 ksf <1.2 x 3.80 ksf
Hence, O.K.
Use 21-ft - 8-3/4-in dimensioned octagon footing to ensure safety against bearing pressure.

Plant Foundations
Bottom Reinforcement
( Load combinations as per PIP STC01015, Table 4)
Load Comb 203 - [1.2(Ds + Do) + 1.6W]
P u = 1.2 x 659.1 = 790.92 kip

M u = 1.6 x 2170.5 = 3472.8 kip-ft
e = M u /P u = (3472.8)/ (790.9) = 4.39 ft
e/D = (4.39)/ (21.73) = 0.202 > 0.132 (flat)
L = 2.70 (flat)
K = 0.225(flat)
KD = 0.225 x 21.73 = 4.89ft
SB = LP/A = (2.70 x 790.9)/ (391.1) = 5.46 ksf
Find Equivalent Square for pedestal:
side = 259.7ft2 = 16.12ft

projection = (21.73 - 16.12)/2 = 2.81 ft
SB at face of equivalent square:
= 5.46 × ( (16.84 - 2.81)/ (16.84) )= 4.55 ksf
Factored pressure due to Soil + concrete = 1.2 × (1.5×0.15+3.5×0.11) = 0.73ksf
Mu = {(4.55 -0.73) × (2.81)2 /2 + (5.46 - 4.55) × (2.81)2 /3} = 17.48 kip-ft/ft
Load Comb 202 [1.2(Ds + De) + 1.6W]

Plant Foundations
Pu = 0.9 × 484.2 kip = 435.78 kip

M u = 1.6 × 2,170.5 = 3,472.8 kip-ft
e = M u /P u = (3,472.8)/(435.8) = 7.97 ft
e/D = 7.97/21.73 = 0.367 > 0.132 (flat)
L = 7.63(flat) K = 0.660(flat)
KD =(0.660) × (21.73) = 14.34ft
SB =LP u /A = (7.63 × 435.8)/ (391.1) = 8.50 ksf
SB at face of equivalent square:
= ((8.50) x (7.39 - 2.81))/ (7.39) = 5.27 ksf
Factored pressure due to Soil + concrete = 0.9 x (1.5x0.15+3.5x0.11) = 0.55ksf
M u = {((5.27 - 0.55) x (2.81) 2 )/ 2 + ((8.50- 5.27) x (2.81) 2 )/3} /ft = 27.14 kip-ft/ ft
d = 18 - 3 - 0.75 - 0.75/2 = 13.875 inches = 1.16 ft
(Considering #6 dia bars )
m = fy/( β1. fc) = 60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
β 1 = 0.85 x (as fc = 4000 psi)
Mn= Mu/ ϕ =( 27.14x12)/0.9 = 361.87 in-kip [ ϕ = 0.9]
Rn = Mn/b.d2 =361.87/(12x13.8752) = 0.157 Ksi
2m.Rn/fy < 1, Hence OK
ρ = 1/m.{1- √ (1-2m.Rn/fy)} = 0.0027
A s = 0.0027× 12×13.875 = 0.45 in2 /ft
As min =0.0033 × 12 × 13.875 = 0.55 in2 /ft
4/3 As = 4/3 × 0.45 = 0.60 in2 /ft
Use #6 at 9 in each way (bottom); A s = 0.59 in2/ft
One-way Shear Check

Load Comb 202 [1.2(Ds + De) + 1.6W]

Plant Foundations
(Critical case)
SB (at distance d from face):
= (8.50 x (7.39 - 2.81 + 1.16))/ 7.39= 6.6 ksf
V u (at distance d from face):
= ( 6.6 - 0.55) x (2.81- 1.16) + (8.50 - 6.6) x (2.81- 1.16 )/2 = 11.55kip/ft
V u = ( 11.55 ) × (1,000)/ [(12) x (13.875)] = 69.369 psi= 9.989 ksf
′
V allow = 2ϕ f c = 2(0.75) 4, 000 = 94.86 psi > V u
hence OK
Φ = strength reduction factor = 0.75
Check Punching Shear

Load Comb 201 [1.4(Ds + D5)]: Considering net pressure
Factored pressure due to Soil + concrete = 1.4 × (1.5×0.15+3.5×0.11) = 0.854 ksf
Total shear at d/2 away from equivalent square:
Vu = [3.36 - 0.854] x [391.1 - ( 16.12+ 1.16) 2 ] = 231.81 kip
deff = 18 - 3 - 0.75 = 1.188 ft
bo = 4×(16.12+1.16) = 69.12 ft
vu = Vu /(d x bo) = ( 231.81 x 1000) /[( 13.875) × ( 69.12 × 12)] = 20.14 psi
v c (allowable) = the smaller of ACI 318-11, Equation11-32 and 11-33
′
vc = ϕ (αs d / bo + 2) f c
= 0.75 x [(40) x ( 1.16)/( 69.12) + 2] x (4000)1/2 = 126.7 psi

′
vc = ϕ4 f c
= 0.75 x (4) x (4000)1/2 = 190 psi

vc (allowable) = 126.7 psi > 20.14 psi O.K.
Load Comb 203 [1.2(Ds + Do) + 1.6W]
P u = 414.24kip M u = (71.6 x 6 +3043.2)kip-ft
Pu /A = (414.24 + 1.2 x 313.93)/ (391.1) = 2.022ksf
Factored pressure due to soil + concrete = 1.2 x (1.5x0.15+3.5x0.11) = 0.73 ksf
Punching shear due to unbalanced transfer moment, V u_moment
V u_moment = 0.4x M u x 4x1.188x(1.188+16.117) ^2/(2xJc)
Jc = 4107 ft^4 (per ACI318, R11.11.7.2)
V u_moment = 240.536kip
Total shear at d/2 away from equivalent square:

Plant Foundations
Vu = [2.022 - 0.73 ] x [391.1 - ( 16.12 + 1.16) 2 ] +240.536 = 358.818 kip (Critical)
Top Reinforcement
Check to see if concrete can take weigh of concrete plus soil above footing without top reinforcement. Use load
factor of 1.4.
Factored pressure due to soil+ concrete =1.4 x (1.5x0.15+3.5x0.11) = 0.854ksf
Mu = 0.854× (2.81)2 )/2 = 3.37 kip-ft= 3370 inch-lb/inch
f ′
t = 5ϕ f ′
c = 5(0.55) 4, 000 = 173.9 psi
treqd = teff + 2 in =(6 x Mu/ f't )1/2 + 2 in
= [6 x (3370)/ (173.9)]1/2 + 2 in = 12.78 inches< 18 inches
Wind loads (rather than earthquake) govern footing design. Therefore, no top reinforcement is required.
Comparison
Advanced Result
Pedestal Design, Tensile 13.514 13.089 Negligible

Force In Each Dowel (kip)
Area of Dowel Bar 0.25 0.242 Negligible

Required (in2)
Dowel Reinforcement #5 - 36 nos #5 - 36 nos None
Pedestal Stirrup #4 @ 15 in #4 @ 15 in None

Reinforcement
Diagonal Bearing Pressure 3.766 3.79 Negligible

(kip/ft2)
Punching Shear Force 358.818 358.803 Negligible

(Vu) kip
Shear Stress Vu (One- 9.961 9.989 None

way), kip/ft2
Effective Depth, (ft) 1.156 1.156 None
Moment Mu (kip-ft/ft) 26.985 27.14 Negligible
Spacing Required (in) 9 9 None
Bar Size #6 #6 None

Plant Foundations

Input Parameters
Vessel Geometry

Effective Diameter, Dve = 14 ft
Center of Gravity, CG = N/A
Pedestal Geometry
Height, Tp = 4.5 ft
Diameter, Dp = 17.708 ft
Pile Cap Geometry
Pile Cap Diameter, Df = 33.099 ft

Pile Cap Length, PCL = 33.099 ft
Pile Cap Length, PCW = 33.099 ft
Pile Cap Depth, Tf = 1.833 ft

Plant Foundations
Anchor Bolt Data
Bold Circle Diameter, BCD = 178.5 in

Bolt Diameter, BD = 1.5 in
Sleeve Diameter, SD = 4 in
Effective Embedment Depth, heff = 39 in
Design Parameters
Pile
Soil Depth, Ts = 3.5 ft

Plant Foundations
Soil Density, γsoil = 110 pcf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Concrete Density, γc = 150 pcf
Concrete Strength, f'c = 4 ksi
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Bar type: Imperial
Table 97: Primary Load Description
Empty Load (De) -170.3 0 0
Operating Load (Do) -345.2 0 0
Test Load (Dt) -624.1 0 0
Erection Load (Dr) 0 0 0
Wind Load
User-defined wind load

