Biomolecules

Those compounds which are useful

organic
for the growth and maintenance of

living organisms .

Carbohydrates
essential { Proteins
Nucleic Acid

vitamins

Enzymes
 Cardo hydrates
carbon
These are hydrates of
CO ¥ Gecko )y-1×02
✗
y Hao
+
,

-
Carbohydrates

ethanoic Acid
CH, COOH
→ ↳ Hao ,

↳ Gtfo)
-
New def .

Friese
=

are optically active polyhydroxy

aldehyde or ketones OR the substance
which give these on
hydrolysis .

carbohydrates are also known as saccharides .

the
Classification of carbohydrates
# on

Basis
of Hydrolysis
I) Monosaccharides
II )
Oligosaccharides
E) Polysaccharides .
-1-1 Monosaccharides
simplest
-

These are

carbohydrates which cant be feeotheo

hydrolysed .

eg Glucose , fructose , Ribose etc

60 There are 20 monosaccharides in Nature .

the basis
Classification of monosaccharides on

of functional Group .
. .

Aldose(Gluco&→se( fructose :

which contain aldehyde which contain ketone

as as
functional group functional Group
→ Aldotriose → Aldo pentose → Ketotiose
→ Aldo those →
Keto those
→
Keto beuhose
→
Keto hexose
 → few
#
OligosaccharidesThose
carbohydrates which
gives 2- 10 molecules of monosaccharides
on hydrolysis .

↳
Disaccharides → which gives 2 Monosaccharides
-

a
↳ Trisaccharides Which 3 Monosaccharide
→
gives
saccharides t which gives a monosacch

] Sucrose ¥4s Glucose + fructose

↳ lactose ¥45s Glucose + Galactose

↳ Maltose ¥1s Glucose + Glucose

 sucrose
Hydrolysis of

↳ Hao , + Cothzoo
C. 121122011 1- Hi - s
-
fructose
Glucose
↳
Polysaccharides
→
carbohydrates
=
Those
which
gives many molecules i. e

more than 10 Molecules of

monosaccharides
hydrolysis on

e
] Starch
,
Cellulose
,
Glycogen eh .
Hydrolysis of starch

⑨ Hio Os) H2O

7,11-1
+ n

starch

n↳÷÷
→
Classification of carbohydrates

Tastes
on the Basis of
-
Non -

Sugar
Sugar
•
Sweetin taste Tasteless.

Water Insoluble In
• Soluble in water

•
Crystalline Solid Amorphous
Solid

e.g monosaccharides,
erg Polysaccharides .

Oligosaccharides
# Classification of carbohydrates on

Reducing
basis Nature
the
of
--
Reducing Suga .
Non -

Reducing
sugar
which reduce which cant reduce

token 's Reagent totems reagent

Solh
and fehlig
and
Rehling Solxu
are called
are called
reducing non .

reducing
sugar sugar
monosaccharides Polysaccharides
Disaccharides sucrose is the

only disaccharides
which is non seduce'y
-

,
 DandLMotationwM
I -

I → I <
D
↳ Laevo
↳ Dextro
Rotatory
Rotatory
rotate ppl
rotate ppl which
which
towards left
towards right
.

D- Glyceraldehyde 1- Glyceraldehyde
a

fH0 4110
O H
g
-

H OH
-

g
- -

CH OH
,
CHg0H
OH in R.ms OH in th s
-
?⃝
Glucose Ccotlizoo )

six carbon aldose of Dextro Rotatory

Nature .

Preparations Glucose fructose

•
from sucrose f f

Cothron + H2O ftp.Oo-CGHKOG

commercial Method )
f#Earch__c
•

NCOHKOG
( Cotlioos )n + MILO
-

Glucose
Open Chain Str .

of DG) Glucose
( oHl206

%=°
H -
L - OH

HO -
L -
H

H
-
to - OU

l
- C - OH
H

↳ on
 Fischer Mann Projection DG) Glucose
H
O
-
G-
OH
H -

HO - H
OH
H -

H -
OH

CHIH
Closed chain Sir .

of DG) -

Glucose

✗ -

Dct) Glucose 8%1 OH in

p
-
DC -13 Glucose
⑨ 4
is SHS p 1-

H OH anomeric carbon
-
H
c-
Hone,
H OH
H H OH
HO
H OH HO H
OH
ctf0H°
H H
°
H
ctf OH
€21s a- Hyeon
H -04

