KEYS FOR THE

DETERMINATION OF THE AGARICALES

BY

ROLF SINGER

O.K.

NEW YORK

STECHERT-HAFNER SERVICE AGENCY, INC.

1962
 NUNC COCNOSCO EX PARTE

THE AG XONOMY

TRENT UNIVERSITY
2nd, Full LIBRARY s. 73 plates.
R 15s)

Alexander H. Smith, in Mycologia 44: 424-428, on the first edition:

“The appearance of this book has been anxiously awaited for a long time by those who have followed
Dr. Singer’s work on generic concepts among the agarics and boletes. There is a general introduction—‘a
critical survey of the characters of the Agaricales as the basis of their taxonomy’ and a special part—a treat¬
ment of the families, genera and species of the Agaricales in systematic arrangement. It is well indexed, in¬
cluding an index .to the technical terms used with page references for each to aid in locating the discussions
dealing with them. In the critical survey one finds quite detailed presentations of gross characters such as
veils and general fruiting-body morphology as well as detailed discussions of anatomical features, spore
characters, chemical characters, etc. This chapter is essential to the use of the book and an understanding of
the author’s concept of the various characters. Since the aim is a natural classification, there are chapters on
phylogeny also. The organization of the special part is very well done and makes the work easy to use. First,
the order Agaricales is presented fo1 lowed by a discussion of the various concepts which have been used and
the author’s concept. This is followed by a technical description of the order and then a key to the families.
The key is followed by a listing of the 15 families with their included genera. The families are then taken up
in numerical order. The type genus is listed for each; there is included a technical description and a key to
the genera. Each genus is then taken up according to the same pattern. Under the heading ‘Species’ the author
gives the subdivisions of the genus and cites those species which he is willing to accept. This is very im¬
portant. Not all the known species for each genus are included. By limiting himself to those fungi he had
studied himself or which are unquestionably well known in the literature, author has avoided many pitfalls.
The important synonyms are given for many species. The overall aspects of the book are excellent. As the
most critical analysis of generic concepts in the group to date, this book is a necessity for everyone doing
any work on gill fungi. Dr. Singer has been studying this subject for years, and has collected fungi in many
parts of the world. This wealth of field experience coupled with the author’s exceptional linguistic talents is
amply reflected in his work. He has demonstrated his mastery of the literature as well as comprehensive knowl¬
edge from a world standpoint. I know of no one better qualified for the task he undertook. The book deserves
special comment in regard to nomenclatorial problems. Singer has made a serious effort to bring agaric nomen¬
clature in line with the International Rules. For this we all owe him a sincere vote of thanks. He has been
careful to list the species which he accepts as the typ: for each genus and the types of the sections of genera
as well. It seems best to me now to simply accept the designations of type species for genera as made by Singer
in his work. His publication meets all the requirements for such a work. It represents a large amount of original
research over many years. It is based on careful evaluation of the literature. It is more comprehensive than
any other published revision. It is more closely in line with the International Rules than any previous similar
publication.
The book is written in English and the author is to be congratulated on the clarity of his expression and
the good editorial work which adds greatly to the usefulness of the work. Dr. Singer cannot be accused of
being either a ‘splitter,’ or a ‘lumper,’ for in some groups he has erected genera on what to some will appear to
be obscure differences whereas in others only one genus is recognized where many existed in the Friesian
system. This is to his credit.
In summary it should be said that Dr. Singer is to be congratulated on a fine piece of work which is certain
to place him as the foremost world authority on the subject of generic concepts in the Agaricales. No one,
I am sure, realizes more than Dr. Singer the extent of the work yet to be done. As he predicts, when we really
have accurate data on sufficient species, we will find that the distribution of agarics over the world’s land
masses has more meaning than many have heretofore supposed.”
(Text considerably shortened.)
 KEYS FOR THE
DETERMINATION OF THE AGARICALES

BY

ROLF SINGER

NEW YORK

STECH E RT-HAFNE R SERVICE AGENCY, INC.

 © 1962 J.CRAME R

PUBLISHER INWEINHEIM

mr

PRINTED IN GERMANY

31. VII. 1962

BY CIIR.BELSER OF STUTTGART

ONULP
 The following keys are intended to serve the student of this order
of Basidiomycetes to determine the genus, and, in some particular
cases, obtain some general orientation as to how to go about the
determination of the species.
The keys are not made to satisfy expediency in some limited region,
or for some limited purpose. They are based on modern methods
leading to modern families, subfamilies, tribus, and genera, in a
methodical way, i.e. they are written in accordance with the approach
that has, in the last 12 years led to a gradual reappraisal of the
affinities of the taxa in Agaricales and their natural arrangement.
This could not possibly be otherwise because, the following keys
ire identical with those that were published simultaneously in the
author’s work “The Agaricales in modern taxonomy”, 2nd edition
(Cramer, Weinheim/Bergstr., Germany), and are here republished in
order to facilitate the means of determining the genus of a representa¬
tive of the Agaricales for those who do not need or wish to enter
questions or details of technique, problems of delimitation of taxa or
of nomenclature, and who are not interested in the natural distribution
and number of species entering each genus, or in descriptive data not
appearing in the keys. Nevertheless, any difficulties that may arise
while using the keys, as far as terms or techniques are concerned, as
well as regarding sense and meaning of the taxa included (and ex¬
cluded), the reader is referred to the book mentioned above, where
he will also find illustrations of the diagnostic characters, and ample
literature and indices.
The present paper starts with a survey of the genera of Agaricales
which is intended to show the relative position of each genus in relation
to the families, subfamilies, and tribus accepted. In order to determine
the genus of a specimen at hand it is necessary to dispose of fresh
material or dried material with notes or sketches of the fresh material,
a spore print or at least spores in accumulations plentiful enough to
indicate the color of the spores macroscopically; notes on the speci¬
mens must include, in many cases, data on the reaction of certain
organs with certain chemicals. The specimen itself can be used, fresh
or dried, to provide the anatomical data necessary to determine it.

40551
Yet, care should be taken to use only mature spores for any observa¬
tions regarding spores, and young fruiting bodies for any observations
regarding the veils or the structure of the hymenophoral trama. It is
in all cases, especially for the determination of species, but likewise
for the determination of genera, useful to have data on the ecology
of the respective fungus, particularly on the identity of the host,
even if the host is not a living plant, or if the relation is not parasitic.
The procedure using the keys is simple and self-explanatory. Once
the genus has been established, it is recommended to look it up in the
third chapter where all those genera requiring additional information
are indicated in alphabetical order. If the genus is not indicated further,
there is either no way for the non-specialist to determine the species
contained in the genus, or else the genus is small, and a key for the
species is not necessary. If, however, a key is needed and available in
the most accessible literature on the subject, this literature is indi¬
cated. Many times, keys have been published for certain genera of
Agaricales, but these are not indicated in the present paper because
the concept of the genus in question is to widely different from the
concept accepted now, or else the key is not considered useful enough
to be recommended.
Those who have had occasion to work with Agaricales and have had
occasion to use the present keys arriving at a generic name for it, or,
using one of the recommended keys and arriving at a specific deter¬
mination, should keep in mind that it is always necessary to keep or
deposit the specimen in a herbarium for further study. In systematics,
as in experimental work, the proceedings should be repeatable, and
for any future check-up, the essential material is the specimen which
has led to the original determination.
The generic determination of Agaricales is not always easy, and
even the best key cannot always provide infallible guidance. However,
the keys as published here will help to lead the experienced observer
to the correct name; they may also be useful as a tool for practicing
identification of Agaricales in mycology classes and in courses for
those interested in this group such as organized by the Swiss mush¬
room societies, inasmuch as its reduced size will make it possible for
each participant to have his own copy.

4
 SURVEY OF THE GENERA OF AGARICALES

Family I. POLYPORACEAE

Subfamily Polyporoideae

Tribus Polyporeae
1. Polyporus, 2. Pseudofavolus
Reduced series: 3. Mycobonia
Tribus Lentineae
4. Phyllotopsis, 5. Pleurotus, 6. Panus, 7. Lentinus, 8. Geopetalum

Subfamily Schizophylloideae
9. Schizophyllum
Family II. HYGROPHORACEAE
10. Hygrophorus, 11. Hygroaster, 12. Aeruginospora, 13. Camarophyl-
lus, 14. Neohygrophorus, 15. Hygrocybe, 16. Bertrandia, 17. Humi-
dicutis
Family III. TRICHOLOMATACEAE

Tribus Lyophylleae
18. Lyophyllum, 19. Calocybe, 20. Asterophora

Tribus Clitocybeae
21. Laccaria, 22. Lampteromyces, 23. Omphalotus, 24. Clitocybe,
25. Ripartites, 26. Lepista, 27. Hypsizygus, 28. Pleurocybella,
29. Squamanita, 30.Tricholomopsis, 31. Tricholoma, 32. Armillariella,
33.0mphalina, 34. Gerronema, 35.Callistosporium, 36. Lactocollybia,
37. Podabrella, 38. Pleurocollybia
Reduced series: 39. Leptoglossum, 40. Arrhenia

Tribus Resupinateae
41. Asterotus, 42. Resupinatus, 43. Hohenbuehelia
Reduced series: 44. Stigmatolemma

Tribus Leucopaxilleae
45. Cantharellula, 46. Pseudoarmillariella, 47. Pseudoomphalina,
48. Pseudoclitocybe, 49. Clitocybula, 50. Porpoloma, 51. Leucopaxillus,
52. Melanoleuca—53. Lentinellus

5
 Tribus Biannularieae

54. Catathelasma, 55. Armillaria

Tribus Collybieae
56. Trogia, 57. Nothopanus, 58. Anthracophyllum, 59. Collybia,
60. Neoclitocybe, 61. Marasmiellus, 62. Micromphale, 63. Campanella
Reduced series: 64. Cymatella, 65. Mniopetalum, 66. Calyptella

Tribus Panelleae

67. Tectella, 68. Dictyopanus, 69. Panellus

Tribus Marasmieae
Subtribus Oudemansiellinae: 70. Oudemansiella, 71. Xerulina, 72. Mv-
cenella,—73. Pseudohiatula—Subtribus Flammulinae: 74. Flam-
mulina—Subtribus Macrocystidinae: 75. Macrocystidia—Subtribus
Marasmiinae: 76. Cyptotrama, 77.Marasmius, 78. Crinipellis, 79. Chae-
tocalathus—Subtribus Myceninae: 80. Hemimycena, 81. Delicatula,
82. Amparoina, 83. Mycena, 84. Hydropus, 85. Dermoloma, 86. Den-
nisiomyces, 87. Fayodia, 88. Filoboletus, 89. Xeromphalina, 90. Baeo-
spora.—Reduced series: Cyphellopsidinae, 91. Rimbachia, 92. Cyphel-
lopsis, 93. Physalacria, 94. Gloiocephala, 95. Palaeocephala, 96. Manu-
ripia, 97. Epicnaphus, 98. Hymenogloea, 99. Lachnella. 100. Cellypha,
101. Flagelloscypha.