Partial wind case: percentage of wind = 100%
Total Wind Moment = 1,902 ft-kip
Seismic Load
Shear = 0 kip
Moment = 0 ft-kip
Case g Load Load Load 1 Load 2 Load 3
101 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
102 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
103 0 0 0.35 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Plant Foundations
Case g Load Load Load 1 Load 2 Load 3
201 0 10 0 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0
202 0.9 0 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
203 0 1.2 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Load Case Axial (kips) Shear (kip) Moment (ft-kip)
101 -170.3 44.75 1902
102 -345.2 44.75 1902
103 -624.1 15.633 665.7
Load Case Axial (kips) Shear (kip) Moment (ft-kip)
201 -873.74 0 0
202 -153.27 71.6 3043.2
203 -414.24 71.6 3043.2
Pedestal Design
Pedestal Dimensions and Weight
BC + 9 in = 178.5 in + 9 in = 187.5 in
Minimum
BC + 8(BD)= 178.5 in + 8 x (1.5ins) = 190.5 in
BC + SD + 9 inc - BD = 178.5 in + 4 in + 9 in - 1.5 in = 190.0 in
Use a 17-ft - 8-1/2-inches octagon
Pedestal Reinforcement
Pedestal flat, Pf = Dp × tan(45) =88.019 in
Pedestal area D p2 − 2 ( Dp − P f
2
) 2
= 259.773 ft 2
Pedestal weight, Dp = (259.773) × (4.5) × (0.15) = 175.347 kip

Mped = O.T.M. at pedestal base = 1,902 kip-ft + 4.5 ft × 44.75 kip = 2,103.4 kip-ft

Plant Foundations
Mu ped = 1.6Mped = 1.6 × (2,103.4 kip-ft) = 3365.4kip-ft (Load Comb. 202)

Dowel Circle, DC = (17.71-ft pedestal) - 0.5 ft (2×Cover) = 17.208 ft
D e + D p = empty weight of vessel + pedestal weight = 170.3 kip + 175.347 kip = 345.647 kip
4M u ped De + D p 4(3, 365.4) 345.647
Fu = N d × DC
− 0.9 Nd
= 32(17.208)
− 0.9 32
= 14.725 kip
Asreq'd = Fu/ ϕ fy = (14. 725 kip) / (0.9) x (60 ksi) = 0.273 in2
Use 24 #5 bars (A s = 0.31 inch ) with #4 ties at 15 in c/c (minimum reinforcement controls)
Pile Cap Design

Footing Weights
Weight of pedestal = (259.773 ft2x [(4.5 ft) x (0.15 kcf)] = 175.347 kip
Pile Capflat, PCf = Df* tan (45) = 164.521 in
Pile Cap area D f2 − 2 ( D f − Pcf

2
) 2
= 907.578 ft 2
Equivalent square pile cap side = 90.578 = 30.126 ft

Weight of footing = (907.578 ft2) [(1.833ft) x (0.15kcf)] = 249.548 kip
Weight of soil = (907.578 - 259.773 ft2) [(3.5ft) x(0.11kcf)] =249.405 kip
Total Self Weight = 175.347 kip + 249.548 kip + 249.405 kip = 674.336kip
For pile cap design, the pedestal is considered as a square which is equivalent in area to the
octagonal geometry:
Pside2 = 259.773 ft2

Pside = 16.117 ft
Check Pile Capacity

Plant Foundations
Pile No X (ft) Y (ft)

1 9.549 0.000
2 8.270 4.775
3 4.775 8.270
4 0.000 9.549
5 -4.775 8.270
6 -8.270 4.775
7 -9.549 0.000
8 -8.270 -4.775
9 -4.775 -8.270
10 0.000 -9.549
11 4.775 -8.270
12 8.270 -4.775
13 14.549 0.000
14 12.600 7.275
15 7.275 12.600
16 0.000 14.549
17 -7.275 12.600
18 -12.600 7.275
19 -14.549 0.000
20 -12.600 -7.275
21 -7.275 -12.600
22 0.000 -14.549
23 7.275 -12.600
24 12.600 -7.275
Control Load Combination Case for pile compression: 103

Maximum compressive force = 1.0 x (Total self weight +Test)/ number of pile + (0.35xMoment by Wind x
distance to center) / I
I = 1817.14 ft2
Maximum compressive force = (674.336 + 624.1) / 24 + 0.35 x 2103.4 x 14.549 / 1817.14 = 59.99 kips < 65
kips (Vertical allowable) OK
Control Load Combination Case for pile lateral: 102
Shear force / pile = 44.75/24 = 1.86 kips < 40 kips (Lateral allowable) OK
Check One-way Shear

Plant Foundations
Location of Pedestal Face from Face of Footing, X1 = 7.696 ft

Location of Shear check from Face of Footing, X2 = 6.456 ft
Governing load combination case: 201
Calculation of Pile reaction
Pile Reaction = (1.4 x Total Self Weight + 1.4 x Dt ) / 24 = 75.742 kips
Effective depth, deff = Pt - Embedment -Cover- 1.5 x rebar diameter
= 22 - 3 - 3 -1.5 x 0.75 = 14.875 in = 1.24 ft
Critical Section from pier (equivalent square) center = 16.117/ 2 + deff = 9.298 ft
Calculate partial pile reaction for pile # 7
Equivalent square for pile area = (Pile Dia. / 2)2 × π = 0.785 ft2
Equivalent square side = 0.785 = 0.886 ft
Contribute area = [0.886/2 - (9.549-9.298)] x 0.886 = 0.171 ft2
Reaction of pile #7 = (1-0.171/0.785) x 75.742 = 59.296 kips
Calculate one-way shear due to self weight:
= 1.4 × Pile Cap Side × ( Pile Cap Side - Pside) × (1.833ft) × (0.15kcf) + (3.5ft) × (0.11kcf)
= 160.469 kip
One Way Shear force, Vu = 3 x 75.742 + 59.296 - 160.469 = 127.749 kips
Allowable One Way Shear,
vc = 2ϕ f ′
c ( ) ( )( )
× b × deff = 2 0.75 4, 000 28.212 14.875 = 477.749 kips
where
b = Length along critical section = PCf + 2 x (Df/2 - 9.298) = 28.212ft
ϕ = strength reduction factor = 0.75
vc = 477.749 kips > 127.749 kip, Hence OK

Plant Foundations

Effective depth, deff = Pt - Embedment -Cover- 1.0 × rebar diameter
= 22 - 3 - 3 -1.0 x 0.75 = 15.25 in
Critical Section from pier (equivalent square) center = 16.117/ 2 + deff / 2 = 8.694 ft
Calculate partial pile reaction for pile # 2, 6, 8, 12
Contribute area = 0.027 ft2
Reaction of pile #2 = 2.624 kips
Total Pile reaction = 16 × 75.742 + 8 × 2.624 = 1,233 kips
Effective Pile Cap Weight + Soil Weight = 1.4×(Pile Cap Area - 8.6942) × (Tf × 150pcf + 3.5 × 110 pcf) =
559.228 kips
Punching shear, Vu = Total Pile reaction - Effective Pile Cap Weight =1233 - 559.228 = 673.639 kip
Critical section perimeter, bo = 4 × 8.694 = 69.553 ft
Allowable Punching Shear, vc = the smaller of ACI 318-11, Equation 11-32 and 11-33
(
vc1 = ϕ αs
deff
bo
+2 ) f ′c bo deff
(ACI 318-11, Equation 11-32)
= 0.75 ( 40 × 1.24
69.428 ) (
+ 2 4, 000 69.553 1.271 )( )( ) 122
103
= 2, 415 kip
vc2 = ϕ4 f ′c bo deff (ACI 318-11, Equation 11-33)
() (
= 0.75 4 4, 000 69.553 1.271 )( )( ) 122
103
= 1, 649 kip
(
vc3 = ϕ 2 +
4
β
) f ′c bo deff (ACI 318-11, Equation 11-31)
( )
= 0.75 2 +
4
1 (
4, 000 69.553 1.271 )( )( ) 122
103
= 3, 623 kip

Plant Foundations
vc = 1,649 kip > 674 kip, Hence OK
Flexural Reinforcement Design

Critical section for moment is considered at the face of the equivalent pedestal.
Critical Section from pier (equivalent square) center = 16.117/ 2 = 8.059 ft
Control Moment by piles, Mupile = 1,319 ft-kip
Control Moment by self weight and soil weight, Muself = 585 kips
Resisting Moment = Mnz = Mu/ ϕ = 815.56 ft-kip
m = fy/0.85×fc= 60/ (0.85×4) = 17.65
ß1= 0.85 (as fc = 4) Clause 10.2.7.3
ρ = 0.85×ß1× fc × 87/fy × (87 + fy) = 0.028507 Clause 10.3.3
ρmax = 0.75×ρ = 0.02138 Clause 10.3.5
ρmin = 0.0018 (as fy= 60 ksi) Clause 7.12.2
Length along critical section, b = PCf + 2 x (Df/2 - 8.059) = 30.692ft
Rn = Mnz/b·deff2 = 0.12 ksi
2·m·Rn/fy = 0.0706 <1 Hence OK
1- (
1 - 2m
Rn
fy )
ρ= m
= 2.05 × (10)-3
ρ min < ρ < ρ max , Hence OK

Reinforcement area required, As = 0.00205 × 12 × 14.875 = 0.366 in2 /ft
Use #6 bars at 11 inches E.W . (bottom); As = 0.482 in2 /ft
Comparison
Advanced Result
Pile Reaction (kip) 75.742 75.757 Negligible
Governing Moment (ft- 815.56 799.556 2%

kip)
Shear Force, One-way 127.49 127.854 Negligible

(kip)
Allowable Shear Stress, 477.749 477.744 Negligible

One-way (kip)