H O H

H ou

Hypo H 0

Ctkotl
H OH

H
Ho H
U
04
-

/
H OU

OH H OU
H
-

HO -
H
CHZOH
f p torn
-
H -04
→
H -
0
OH in t.us
Ctf OH
 Left above

Haworth Projection of
4- Dct ) Glucose cthotl

#
6

HIM a O
H

HUH
µ
H -204 OH

¥12
HO H
]
H ou
a
ou
0
g-

Ctkou H OU

B- Dctcosese
HOHE
40 \ / H

¥§§
1C

H -204 "

*
H -404

H -50 U

°ctf0H OH
ON
µ
Mtibhemical Properties
= =
of
Glu_
Rxn with HI
CH,
1
CHO
CH
,

HOU ), + HI &H ,

{that Reducig
[
qtr
Agent Ctf

Dt) Glucose LH ,

N -
Hexane .

This reaction that all

suggest
carbons are linked in straight
chain .
Rxnwithbrominewater-COOUHC.ro
✗ HOH ) ,
É
I

¥0111 ,

1
CHOU
CHIU
Gluconisc
acid

This reaction suggest the presence

of aldehyde as carbonyl group .

Rxu with HNO
,

4110 9004 fool

@Holla ¥ ( aeon ) , ←NB(CHOW ,
1
I

CHOU { OOH CHOU

DA Glucose Saccharic Gluconic

Arid Acid

This reaction presence

suggest the

of 1° alcohols .
Reaction With Acetic
=
Anhydride
-
= =
This Rxu suggest

the presence of
CHO 5- on
grub
F- É
HOH )
+541g CH )

]
-
o - -

,
,
1

CHOU

CHO

th É cts)
( o

%
- -
-

I
, 5
( -04 )
-0%-41
CH -

( Hi
glucose
Penta acetate
.
Reaction with HCM

OH
H /
H - 0 y - CN
g- ,

(
( HOH ), + HCN
→
GHOUL
1 Chou
CHZOH
Cyanohydrins

R×nwitnHydn✗J1Am µ od
g=N
-

H
( HOH )
0
g-
-

,
I 1
°" →
+ # '

( CHOU ) ,
Oxine
Cheon
+ tho
{ H< on This Rxn
suggest
the presence
of
carbonyl group .
fructose
=
six carbon ketose

↳ HING

Obenchain SH
fisherman n Projection
CHZOH CHIH

[
°
1--0
HO -
c- H
H O -
H
H -

C- OH
H -04
µ
- c- OH
µ -04
CHIU CHOU

DCI - fructose
ttgmmiinn
1B$ ☒ .
tein&✗-aminoAeidmM
Pro

useful for the

biomolecules
living organism
These are the .

growth and maintenance of

or
by
These are the polymers prepared
✗ amino acids
of
.

the monomers
-

or

These most abundant Biomolecules

are

the system and Malm

of
living
.

source milk , cheese , pukes, fish, meat

,

peanuts ek .
↳ These are polymers which are pre bared

d- amino
"
by the monomer
of
acid "

slrofX-aminoacid@RQ-Groub.l
H - C -
COOH
,

Mtf

4- amino acids are optically active except

Glycine
 Glycine
=
Alanines
CH,

H -

É - CODH µ
-

§
COOH
-

NII

NIL

Optically optically
inactive .
active
Twitter Ion
= =
In aqueous solution of
d- amino acids .

,
when a proton is

migrated from carboxyl group

to amino group , a dual ion
is which is neutral in
formed
Nature is called zwilteo ion .

R
R ,

COOH C
H
f- H
cool
- -
-

NH , NH ;
dual ion czwi Her
ion )
IS0ELETR1CPOlNtmÉ zwi Her ion is
neutral in nature which exist only at

a
specific pH and this pH is
known as isoelectric point
?
.

"
÷ cocoa

NHI
R R
,
µ
g. ooo
i
" -4004
-

#
"
+ -1
NH Nig
,R
✗ amino acid
-
Zwilterion ÷ H -

f
-
Coo
-

NH ,

TAIN
 active and
✗ -
amino acids optically
are
acids are laevo rotatory
most of 4- amino
is in left
in which -
Nth group

4- amino
acids on
Cla classification of
the Basis of Nature

↳ Neutral Amino Acids

↳ Acidic Amino Acids

↳ Basic
Amino Acids .
Neutral Amino Acids
-
-
-

Those amino
in amino
acids which no
of
.

equal to no .

of
groups are

carboxyl group .

,NHu 14th
cool
H C Coon H
f-
- -
-

'
n AI

Alanine
glycine
AeidicAmAThose amino acids %
is
which no .

of carboxyl group
more than no .

of amino group .