Familie IV. AMANITACEAE

Tribus Amaniteae
102. Amanita, 103. Limacella, 104. Termitomyces

Tribus Ehodoteae
105. Rhodotus
Tribus Pluteeae
106. Volvariella, 107. Chamaeota, 108. Pluteus

Family V. AGARICACEAE

Tribus Leucocoprineae
109. Clarkeinda, 110. Chlorophyllum, 111. Yolvolepiota, 112. Macro-
lepiota, 113. Leucoagaricus, 114. Leucocoprinus

Tribus Agariceae
115. Agaricus, 116. Cystoagaricus, 117. Melanophyllum

6
 Tribus Lepioteae
118. Chamaemyees, 119. Smithiomyces, 120. Cystolepiota, 121. Lepio-
ta, 122. Pseudobaeospora

Tribus Cystodermateae
123. Cystoderma, 124. Phaeolepiota, 125. Ripartitella

Family VI. COPRINACEAE

Subfamily Coprinoideae
126. Coprinus
Subfamily Psathyrelloideae
127. Macrometrula, 128. Psathyrella

Subfamily Panaeoloideae
129. Panaeolina, 130. Panaeolus, 131. Copelandia, 132. Anellaria

Family VII. BOLBITIACEAE

133. Conocybe, 134. Galerella, 135. Pholiotina, 136. Bolbitius,
137. Agrocybe

Family VIII. STROPHARIACEAE

Subfamily Stropharioideae
138. Stropharia, 139. Naematoloma, 140. Psilocybe, 141. Melanotus

Subfamily Pholiotoideae
142. Pholiota, 143. Kuehneromyces, 144. Pachylepyrium, 145. Pleuro-
flammula

Family IX. CORTINARIACEAE

Tribus Inocybeae
146. Inocybe, 147. Hebeloma, 148. Hebelomina, 149. Alnicola,
150. Simocybe, 151. Melanomphalia

Tribus Cortinarieae
152. Rozites, 153. Cortinarius, 154. Descolea, 155. Leucocortinarins,
156. Gymnopilus, 157. Pyrrhoglossum, 158. Phaeocollybia, 159. Ga-
lerina
Tribus Phaeomarasmieae
160. Phaeomarasmius

7
 Family X. CREPIDOTACEAE
161. Tubaria, 162. Crepidotus, 163. Pleurotellus
Reduced series: 164. Episphaeria, 165. Phaeosolenia, 166. Pellidiscus,
167. Chromocyphella

Family XI. RHODOPHYLLACEAE

168. Clitopilus, 169. Rhodocybe, 170. Rhodophyllus (Acurtis)

Family XII. PAXILLACEAE

171. Cheimonophyllum, 172. Hygrophoropsis, 173. Paxillus, 174. Lin-
deromyces, 175. Neopaxillus

Family XIII. GOMPHIDIACEAE

176. Cystogomphus, 177. Gomphidius

Family XIV. BOLETACEAE

Subfamily Gyrodontoideae
178. Gyroporus, 179. Phaeogyroporus, 180. Paragyrodon, 181. Gyrodon

Subfamily Suilloideae
182. Psiloboletinus, 183. Boletinus, 184. Suillus

Subfamily Xerocomoideae
185. Phylloporus, 186. Xerocomus

Subfamily Boletoideae
187. Pulveroboletus, 188. Boletus, 189. Xanthoconium, 190. Tylopilus,
191. Leccinum

Family XV. STROBILOMYCETACEAE

192. Strobilomyces, 193. Porphyrellus, 194. Boletellus, 195. Phyllo-
boletellus

Family XVI. RUSSULACEAE

196. Russula, 197. Lactarius.

8
 KEYS TO THE FAMILIES

Key I (Main key)

A. Trama of the pileus and stipe homoiomerous; non-amyloid or amyloid;
spores with or without an amyloid exosporial ornamentation; hyphae with
or without clamp connections.
B. Trama of the hymenophore bilateral, with a lateral layer of diverging
hyphae; this outer layer or the mediostratum sometimes reduced, and
then a strongly developed, irregular to intermixed hymenopodium
present and the lamellae either thick and obtuse, or strongly forked.
C. Hymenophore lamellate; lamellae more or less decurrent, often
rather distant, thick and waxy; pileus often viscid or glutinous;
spore print white; spores smooth, inamyloid; numerous clamp
connections; basidia abnormally long (about 5.5-6 times as long as
the spore length in an average). Hygrophoraceae (p.p.), p. 16

C. Fungi never combining the characters indicated above.

D. Trama pseudoamyloid, or lamellae not free; spores uni¬
nucleate, cream to white in print. Tricholomataceae, p. 18

D. Not combining the above characters.

E. Hymenophore lamellate.
F. Hymenophore free or almost so; trama often with isolated
elements of the fundamental tissue; spores often amyloid,
mostly white, more rarely cream color, pink or greenish in
print; veil often well developed. Often mycorrhizal (ecto-
troph!) or growing in termite nests. Amanitaceae, p. 36

F. Hymenophore not free, usually decurrent; trama never

with isolated elements of the fundamental tissue; spores
never amyloid, rarely pure white or cream color in print,
usually between “chamois” and deeper brown, deep olive
or black; veil well developed or none.
G. Clamp connections present. Paxillaceae, p. 48

G. Hyphae without clamp connections (base of basidium

rarely with clamp) or with very few inconstant ones.
H. Spore print very deep colored fuliginous-black
(sometimes becoming deep rust by dehydration);
the individual spores smooth and elongate-fusoid,
not ochraceous; ectotrophic mycorrhiza with co¬
nifers. Gomphidiaceae, p. 48

H. Spore print olive when fresh or rusty cinnamon.

I. Spore print some shade of olive; ammonia on
surface of pileus causing a bright blue spot or
spores ridged.
J. Spores smooth. Boletaccac (p.p.), p. 48

J. Spores ridged-winged.
Strobilomycetaccae (p.p.), P- 51

2 9
 I. Spore print rusty cinnamon, (pale stramineous to)
golden melleous under the microscope, smooth.
Paxillaceae (p.p.), p. 48
E. Hymenophore tubulose.
K. Spores with some kind of ornamentation, at least some
spores in Melzer’s reagent and oil immersion lens show¬
ing some faint ridges or other unevenness; hymenophore
usually strongly convex and tubes long; hymenial ele¬
ments generally rather voluminous.
Strobilomycetaceae (p.p.), p. 51
K. Spores quite smooth.
L. Spore print “warm sepia” (Ridgway); formalin on
flesh staining salmon color; KOH “Etruscan red” to
“vinaceous tawny”. Strobilomycetaceae (p.p.), p. 51

L. Spore print color different; chemical characters dif¬

ferent.
M. Spores 18-26.3x7-10.5 p.; surface of pileus papil¬
lose-rough (cf. Strobilomycetaceae).
M. Not combining these characters.
Boletaceae (p.p.), p. 48

B. Hymenophoral trama not bilateral or not developed (hymenophore

reduced); hym^nopodium, if present, consisting of parallel or sub¬
parallel hyphae.
N. Trama of the hymenophore inverse; spore print pink; lamellae
thin, free. Amanitaceae (Pluteeae), p. 37

N. Trama of the hymenophore not inverse, or hymenophore absent.

O. Spores angular or at least not terete in polar view (i.e. with
longitudinal ridges or “facettes” showing as 5-10 acute or
obtuse angles if the longitudinal axis of the spores is directed
toward the objective), inamyloid. Rhodophyllaceae, p. 47

O. Spores different. (See key II.)

A. Trama of pileus and stipe heteromerous; spores amyloid (ornamentation

almost amylaceous); clamp connections none. Russulaceae, p. 52

Key II (from key I, letter 0)

AA. Spores pseudoamyloid, but pseudoamyloid cuticular hairs absent;

lamellae free or decurrent; either lamellae repeatedly forked, or annular
veil more or less developed, or hyphae of the trama also pseudoamyloid.
BB. Lamellae free; stipe central. Agaricaceae, p. 37

BB. Lamellae decurrent; stipe central to lateral. Paxillaceae, p. 48

10
AA. Spores not pseudoamyloid unless epicuticular elements (mostly in form
of thick-walled tough hairs) are likewise pseudoamyloid (to amyloid).
CC. Spore print pure white, cream, pale pink to huffish pink or very
pale brownish pink, green, dull purple-rose-color, pale drab, etc.
Spores under the microscope generally hyaline or subhyaline.
DD. Spores cylindric, elongate-sausage-shaped, more rarely fusoid
or oblong, smooth, inamyloid; hymenophore tubular or porous
or absent (and then pegs all over the hymenial surface); habit
more or less pleurotoid, never cyphelloid. Hyphae with clamp
connections, never gelatinized unless stipe well developed and
subcentral. Generally lignicolous, rarely on grass roots or on
charcoal. Polyporaceae, p. 14
DD. Spores not as described above unless habit not pleurotoid, or
hyphae partly gelatinized, or without clamp connections.
EE. Lamellae rather thick and waxy, never free; thickness of
lamellae due to the relative length of the basidia and the
relative diameter of the hymenophoral trama near the
context of the pileus, or to one of these factors. Pileus
and stipe often viscid, often red or yellow. Generally
growing on the ground (rarely bryogenous or lignicolous);
spore print generally pure white; context fleshy; mycelium
not forming normal ectotrophic tree mycorrhiza.
Hygrophoraceae, p. 16
EE. Basidia only up to five times longer than the long axis
of the spores.
FF. Small white pleurotoid agarics with soft trama;
hyphae of trama either unusually thin with clamp
connections (and then spores subisodiametric and
white in print, becoming ochraceous in the herbar¬
ium under certain circumstances) or hyphae of the
trama normally filamentous, generally clamped,
(and then spores more elongate and cream to cream
pink in a fresh spore print).
GG. Spores subisodiametric, clamps present.
(See Paxillaceae.)
GG. Spores not subisodiametric, clamps generally
absent. (See Crepidotaceae.)
FF. Not combining the characters indicated above.
HH. Spores at the time of discharge generally uni¬
nucleate rarely binucleate and then lamellae
not free and veil absent.
Tricholomataceae, p. 18

HH. Spores at the time of discharge generally bi¬

nucleate. Agaricaceae, p. 37

CC. Spore print some other color.

II. Lamellae quite free; annulus (or annuli) generally present and
well developed; spore print purple brown to sepia; clamp con-

11
 nections more often absent than present; surface or trama of
carpophore often showing characteristic color reactions with
KOH, strong acids, or anilin -f acid.
Agaricaceae (Agariceae), p. 39

II. Lamellae rarely quite free (and then not combining the charac¬
ters indicated above).
JJ. Epicutis of pileus with a hymeniform layer of short broad
cells or covered with an epithelium.
KK. Pileus with a detersile epithelium; spores ochraceous
to brownish and without a germ pore.
LL. Annulus well developed; carpophores large,
fleshy. (See Agaricaceae.)
LL. Annulus not well developed or absent; carpo¬
phores small and not fleshy. (See NN!)
KK. Not so.
MM. Spore print black, purple brown, fuliginous,
sepia, fuscous, or rarely dull brownish purple.
Coprinaceae, p. 40

MM. Spore print argillaceous brown, ochraceous

brown, rusty.
NN. Epicutis not a distinct, persistently con¬
tinuous hymeniform layer, or else the epi¬
cutis represented by a polystratous epithel¬
ium. (See Cortinariaceae.)
NN. Epicutis consisting of a continuous hymeni¬
form layer. Bolbitiaceae, p. 41

JJ. Epicutis neither hymeniform nor epithelial. (See key III.)

Key III (from key II, letter JJ)

AAA. Spore print “cocoa” to fuscous or lilac to lilac-black, or chrysocystidia

present, or spores with a broad truncate distinct germ pore, or with a
reddish line around the endosporium or characteristically bright and
deep colored with opaque and thick walls, or with a distinct olive
tinge in KOH, always quite smooth; hyphae always with clamp con¬
nections, never forming gelatinized zones underneath the cuticle of
the pileus. Strophariaceae, p. 42

AAA. Spore print some other color (generally argillaceous brown to rusty
unless spores not smooth); germ pore absent, or if present, relatively
poor developed and not clearly truncate, spore wall not showing any
of the other characters indicated above.
BBB. Spores smooth (or distantly angular nodose, or gibbous, or
stellate).

12
CCC. Metuloids present, or cheilocystidia generally relatively
short, broad, and obtuse. Pileus longitudinally fibrillose,
often squamulose to squarrose, rarely viscid. Generally
forming ectotrophic mycorrhiza with forest trees; spore
print argillaceous brown; stipe central.
Cortinariaceae (Inocybe), p. 44
CCC. Not combining the characters indicated above.
DDD. Epicutis formed by subisodiametric or elongate
but broad erect elements which are provided with a
rather firm to even thickened wall which is in-
crusted by pigments or by conspicuous crystals.
Appearance of the fruiting bodies varying between
that of a miniature Pholiota, a “Naucoria”, or a
Tubaria. Cortinariaceae (Phaeomarasmieae), p.45

DDD. Not combining these characters.

EEE. Dermatocystidia of pileus numerous and
forming bunches of subhymeniform struc¬
ture in adult carpophores; spore print argil¬
laceous brown; pileus generally with straight
margin but not conic.
Cortinariaceae (Inocybeae), p. 44

EEE. Epicutis consisting of repent hyphae; there

are only rarely scattered dermatocystidia
present.
FFF. Spore wall easily collapsing and rather
pale colored (ochraceous); pleuro-
cystidia, none; clamp connections pre¬
sent; stipe central (habit collybioid
to omphalioid).
Crepidotaceae (Tubaria), p. 47

FFF. Not combining these characters.

GGG. Habit pleurotoid or cyphelloid.
HHH. Spore print rusty brown;
clamp connections pres¬
ent; a fine veil in young
specimens present.
Strophariaceae
(Pleuroflammula), p. 43

HHH. Spore print argillaceous

brown or light cinna¬
mon brown ; clamp con¬
nections present or ab¬
sent; veil absent.
Crepidotaceae
(Crepidotus), p. 47
GGG. Habit neither pleurotoid nor
cyphelloid.

13
 III. Large fleshy or medium
sized tricholomatoid or cli-
tocyboid fungi, often squa-
mose, mostly lignicolous.
Strophariaceae, p. 42

III. Small, membranous colly-

bioid, mycenoid, or tubari-
oid fungi, not squamose,
mostly bryogenous.
(See Cortinariaceae.)
BBB. Spores not completely smooth, or at least with heterogeneous
episporium.
JJJ. Spore ornamentation—a perisporial or exosporial orna¬
mentation. Cortinariaceae, p. 44

JJJ. Spore ornamentation—an episporial ornamentation or at

least partly immerged in the episporium.
Crepidotaceae, p. 47

POLYPORACEAE Fr.

KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES AND TRIBES

A. Hymenophore consisting of tubes (pores), alveoles, veins, or lamellae, if

lamellate, lamellae with entire or crenate to serrulate edge.
Subfam. Polyporoideae
B. Hymenophore not lamellate, nor venose. Trib. Polyporeae
B. Hymenophore lamellate or venose. Trib. Lentineae
A. Hymenophore consisting of concurrent lamellae which are split longitud¬
inally with the sides partly or entirely revolute.
Subfam. Schizophylloideae

Subfamily Polyporoideae Bond. & Sing.

Tribus POLYPOREAE Murr.

KEY TO THE GENERA

A. Hymenophore none: setae present: pileus conchate, thin. 3. Mycobonia

A. Hymenophore present, tubular to favoloia or with shallow pores.
B. Pileus conchate, thin, medium sized to rather large. Context up to
1 mm. thick, fertile surface strongly concave; tubes regularly hexa¬
gonal (not radially extended), not much longer than wide.
2. Pseudofavolus
B. Context and fertile surface different. 1. Polyporus

14
 Tribus LENTINEAE Fayod

KEY TO THE GENERA

A. Lamellae deep colored, especially in dried material but also in fresh con¬
dition; black carbonaceous particles often present in the tissues; pigment
dissolving in alkali forming a greenish solution. (See Anthracophyllum)
A. Hymenophore not deep colored in fresh condition, and hardly ever deep
colored in well dried material; carbonaceous particles absent, tissue never
green in alkali.
B. Stipe absent and veil present; hymenophore lamellate; spore print
whitish; spores small (3-5.5 xl-1.7 p.). (See Tectella)
B. Not combining the characters indicated above.
C. Spores large, cream in print; a pellicular veil present (stipe none).
(See Pleurotus)
C. Not combining these characters indicated above.
D. Hymenophore chambered irregularly. (See Lentodium)
D. Hymenophore lamellate or venose.
E. Spore print distinctly pink when fresh (salmon pink), bleach¬
ing to white by dehydration (in the herbarium); spores
small, allantoid; pileus covered with a hygrophanous to-
mentum. 4. Phyllotopsis
E. Spore print white, cream, pale livid; spores allantoid, cylin-
dric oblong; pileus, if tomentose, not with a hygrophanous
tomentum.
F. Hyphae of the trama persistently and permanently thin-
walled, strongly and very irregularly interwoven; lamellae
decurrent; stipe strongly developed, central or eccentric,
with distinct veil. 5. Pleurotus (part)
F. Hyphae of the trama sometimes at first thin-walled but
soon becoming thick-walled, at least some of them;
lamellae decurrent or not: stipe well developed, or not;
veil present, or more often absent.
G. Hymenophoral trama completely irregular and sub-
hymenium very inconspicuous, practically absent;
metuloids present or absent; hymenophore not vein¬
like, carpophore often pilose or dotted. 6. Panus
G. Hymenophoral trama completely irregular, and then
subhymenium forming a well differentiated, broad
layer, or trama regular to subregular; hymenophore
lamellate, rarely venose.
H. Hymenophore lamellate, or, if venose, without
metuloids.
I. Hymenophoral trama irregular to almost inter¬
mixed; subhymenium well differentiated and
broad; pileus whitish or grayish to fuscous-um¬
ber, more rarely blue, green, red, yellow, or lilac;
spore print often pale drab. 5. Pleurotus (part)

15
 I. Hymenophoral trama not quite irregular but at
least with a distinct axillar arrangement, at least
many hyphae subparallel; subhymenium well
developed, or not; pileus rusty to dull brown,
melleous, tan color, or fulvous, more rarely
without any pigment. 7. Lentinus
H. Hymenophore venose and provided with pseudo¬
amyloid metuloids. 8. Geopetalum

Subfamily Schizophylloideae (Henn.) Sing.

Only genus: Schizophyllum Fr.

HYGROPHORACEAE Roze

KEYS TO GENERA

Elimination key (A)

(Agaricales with relatively thick waxy lamellae and non-divergent gill trama)
1. Hymenophoral trama strictly regular, consisting of hyphae which run
parallel in youth; pileus and stipe not viscid, spores large and cylindric-
oblong and smooth, to asperulate or echinate and usually short ... to
mostly globose; hyphae with clamp connections; pigments always bright
(pink, fulvous, yellow, amethyst). (See Tricholomataceae, Laccaria.)
1. Not combining these characters.
2. Basidia with carminophilous granulation. (See Tricholomataceae, Lyo-
phylleae or, if spore print pink, Rhodophyllaceae, Rhodophyllus.)

2. Basidia without carminophilous granulation.

3.a. Habit omphalioid; carpophores small; hymenophoral trama at
least partly strongly interwoven-irregular or pigment bright
orange; pileus not showing a gelatinized layer nor does stipe;
pigment, if present and not orange, usually incrusting the walls of
the surface hyphae. Clamp connections present or absent; spores
inamyloid, smooth. (See Tricholomataceae, Omphalina, Gerronema.)
3.b. Spores voluminous, short ellipsoid to subglobose, eventually often
becoming thick-walled; pileus often viscid and/or stipe with
pseudorhiza, or veil present. Often lignicolous; conspicuous
cystidia present. (See Tricholomataceae, Oudemansiellinae.)
3.c. Not combining the characters enumerated under 3.a. or these
under 3.b.
4. Epicutis cellular, spores amyloid. (See Tricholomataceae, Der-
moloma.)

4. Epicutis cellular and spores inamyloid or epicutis hyphal and

spores amyloid. See key B (main key to the genera of Hygro-
phoraceae).

16
 Main key (B)
A. Spores stellate-echinate. 11. Hygroaster
A. Spores not stellate, smooth.
B. Spores amyloid. 14. Neohygrophorus
B. Spores inamyloid.
C. Clamp connections present.
D. With hyphous and generally poorly developed epicutis or with
the epicutis gelatinized, epicuticular elements never swollen
and forming a hymeniform or palisadic layer.
E. Mycorrhizal fungi with distinctly bilateral hymenophoral
trama in young specimens; veil sometimes distinct.
10. Hygrophorus
E. Fungi as far as known all saprophytic-non-mycorrhizal;
lateral stratum of hymenophoral trama not diverging, not
typically bilateral in young stages.
F. Hymenophoral trama strongly interwoven, more axially
arranged in the lateral stratum and there consisting of
rather thin filamentous hyphae (up to 4.5 p in diam.),
more strongly interwoven-intermixed with swollen hyphae
(short spherocyst-like) in the mediostratum; lamellae
often decurrent; pigment generally not bright red or
bright yellow (but pileus often violet, lilac, orange-ful¬
vous, etc.). 13. Camarophyllus (cf. also Aeruginospora)
F. Hymenophoral trama varying from subparallel to exactly
parallel-hyphed, always regular, with the hyphae fre¬
quently reaching rather large diameter but not intermixed
(all of similar kind); lamellae sometimes decurrent,
sometimes adnexed to adnate, sinuate, etc.; pigment of
the entire carpophore (or most of it) frequently brightest
red or yellow.
G. Latex absent; pseudocystidia none; cheilocystidia
rarely differentiated. 15. Hygrocybe
G. Latex present; pseudocystidia present, restricted to
the edge of the lamellae (as cheilocystidia). Paleo-
tropical. 16. Bertrandia
D. Epicutis hymeniform or in palisade consisting of swollen ele¬
ments. (See “H”.)
C. Clamp connections absent.
H. With latex. (See “G”)
H. Without latex.
I. Pigments bright colored (red, orange, yellow, etc.); lamellae
adnexed to adnate-subdecurrent or subsinuate. Epicutis
filamentous. Spores mostly over 7 p long. 17. Humidicutis
I. Pigment brown, fuscous, gray or green, or absent. Lamellae
mostly more or less decurrent. Epicutis sometimes hyme¬
niform. Spores mostly up to 7 p. 12. Aeruginospora

3 Singer, Keys 17
 TRICHOLOMATACEAE Roze

KEY TO THE TRIBUS

A. Spore wall, trarna and epicutis, all neither amyloid nor pseudoamyloid.
B. Basidia with carminophilous granulation both in the basidiole stage
as in the mature stage. Lyophylleae, p. 21
B. Basidia without carminophilous granulation in both the basidiole
stage and the mature stage.
C. Habit pleurotoid to cyphelloid and stipe absent or strictly lateral
(carpophore sometimes spathuloid); hymenophore none or reduced
to veins or merulioid, not lamellar nor tubular.
D. Carpophore membranous and completely pigment-less without
characteristic dermatocystidia or pilosity on the sterile side,
generally on living mosses, more rarely Pteridophyta or angio-
sperms, or else (i.e. if pigmented) generally on other substrata,
and with the sterile surfaces with Rameales structure.
Collybieae, p. 27
D. Carpophore different.
E. Carpophore pigmented (gray, fuliginous, fuscous); hymeno¬
phore venose to merulioid; no characteristic pilosity on the
sterile surfaces; carpophores not truly cyphelloid (not cup¬
shaped when mature); not even partly gelatinized.
Clitocybeae, p. 21
E. Not combining all these characters.
F. A zone consisting of very loosely arranged thin-filamen¬
tous, partly gelatinized hyphae present; an epicuticular
zone of very thin rigid ramified hyphae or showing cha¬
racteristic hairs of dermatocystidia, absent.
Resupinateae, p. 25
F. Not combining both these characters.
G. Context partly gelatinized and epicutis consisting of
strongly short-ramified rigid hyphae (Rameales- or
asterostromelloid structure) present. Collybieae, p. 27
G. Context partly or not gelatinized; if partly gelatinized,
epicutis of pileus not asterostromelloid.
Marasmieae, p. 2f
C. Habit not cyphelloid, if pleurotoid, stipe merely eccentric or
hymenophore distinctly lamellate.
H. Pileus without strongly differentiated epicutis, i.e. the upper¬
most layer of the pileus consisting of hyphae not fundamentally
different from those below and not of a Rameales or astero¬
stromelloid structure, not distinctly diverticulate on the upper
side, not formed by numerous (even if not crowded) dermato¬
cystidia not palisadically or hymeniformly arranged but either
forming a cutis or merely dense, more rarely forming a tricho-
dermium of unmodified and non-palisadic hyphae; hypoderm-
ium not of voluminous elements; latex none; gloeocystidia
none; habit of carpophore very variable.

18
 I. Context fleshy and neither tough-elastic nor partly gelati¬
nized; base of stipe not insititious; greening (in KOH) pig¬
ment not present in the carpophores unless habit omphalioid;
veil frequently present; habit not collybioid unless clamp
connections absent or epicutis d: gelatinized, or spores aspe-
rulate; habit not mycenoid, unless spores with an internal
pigment body and hyphae clampless. Clitocybeae, p. 27

I. Not combining these characters. Context rarely fleshy, more

generally rather thin and fragile to membranous, or else some¬
what tough-elastic and then carpophores often tending to
revive after drying out or else partly gelatinized; base of stipe
insititious or not; greening pigment in KOH sometimes ob¬
served (and then habit collybioid or pleurotoid); veil none;
habit very frequently pleurotoid, collybioid, mycenoid, but
also sometimes omphalioid to clitocyboid.

J. Context partly gelatinized and habit definitely pleurotoid.

Stipe absent or strictly lateral, pigment dull or dark (gray,
fuscous, fuliginous, etc.), more rarely absent.
Resupinateae, p. 25

J. Context generally not even partly gelatinized.

K. Habit usually collybioid with pigmented pileus, if

carpophores small and pigment-less, stipe definitely
insititious, also if carpophores pleurotoid and pigment¬
less (or pigmented); spores with homogeneous thin
wall, globose to ellipsoid or cylindric to oblong, rarely
fusoid or cross-shaped-subangular. Collybieae, p. 27

K. Habit usually mycenoid or omphalioid, or else not

showing the character combinations indicated above;
stipe generally metachromatic in cresyl blue mounts or
carpophores more or less delicate, mycenoid to om¬
phalioid, pigment-less but rarely completely insititious,
generally with membranous pileus and thin fragile
hollow stipe; spore wall rarely heterogeneous.
Marasmieae, p. 29

H. Epicutis of pileus if present more distinctly differentiated or

gloeocystidia or a latex present.

L. Carpophores distinctly clitocyboid in habit and hymeno-

phoral trama structure; epicutis consisting of a hymeniform
layer of subisodiametric elements. Or: carpophores dis¬
tinctly omphalioid and bright orange with dermatocystidia
and hymenial cystidia. Or: latex or gloeocystidia present.
Clitocybeae, p. 21

L. Not combining the characters of any of the three alternatives

indicated above; if gloeocystidia present, carpophores vesi-
culose-pedicellate without hymenophore.