Plant Foundations
Vertical Vessel Seismic Load Generation 1

Advanced Result
Shear Force, Two-way 673.639 676.886 Negligible

(kip)
Allowable Shear Stress, 1,649 1,648.745 Negligible

Two-Way (kip)
Note: Pile cap self-weight, soil weight, buoyance, and surcharge are included when calculating shear forces and
moments. This feature is only available in US code.
8.5 Vertical Vessel Seismic Load Generation 1

Location: Santa Ana California
S1 = 0.5312, Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Periods determined in accordance with ASCE 7 11.4.1
Ss = 1.378, Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance with ASCE 7 11.4.1
Site Class = A; Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
R = 2, Response modification Coefficient per ASCE 7 Tables 15.4-1 or 15.4-2
I = 1.25, Importance Factor per ASCE 7 11.5.1
T = 3 s, Fundamental Period of Vessel
TL = 12 s, Long-Period Transition Periods per ASCE 7 12.8.2
Empty Weight of Vessel = 100 kip
Operating Weight of Vessel = 200 kip
Center of Gravity of Vessel From Top of Pedestal, CG = 9 ft
Fa = 0.9, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Fv =0.8, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
SDS = 0.735, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at short periods per ASCE 7 11.4.4
SD1 = 0.283, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at period of 1 sec per ASCE 7 11.4.4
CS = 0.024, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Empty Load Case Base Shear = 5.902 kip
Operating Load Case Base Shear = 11.804 kip
Empty Load Case Earthquake Moment = 59.021 kip ft
Operating Load Case Earthquake Moment = 118.043 kip ft

Plant Foundations
Comparison

Advanced Result
Base Shear Empty Case 5.902 5.902 none

(kip)
Base Shear Operating Case 11.804 11.804 none

(kip)
Base Moment Empty Case 59.021 59.021 none

(kip·ft)
Base Moment Operating 118.043 118.043 none

Case (kip·ft)

Location: Yorba Linda California
Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Periods determined in accordance with ASCE 7 11.4.1, S1 = 0.857367
Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance with ASCE 7 11.4.1, SS = 2.09511
Site Class = B, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
TL = 5 s, Long-Period Transition Period per ASCE 7 12.8.2
Empty Weight Of Vessel = 100 kip
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal, CG = 10 ft
FA = 1, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
FV = 1, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Empty Load Case Base Shear

Plant Foundations
Shearempty = CS x Emptywt = 3.969 kips

Operating Load Case Base Shear
Shearoperating = CS x Operatingwt = 7.939 kips
Empty Load Case Earthquake Moment
Momentempty = Shearempty x CG = 39.693 kip·ft
Operating Load Case Earthquake Moment
Momentoperating = Shearoperating x CG = 79.386 kip·ft
Comparison

Advanced Result
Base Shear Empty Case 3.9693 3.969 Negligible

(kip)
Base Shear Operating Case 7.9386 7.939 Negligible

(kip)
Base Moment Empty Case 39.693 39.69 Negligible

(kip·ft)
Base Moment Operating 79.3858 79.39 Negligible

Case (kip·ft)

Location: San Antonio, Texas
SS = 0.12141, Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance with ASCE 7 11.4.1
Site Class = C, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
Empty Weight Of Vessel = 100 kips
Operating Weight of Vessel = 200 kips

Plant Foundations
FA = 1.2, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3

FV = 1.7, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
CS = 4.91x10-3, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Momentempty = Shearempty x CG =4.91 kip·ft
Momentoperating = Shearoperating x CG = 9.819 kip·ft
Comparison

Advanced Result
Base Shear Empty Case 0.49096 0.491 Negligible

(kip)
Base Shear Operating Case 0.98192 0.982 Negligible

(kip)
Base Moment Empty Case 4.9096 4.91 Negligible

(kip·ft)
Base Moment Operating 9.8192 9.82 Negligible

Case (kip·ft)

Location: New York, New York
Site Class = D
Site Class Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20

Plant Foundations

Momentoperating = Shearoperating x CG =24.992 kip·ft
Comparison

Advanced Result
Base Shear Empty Case 1.25 1.25 None

(kip)
Base Shear Operating Case 2.499 2.499 None

(kip)
Base Moment Empty Case 12.496 12.496 None

(kip·ft)
Base Moment Operating 24.992 24.992 None

Case (kip·ft)

Plant Foundations

Location: Nashville, Tennessee
Site Class = E, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
CS = 9.039x10-3, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Momentoperating = Shearoperating x CG =18.077 kip·ft

Plant Foundations
Comparison

Advanced Result
Base Shear Empty Case 0.904 0.904 None

(kip)

(kip)
Base Moment Empty Case 9.039 9.039 None

(kip·ft)
Base Moment Operating 18.077 18.077 None

Case (kip·ft)

Location: Santa Ana California
Ss = 1.378, Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance with ASCE 7 11.4.1
Site Class = A; Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
Empty Weight of Vessel WE = 100 kip
Operating Weight of Vessel Wop = 200 kip
Center of Gravity of Vessel From Top of Pedestal, CG = 9 ft
Fv =0.8, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Base Shear Based on Operating Load Condition

Plant Foundations
V = Cs×Wop = 4.722 kip
Comparison

Advanced Result
Seismic Response 0.024 0.024 none

Coefficient (C s )
Base Shear Operating Case 4.722 4.722 none

(kip)

Location: Yorba Linda California 92887
Site Class = B, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal, CG = 2.5 ft
Fa = 1, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Fv = 1, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
V = Cs·Operatingwt = 14.289 kip

Plant Foundations
Comparison

Advanced Result
Seismic Response 0.0715 0.071 Negligible

Coefficient (Cs)

(kip)

Location: Mountain Valley 73062
Site Class = C, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal, CG = 2.5 ft
Fv = 1.7, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
SDS 0.263, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at short periods per ASCE 7 11.4.4

Plant Foundations
Comparison

Advanced Result
Seismic Response 0.017 0.017 None

Coefficient (Cs)

(kip)

Location: San Bernadino 92411
Site Class = D, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
T = 3.5 s, Fundamental Period of Vessel
Fa = 1, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Fv = 1.5, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Cs = 0.202, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1

Plant Foundations
Vertical Vessel Wind Load Generation 1
Comparison

Advanced Result
Seismic Response 0.202 0.202 None

Coefficient (Cs)

(kip)
8.14 Vertical Vessel Wind Load Generation 1

Vessel Data
Height of Vessel, H = 60 ft
Diameter of Vessel, D = 15 ft
Vessel Time Period, t = 5 s
Pedestal height Above Ground = 1 ft
Vessel Frequency, f = 1/t = 0.2 Hz
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 80 mph
Wind Directional Factor, Kd = 0.95, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Wind Exposure = C
Exposure Case = 2
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1.0, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.7.2
Importance factor, I = 1.15, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.5
Gust Wind Effect Factor, G = 0.85, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.8
Net Force Coefficient, Cf = 1, per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-20 & 6-21
Velocity Pressure
Exposure Coefficient, Kz, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Design Wind Pressure per ASCE 7-05 6.5.10
qz = 0.00256·Kd·Kz·V·I·G·Cf
Shear Force on Top of Pier

Plant Foundations
F = qz·G·Cf·A
Moment on Top of Pier
M = F x Moment Arm
Kz qz (psf) A (ft2) F (kip) M (ft·kip)
0.849 15.195 15 0.194 0.097
0.849 15.195 210 2.712 21.698
0.902 16.143 75 1.029 18.010
0.945 16.920 75 1.079 24.269
0.982 17.582 75 1.121 30.823
1.044 18.680 150 2.382 83.823
1.094 19.578 150 2.496 112.329
1.137 20.344 150 2.594 142.663
1.141 20.415 15 0.260 15.748
Σ 13.867 449.46
Total Shear Force at Top of Pier = 13.867 kip

Total Moment at Top of Pier = 449.46 ft·kip
Comparison

Advanced Result
Wind Shear on Top of Pier 13.867 13.867 None

(kip)
Wind Moment of Top of 449.46 448.898 Negligible

Pier (ft·kip)

Vessel Data
Height of Vessel, h = 74 ft

Plant Foundations
Diameter of Vessel, D = 20 ft
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 90 mph
Wind Exposure = D
Exposure Case = 2
Net Force Coefficient, Cf = 0.8, per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-20 & 6-21
Velocity Pressure
F = qz·G·Cf·A
M = F x Moment Arm
1.030 23.339 20 0.317 0.159
1.030 23.339 280 4.444 35.550
1.083 24.536 100 1.668 29.198
1.126 25.507 100 1.734 39.026
1.162 26.329 100 1.790 49.235
1.222 27.680 200 3.764 131.756
1.270 28.775 200 3.913 176.103
1.311 29.702 200 4.039 222.171

Plant Foundations
1.347 30.509 200 4.149 269.700
1.369 31.019 140 2.953 217.046
Σ 28.77 1169.945

Total Moment at Top of Pier = 1,169.945 ft·kip
Comparison

Advanced Result

(kip)
Wind Moment of Top of 1,169.945 1,168.516 Negligible

Pier (ft·kip)