CH , -
COOH

H -
b- COOK
1 Aspartic
NH
.
Acid .

Acidic Amino Acid

Basic A# Acid those amino acids

in amino
group is more
no
of.

called
of carboxyl group
are
than no
.

basicaminoacidscth.la - NH ,

H -

§ -
COOH

NHL Basic Amino Acid

be sie
 Essential Non -
Essential
Amino Acids
Amino Acids
.

acids Those
amino acids
Those amino
can be
which
which can't be

synth esiied by
synthesised by and
bur body
'

our body .

So not to be
need
supplied
supplied through
must be

diet are
through Amino
diet .

called essential
Glycine ,
Acids eg
Valine leucine
,
Alarie
Peptide
→
when two d- amino acids
are
joined together by pets tide

linkage ,
a peptide is formed
Ri
Ri
Han -
d- COOH + HN -
C
I
-

CODH →
2
I
n
n Peptide

qp@liukayH.N
§ -
Ri

-
CO - NH - d- Coon
4 1%0
 1,1 CH
]

HI
-

f-
COOH + HUN -

& -

Coon →

n n

Glycine Alanine

H
IH]
HN
,

co C tho
HI f cool
- -
-
-
-

u h
Deb tide cake -
Ala )

Dipeptide → nwo ✗ -
amino acid

trip ebtidl → Three ✗ -

amino acid
rlelrapkbtidls four
4- 9min
.
Polypeptides
= →

A polypeptide is formed
when more than too ✗ - amino
acids are
joined together and
having molecular mass more

than 10000 I
 Basis Molecular Shake
On the of

ytlaemoglobiwlqkem.nu
Hair

Blood
[
in
fibrous Protein
Globular Protein
.

which have linear

•
which have spherical •

thread like Str

l
.

Sir .

O O

I 11
These soluble in These insoluble
•

are
•
are

water in water .

They show remarkable They show

° •

in no
change with change change
tap .

cadre change
in late
slr.ofpoote-insclsles.br
.
Alphabets → ABCD
-

Cls 2° sir .
words
→
& }
↳ go Sir . - sentence
Geum

§@w@eed
↳ a Sir .
-
Passage
 Denaturation of Protein
= -

when a protein is subjected to

em tab
physical change like change
in pH 2
.
and Ie
or change ,
1°
Str of-

protein destroyed but

Sir
unchanged called
remains
.

Denaturation of protein .

↳ Properties Changes but

Physical remains
chemical composition

unchanged called denaturation

of protein
 Boiling of Egg
e-
g
milk
curdling of
.

¥00 mmiinn
Brea ¥
Nucleic Acid
= =

the biomolecules
Nucleic acid are

protein to
which combined with

give chromosomes

a-
RNA
DNA
Acid
Ribonucleic Ribonucleic .

Deoxy
Acid
R.M.tt is responsible
D. M A is responsible
for synthesis of
-

the

for the transfer of proteins

all type of
hereditary effect from required for the
one gen to NextGen
and
.

growth
maintenance .
Dels
chain
Nucleic
Acid are
long
polymers of Nu_de
Nucleotide
a) Nitrogenous NUle
Base a) Nitrogenous
b) Pentose Sugar Base

b) Pentose
c) Phosphate
group sugar
 ÑoferenabetweenDMA&pRµMn
DNA ↳ Ribonucleic
↳ Rib Acid
Deoxy
Nucleic Acid
helix Sir
single
.

→ double helix Sir .

mm
mm
in →
Pentose sugar
→ pentose sugar in R.N.it is
DNA is Deoxy Ribose
Ribose RMA is
in
.

Base
in DNA is
→

→ Base
A G CU
A GCT
 C T U
A
E te te
te

Adenine Guanine Cytosine thymine uracil

" """"
"" " " """

for the synthesis

for the transfer of
effect from of all types
hereditary
of proteins responsible
one generation to
next generation for the growth and
maintenance of living
organism
EEE
-
-

RNA doesn't hare

DNA unique
has a

probe sty of Replication any property of

Replication .
 §"
" " ""
""" ""
in Numbers .

Numbers
-

DNA is present RMA is presas

Ñ nucleus of Fn cytoplasm
do cell
cell
?⃝
 A
sbr.qi.nl# a

¥8s
- 4 I C-
-
TAA -

'
-
a _=c -
T
-A __ 7-

a _=c -
T=A
T= A
-
-

-
a -= c-
GI

- A = T -

-
a = c-

- T = A -

GIC -

c=G
-