19
 M. Epicutis with Rameales structure or with an astero-
stromelloid structure; habit pleurotoid or clitocyboid and
if omphalioid or mycenoid, base of stipe insititious and
fruiting bodies more or less well reviving when moistened
after having dried out. Hypodermial layer without
voluminous elements. Collybieae, p. 2 /

M. Not so. Epicuticular elements (if present) often hymeni-

form or with dermatocystidia all over the surface, or
superficial hyphae finely diverticulate (acanthophysoid).
If carpophore small omphalioid to mycenoid and white,
base of stipe generally not completely insititious (some
delicate fibrils visible). Marasmieae, p. 29

A. Spore wall, trama, or epicutis amyloid or pseudoamyloid; sometimes the

spore walls only weakly amyloid (and then the hyphae of the stipe
generally clearly metachromatic in cresyl blue mounts) or pseudoamyloid
(and then epicuticular elements either distinctly pseudoamyloid or both
pileus and stipe covered by an epithelium). For the context use the non-
pigmented (internal apical) portions of the stipe and for the spores ac¬
cumulations of spores observed in daylight and hydrolize with ammonia
(in doubtful cases also with HC1) before applying the Melzer.
N. Hymenophoral trama of young specimens distinctly bilateral; carpo¬
phores not mycenoid or collybioid. Biannularieae, p. 27

N. Trama not bilateral, or carpophores mycenoid or collybioid.

O. Habit of carpophores pleurotoid, cyphelloid, or polyporoid (pleuro¬
toid with tubular hymenophore).
P. Spores smooth, inamyloid or pseudoamyloid Marasmieae, p. 29
P. Spores smooth or not smooth, amyloid.
Q. Spores smooth, rather short ellipsoid to cylindric; carpo¬
phores small and gregarious, pleurotoid to polyporoid.
Panelleae, p. 29

Q. Spores subsmooth to punctate or echinulate, always rather

short; hymenophore lamellate; if spores subsmooth pseudo-
cystidia present in the hymenium or carpophores large
and fleshy with large eccentric stipe. Leucopaxilleae, p. 25
0. Habit of carpophores different; if hymenophore tubular—stipe
central.
R. Veil none.
S. Habit of carpophores collybioid (marasmioid), mycenoid or
omphalioid.
T. Spores with simple smooth thin homogeneous wall,
amyloid, trama inamyloid, epicutis little or not differen¬
tiated from the underlying trama, lamellae well develop¬
ed, basal mycelium pigmentless; pileus radially fibrillose
or striped; habit omphalioid to collybioid.
Leucopaxilleae, p. 25

20
 T. Not combining the characters indicated above.
Marasmieae, p. 29
S. Habit of carpophores clitocyboid or tricholomatoid.
U. Epicutis of pileus a continuous hymeniform layer consist¬
ing of subisodiametric elements; habit of a small Tricho-
loma or Hygrocybe. (See Marasmieae.)
Tj. Not combining these characters. Leucopaxilleae, p. 25
R. Veil annuliform (cf. Agaricaceae).

Tribus LYOPHYLLEAE Kuhner

KEY TO THE GENERA

A. Fungi growing saprophytically; chlamydospores none.

B. Pigment dull colored (gray, grayish-fuscous, umber, etc.), or none,
and then the basidia long, and the spores smooth. 18. Lyophyllum
B. Pigment bright colored (amber yellow, tawny, flesh-colored-light-
cinnamon, lemon, ochraceous-pink, lavender to deeper lilac, violet-
blue, blue, carmine, red, etc.), or none (and then not combining long
basidia and smooth spores). 19. Calocybe

A. Fungi growing parasitically; chlamydospores present. 20. Asterophora

Tribus CLITOGYBEAE Fayod

KEYS TO THE GENERA

Key I (main key)

A. Clamp connections present.
B. Hymenophoral trama regular consisting of parallel hyphae, rather
thick; spores either globose to short ellipsoid and echinate, or more
than 10 p. long and oblong, smooth or asperulate; lamellae frequently
with pink, fleshy, purple or violet tinge, more rarely yellowish; veil
none (but development weakly hemiangiocarpous); soil-inhabiting
species. 21. Laccaria
B. Not combining the characters enumerated above.
C. Spores large and globose, not pure white in print; veil present;
carpophores luminescent, pleurotoid, lignicolous.
22. Lampteromyces
C. Not combining the characters enumerated above.
D. Stipe with sclerotium-like base, veil present. 29. Squamanita
D. Not combining the characters indicated above.
E. Lamellae none; there are veins or a merulioid hymenophore
pigment present, brown to fuscous or gray, incrusting or at
least membranal; habit pleurotoid or spathuloid when mature.

21
 F. Young carpophore cup-shaped, nutant. 40. Arrhenia
F. Not so. 39. Leptoglossum
E. Lamellae well developed and not combining the other cha¬
racters indicated above.
G. Carpophores pleurotoid; gloeocystidia none.
H. Stipe none; carpophores pigment-less, fleshy; hyme-
nophoral trama strongly irregular, its hyphae becoming
somewhat thick-walled; lamellae subclose to close;
spores small, globose to subglobose. 28. Pleurocybella
H. Not combining the characters enumerated above.
I. Large fleshy carpophores. (See “K”.)
I. Small omphalioid-pleurotoid or delicate white car¬
pophores reminding one of the smaller species of
Crepidotus, Pleurotellus, etc.
J. Spores globose; hyphae very thin. (See Cheimono-
phyllum, Paxillaceae.)
J. Spores not globose; hyphae normal, filamentous.
(See Gerronema, Clitocybe.)
G. Carpophores generally not pleurotoid.
K. Gloeocystidia numerous, gloeo-vessels also present, or
else laticiferous vessels and latex present.
36. Lactocollybia
K. Latex none; oleiferous vessels usually numerous to
scanty, sometimes striking, but gloeo-vessels and
gloeocystidia absent.
L. Spores not smooth, in print either white, or pink,
or brown.
M. Spores in print pure white. (See Clitocybe.)
M. Spores in print colored.
N. Spores in print pinkish or cream-pink.
26. Lepista
N. Spores in print brownish. 25. Ripartites
L. Spores perfectly smooth and with homogeneous
walls.
O. Lamellae distinctly and deeply decurrent; or at
least adnato-decurrent: habit clitocyboid or
omphalioid.
P. Spores globose, small to medium; habitat on
wood; either entirely pigmentless or deep
yellow, orange brown, etc. luminescent.
Q. Carpophores bright colored; spore walls
sometimes slightly thickened, small; cysti-
dioles, pseudoparaphyses or one-sterig-
matic basidia generally present.
23. Omphalotus

22
 Q. Pigment none.
(See Clitocybe and Hypsizygws.)
P. Not combining the characters enumerated
above.
R. Habit clitocyboid (rarely almost colly-
bioid) and pigment incrusting only if epi-
cutis gelatinized; pigments never strik¬
ingly bright orange. 24. Clitocybe
R. Habit omphalioid.

S. Pileus hygropanous; hymenophoral

trama regular of the C7iioq/6e-subtype
or with inflated short elements inter¬
mixed; pigment dull colored (fuscous,
gray, sordid cream to beige or umber),
or none, not incrusting the hyphal
walls unless the epicutis is gelatinized.
24. Clitocybe, p.p.
S. Not combining these characters.

T. Spore print white or whitish; pig¬

ment present although often scanty,
incrusting, not bright orange (al¬
though sometimes yellow, green,
olive, citrine, etc.); cystidia none
whatsoever; hymenophoral trama
irregular, rarely regular but very
narrow and flanked by a broad ir¬
regular subhymenium. Distribution
boreal and temperate not occurring
in the (sub)tropics except in the
highest mountain ranges and xero-
phytic conditions. 33. Omphalina

T. Spore print varying from white to

orange, ochraceous; pigment absent
or present (if absent, habit rather
pleurotoid), not incrusting the hy-
phae (only occasionally the olei-
ferous ducts); often strikingly orange
(and the species often temperate
or cosmopolitan), otherwise confined
to the tropics and subtropics. Hym¬
enophoral trama as described above,
or more decidedly regular.
34. Gcrronema

O. Lamellae not decurrent but mostly varying

from subfree to broadly adnexed or sinuate.

23
 U. Cheilocystidia large and conspicuous, making
the edge of the lamellae distinctly hetero-
morphous; spores usually rather short (glo¬
bose to short-ellipsoid or ovoid) and small to
medium, sometimes with slightly thickened
walls; base of stipe attached to white rhizo-
morphs that lead to decaying wood; pileus
fleshy, fibrillose, squamulose, squarrose,
nonhygrophanous; pigment present, often
bright colored (red, yellow); pileus centrally
stipitate or stipe slightly eccentric.
30. Tricholomopsis
U. Cheilocystidia either absent, or inconspicu¬
ous, or small.
V. Pigment absent; mycelium strictly ligni-
colous (often on living trees); spores glo¬
bose or subglobose, small. 27. Hypsizygus
V. Pigment present, or mycelium definitely
not lignicolous and spores neither globose
nor subglobose and small.
W. Cystidia present or epicutis consisting
of thin and at the same time repent
and parallel hyphae without any in-
crusting pigment (cf. Clitocybe).
W. Cystidia absent and epicutis not as
described above. 31. Tricholoma
A. Clamp connections absent. (See key II below.)

Key II (clampless Clitocybeae)

A. Gloeocystidia and gloeovessels or laticiferous ducts present.
36. Lactocollybia
A. Gloeocystidia, gloeovessels, and laticiferous ducts absent.
B. Lamellae free or almost so; spores with pigmented interior, mostly
with a pigment body which appears after desiccation.
35. Callistosporium
B. Lamellae not free or else spores permanently without internal pigment
body.
D. Habit tricholomatoid. 31. Tricholoma
D. Habit collybioid-mycenoid, or clitocyboid or omphalioid, or
pleurotoid.
E. Habit never pleurotoid, never collybioid, and never mycenoid.
F. Habit clitocyboid; veil often present; black rhizomorphs
often present; hymenophoral trama varying from regular to
bilateral; pigment present. 32. Armillariella

24
 F. Habit omphalioid.
G. Pigment incrusting, never conspicuously orange, never
constantly and fully absent; spore print pure white.
Boreal, temperate, subalpine and alpine species, or spe¬
cies adapted to xerophytic conditions. 33. Omphalina
G. Pigment not incrusting except occasionally on oleiferous
liyphae, often inconspicuously orange but also yellowish
(especially in the lamellae) or fuscous to fuliginous or gray
(especially in the pileus). Species subtropical to tropical
in distribution (except for the orange ones which also
occur in the temperate zones). 34. Gerronema
E. Habit pleurotoid, collybioid or mycenoid, i.e. lamellae not de-
current
H. Lamellae reduced to anastomosing or non-anastomosing
veins; pigment incrusting, fuscous or date-brown; stipe
poorly developed or none; generally on living mosses.
39. Leptoglossum
H. Lamellae well formed, free, pigment different or none.
Generally on decaying wood or in termite nests.
I. Cuticle of pileus not or little pigmented; stipe central;
spore print white or pink. 37. Podabrella
I. Cuticle of pileus distinctly pigmented; stipe oblique, ec¬
centric or lateral, or absent; spore print pure white.
38. Pleurocollybia

Tribus RESUPINATEAE Sing.

KEY TO THE GENERA
A. Metuloids present. 43. Hohenbuehelia
A. Metuloids absent.
B. Cuticular layer of pileus with asterostromelloid structure.
41. Asterotus
B. Cuticular layer of pileus not with asterostromelloid structure.
C. Lamellae present. 42. Resupinatus
C. Lamellae none. 44. Stigmatolemma

Tribus LEUCOPAXILLEAE Sing.

KEY TO THE GENERA

A. Spores either smooth, or, if warty, devoid of a suprahilar smooth disc

(plage); clamp connections present or absent.
B. Spores variously shaped, distinctly amyloid, smooth; clamp connec¬
tions preserit or absent; lamellae in most species distinctly decurrent,
often forked: pileus with moderately thick flesh, never tough and
reviving, hygropnanous, or non-hygrophanous, usually dusky-colored,
or with a cinnamon tinge.
C. Clamp connections present in the hyphae of the carpophores.