Vessel Data
Height of Vessel = 74 ft
Diameter of Vessel = 20 ft
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 110 mph
Wind Exposure = B
Exposure Case = 2

Plant Foundations
Velocity Pressure
F = qz·G·Cf·A
M = F x Moment Arm
0.575 19.449 20 0.265 0.132
0.575 19.449 280 3.703 29.625
0.624 21.115 100 1.436 25.127
0.665 22.505 100 1.530 34.433
0.701 23.709 100 1.612 44.336
0.761 25.740 200 3.501 122.522
0.811 27.434 200 3.731 167.899
0.854 28.901 200 3.931 216.183
0.892 30.203 200 4.108 266.993
0.917 31.037 140 2.955 217.169
Σ 26.771 1124.42

Total Moment at Top of Pier = 1,124.42 ft·kip

Plant Foundations
Comparison

Advanced Result

(kip)
Wind Moment of Top of 1,124.42 1,123.23 Negligible

Pier (ft·kip)

Vessel Data
Height of Vessel = 22 ft
Diameter of Vessel = 6 ft
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 110 mph
Wind Exposure = B
Exposure Case = 2
Velocity Pressure

Plant Foundations
Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 1
F = qz·G·Cf·A
M = F x Moment Arm
0.575 19.449 6 0.079 0.040
0.575 19.449 84 1.111 8.888
0.624 21.115 30 0.431 7.538
0.657 22.245 24 0.363 7.987
Σ 1.984 24.452

Total Moment at Top of Pier = 24.452 ft·kip
Comparison

Advanced Result

(kip)
Wind Moment of Top of 24.452 24.293 Negligible

Pier (ft·kip)
8.18 Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 1

Pier Design Philosophy
Vessel Loads
You are provided an option of making both piers identical, engineering and installation errors can be avoided by
doing so. If making them identical does not lead to economical solution, then check applied load distribution,
follow PIP 4.3
Operating Load = 106 kip

Empty Load = 92 kip
Test Load = 118 kip

Plant Foundations
A major difference between pier loads is caused by longitudinal seismic load (i.e., when vessel is located in
higher seismic area). Thermal load and bundle pull force also contribute towards the difference.
Thermal Load = 0 kip

Live Load = 0 kip
Erection Load = 110 kip
Anchor Bold data

Anchor bold dia., Db = 1 in
BP = 0 kip
Bolt spacing = 9 in
Bolt edge dist. = 6 in
center-to-center = 2 in
Horizontal vessel Data
Vessel CG from Top of Pier = 7 ft - 5ft/2 = 4.5 ft

Tan to Tan Length, L = 23.5 ft
CL to CL of AB, Lab = 11 ft
Vertical Load Distribution

Vessel Outer Dim including Insulation = 42 in
% Distribution For Vertical Loads At Fixed End = 40%
% Distribution For Vertical Loads At Sliding End = 60%
CG to Bott of Baseplate = 10 ft
Empty Load at fixed end = 36.8 kip
Operating Load at fixed end = 42.4 kip
Earthquake Loads
Transverse Earthquake Load Operating Condition
Bottom of the Base Plate to HPFS (est) = 10 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Operating Condition = 15 kip
Transverse Earthquake Load Empty Condition = 9 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Empty Condition= 10 kip
X = long
Z = trans
Wind Loads
μ = 0.4
Transverse Wind Load on Vessel = 10 kip

Plant Foundations
Longitudinal Wind Load on Vessel = 3.5 kip

Longitudinal Wind Load on Pier = 0.5 kip
Partial Wind Load for Test and Erection Loads (%) = 100
PIP Load combinations

Table 115: Service level load combinations per PIP
Load Empty Operati Test Thermal Bundle EQ EQ Long W W Long Live Erectio
Comb. ng Trans Trans n
101 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
102 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
103 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
104 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
105 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
106 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
107 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
108 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
109 0 0.9 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0
110 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0
111 0.9 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0
112 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0
113 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
114 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
115 0 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0.41 0 0 0
116 0 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0 0.41 0 0
117 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Plant Foundations
Table 116: Strength level load combinations per PIP
Load Empty Operati Test Thermal Bundle EQ Tran EQ Long W W Long Live Erectio
Comb. ng s Trans n
201 0 1.4 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
202 0 1.2 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0
203 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
204 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0
205 0 1.2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
206 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
207 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
208 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0
209 0 0.9 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
210 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
211 0.9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
212 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
213 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0.9
214 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0.9
215 0 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0 0
216 0 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0
217 0.9 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 117: Service level loads applied at the top of the shell / fixed pier
Load Comb. Axial Load (kip) Longitudinal Transverse Shear Transverse Longitudinal
Shear (kip) (kip) Moment (ft-kip) Moment (ft-kip)
101 42.4 0 0 0 0
102 42.4 0 0 0 0
103 42.4 0 5 0 0
104 42.4 2 0 0 0

Plant Foundations
105 42.4 0 4 0 0
106 42.4 10.5 0 0 0
107 36.8 0 5 0 0
108 36.8 2 0 0 0
109 38.16 0 2.8 0 0
110 38.16 7.35 0 0 0
111 33.12 0 2.52 0 0
112 33.12 4.9 0 0 0
113 44.0 0 5 0 0
114 44.0 2 0 0 0
115 39.176 0 2.05 0 0
116 39.176 0.82 0 0 0
117 36.8 0 0 0 0
Table 118: Service level loads applied at the top of the channel / sliding pier
101 63.6 0 0 0 0
102 63.6 0 0 0 0
103 63.6 0 5 0 0
104 63.6 2 0 0 0
105 63.6 0 6 0 0
106 63.6 4.5 0 0 0
107 55.2 0 5 0 0
108 55.2 2 0 0 0
109 57.24 0 2.8 0 0

Plant Foundations
110 57.24 7.35 0 0 0
111 49.68 0 2.52 0 0
112 49.68 4.9 0 0 0
113 66 0 5 0 0
114 66 2 0 0 0
115 58.764 0 2.05 0 0
116 58.764 0.82 0 0 0
117 55.2 0 0 0 0
Table 119: Strength level loads applied at the top of the shell / fixed pier
201 59.36 0 0 0 0
202 50.88 0 0 0 0
203 50.88 0 8 0 0
204 50.88 3.2 0 0 0
205 50.88 0 4 0 0
206 50.88 10.5 0 0 0
207 33.12 0 8 0 0
208 33.12 3.2 0 0 0
209 38.16 0 4 0 0
210 38.16 10.5 0 0 0
211 33.12 0 3.6 0 0
212 33.12 7 0 0 0
213 39.60 0 8 0 0
214 39.60 3.2 0 0 0

Plant Foundations
215 56.64 0 4 0 0
216 56.64 1.6 0 0 0
217 33.12 0 0 0 0
Table 120: Strength level loads applied at the top of the channel / sliding pier
201 89.04 0 0 0 0
202 76.32 0 0 0 0
203 76.32 0 8 0 0
204 76.32 3.2 0 0 0
205 76.32 0 6 0 0
206 76.32 4.5 0 0 0
207 49.68 0 8 0 0
208 49.68 3.2 0 0 0
209 57.24 0 6 0 0
210 57.24 4.5 0 0 0
211 49.68 0 5.4 0 0
212 49.68 3 0 0 0
213 59.4 0 8 0 0
214 59.4 3.2 0 0 0
215 84.96 0 4 0 0
216 84.96 1.6 0 0 0
217 49.68 0 0 0 0
Comparison
Hand Calculation results exactly match the results of STAAD Foundation Advanced analysis.

Plant Foundations
8.19 Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 2

Pier Design Philosophy
Vessel Loads
You are provided an option of making both piers identical, engineering and installation errors can be avoided by
doing so. If making them identical does not lead to economical solution, then check applied load distribution,
follow PIP 4.3
Operating Load = 150 kip

Empty Load = 100 kip
Test Load = 160 kip
A major difference between pier loads is caused by longitudinal seismic load (i.e., when vessel is located in
higher seismic area). Thermal load and bundle pull force also contribute towards the difference.
Thermal Load = 0
Bundle Pull Force = 0
Live Load = 0
Erection Load = 110 kip
Anchor Bold data
Anchor bold dia., Db = 1 in

BP = 0 kip
Bolt spacing = 9 in
Bolt edge dist. = 6 in
center-to-center = 2 in
Horizontal vessel Data
Vessel CG from Top of Pier = 7 ft - 6.5ft/2 = 3.75 ft

Tan to Tan Length, L = 23.5 ft
CL to CL of AB, Lab = 11 ft
Vertical Load Distribution

Vessel Outer Dim including Insulation = 42 in
% Distribution For Vertical Loads At Fixed End = 40%
% Distribution For Vertical Loads At Sliding End = 60%
CG to Bott of Baseplate = 10 ft
Empty Load at fixed end = 40 kip
Operating Load at fixed end = 60 kip

Plant Foundations
Earthquake Loads
Location Corona 92880
Site Class = D, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal = 7 ft + 10.416 ft - 5 ft = 12.416 ft
fa = 1.0, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
fv = 1.5, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Base Shear Based on Operating Load Condition = 11.029 kip
Base Shear Based on Empty Load Condition = 7.352 kip
Transverse Earthquake Load Operating Condition = 11.029 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Operating Condition
Transverse Earthquake Load Empty Condition= 7.352 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Empty Condition= 7.352 kip
Wind Loads
Transverse Wind Load on Vessel = 10 kip
Bottom of the Base Plate to HPFS (est)
μ = 0.4
Longitudinal Wind Load on Vessel = 3.5 kip
Longitudinal Wind Load on Pier = 0.5 kip
Transverse Wind Moment at top of pedestal = 20 ft-kip
X = long
Z = trans
Longitudinal Wind Load at top of pedestal = 10 ft-kip

Plant Foundations
PIP Load combinations

Table 121: Service level load combinations per PIP
Comb. ng s Trans n
101 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
102 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
103 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
104 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
105 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
106 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
107 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
108 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
109 0 0.9 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0
110 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0
111 0.9 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0
112 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0
113 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
114 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
115 0 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0.415 0 0 0
116 0 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0 0.415 0 0
117 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 122: Strength level load combinations per PIP
Comb. ng s Trans n
201 0 1.4 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
202 0 1.2 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0

Plant Foundations
Comb. ng s Trans n
203 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
204 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0
205 0 1.2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
206 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
207 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
208 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0
209 0 0.9 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
210 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
211 0.9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
212 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
213 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0.9
214 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0.9
215 0 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0 0
216 0 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0
217 0.9 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 123: Service level loads applied at the top of the shell / fixed pier
101 60 0 0 0 0
102 60 0 0 0 0
103 60 0 5 10 0
104 60 2 0 0 5
105 60 0 -4.441 -31.088 0
106 60 -7.772 0 0 54.404
107 40 0 5 10 0

Plant Foundations
108 40 2 0 0 5
109 54 0 -3.109 -21.762 0
110 54 -5.44 0 0 38.083
111 36 0 -2.073 -14.508 0
112 36 -3.627 0 0 25.389
113 44 0 2.5 5 0
114 44 1 0 0 2.5
115 53.12 0 1.025 2.05 0
116 53.12 0.41 0 0 1.025
117 40 0 0 0 0
Table 124: Service level loads applied at the top of the channel / sliding pier
101 90 0 0 0 0
102 90 0 0 0 0
103 90 0 5 10 0
104 90 2 0 0 5
105 90 0 -6.662 -46.632 0
106 90 -3.331 0 0 23.316
107 60 0 5 10 0
108 60 2 0 0 5
109 81 0 -4.663 -32.643 0
110 81 -2.332 0 0 16.321
111 54 0 -3.109 -21.762 0
112 54 -1.554 0 0 10.881

Plant Foundations
113 66 0 2.5 5 0
114 66 1 0 0 2.5
115 79.68 0 1.025 2.05 0
116 79.68 0.41 0 0 1.025
117 60 0 0 0 0
Table 125: Strength level loads applied at the top of the shell / fixed pier
201 84 0 0 0 0
202 72 0 0 0 0
203 72 0 8 16 0
204 72 3.2 0 0 8
205 72 0 -4.441 -31.088 0
206 72 -7.772 0 0 54.404
207 36 0 8 16 0
208 36 3.2 0 0 8
209 54 0 -4.441 -31.088 0
210 54 -7.772 0 0 54.404
211 36 0 -2.961 -20.725 0
212 36 -5.181 0 0 36.269
213 39.6 0 4 8 0
214 39.6 1.6 0 0 4
215 76.8 0 2 4 0
216 76.8 0.8 0 0 2
217 36 0 0 0 0

Plant Foundations
Horizontal Vessel Pile Cap Foundation
Table 126: Strength level loads applied at the top of the channel / sliding pier
201 126 0 0 0 0
202 108 0 0 0 0
203 108 0 8 16 0
204 108 3.2 0 0 8
205 108 0 -6.662 -46.632 0
206 108 -3.331 0 0 23.316
207 54 0 8 16 0
208 54 3.2 0 0 8
209 81 0 -6.662 -46.632 0
210 81 -3.331 0 0 23.316
211 54 0 -4.441 -31.088 0
212 54 -2.221 0 0 15.544
213 59.4 0 4 8 0
214 59.4 1.6 0 0 4
215 115.2 0 2 4 0
216 115.2 0.8 0 0 2
217 54 0 0 0 0
Comparison
Hand Calculation results exactly match the results of STAAD Foundation Advanced analysis.
8.20 Horizontal Vessel Pile Cap Foundation

Input Parameters

Plant Foundations
Vessel Geometry
Height from Pier top to Upper Exchanger Central Line, H = 10 ft

Length of Exchanger, L = 30 ft
Soil Depth, SD = 5 ft
Pedestal Geometry
Height, B = 9 ft
Length, CL = 36 in, Width, Cw = 64 in
Pile Cap Geometry
Pile Cap Length, PCL = 21.0 ft

Pile Cap Width, PCW = 8.833 ft
Pile Cap Clear Cover = 3 in
Pile Cap Thickness, t = 1.67 ft
Figure 127: Vessel and foundation elevation

Plant Foundations
Figure 128: Foundation elevation and plan
Design Parameters
Pile
Dia of pile= 12 in
Vertical capacity = 60 kip
Horizontal capacity = 40kip
Pile embedment inside pile cap = 3 in
Edge distance =18 inch

Plant Foundations
Soil Density, γs = 110 pcf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Concrete Density, γc = 150 pcf
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Pile No. X Coordinate (in) Y Coordinate (in)
1 -90 -35
2 0 -35
3 90 -35
4 -90 35
5 0 35
6 90 35
Erection Load (Dr) 0 0 0
Load distribution in Channel End: 60%

Load distribution in Shell End: 40%
Wind Load
N/A
Seismic Load
N/A

Plant Foundations
Load Empty Operati Wind X Seismi Wind Z Seismi Test Erectio Live Miscel Bundle Therm
Case ng cX cZ n Load Load laneou Pull al
s
101 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Load Empty Operati Wind X Seismi Wind Z Seismi Test Erectio Live Miscel Bundle Therm
Case ng cX cZ n Load Load laneou Pull al
s
201 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.4
Table 131: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level, Channel End
Load Case Axial (kips) Shear X (kips) Shear Z (kips) Moment X Moment Z (ft·kips)
(ft·kips)
101 63.6 0 0 0 0
Table 132: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level, Shell End
(ft·kips)
101 42.4 0 0 0 0
Table 133: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level, Channel End
(ft·kips)
201 89.04 0 0 0 0
Table 134: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level, Shell End
(ft·kips)
201 59.36 0 0 0 0
Pile Cap Design

Footing Weights

Plant Foundations
Weight of column = 2CL × Cw × 9 ft × γc = 2 × 3 ft × 5.33 ft × 9 ft × (0.15 kcf)] = 43.2 kip

Weight of pile cap = Pcl x Pcw x t x γc = 21 ft x 8.833 ft x 1.67 ft x 0.15 kcf = 46.375 kip
Weight of soil = (Pcl x Pcw - 2CL × Cw) x Soil height = (21 ft x 8.833 ft – 2 x 3 ft x 5.33 ft) x 5 ft x (0.11 kcf)]
= 84.425 kip
Total Self Weight = 43.2 kip + 46.375 kip + 84.425 kip = 174 kip
Check Pile Capacity
Control Load Combination Case: 101
Axial Load: 106 kip, Mx = 0, Mz=(0.6-0.4) x 106 x 7.5 = 159 kip-ft
∑Iz = 4 x 7.52 = 225 ft2
Maximum pile reaction = (Total self weight + Axial Load) / 6 + (Mz x 7.5ft)/ ∑Iz
= (174 + 106)/6 + (159 x 7.5) / 225 = 51.967 kip <60 kip
Hence, OK
Factored Design
Control Load Combination Case: 201
Calculate Pile Reaction
Axial Load: 1.4 x 106 kip = 148.4kip, Mx = 0, Mz = (0.6-0.4) x 1.4 x106 x 7.5 = 222.6 kip-ft
Pile reaction for 1, 4 = 1.4 x (Total self weight + Axial Load) / 6 + (Mz x 7.5ft)/ ∑Iz
= 1.4 x (174 + 106)/6 + (222.6 x 7.5) / 225 = 72.753 kip
Pile reaction for 3, 6 = 1.4 x (Total self weight + Axial Load) / 6 - (Mz x 7.5ft)/ ∑Iz
= 1.4 x (174 + 106)/6 - (222.6 x 7.5) / 225 = 57.913 kip
Pile reaction for 2, 5 = 1.4 x (Total self weight + Axial Load) / 6 = 1.4 x (174 + 106)/6 = 65.333 kip