4 25
D. Lamellae strongly forked, decurrent; context and cuticle of
pileus of soft, little coherent texture; growing among mosses, or
on naked earth. 45. Cantharellula
D. Not combining these characters.
E. Epicutis of pileus with swollen, often cellular or dermato-
cystidioid elements, often hymeniform. (See 85. Dermoloma)
E. Epicutis consisting of repent hyphae, or fascicles of parallel
or interwoven ascendant or recurved hyphae, not strongly
differentiated, not cellular.
F. Fungi wood-inhabiting, aspect of Gerronema (“Omphalia”
chrysophylla!); hymenophoral trama rather irregularly
interwoven; spores rather distinctly elongate (oblong-
ellipsoid); pigment incrusting. North America.
46. Pseudoarmillariella
F. Not combining all the characters enumerated above.
G. Fungi often wood-inhabiting, but then in habit vari¬
able (pleurotoid, collybioid, omphalioid, mycenoid,
clitocyboid) and spores generally short (short ellipsoid
to subglobose, more rarely ellipsoid, rarely oblong or
cylindrical); pigment not incrusting or membranal;
pleurocystidia none; pileus usually radially lineate,
varying in color from dull melleous to gray or fuligin¬
ous, also whitish; stipes often cespitosely aggregate.
49. Clitocybula
G. Not typically wood-inhabiting; not combining the
characters indicated above.
H. Pleurocystidia and dermatocystidia present; tropi¬
cal. (See 86. Dennisiomyces)
H. Pleurocystidia absent.
I. Cheilocystidia numerous, making the edge of
the lamellae heteromorphous; habit tricholoma-
toid. 50. Porpoloma
(cf. also Hebelomina)
I. Cheilocystidia not differentiated or very scat¬
tered.
J. Habit omphalioid, rarely clitocyboid; pileus
hygrophanous. 47. Pseudoomphalina
J. Habit tricholomatoid or clitocyboid, fleshy,
never hygrophanous.
K. Large, fleshy carpophores, lamellae narrow
near stipe, never tending to redden or
stain yellow in the flesh. (See “M”.)
K. Medium-sized, with tendency to redden
where bruised or in worm holes or to stain
yellow; lamellae rather broad near stipe.
50. Porpoloma, p.p.

26
 C. Clamp connections absent in the hyphae of the context of the car¬
pophores.
L. Cystidia or cheilocystidia present. (See 52. Melanoleuca)
L. Cystidia and cheilocystidia absent. 48. Pseudoclitocybe
B. Spores short ellipsoid to subglobose and warty, or if smooth, very
slightly amyloid; otherwise tough-fleshy and often pleurotoid, with
serrulate edge of lamellae or with subporoid-irpicoid hymenophore.
Pileus non-hygrophanous, usually thick-fleshy and large or else tough
and more or less reviving.
M. Pseudocystidia (macrocystidia) none; lamellae usually with entire
edges; hyphae inamyloid; carpophores rarely distinctly pleurotoid.
51. Leucopaxillus
M. Pseudocystidia (macrocystidia) present; lamellae usually distinctly
serrulate-crenulate to subporoid; all hyphae or some of them,
usually distinctly amyloid; carpophores often distinctly pleurotoid
or polypilous. 53. Lentinellus
A. Spores warty or minutely subpunctulate, generally with plage; clamp
connections none. 52. Melanoleuca

Tribus B IAN NU LARI EAE Sing.

KEY TO THE GENERA

A. Lamellae distinctly decurrent; veil very distinctly double; spores very

long. 54. Catathelasma
A. Lamellae adnexed to adnate, often sinuate, occasionally emarginate-sub-
free; veil present but not always distinctly double; spores not remarkably
long. 55. Armillaria

Tribus COLLYBIEAE Konr. & Maubl.

KEY TO THE AGARICOID GENERA

(Hymenophore more or less developed)1)

A. Carpophores containing pigment which turns green with alkalis.

B. Habit collybioid. (See “C”.)
B. Habit pleurotoid. 58. Anthracophyllum
A. Carpophores not containing pigment greening in alkalis.
C. Habit clitocyboid or omphalioid; stipe (rarely astipitate and pleuro¬
toid) with distinctly insititious base, wood-inhabiting reviving species,
generally tropical; trama not gelatinized.
D. Epicutis consisting of distinctly ramified-diverticulate hyphae;
base not socle-like. (See “E”.)

i) in view of the ambiguous affinities of some of the reduced genera, and

for the greater convenience of the reader, all reduced genera are keyed out
under Marasmieae, subsection Cyphellopsidinae.

27
 D. Epicutis a trichodermium, sometimes with branching hyphae,
generally hyphae entire, thin; base of the stipe (if differentiated)
socle-like; lamellae often forked. 56. Trogia

C. Habit different, or stipe not insititious, or absent, or partly or entirely

gelatinized.
E. Habit distinctly clitocyboid; pileus with Marasmiellus-Rameales-
structure in epicutis (diverticulate irregularly branched short
hyphae, or at least strongly nodulose and repeatedly forked hyphae
forming the outermost layer). 60. Neoclitocybe

E. Habit different.
F. Stipe not insititious; habit collybioid. 59. Collybici
F. Stipe insititious, or habit not collybioid (generally pleurotoid, if
stipe not insititious).

G. Habit pleurotoid.
H. Epicuticular layer with a well developed (more rarely
poorly developed) asterostromelloid orifamea/es-structure;
trama of pileus entirely or partly strongly gelatinized;
hymenophoral trama distinctly alveolar or so strongly
intervenose that the anastomoses often reach the breadth
of the lamellae. 63. Campanella

H. Not combining all three characters.

I. Stipe not clearly insititious; hyphae of trama neither

gelatinized nor thin-walled at maturity; pileus surface
often grooved or radially fibrillose; context inodorous;
epicutis of pileus without a distinct ifamea/es-structure;
growing on wood. 57. Nothopanus

I. Stipe insititious; hyphae of trama of pileus gelatinized,

or not, in age, some somewhat thick-walled, or all thin-
walled; pileus often sulculate but rarely deeply grooved,
at the most innately fibrillose or somewhat subvelutinous;
context with or without specific odor; epicutis of pileus
at maturity with a more or less developed Rameales-
structure, more rarely its hyphae in their majority
smooth and entire. (See “D”, “J”.)

G. Habit not pleurotoid; stipe central or slightly eccentric.

J. Epicutis consisting of hyphae imbedded in a gelatinous

mass, or stipe continued in or accompaniedby back rhizo-
morphs; stipe generally dark colored,tough, insititious.
62. Micromphale

J. Epicutis not gelatinized, often with ifameaZes-structure;

black rhizomorphs not developed; stipe white, cinnamon
or caesious, especially towards base, frequently velutinous,
always insititious. 61. Marasmiellus

28
Tribus PANELLEAE Sing, (ut tribus Tricholomatacearum) ex Sing.
KEY TO THE GENERA

A. Hymenophore favoloid-poroid; predominantly tropical genus.

68. Dictyopanus
A. Hymenophore lamellate; predominantly temperate and boreal, but some
species of Panellus tropical.
B. Spores distinctly amyloid; veil none. 69. Panellus
B. Spores indistinctly amyloid; pellicular veil present. 67. Tectella

Tribus MARASM I EAE Fayod

KEY TO THE SUBTRIBUS

(non-reduced forms)

A. Spores, hyphae, and epicuticular elements neither amyloid nor pseudo¬

amyloid, not even partly so.
B. Epicuticular layer with hymeniformly arranged elements or strictly
palisadic (this layer may or may not include conspicuous dermato-
cystidia or hairs), or merely consisting of scattered (not forming a
continuous layer) but numerous dermatocystidia.
C. Pileus with a gelatinized pellicle; epicutis with scattered but
numerous dermatocystidia (but these not forming a continuous
layer); spore print white. Flammulinae, p. 31
C. Not so.
D. Epicutis with scattered but numerous dermatocystidia which do
not form a continuous layer; spore print usually pink (or brown¬
ish pink). Macrocystidiinae, p. 31
D. Not so: Epicutis a palisade or trichodermium, often separated
into floccons; or else a hymeniform layer present; or else epi¬
cuticular elements partly or entirely filled with dissolved
pigment, or else delicate white carpophores with white spore
print.
E. Spores globose, subglobose, or short-ellipsoid, often echinate,
or else with a conspicuously large hilar appendage; epicutis
hymeniform, with or without dermatocystidia or hairs;
hymenial cystidia present. Oudemansiellinae, p. 30
E. Not so.
F. Epicutis hymeniform, with or without dermatocystidia or
hairs; surface of pileus neither echinate nor flocculose.
G. Epicuticular elements entirely or partly pigmented, all
rounded-obtuse; pigments fuscous-bister, gray, black,
always dull, rarely absent, lamellae usually broad,
not free. Myceninae, p. 32
G. Not so. Oudemansiellinae, p. 30

F. Not so.

29
 H. Delicate, membranous omphalioid to mycenoid carpo¬
phores without any pigments (or almost).
Myceninae, p. 32
H. Not so.
I. Pileus floccose or spinose-echinate, with detersile
ornamentation. Oudemansiellinae, p. 30
I. Pileus not so. (See “K”.)
B. Epicutis consisting of repent elements which are either smooth or
diverticulate.
J. Spores globose to subglobose and rough to echinate, or smooth and
with conspicuous voluminous hilar appendage.
Oudemansiellinae, p. 30
J. Spores smooth and if globose or subglobose with normal, small hilar
appendage. Myceninae, p. 32
A. Either spores or trama or epicutis of pileus (and stipe surface) entirely or
partly either amyloid or pseudoamyloid.
J. Spores inamyloid; epicutis of repent filamentous hyphae which are in¬
amyloid; trama pseudoamyloid. Myceninae, p. 32
J. Not combining these characters.
K. Trama pseudoamyloid and spores amyloid (cf.“C“). Myceninae, p. 32
K. Trama inamyloid, or spores inamyloid, or both inamyloid, more
rarely spores pseudoamyloid.
L. Pseudoamyloid hairs or flagella-like appendages present in epi¬
cutis, or epicutis hymeniform consisting of smooth cells, or of
broom cells, or habit of carpophores distinctly pleurotoid; spores
sometimes pseudoamyloid, more frequently inamyloid.
Marasmiinae, p. 31
L. Not with any of these characters.
M. Epicutis of pileus of broom cells and diverticulate hyphae;
carpophores reviving and stipe dark, central, insititious.
Marasmiinae, p. 31
M. Not so. Myceninae, p. 32

KEY TO THE SUBTRIBUS

of the reduced series
(Hymenophore none, or somewhat venose)
All genera of the reduced series are keyed out under a special subtribus
Cyphellopsidinae (ad int.), p. 35.

Subtribus OUDEMANSIELLINAE Sing.

KEY TO THE GENERA
A. Spores large (more than 10 p. long) and subisodiametric or short ellipsoid,
tending to become thick-walled, at times echinate; habit varying from
mycenoid-collybioid to collybioid-tricholomatoid, often forming large
fleshy carpophores with well developed veil; epicutis hymeniform, with-

30
 out or with prominent dermatocystidia or pilose erect elements inter¬
spersed in the hymeniform epicutis; pileus glutinous to dry, stipe glab¬
rous, flbrillose, pilose, or velutinous not floccose-spinose. 70. Oudemansiella
A. Spores smaller or not subisodiametric, if echinulate, a voluminous hilar
appendage present, epicutis often different from the one described above.
B. Epicutis of the pileus hymeniform or in palisade, pileus and stipe
coarsely floccose from pyramidal ornamentations; or hymeniform
layer of pileus interrupted by dermatocystidia; spores without a
relatively voluminous hilar appendage and always smooth; habit
collybioid.
C. Stipe conspicuously flocculose; pileus relatively fleshy; clamp con¬
nections present; spores 8 p. long or longer and relatively broad.
71. Xerulina
C. Stipe without a pilose or flocculose covering; small collybioid or
mycenoid carpophores; hyphae with or without clamp connections;
spores generally up to 8 p long and relatively narrow or amyloid.
73. Pseudohiatula
B. Epicutis different; spores with rather voluminous hilar appendage as
related to the spore size which is generally small, echinulate-rough,
more rarely smooth; piieus glabrous to finely pubescent under a lens
but not pilose to floccose macroscopically; habit mycenoid, rarely
almost collybioid. 72. Mycenella

Subtribus FLAMMULINAE Sing, (ad int.)

Only known genus Flammulina.

Subtribus MACROCYSTIDIINAE Sing, (ad int.)

Only known genus Macrocystidia.

Subtribus MARASMIINAE Sing.

KEY TO THE GENERA

A. Epicutis of pileus hymeniform or subhymeniform, not consisting of hair-
or flagella-like strongly pseudoamyloid elements.
B. Hymenophoral trama bilateral; epicuticular elements smooth.
76. Cyptotrama
B. Hymenophoral trama regular.
C. Epicutis with smooth subisodiametric or short-clavate elements
and conspicuous pseudoamyloid or inamyloid capitate dermato¬
cystidia. (See Gloiocephala)
C. Epicutis without conspicuous capitate dermatocystidia, only rarely
and exceptionally some of the epicuticular elements with constric¬
tion (which makes them slightly subcapitate, these elements
smooth, or—broom cells. 77. Marasmius
A. Epicutis of pileus consisting of irregularly arranged elements, which are
cellular or elongated and always diverticulatc or spinulosc, or else con¬
sisting of elements which bear flagella-like pseudoamyloid appendages,
or very long, thick-walled pseudoamyloid hairs.