Plant Foundations
Check One-way Shear
Figure 129: One-way Shear Dimensions
Effective depth, deff = t - Pile embedment - clear cover - 1.5 x Maximum rebar size
= 20 in - 3in - 3in - 1.5 x 1.27 in = 12.095 in
Along Length (Section Parallel to Z)
For shear wrt X1-X1
Contribution from piles = 0 Kip
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 × Pcl × (1.75 ft - 12.095 in) × t × γ c
= 1.4 × 21 ft × 0.742 ft × 1.67 ft × 0.15 kcf = 5.454 kip
Contribution from soil = 1.4 × Pcl × (1.75 ft - 12.095 in) × Soil height × γ s
= 1.4 × 21 ft × 0.742ft × 5 ft × 0.11 kcf = 11.998kip
So Total V X1-X1 = 5.454 + 11.998 = 17.452 kip
For shear wrt X2-X2
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 × Pcl × (1.75 ft - 12.095 in) × t × γ c
= 1.4 × 21 ft × 0.742 ft × 1.67 ft × 0.15 kcf = 5.454 kip
Contribution from soil = 1.4 × Pcl × (1.75 ft - 12.095 in) × Soil height × γ c
= 1.4 × 21 ft × 0.742 ft × 5 ft × 0.11 kcf = 11.998 kip

Plant Foundations
So Total V X2-X2 = 5.454 + 11.998 = 17.452 kip
Design shear, vc = 2 f ′
c ( )(
× Pcl × deff = 2 3, 000 21 12.095 )( 1, 12000 ) = 333.885 kips
0.75·Vc1 = 250.414 Kip
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
Along Width (Section Parallel to X), for Left Column (Channel End)
For shear wrt Z1-Z1
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 × Pcw × (1.5 ft - 12.095 in) x t x γ c
= 1.4 x 8.833 ft x 0.492 ft x 1.67 ft x 0.15 kcf = 1.524 kip
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x Pcw x (1.5 ft - 12.095 in)x Soil height x γ s
= 1.4 x 8.833 ft x 0.492 ft x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf = 3.346 kip
So Total V Z1-Z1 = 1.524 + 3.346 = 4.87 kip
For shear wrt Z2-Z2
Contribution from piles 1, 4 = 72.753 kip x 2 = 145.506 kip
Contribution from axial load = 0.6 x Do x1.4 = 89.04 kip
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 x Pcw x (4.5 ft + 12.095 in) x t x γc
= 1.4 x 8.833 ft x 5.508 ft x 1.67 ft x 0.15 kcf = 17.062 kip
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x [Pcl x (4.5 ft +12.095 in) - Cl x Cw ] x Soil height x g s
= 1.4 x (8.833 ft x 5.508 ft - 3 x 5.333) x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf = 25.15 kip
So Total V Z2-Z2 = 89.04 + 17.062+ 25.15 + 1.4 x column weight - 145.506 = 15.986 kip
Maximum design shear is at (21 x 12 /2 - 6) in = 120 in from left edge of pile cap.
Contribution from piles 1, 4 = 72.753 kip x 2 = 145.506 kip
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 x Pcw x 120 in x t x γc
= 1.4 x 8.833 ft x 10 ft x 1.67 ft x 0.15 kcf = 30.977 kip
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x (Pcl x 113.095 in) - Cl x Cw ] x Soil height x g s
= 1.4 x (8.833 ft x 10 ft - 3 x 5.333) x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf = 55.702 kip
So Total Vmax = 89.04 + 30.977 + 55.702 + 1.4 x column weight - 145.506 = 60.45 kip
Design shear, vc = 2 f ′
c ( )(
× Pcw × deff = 2 3, 000 8.833 12.095 )( 1, 12000 ) = 140.444 kips
0.75·Vc1 = 105.333 Kip
Vmax < Vc1, Hence Safe

Plant Foundations
Figure 130: Two-way Shear Dimensions
Effective depth for punching, deff = t - Pile embedment - clear cover - 1.0 x Maximum rebar size
= 20 in - 3in - 3in - 1.0 x 1.27 in = 12.73 in
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5 deff = 0.5 x 12.73 = 6.365 in from the column face. For left
column (Channel End),
Contribution from pile 1, 4 = 2 x ((3 + 6.365) / Pile Dia.) x pile reaction
= 145.506 x (9.356 / 12) = 113.555 kip
Average punching area = (Cl + deff/2) x (Cw + deff/2) = 20.701 ft^2
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 x punching area / ( Pcl x Pcw) x pile cap weight
= 1.4 x 20.701 ft^2 / (8.833 ft x 21ft) x 46.375 kip = 7.246 kip
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x ( punching area - Cl x Cw x Soil height x γs
= 1.4 x (20.701 ft^2 - 3 x 5.333) x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf = 3.620 kip
So total punching shear Vm = 89.04+7.246+3.62+ 1.4 x column weight-113.555 = 16.59 kip
B0 = 2 x (36 +64 + 2 x 12.73) = 20. 91 ft
ß = Cw / Cl = 64/36 =1.778

Plant Foundations
v1 = 2 + ( 4
β
) f ′
c Bo deff
(Clause 11.11.2.1(a) )
= 2+( 4
1 ) 3, 000(20.91)(12.73)( ) = 743.555 kip 12
103
v2 = 40 ( deff
Bo
+2 ) f ′
c Bo deff
(Clause 11.11.2.1(b) )
= ( 40 × 12.73
20.91(12) )
+ 2 3, 000 20.91 12.73 ( )( )( ) = 704.948 kip
12
103
v3 = 4 f ′ (Clause 11.11.2.1(c) )
c Bo deff
= 4 3, 000 20.91 12.73 ( )( )( ) = 699.817 kip

12
103
Vc = min (V1, V2, V3) = 699.817 kip

So, 0.75· Vc = 524.863 kip
Vm< 0.75· Vc, Hence safe
Flexural Reinforcement Design

Moment Calculation
(Critical sections are at face of column and middle span along length direction between two columns)
m = fy / (0.85 x f'c) = 60 / (0.85 x 3) = 23.53
f'c = 0.85 (as f'c = 3ksi) Clause 10.2.7.3
ρbal = 0.85x ß1x f'c x 87/fy x (87 + fy) = 0.02138 Clause 10.3.2
ρmax = 0.75 x ρbal= 0.01604 Clause 10.3.5
ρmin = 0.0018 (as fy= 60 ksi) Clause 7.12.2
Calculation of Moment About Z Axis (Width)
For moment at left face of left column
Contribution from pile = 0 kip-ft
Contribution from axial load = 0 kip-ft
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 x 1.5 ft / Pcl x pile cap weight x 1.5 ft /2
= 1.4 x 1.5ft / 21ft x 46.375 kip x 0.75ft = 3.478 kip - ft
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x 1.5 ft x Pcw x Soil height x γs x 0.75ft
= 1.4 x 1.5 ft x 8.833 ft x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf x 0.75ft = 7.652 kip - ft
So Total Mz L-L = 3.478 + 7.652 = 11.13 kip - ft (Top)
For moment at right face of left column
Contribution from pile 1, 4 = 145.506 x 1.5 = 218.259 kip-ft
Contribution from axial load & column self weight = (89.04 + 1.4 x 43.2/2) x 1.5ft

Plant Foundations
= 178.92 kip-ft
= 1.4 x 4.5ft / 21ft x 46.375 kip x 2.25 = 31.303 kip-ft
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x Soil height x γ s x [1.5 x Pcw x (0.75+3)+ 3 x (Pcw - Cw)x1.5)] ft^3
= 1.4 x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf x [ 1.5 x 8.833 x 3.75 + 3 x (8.833 - 5.333) x 1.5] = 50.385 kip - ft
So Total Mz L-R = 178.92 - 218.259 + 31.303 + 50.385 = 42.344 kip - ft (Top)
For moment in 126 in from left edge of pile cap
Contribution from pile 1, 4 = 145.506 x (10.5 - 3) = 1108kip-ft
Contribution from axial load & column self weight = (89.04 + 1.4 x 43.2/2) x 7.5 ft = 894.6 kip-ft
= 1.4 x 10.5ft / 21ft x 46.375 kip x 5.25 = 170.428 kip-ft
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x Soil height x γs x [1.5 x Pcw x (0.75+9) + Cl x (Pcw - Cw)x7.5 + 6 x Cw x 3)]
ft^3 = 1.4 x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf x [ 1.5 x 8.833 x 9.75 + 3 (8.833 - 5.333) x 7.5+ 6 x 8.333 x 3 ] = 292.542 kip - ft
So Total Mzmax = 894.6- 1108 + 170.428+ 292.542 = 239.937 kip·ft
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ϕ = 266.596 ft·kip (Top)
Rn = Mzmax / PCW x deff2 = 0.208 ksi
ρ = 1/m x (1-√ (1-2 x m x Rn/fy)) = 0.0036
Calculation of Moment About X Axis (Length)
For moment at left face of columns
Contribution from pile1, 2, 3 = (72. 753 + 57.913 + 65.333) x 0.75^2/2 = 55.125 kip-ft
Contribution from axial load = 0 kip-ft
= 1.4 x 1.75ft / 21ft x 46.375 kip x 0.875ft = 11.255 kip - ft
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x 1.5 ft x Pcw x Soil height x γs x 0.75ft
= 1.4 x 1.5 ft x 8.833 ft x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf × 0.75ft = 24.76 kip - ft
So Total Mx L = 11.255 + 24.76 - 55.125 = -19.115 kip - ft (Bottom)
Mx R= Mx L
So Total Mxmax = -19.115 kip - ft (Bottom)
So Resisting Moment = Mnx= Mux/ϕ = -21.233 kip·ft (Bottom)
Rn = Mxmax / Cl × deff2 = 0.0166 Ksi
ρ = 1/m × (1-√ (1-2 × m × Rn/fy)) = 0.00028