31
 D. Epicutis consisting of long pseudoamyloid hairs, or of elements bear¬
ing strongly pseudoamyloid flagella-like appendages.
E. Habit marasmioid (mycenoid or collybioid); cystidia, if present,
generally not pseudoamyloid; stipe well developed, central or
nearly so, straight or curved. 78. Crinipellis
E. Habit distinctly pleurotoid; stipe reduced, or strictly eccentric to
lateral, short; cystidia often pseudoamyloid. 79. Chaetocalathus
D. Epicutis without long thick-walled pseudoamyloid hairs, and epi-
cuticular elements without strongly pseudoamyloid flagellalike ap¬
pendages.
F. Pileus strongly echinate, elements of ornamentation of pileus
partly pseudoamyloid and also echinulate under the microscope;
adult carpophores not sporulating. (See 82. Amparoina)
F. Not so. (See “C” above.)

Subtribus MYCENINAE Sing.

KEY TO THE GENERA
A. Spores inamyloid.
B. Stipe with hyphae all inamyloid and not or scarcely metachromatic
in cresyl blue mounts; small delicate, generally white carpophores,
neither viscid, nor lactescent, nor truly insititious, nor with blue tones
in the stipe; usually either with diverticulate epicuticular hyphae or
with pilose conspicuous elements on sterile surface. Epicuticular ele¬
ments completely inamyloid. 80. Hemimycena
B. Not combining these characters.
C. ± Collybioid species with vesiculose bodies or dermatocystidia of
a non-pilose type, or mycenoid, omphalioid, species with a detersile
covering, a glutinous covering, a basal disc, or a stipe separable
from the pileus because of a separation layer or species with dis¬
tinctly insititious stipe, or spore wall heterogeneous, thickened and
roughened. (See “E”.)
C. Not combining any of these character correlations.
D. Hyphae at least in stipe slightly pseudoamyloid and meta¬
chromatic in cresyl blue mounts; carpophores not completely
pigmentless. (See “F”.)
D. Hyphae of stipe inamyloid and not metachromatic in cresyl
blue. Pigment none (cf. Omphalia ignobilis)
A. Spores amyloid, even if weakly so.
E. Hymenophore venose; pigment none; carpophores with a hemiangio-
carpous development (with a slight and fugacious cortina).
81. Delicatula
E. Not combining these characters.
F. Sporulation in semi-primordial state; carpophore at maturity not
producing basidiospores, but basidioles pseudoamyloid; pileus
spinose-echinate with part of the elements making up this orna¬
mentation being pseudoamyloid. 82. Amparoina

32
F. bporulation reaching its highest activity when carpophores are
reaching maturity; basidioles never pseudoamyloid even when
they have lost their capacity to develop into basidia; pileus rarely
with a detersile spinose-echinate covering, and then this covering
not at all pseudoamyloid.
G. Hyphae of stipe pseudoamyloid (at least many of them).
H. Epicuticular elements hyaline or diverticulate, or pileus;
viscid. 83. Mycena
H. Epicuticular elements smooth, pigmented; pileus not viscid.
(If lamellae free cf. Pseudohiatula.) 84. Hydropus
G. Hyphae of stipe inamyloid or almost so.
I. Hymenophore tubulose or poroid. 88. Filoboletus
I. Hymenophore not truly poroid or tubulose, although often
consisting of more or less strongly anastomosing lamellae.
J. Spores with a smooth amyloid perisporium, or spore
wall heterogeneous, or thickened or roughish.
87. Fayodia
J. Spore wall homogeneous, thin, smooth.
K. Basal mycelium yellow to fulvous; carpophores
sometimes reviving, at least stipe generally rather
tough; spores always distinctly amyloid and hyphae
inamyloid. 89. Xeromphalina
K. Basal mycelium not yellow or fulvous.
L. Pileus strongly hygrophanous, with a gum-like
separable cuticle; spores with thick amyloid layer,
subglobose, smooth or obscurely subverruculose;
trama distinctly inamyloid; cheilocystidia dis¬
tinct and numerous and pleurocystidia often pres¬
ent; epicutis of pileus consisting of repent and
smooth hyphae, rarely some hyphal ends as¬
cendant. 87. Fayodia
L. Not combining these characters.
M. Hyphae of epicutis of pileus fdiform, repent
and smooth; dermatocystidia absent.
N. Habit mycenoid, or cheilocystidia and
pleurocystidia (or only cheilocystidia)
numerous and laticifers present
(cf. Mycena and Hydropus).
N. Habit collybioid, omphalioid, ect.; pleuro¬
cystidia never, cheilocystidia rarely dif¬
ferentiated. (See trib. Leucopaxilleae.)

M. Hyphae of epicutis of pileus not filamentose

and smooth, or dermatocystidia present, or
pleurocystidia present.

33
O. Smooth vesiculose more rarely filamentous
elements in epicutis present, always broadly
rounded and in the pigmented species filled
with a grayish or grayish fuscous sap, some¬
times accompanied by broad rounded
dermatocystidia which likewise tend to be
pigmented in pigmented species; cheilo-
cystidia and often pleurocystidia present;
habit omphalioid to collybioid, rarely
mycenoid, never tricholomatoid-collybioid
nor pleurotoid-collybioid; pigments al¬
ways dull, banal, gray to fuliginous black,
fuscous, etc.; sometimes wanting; lamellae
generally broadly adnexed to decurrent.
84. Hy dr opus

O. Not combining these characters.

P. Pileus with piliform to setiform der¬

matocystidia; or epicutis consisting of
repent hyphous diverticulate elements.
(See 73. Pseudohiatula and 83. Mycena.)

P. Not with these characters.

Q. Cystidia constantly reaching over

35 p in length; dermatocystidia pre¬
sent but merely as cheilo-cystidia-
like terminal cells of a cutis (the
epicutis), hypodermium incrusted by
pigment; lamellae deeply-sinuate-
narrowly-adnexed; habit collybioid,
almost tricholomatoid with fibrous
to fleshy stuffed to solid stipe which
is central and erect, over 4 mm broad;
spores over 7 p. long.
86. Dennisiomyces

Q. Either cystidia smaller or absent;

dermatocystidia well developed but
sometimes scarce, or entirely absent,
and then epicutis formed by vesicu¬
lose hymeniformly or subhymeni-
formly arranged cells.

R. Epicutis of inflated cells, hymeni-

form or subhymeniform; pleuro¬
cystidia and cheilocystidia, none;
habit tricholomatoid-collybioid;
pigments fuscous to gray; habitat
ter restrial; spores amyloid or
inamyloid. 85. Dermoloma

34
 R. Epicutis with numerous to
sparse small dermatocystidia,
not hymeniform nor sub-
hymeniform; cystidia present
although sometimes scarce or
almost nil on sides of lamel¬
lae; habit of a small Collybia
or sometimes collybioid-pleu-
rotoid; pigments generally
brown or violet but some¬
times almost wanting; hab¬
itat lignicolous or on conifer
cones; spores amyloid.
90. Baeospora

Subtribus CY P HELLO PS I DIN AE Sing, (ad int.)

KEY TO THE GENERA

(including reduced series of Collybieae)

A. Upper fertile region of carpophore not pileate nor cup-shaped, without

a sterile surface, but vesiculose, membranous-hollow and covered by a
hymenial surface all over. 93. Physalacria
A. Carpophore stipitate or not, cup-shaped (cyphelloid) with the fertile
portion in the concave inner side of the cup, or spathulate to pileate with
a distinct sterile surface on the side opposite to the hymenium.
B. Sterile surface hymeniform, consisting of cells which are either sub-
isodiametrical or clavate and smooth, or else broom cells, sometimes,
in some cases, interrupted by characteristic dermatocystidia, not
provided with long filiform hairs, except in some Gloiocephalas.
C. Epicuticular elements—broom cells.
D. Hyphae inamyloid; black rhizomorphs present. 96. Manuripia
D. Hyphae pseudoamyloid; black rhizomorphs absent.
97. Epicnaphus
C. Epicuticular elements smooth.
E. Carpophores medium sized, with a long central stipe, smooth
hymenial surface, brightly pigmented. 98. Hymenogloea
E. Minute carpophores without bright colors, often eccentric with
smooth to lamellate fertile surfaces.
F. Characteristic, conspicuous dermatocystidia present.
94. Gloiocephala
F. Characteristic conspicuous dermatocystidia absent.
G. Abundant basal mycelium demonstrable.
95. Palaeocephala
G. Stipe insititious (cf. Marasmius, sect. Epiphylli.)
B. Sterile surface not hymeniform, nor subhymeniform.

35
 H. Sterile surface covered with setae; setae with a membranal fulvous
pigment, not opaque although wall somewhat thickened, the latter
not pseudoamyloid, thinned to an acute thin-walled apex, beset
with crystals; hymenial cystidia present. 92. Cyphellopsis
H. The hairs of sterile surface different or absent.
I. Hairs of the sterile surface always well developed but not capi¬
tate or claviculate at apex, their walls thickened or else flagella¬
like pseudoamyloid appendages present.
J. Elements of the epicutis (tomentose covering of the sterile
side of the pileus) pseudoamyloid; distinctly cyphelloid carpo¬
phores. 99. Lachnella
J. Elements of the sterile surface of the pileus (cup) not pseudo¬
amyloid (or scarcely so).
K. Hairs of sterile surface sharply delimited at the base,
sometimes with a single llagella-like appendage at the tip.
101. Flagelloscypha
K. Hairs rising from different levels and transient in the
underlying hyphae, apex not differentiated.
(cf. Alerismodes)
I. Hairs on sterile surface either thin-walled and capitate to clavi¬
culate at apex, or else absent.
L. Thin-walled hair-like long hyphae with capitate or claviculate
tip present; cyphelloid, with or without a very short pseudo¬
stipe. 100. Cellypha
L. Uppermost hyphae of sterile surface forming a Rameales-
structure, or repent and smooth.
M. Small pilei which are sterile on upper side and fertile on
lower side (where the hymenophore would be if it were
differentiated in an agaric); stipe central to lateral; sterile
surface with distinct Rameales-structure.
64. Cymatella, cf. Skepperiella
M. Astipitate or cyphelloid (with or without a pseudostipe).
N. Pseudostipe long, habit of a small Arrhenia\ spores
narrow, over 10 u long. 91. Rimbachia
N. Pseudostipe short, carpophore truly cyphelloid or
pseudostipe absent and carpophores membranous.
O. Carpophores truly cyphelloid. Rameales-structure
well developed. 66. Calyptella
0. Carpophores astipitate, membranous with irregular
outline; epicutis poorly differentiated; on living
mosses. 65. Mniopetalum

AMANITACEAE Roze
KEY TO THE TRIBUS AND GENERA
A. Spore print white, cream color or greenish, not pink to brownish pink.
Amanileae

36
 B. Stipe with a volva, or with rudiments of a volva, or else surface of the
pileus showing distinct rudiments or fragments of the volva in the
form of pyramidal or obtuse warts or flat patches of volva-tissue on
top of the cuticle proper; besides, an annulus superus is potentially
present, and is actually well developed in the majority of the species;
clamps present or absent; spores amyloid or nonamyloid, and if non¬
amyloid—margin of pileus sulcate. 102. Amanita
B. Volva absent, or replaced by a glutinous covering; annulus usually
present; clamp connections present; margin not sulcate.
C. Pileus and stipe scaly; lamellae rounded-adnexed; spores amy¬
loid, over 6 p. large. (See 55. Armillaria)
C. Pileus not scaly, viscid; lamellae free to subfree; spores inamyloid,
rarely slightly pseudoamyloid, small. 103. Limacella
A. Spore print pink or brownish pink (rarely salmon color).
D. Spores amyloid (see Amanita).
D. Spores nonamyloid.
E. Hymenophoral trama bilateral; pseudorrhiza present, inserted in
termite nests, or carpophore somewhat pleurotoid.
F. Cystidia none; spores subglobose, small, echinulate-rough;
clamp connections present; on wood in temperate zones.
105. Rhodotus (Rhodoteae)
F. Cystidia present; spores ellipsoid, medium sized or rather small,
smooth; clamp cohnections none; on termite nest in the tropics.
104. Termitomyces (Amaniteae)
E. Hymenophoral trama inverse; pseudorrhiza none, at least not in¬
serted in termite nests; carpophores not gelatinized in any organ;
sometimes growing on wood or on agarics, but never pleurotoid.
Pluteeae
G. Volva cup-shaped, always well developed. 106. Volvariella
G. Volva none.
H. Annulus present. 107. Chamaeota
H. Annulus none. 108. Pluteus

AGARICACEAE Fr.
KEY TO THE TRIBUS

A. Spores pseudoamyloid; endosporium metachromatic in cresyl blue, or

germ pore very broad and conspicuous; spore print never brownish-
purple (not even by dehydration); lamellae quite free, often remote from
the stipe by a collarium. Leucocoprineae, p. 38
A. Spores pseudoamyloid, or amyloid, or inamyloid; germ pore present or
absent (if present—spore print brownish-purple or sepia, at least in de¬
hydrated condition); endosporium not metachromatic in cresyl blue;
lamellae free or attached.