Plant Foundations
Moment Calculation
Along X Direction
ρ = 0.0036, Ast reqd = 0.0036 × 106 × 12.095 = 4.62 in2
ρmin = 0.0018, Ast min = 0.0018 × 106 × 12.095 = 2.31 in2
Therefore, Astz = 4.62 in2
#7 bar, As = 0.6in2, Number of rebar = 4.62 / 0.6 = 7.7
Space = (106 - 2 × 2) / (7.7 -1) = 15.22 in
Provide #7 bars @14 in spacing. Asprovide = 0.6 × [(106 -4)/14 + 1] = 4.97 in2
Along Z Direction
ρ = 0.00028 < ρmin = 0.0018
Hence, Ast reqd = Ast min = 0.0018 × 252 × 12.095 =5.49 in 2
#4 bar, As = 0.196in2, Number of rebar = 5.49 / 0.196 = 28
Space = (252 - 2 × 2) / (28 -1) = 9.19 in
Provide #4 bars @ 5 in spacing. Asprovide = 0.196 × [(252 -4)/5 + 1] = 10 in2
Comparison
Table 135: Horizontal Vessel pile cap foundation 1 comparison
Value of… Direction Reference Result STAAD Foundation Difference

Advanced Result
(General)
Factored Pile Reaction (kip) 72.753 72.723 None
Governing Moment (Along Length) 266.596 266.596 None

(kip-ft)
(Along width) -21.233 -21.233 None
Shear Force, One- (Along Length) 17.452 17.454 None

Way (kip)
(Along width) 60.45 60.308 Negligible
Shear Force, Two-Way (kip) 16.59 16.59 None
Reinforcement (in Along X Direction 4.97 4.97 None

2 ) Required
Along Z Direction 10 10 None
Reinforcement Along X Direction #7 bars @ 14 in #7 bars @ 14 in None

Provided spacing spacing

Plant Foundations
Value of… Direction Reference Result STAAD Foundation Difference

Advanced Result
(General)
Along Z Direction #4 bars @ 5 in #4 bars @ 5 in None

spacing spacing

Technical Support
9
These resources are provided to help you get answers for your technical questions on STAAD Foundation
Advanced.
9.1 Service Ticket Manager

http://www.bentley.com/serviceticketmanager — Create and track a service request using Bentley Systems'
online site for reporting problems or suggesting new features.
9.2 FAQ and TechNotes

http://communities.bentley.com/products/structural/structural_analysis___design/w/
structural_analysis_and_design__wiki/8060.staad-foundation-technotes-and-faqs
9.3 Forums
http://communities.bentley.com/products/structural/structural_analysis___design/f/5932 — Post questions in
the Bentley Communities forums to receive help and advice from fellow users and members of Bentley's product
support groups.

List of Figures
Figure 1: Australian code General isolated foundation ..................................................................7
Figure 2: Plan and Elevation ................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 5: Graphs of combined strip footing internal forces ...................................................... 24
Figure 6: Bending section considered .................................................................................................27
Figure 7: One-way shear section considered ...................................................................................28
Figure 8: Two-way shear section considered ..................................................................................28

Figure 10: Sections considered for bending in both directions ...............................................33
Figure 11: Sections considered for one-way shear in both directions ................................. 35
Figure 12: Section considered for punching shear ........................................................................36
Figure 13: Plan and Elevation .................................................................................................................38
Figure 15: Section considered for bending about the Z axis ..................................................... 52
Figure 16: Section considered for bending about the X axis .....................................................53
Figure 17: Section considered for one-way shear along X direction .....................................55
Figure 18: Section considered for one-way shear along z direction ..................................... 56
Figure 23: Section considered for one-way shear along z direction ..................................... 66

Figure 28: Section considered for one-way shear along Z direction ..................................... 75
Figure 31: Shear force and Bending Moment diagrams ..............................................................83
Figure 33: Shear force and Bending Moment diagrams ..............................................................89
Figure 36: Bending about major axes ................................................................................................. 99
Figure 37: Plan and Elevation .............................................................................................................. 106
Figure 40: Elevation and Plan, with dimension and loads ...................................................... 119
Figure 41: Bending sections considered ......................................................................................... 120
Figure 42: Shear sections considered ...............................................................................................122
Figure 43: Two-way shear sections considered .......................................................................... 123
Figure 46: Plan of Reinforcement ...................................................................................................... 132
Figure 48: Elevation and Plan showing reinforcement design ..............................................135

Figure 54: Final Plan Dimensions ...................................................................................................... 159
Figure 56: Dimension, Moment, and Shear and diagrams .......................................................163
Figure 58: Shear Force and Bending Moment diagrams ................................................ 170
Figure 60: Shear Force and Bending Moment diagrams ..........................................................175
Figure 64: Plan, Elevation, and Pedestal dimensions ................................................................ 191
Figure 65: Footing Plan ...........................................................................................................................199
Figure 66: Loads on Footing ................................................................................................................. 199
Figure 67: Shear Force (kN, top) and Bending Moment (kNm, bottom) diagrams ...... 201
Figure 68: Elevation and loads ............................................................................................................ 203
Figure 69: Elevation and Plan .............................................................................................................. 208
Figure 72: Section considered for two-way shear ...................................................................... 219

Figure 76: Results of redistributed pressure from STAAD.Pro .............................................244
Figure 77: Column interaction diagram with 4-#11 bars ........................................................252
Figure 83: Section considered for punching shear ..................................................................... 270
Figure 85: Section considered for two-way shear ...................................................................... 278
Figure 86: Section considered for one-way shear .......................................................................280
Figure 87: Section considered for bending .................................................................................... 282
Figure 89: Section considered for punching shear ..................................................................... 288
Figure 90: Section considered for one-way shear .......................................................................290
Figure 91: Section considered for moment ....................................................................................292
Figure 92: Elevation and dimensions ............................................................................................... 295
Figure 93: Forces on foundation .........................................................................................................296
Figure 94: Shear and Bending diagrams ......................................................................................... 297
Figure 95: Deadman Anchor Guy Tension Block section .........................................................301
Figure 96: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift diagram ................................................. 305
Figure 97: Dispersion line diagram ................................................................................................... 305
Figure 98: Deadman Anchor Guy Tension Block section .........................................................310
Figure 99: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift ....................................................................314
Figure 100: Dispersion line diagram ................................................................................................ 314
Figure 101: Bending moment diagram - front face .................................................................... 318

Figure 102: Deadman Anchor Guy Tension Block section ...................................................... 320
Figure 103: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift diagram .............................................. 323
Figure 104: Dispersion line diagram ................................................................................................ 326
Figure 106: Deadman Anchor Guy Tension Block section ...................................................... 329
Figure 107: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift diagram .............................................. 333
Figure 109: Pier Elevation .....................................................................................................................342
Figure 115: Tank and foundation elevation .................................................................................. 373
Figure 116: Anchor bolt plan ............................................................................................................... 373
Figure 117: One-way shear dimensions ..........................................................................................379
Figure 118: Two-way shear check ..................................................................................................... 380
Figure 120: Anchor bolt plan ............................................................................................................... 383
Figure 121: One-way shear dimensions ..........................................................................................389
Figure 122: Two-way shear check ..................................................................................................... 389
Figure 123: Plan .........................................................................................................................................391
Figure 124: Footing Elevation ............................................................................................................. 392
Figure 125: Section ...................................................................................................................................392
Figure 127: Vessel and foundation elevation ................................................................................439

Figure 128: Foundation elevation and plan ...................................................................................440
Figure 129: One-way Shear Dimensions .........................................................................................444
Figure 130: Two-way Shear Dimensions ........................................................................................ 446

List of Tables
Table 1: Australian verification example 1 comparison ................................................................8
Table 2: Australian verification example 2 comparison ............................................................. 17
Table 5: British verification example 1 comparison .....................................................................30
Table 6: Table BS2.1 - Column loads ................................................................................................... 31

Table 9: British verification example 4 comparison ................................................................. 0
Table 10: British verification example 4 comparison .................................................................. 48
Table 16: British verification example comparison ......................................................................95
Table 17: British verification example 13 comparisons ...........................................................103
Table 18: CSA verification example 1 comparison .................................................................... 110
Table 19: CSA verification example 2 comparison ..................................................................... 116
Table 23: IS verification example 1 comparison ......................................................................... 132

Table 32: IS verification example 10 comparison .......................................................................176
Table 34: Pile Locations in Plan .......................................................................................................... 184
Table 36: Pile Coordinates in Plan ..................................................................................................... 191
Table 39: US verification example 1 comparison ........................................................................206
Table 45: US Verification problem 9 comparison ....................................................................... 243
Table 46: US Verification problem 9 comparison ....................................................................... 244
Table 47: Variable bearing capacity (kN/m2) .............................................................................. 245
................................................................................................................................................................................. 247

Table 49: Variable bearing capacity (kN/m2) .............................................................................. 247
................................................................................................................................................................................. 250
Table 54: US verification example 10 comparison ..................................................................... 275
Table 60: Soil Test Report Summary ................................................................................................ 302
Table 61: Properties of soil (divided into approx. 6 in. thick strips) .................................. 302
Table 62: Deadman Anchor (US) verification example 1 comparison ............................... 310
Table 63: Soil test report summary ...................................................................................................311
................................................................................................................................................................................. 311
Table 65: Soil layers ................................................................................................................................ 313
Table 67: Soil test report summary ...................................................................................................320
................................................................................................................................................................................. 321
Table 69: Soil layers ................................................................................................................................. 322
Table 71: Soil layers ................................................................................................................................. 330

................................................................................................................................................................................. 330
Table 74: Drilled Pier (API) verification example 1 comparison ......................................... 346
Table 75: Drilled Pier (API) verification example 2 comparison ......................................... 351
Table 76: Drilled Pier (FHWA) verification example 3 comparison ................................... 356
Table 77: Drilled Pier (FHWA) verification example 4 comparison ................................... 361
Table 78: Drilled Pier (Vesic) verification example 5 comparison ......................................366
Table 79: Drilled Pier (Vesic) verification example 6 comparison ......................................371
Table 80: Primary load description ...................................................................................................374
Table 81: Wind loads ............................................................................................................................... 375
Table 82: Applied Load Combination - Allowable Stress Level .............................................376
Table 83: Applied Load Combination - Strength Level ............................................................. 376
Table 84: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level .................................. 377
Table 85: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level ...................................................377
Table 86: Stability Ratio ......................................................................................................................... 378
Table 87: Soil bearing check .................................................................................................................379
Table 88: Vertical Vessel verification example 1 comparison ............................................... 381
Table 89: Primary load description ...................................................................................................384
Table 90: Wind loads ............................................................................................................................... 384
Table 93: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level .................................. 386
Table 94: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level ...................................................387
Table 95: Stability Ratio ......................................................................................................................... 388
Table 96: Vertical Vessel verification example 2 comparison ............................................... 390

Table 97: Primary Load Description .................................................................................................402
Table 100: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level ................................403
Table 101: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level ................................................ 403
Table 102: Vertical Vessel verification example 4 comparison ............................................ 410
Table 108: Vertical Vessel verification example 10 comparison ..........................................417
Table 115: Service level load combinations per PIP .................................................................. 427
Table 116: Strength level load combinations per PIP ............................................................... 428
Table 117: Service level loads applied at the top of the shell / fixed pier ........................428
Table 118: Service level loads applied at the top of the channel / sliding pier ..............429
Table 119: Strength level loads applied at the top of the shell / fixed pier ..................... 430
Table 120: Strength level loads applied at the top of the channel / sliding pier ...........431
Table 121: Service level load combinations per PIP .................................................................. 434
Table 122: Strength level load combinations per PIP ............................................................... 434

Table 123: Service level loads applied at the top of the shell / fixed pier ........................435
Table 124: Service level loads applied at the top of the channel / sliding pier ..............436
Table 125: Strength level loads applied at the top of the shell / fixed pier ..................... 437
Table 126: Strength level loads applied at the top of the channel / sliding pier ...........438
Table 127: Pile Coordinates in Plan .................................................................................................. 441
Table 128: Primary load description ................................................................................................ 441
Table 129: Applied Load Combination - Allowable Stress Level ..........................................442
Table 130: Applied Load Combination - Strength Level .......................................................... 442
Table 131: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level, Channel End ... 442
Table 132: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level, Shell End .......... 442
Table 133: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level, Channel End ....................442
Table 134: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level, Shell End ...........................442
Table 135: Horizontal Vessel pile cap foundation 1 comparison .........................................449

Index
A Mat Combined Foundation FHWA 352, 354–357,
90–95 359–361
ACI 318 202, 301
combined foundation 78–82, Vesic method 362, 364–367,
American
84, 86–88, 90 369–371
combined foundation 255,
isolated foundation 27–30,
256, 258–261,
32–51, 53, 56–59,
263–265, 267
61, 63, 66–69, 71,
E
deadman guy anchor 301, eccentricity 95, 97–99, 101–103
73, 76–78
302, 305, 308, 310,
isolated foundation with
314, 317–319, 323,
324, 327–329, 334,
eccentricity 95, F
97–99, 101–103 FHWA 352, 354–357, 359–361
335, 339, 340
British Code 27
isolated footing 207–211
BS8110 27
isolated foundation G
202–206, 211–226, getting help 451
228, 231–236, 238, C
241–243, 245–250 Canadian
mat combined foundation buoyancy calculations 117,
H
294–299 118 help 451
pedestal design 250–254 combined foundation
pile cap foundation 267, 125–127 I
269–272, 274, 275, isolated foundation Indian
277–280, 282, 284, 105–118 combined foundation
285, 287–291, 293, pilecap foundation 118, 120, 160–168, 171, 173,
294 122–125 175–177, 179–182
API 341, 343, 345, 346, 349–351 Canadian Code 105 isolated foundation 129,
AS3600 6 CSA A23.3 105 131–140, 142–154,
Australian 156, 158, 159
General Combined Footing
18–20, 22–25
D mat combined foundation
Deadman Anchors 301 198–201
General Isolated Footing 6, pilecap foundation 183,
8, 9, 11–14, 16, 17 deadman guy anchor 301, 302,
305, 308, 310, 314, 185–190, 192–198
General Combined Footing Indian Code 129
18–20, 22–25 317–319, 323, 324,
327–329, 334, 335, 339, IS 456 129
General Isolated Footing 6,
8, 9, 11–14, 16, 17 340
drilled pier P
API method 346, 349–351 plant
B Drilled Pier 341 horizontal vessel loads
British drilled piers 425–427, 431–434,
Isolated Foundation 95, API method 341, 343, 345, 438
97–99, 101–103 346

horizontal vessel pile cap vertical vessel foundation
foundation 438, 442, 381, 387–391,
444, 446, 447, 449 393–399
U
United States Code 202
pile cap foundation 400, wind loads 419–425
403, 404, 407, 408 plant foundations 372
seismic loads 409–419
T
technical support 451

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STAAD Foundation Advanced

CONNECT Edition Update 1 - v8.0.1

Preface: Introduction ............................................................................................ 5

STAAD Foundation Advanced 2 Verification Manual

STAAD Foundation Advanced 3 Verification Manual

List of Figures .................................................................................................................... 452

List of Tables ......................................................................................................................458

STAAD Foundation Advanced 4 Verification Manual

STAAD Foundation Advanced 5 Verification Manual

STAAD Foundation Advanced 6 Verification Manual

Figure 1: Australian code General isolated foundation

Approximate area of footing required = 500/110 m2 = 4.545 m2

STAAD Foundation Advanced 7 Verification Manual

Maximum pressure = 680.41 / (2.5x2.5) = 108.8656 KN/ m2

Value of… Reference Result STAAD Foundation Result Percent Difference

General Mode Toolkit Mode

Bearing Pressure, 108.8656 109.0256 109.0293 Negligible

STAAD Foundation Advanced 8 Verification Manual

Value of… Reference Result STAAD Foundation Result Percent Difference

General Mode Toolkit Mode

Resisting force for 309.755 310.255 310.066 Negligible

Resisting Moment 773.3875 776.523 775.665 0.4%

Resisting force for 309.755 310.255 310.066 Negligible

Resisting Moment 773.3875 776.523 775.665 0.4%

1.2 General Isolated Foundation 2

STAAD Foundation Advanced 9 Verification Manual

Figure 2: Plan and Elevation

Approximate area of footing required = 1,500/150 m2 = 10.0 m2

STAAD Foundation Advanced 10 Verification Manual

Total Vertical load V = 1,887.96 KN

STAAD Foundation Advanced 11 Verification Manual

Check For Trial Depth against moment about Z Axis

Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 12 mm bar, effective depth

STAAD Foundation Advanced 12 Verification Manual

Check For Trial Depth against moment about X Axis

Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 12 mm bar, effective depth

STAAD Foundation Advanced 13 Verification Manual

Area of Steel Required along X dir

Minimum area of steel ratio ρmin = 0.2 ( 600

Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.00170 · b · d = 4,070 mm2

Area of Steel Required along Z dir

Minimum area of steel ratio ρmin = 0.2 ( 600

Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.00170 · b · d = 4,070 mm2

Check for One-Way Shear

STAAD Foundation Advanced 14 Verification Manual

STAAD Foundation Advanced 15 Verification Manual

STAAD Foundation Advanced 16 Verification Manual

Value of… Reference Result STAAD Foundation Result Percent Difference

General Mode Toolkit Mode

Corner Pressure, 117.9975 117.9974 117.9441 None

Resisting force for 943.98 943.98 943.56 None

Resisting Moment 3,775.92 3,779.091 3,776.001 None

STAAD Foundation Advanced 17 Verification Manual

Value of… Reference Result STAAD Foundation Result Percent Difference

General Mode Toolkit Mode

Shear Force (One- 634.907 641.904 642.107 1.1%

Resisting Shear 0.307 0.307 0.307 None

Shear Force (Two- 0.788 0.797 0.797 1.1%

Resisting Shear 0.863 0.863 0.863 None

Governing Flexural 785.81 794.471 794.723 1.1%

Resisting Flexural 3,523.988 3,523.889 3,523.889 None

1.3 General Combined Foundation 1