37
 B. x) Spore print brownish-purple (at least through dehydration), or
sepia, often green when fresh, lamellae free. Agariceae, p. 39
B. x) Spore print not as above.
C. Lamellae free. Lepioteae, p. 39
C. Lamellae not free. Cystodermateae, p. 40

Tribus LEUCOCOPRINEAE Sing.

KEY TO THE GENERA

A. Spore print green or olive when fresh; flesh often reddening when wounded.
B. Yolva distinct; spores small. 109. Clarkeinda
B. Volva none; spores medium to large. 110. Chlorophyllum
A. Spore print neither green nor olive when fresh.
C. Clamp connections present.
D. Pileus scaly (not merely excoriate, or furfuraceous) with usually
distinctly palisadic structure on the disc (calotte), fleshy and not
fragile, not at all plicate-sulcate, never bright yellow.
E. Volva cup-shaped, well developed. 111. Volvolepiota
E. Volva indistinct or none. 112. Macrolepiota
D. Not showing any of these characters. (See Leucocoprinus.)
C. Clamp connections absent.
E. Pileus scaly; spore print “colonial buff”; context reddening; stipe
long, with movable annulus; spores 10-13 p. long, becoming uni¬
formly deep blue in cresyl blue. (See Chlorophyllum.)
E. Not combining the characters indicated above.
F. Epicutis of pileus not consisting of spherocysts unless margin
sulcate; veil usually distinct.
G. Pileus fleshy and thick, at least in the larger part of the
radius (extreme margin may be thin), not long-plicate-
sulcate; pileus not covered with spherocysts; stipe compa¬
ratively short; basidia monomorphous; gills marbled in io¬
dine, large pseudoparaphyses uncommon. 43. Leucoagaricus
G. Pileus with very thin context, radially plicate or sulcate;
context usually unchanging; pileus sometimes covered with
spherocysts; stipe often subfilamentous and long; hymenium
of the Psathyrella sub-type (according to Buffer); large
pseudoparaphyses common and numerous.
114. Leucocoprinus
F. Epicutis of pileus consisting of spherocysts; margin not sulcate,
annular veil poorly developed [cf. Leucocoprinus (?) spec. Sing.
& Digilio, Lilloa 25: 276. 1951, of uncertain position, probably
an undescribed section of Leucoagaricus].

x) If trama composed of conducting elements and staining yellow, and

epicuticular layer a cutis, see also genus Phlehonema.

38
 Tribus AGARICEAE Pat.
KEY TO THE GENERA

A. Pileus mostly without a cellular epicutis; spores neither punctulate nor

subangular to nodose; hyphae usually without clamp connections; spore
print never green to olive.
B. Cheilocystidia none, or vesiculose; spores usually not visibly pseudo¬
amyloid; print not “burnt umber” (Maerz& Paul). 115. Agaricus
B. Cheilocystidia elongate, conspicuous; spores pseudoamyloid; print
“burnt umber”. (See Lepiota)
A. Pileus with a distinct epithelium or with pilose scales consisting of sub-
isodiametric elements; spores either punctulate or subangular to nodose
(as in Inocybe); hyphae usually with clamp connections; spore print
sometimes green to olive.
C. Spore print initially green to olive, becoming purple or brownish
purple by dehydration; spores punctulate, rather pale colored under
the microscope, not subangular to nodose. 117. Melanophyllum
C. Spore print never green to olive; spores perfectly smooth but sub¬
angular or nodose in outline, deep colored under the microscope.
116. Cystoagaricus

Tribus LEPIOTEAE Fayod

KEY TO THE GENERA

A. Epicuticular layer of the pileus consisting of repent, filamentous hyphae,

and hyphae of the trama amyloid, without clamp connections, veil
obsolete or none. 122. Pseudobaeospora
A. Epicuticular layer of the pileus not consisting of repent filamentous
hyphae or hyphae of the trama not amyloid; clamp connections present
or absent.
B. Spores not pseudoamyloid, not amyloid.
C. Epicutis hymeniform; spore print ochraceous-cream.
118. Chamaemyces
G. Epicutis not hymeniform or if hymeniform, consisting of a single
layer of isodiametric cells.
D. Veil present carpophore not pigmented or epicutis of vesiculose
cells.
E. Carpophore not pigmented; cuticle—a heteromerous layer.
119. Smithiomyces

E. Carpophores more or less pigmented, at least in part; epi¬

cutis consisting of vesiculose cells. 110. Cystolepiota
D. Veil absent; cuticle exclusively of repent filamentous hyphae.
(See Tricholomataceae)

B. Spores pseudoamyloid, rarely amyloid. 121. Lepiota

39
 Tribus CYSTODERMATEAE

KEY TO THE GENERA

A. Uppermost layer of the pileus an epithelium, more rarely epithelium
absent (and cuticle then irregularly intermixed) but in this case, epi¬
thelium present on the cortical layer of the stipe; spores smooth; stipe
never distinctly eccentric in normally developed carpophores.
B. Spore print white in mass, or nearly so, never ochraceous; spores
completely smooth, without conspicuous or persistent perisporium.
122. Cystoderma
B. Spore print ochraceous; spores often faintly punctulate, and with a
rather persistent perisporium. 123. Phaeolepiota
A. Uppermost layer of pileus a trichodermium or consisting of scattered
dermatocystidia; stipe not covered by an epithelium; spores echinulate
white, small, subglobose (in the true agaricaceous representatives, other¬
wise cf. Cortinariaceae); stipe often somewhat eccentric.
C. Pileus viscid, with dermatocystidia (cf. Tricholomataceae)
C. Pileus dry, without dermatocystidia. 124. Ripartitella

COPRINACEAE Roze

KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES

A. Sides of the lamellae parallel or subparallel; pileus often deeply plicate

at least near the margin; hymenophore and margin, or even the whole
carpophore, generally deliquescent. Coprinoideae, p. 40
A. Lamellae more or less wedge-shaped in cross section, i.e. acuminate
toward the edge, the sides not parallel, non-deliquescent.
B. Spores discolored with concentrated H2S04 to pale slate color, even
if they were black and opaque when seen in water.
Psathyrelloideae (but cf. Coprinoideae, if pileus deeply grooved-plicate),
p. 40
B. Spores not discolored in H2S04. Panaeoloideae, p. 41

Subfamily Coprinoideae Henn.

Type genus and only genus: Coprinus (Pers. ex) S. F. Gray.

Subfamily Psathyrelloideae (Kiihner) Singer

KEY TO THE GENERA

A. Base of stipe with a well developed cup-shaped large membranous volva.

127. Macrometula
A. Volva indistinct or fugacious or none. 128. Psathyrella

40
 Subfamily Panaeoloideae Sing.
KEY TO THE GENERA
A. Cystidia absent on the sides of the lamellae.
B. Spore print deep purplish fuscous; spores warty. 129. Panaeolina
B. Spore print black; spores smooth. 130. Panaeolus
A. Cystidia present on the sides of the lamellae.
C. Cystidia of the metuloid type; colored, thick-walled, acute; habit of
the carpophores exactly as in Panaeolus. Context bluing. Predomi¬
nantly tropical genus. 131. Copelandia
C. Cystidia similar to the chrysocystidia, with refringent inclosure which
is, however, not distinctly yellow in ammonia, with hyaline, thin wall
and with broadly rounded apex; context not bluing.
D. Habit of the carpophores different from that of the typical
Panaeoli: more fleshy and thick, never hygrophanous; stipe when
young generally solid and white; cuticle viscid. Cosmopolitan genus.
132. Anellaria
D. Habit typical of Panaeolus; stipe strongly pigmented, stuffed, soon
tubulose; cuticle generally not viscid, strongly pigmented. Tem¬
perate. (See “B”.)

BOLBITIACEAE Sing.
KEY TO THE GENERA
A. Spore print rusty brown.
B. Pileus viscid, plicate-sulcate as in some Coprini; stipe white or
whitish even near the base; trama of the lamellae regular; cheilo-
cystidia not abruptly capitate. 136. Bolbitius
B. Fungi not combining these characters.
C. Lamellae very narrow, decurrent, triangular; pileus expanded in
age; consistency not fleshy. (See Tubariopsis.)
C. Lamellae not abnormally narrow and decurrent and triangular;
pileus expanding in age at least to a certain degree, or more rarely
not expanding; consistency fleshy.
D. Trama of the lamellae consisting of a very reduced medio-
stratum, the hymenopodia on both sides of it very strongly
developed and almost touching each other; veil mostly com¬
pletely absent; pileus plicate or cheilocystidia with a stalked
globule at the apex (abruptly capitate).
E. Pileus plicate-sulcate as in some Coprini; cheilocystidia am-
pullaceous. 134. Galerella
E. Pileus subsulcate or transparently striate when moist, or
even quite smooth; cheilocystidia abruptly capitate.
133. Conocybe
D. Trama of the lamellae normally regular (mediostratum well
developed, many of its elements rather voluminous) ; veil pre¬
sent or absent; pileus never plicate-sulcate; cheilocystidia
rarely capitate. 135. Pholiotina

41
A. Spore print ferruginous fuscous, or sordid brown.
F Lamellae linear, narrow; context of the pileus very thin; margin
plicate-sulcate. <See Bolbitms)

F. Lamellae broad to moderately narrow, not linear; context of the pileus

comparatively thick; margin not sulcate. 137. Agrocybe

STROPHARIACEAE Sing. & Smith

KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES

A. Spore print deep lilac to blackish lilac, or deep fuscous sepia with, per¬
haps, a slight purplish hue; typically (as in Naematoloma radicosum)
between “Casserole” and “Java +” (Maerz & Paul); spores under the
miscroscope in alkaline solution often tending to olive color or fuscous,
or with a reddish chestnut line along the episporium, sometimes lentiform
and often rhomboid in frontal view. Stropharioideae, p. 42

A. Spore print cinnamon brown, deep rusty cinnamon, rusty fuscous; spores
under the microscope in NH4OH usually melleous, rarely and the indis¬
tinctly lentiform and rather rarely rhomboid. Pholiotoideae, p. 43

Subfamily Stropharioideae Sing.

KEY TO THE GENERA

A. Chrysocystidia or at least striking yellow (in KOH) pleurocystidia

present.
B. Hypodermium consisting of elongate hyphae which are broader than
the hyphae of the epicutis but do not form a subcellular layer; veil
always annular, simple or double, dry or glutinous; hymenophoral
trama of more or less interwoven hyphae of unequal diameter; cheilo-
cystidia most frequently clavate, but also often ampullaceous growing
on plant debris, on soil, rotten wood, or dung. 138. Stropharia

B. Hypodermium subcellular, consisting mainly of strongly shortened

hyphal cells which are often spherocyst-like; annulus simple, or none,
and then the veil restricted to the margin of the pileus, rarely very
fugacious and not showing up in mature specimens; hymenophoral
trama usually strictly regular consisting of filamentous hyphae of re¬
duced diameter, more rarely so merely in a lateral stratum or broad
liymenopodium, with the mediostratum consisting of chains of
swollen cells; growing on wood, on the soil, on moss, on Carex, etc.
139. Naematoloma

42
A. Chrysocystidia none; cystidia without yellowing parts (in KOH) present
on the sides of the lamellae, or only cheilocystidia present.
C. Spores very large; pileus and stipe viscid, the latter viscid from a
glutinous subannulate veil; occurring on soil in pastures, and on
dung. (See “B”.)
C. Spores small to very large; pileus sometimes viscid, but veil not
glutinous; occurring on dung and other habitats.
D. Stipe centrally attached and as long or longer than the diameter
of the pileus.
E. Hypodermium distinctly subcellular; hymenophoral trama
strictly regular; annulus well developed; context not bluing on
exposure to the air; habitat not coprophilous. (See “B”.)
E- Hypodermium not distinctly subcellular, or annulus not devel¬
oped, or context bluing, or growing on dung, often exhibiting
all these characters (or several of them). 140. Psilocybe
D. Stipe little developed, short (shorter than the diameter of the
pileus), curved and often not free from the rear side of the pileus,
eccentric. 141. Melanotus

Subfamily Pholiotoideae (Imai) Sing.

KEY TO THE GENERA
A. Stipe central.
B. Spores pale melleous to brownish melleous, with double, but not
particularly strongly thickened wall, sometimes phaseoliform or reni-
form or lentiform, or amygdaliform, or simply ovoid to ellipsoid or
ellipsoid-oblong to subcylindric, with or without a truncate germ
pore; pleurocystidia present or absent.
C. Either pileus squamose, or chrysocystidia or similar yellow to
brown often incrusted pleurocystidia present, or spores amygdali¬
form, or phaseoliform-reniform; pileus rarely hygrophanous.
142. Pholiota
C. Pileus not squamose; pleurocystidia rarely present, and then hya¬
line in KOH; spores ovoid to ellipsoid, in profile sometimes with
more convex outer side, but never phaseoliform or reniform, al¬
ways with a broad truncate germ pore; pileus hygrophanous.
143. Kuehneromyces
B. Spores bright and deep cinnamon to rusty brown under the micro¬
scope, with exceedingly thick, complex wall, with or without a germ
pore, neither lentiform (but occasionally somewhat rhombic) nor
amygdaliform, nor phaseoliform-reniform (although inner side oc¬
casionally less convex than outer side), nor ellipsoid-oblong to sub¬
cylindric; pleurocystidia absent. 144. Pachylepyrium
A. Stipe eccentric, at least in mature carpophores, shorter than the average
diameter of the pileus, often strongly curved, small; pileus non-hygro-
phanous to slightly hygrophanous; germ pore present or absent, or
weakly developed, rarely truncate; spore wall brownish melleous to as
deeply colored as that of Pachylepyrium (see under “B”); pleurocystidia
absent (or few cheilocystidioid ones very near the edge).
145. Pleuroflammula

43
 CORTIN ARIACEAE Roze

KEY TO THE TRIBUS

A. Spore print brownish argillaceous or dirty ochraceous fuscous, or rusty

brown, or bright and rich ferruginous fulvous (for exact colors see under
the genera no. 146, 147, 149, 150, 152, 153, 156, 157, 158, 159), not ochra¬
ceous yellow, not cream color, not whitish, and not olive-gray to black.
B. Spore print brownish argillaceous or dirty ochraceous fuscous (for
exact colors see genera 146, 147, 149, 150); spores often nodulose, or
angular or stellate, or else smooth-terete, or with exosporial punctation
or warty, without a plage; cheilocystidia always present; muricate
metuloids often present (and then spores without exosporial ornamen¬
tation). Inocybeae, p. 44
B. Spore print rusty brown to bright and rich ferruginous-fulvous; spores
never angular or nodose or stellate, but often with exosporial ornamen¬
tation and then sometimes with plage; cheilocystidia present or
absent; metuloids rarely present, and then spores with exosporial
ornamentation.
C. Spores smooth; epicutis of broad, broadly rounded pigment- or
crystal-incrusted elements forming an epithelium or a tricho-
dermium; cheilocystidia present, pleurocystidia, none.
Phaeomarasmieae, p. 45
C. Spores with a distinct exosporial ornamentation, or else not combin¬
ing the characters indicated above. Cortinarieae, p. 45
A. Spore print olive to blackish, porphyry brown, or whitish to ochraceous
yellow.
D. Spore print whitish to ochraceous yellow, spores smooth.
E. Metuloids present, or cortina, if present, not attached to a basal
margined bulb, or both characters visible at once; veil not annular;
epithelium and heavily incrusted trichodermia absent.
(See Inocybeae, p. 44)
E. Metuloids absent; cortina attached to a basal margined bulb, or
veil annular, or pileus and stipe with an epithelium or trichoderm-
ium of heavily incrusted broad elements. (See “C”.)
D. Spore print olive gray-black, porphyry brown; spores not smooth, olive
bister to sepia brown; habit reminiscent of a small species of Paxillus
or of Hebeloma. (See Inocybeae, p. 44)

Tribus INOCYBEAE Fayod

KEY TO THE GENERA

A. Pileus without dermatocystidia (or very rarely with scattered ones of the
Inocybe-type, and then the pileus radially fibrillose), and without round
cells on its surface; the epicutis is formed by a cutis or else by an un¬
organized trichodermium, or by remnants of either, never in form of an
epithelium; cuticle macroscopically fibrillose to scaly-lacerate or smooth,
and then generally viscid.

44
 B. Spores without a persiporial or exosporial ornamentation, but some¬
times angular to nodose or stellate; metuloids often present.
146. Inocybe
B. Spores with a perisporial or an exosporial ornamentation, rarely
without any ornamentation, and then spores ellipsoid to almond-
shaped and metuloids absent.
C. Spore print olive gray to almost black or some kind of brown spoies
with perisporial ornamentation; habit of a small Paxillus-, pileus
fibrillose, subsquamulose or subglabrous, not viscid; lamellae
broadly adnate to subdecurrent. 151. Melanomphalia
C. Spore print never olive gray to almost black, and spores without
perisporial, but generally with exosporial ornamentation; habit
tricholomatoid; pileus generally more or less viscid to glutinous;
lamellae not broadly adnate nor decurrent.
D. Spore print nearly white or white. 148. Hebelomina
D. Spore print porphyry brown or argillaceous. 147. Hebelomci
A. Pileus with numerous dermatocystidia (analogous to the cheilocystidia),
or with numerous vesiculose cells forming an epithelium, or fascicles of
differentiated elements forming a hymeniform layer or a palisade or
fragments of one; cuticle definitely not formed by an unorganized
trichodermium or cutis and not gelatinized.
E. Spores with an exosporial ornamentation; most species mycorrhizal.
149. Alnicola
E. Spores not with an exosporial ornamentation; not mycorrhizal.
F. Spores absolutely smooth; epicutis with crowded dermatocystidia
or fragments of nests of dermatocystidia. 150. Simocybe
F. Not so. (See “C”.)

Tribus PHAEOMARASMIEAE Sing.

Only genus Phaeomarasmius Scherffel.

Tribus CORTINARIEAE Fayod

KEY TO THE GENERA

A. Fungi generally forming ectotrophic mycorrhiza with forest trees (or
their shrubby or subherbaceous relatives) and difficult to grow (mycelium
growing slowly and sometimes not at all in the standard agar media like
potato dextrose agar without vitamine addition); spores constantly
with a distinct exosporial ornamentation and without a plage (rarely
with an indistinct suprahilar plage), unless spore print not ferrugineous
(yellow, cream, or whitish); carpophores in youth with a distinct cortina,
more rarely with an inner membranous veil and then spore print yellow,
or membranous veil double and cheilocystidia absent; clamp connections
present or else, if clamps absent, stipe glutinous or viscid.
B. Spores smooth, whitish or cream in print, becoming light ochraceous
in a few hours or light ochraceous from the beginning; cortina and
basal bulb present. 156. Leucocorlinarius
B. Spores not smooth, never whitish in print.

45
 C. Inner veil membranous, white or whitish; spore strongly mucro-
nate with callus.
D. Veil macroscopically double; spore print distinctly rusty.
153. Rozites
D. Veil macroscopically simple; spore print ochraceous yellow.
Southern Hemisphere. 155. Descolea

C. Inner veil a cortina; outer veil fibrillose, scaly, membranous, or

glutinous, or macroscopically absent, whitish or pigmented; spore
print distinctly rusty. 154. Cortinarius

A. Fungi not known to form mycorrhiza with forest trees (but may form
endotrophic mycorrhiza!), mostly easy to grow from tramal fragments
on standard agar media, with constantly distinctly rusty spore print;
clamp connections and cortina present or absent; sometimes veil missing
except in the primordia; spores with exosporial ornamentation, more
rarely without it, often with a suprahilar plage, but if plage is absent,
often either without clamp connections, or with a pseudorrhiza, or with
a black reaction with KOH (on surface of carpophores) and in that case,
carpophores often lignicolous and always with a distinct exosporial
ornamentation.
E. Clamp connections absent; spores without a suprahilar plage.
F. Small fragile carpophores, generally with a distinct veil or with
numerous dermatocystidia; pseudorrhiza absent. (See Galerina)
F. Medium sized to rather large “Naucoria”-like (collybioid) carpo¬
phores, mostly with a pseudorrhiza and without distinct veil rem¬
nants in the adult carpophore. (See Phaeocollybia)
E. Clamp connections present.

G. Spores varying from smooth to coarsely verrucose-rugose, but if

ornamented always with at least a rugged line delimiting the supra¬
hilar plage; apex of spores either with a narrow non-truncate germ
pore, or, much more frequently, with a callus or without dis¬
continuity. 160. Galerina
G. Spores with a (sometimes fine, sometimes well developed) punctate
to verrucose exosporial ornamentation and without any trace of a
plage.
H. Stipe typically central, rarely slightly eccentric, sometimes with
a pseudorrhiza, generally straight.

I. Stipe often with a pseudorrhiza; pileus often viscid, often

acute in center; lamellae often free or subfree; veil practi¬
cally none in adult specimens; stipe often cartilaginous,
usually (seemingly?) humicolous. 159. Phaeocollybia
I. Not combining the characters indicated above; surface often
blackened by alkali. 157. Gymnopilus

H. Stipe eccentric to lateral, sometimes almost wanting, curved or

oblique if well developed. 158. Pyrrhoglossum

46
 CREPIDOTACEAE (imai) Sing.

KEY TO THE GENERA

A. Agaricoid genera with well developed lamellae.

B. Habit clitocyboid, collybioid, or omphaliod.
C. Spores subglobose or coscinocystidia present. (See Paxillaceae)
C. Spores never subglobose, coscinocystidia absent. 161. Tubaria
B. Habit pleurotoid.
D. Spores under the microscope melleous to melleous brownish or pale
rusty melleous to melleous, never oblong to cylindric and at the same
time having homogeneous (smooth) spore wall; spore print color
“clay color” or “honey yellow” (R.), “oak wood”, “terrapin”, or
13-K-10/11 (M & P), sometimes becoming deeper or rustier on
dehydration. Clamp connections present or absent. 162. Crepidotus
D. Spores under the microscope stramineous-hyaline to light yellowish,
smooth; spore print “cream buff”, “chamois” (R.), “cork” (M & P),
clamp connections generally absent. 163. Pleurotellus
A. Cyphelloid genera without hymenophore (reduced series).
E. Spores with homogeneous wall, smooth; clamp connections present.
F. Outermost hyphal layer of cups forming a loose trichodermium of
hyphal hairs which are incrusted; stroma not conspicuous or none.
164. Episphaeria
F. Outermost layer of sterile cup surface formed by a trichodermial
palisade consisting of well delimited incrusted or non-incrusted,
often more or less thick-walled hairs; cups accompanied by or
rising from a conspicuous brown stroma consisting of bunches of
brown subparallel hairs. 165. Phaeosolenia
E. Spores punctate; clamp connections present or absent.
G. Spores oblong, pale melleous; sterile surface with cystidioid hairs
which are distinctly elongate; clamp connections none.
166. Pellidiscus

G. Spores short ellipsoid; sterile surface with irregular cystidioid short

elements; clamp connections present. 167. Chromocyphella

RHODOPHYLLA CEAE Sing.

KEY TO THE GENERA

A. Spores not angular in frontal view and in profile, but often rough to
warty.
B. Spores smooth (except for occasional uneven places showing the
presence of longitudinal ribs) in profile or frontally. 168. Clitopilus

47
 B. Spores rough to warty (because of the wavy outline of the wall) when
seen in profile or frontally1). 169. Rhodocybe
A. Spores angular in frontal view and in profile, never rough and warty.
170. Rhodophyllus (Acurtis)

PAXILLACEAE R.Maire, apud Maire, Dumee& Lutz

KEY TO THE GENERA
A. Spore print at least “chamois” (Ridgway), or deeper brownish; lamellae
usually more or less anastomosing, at least in some parts of the hymeno-
phore, or with transversal veins of rugose ridges on the sides of the
lamellae, or if not anastomosing or rugose at all, producing spores with
rough or echinate wall; chemical reagents such as FeS04, KOH, and
NH4OH usually reacting strongly with the surfaces and the context of
the carpophores.
B. Spores completely smooth; lamellae more or less anastomosing; cos-
cinoids either absent or indistinctive. 173. Paxillus
B. Spores not smooth; lamellae not much anastomosing, or coscinoids
present.
C. Coscinoids present; spores verrucose-rough; ornamentation of
type XII. 174. Linderomyces
C. Coscinoids none; spores echinate; ornamentation of type VI.
175. Neopaxillus
A. Spore print almost white or white (sometimes somewhat cream colored
in thick layer; individual spores under the microscope often with a slight
yellowish reflex); lamellae little or not anastomosing but often strongly
forked, not venose on the sides; chemical color reactions weak or none;
spores smooth or very slightly rounded-angular.
D. Pleurotoid carpophores without pigment; spores inamyloid, globose.
171. Cheimonophyllum
D. Clitocyboid, rarely pleurotoid carpophores; spores pseudoamyloid.
172. Hygrophoropsis

GOMPHIDIACEAER. Maire
Mainly Gomphidius Fr. (if veil consists of spherocysts: Cystogomphus Sing.)

BO LET ACE AE Chevalier

KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES
A. Clamp connections constantly present except in occasional partheno-
genetic forms, and easily observed on at least a fair percentage of the
septa; tubes not boletinoid; spores always rather short, i.e. not more
than twice as long as broad. Gyrodontoideae, p. 49
A. Clamp connections either not constant in a genus (and then the tubes
boletinoid and the spores elongate), or very sparse (not more than
10 clamps to 100 septa), or persistently lacking.
If there is a mixture of angular and smooth spores, and only a minority
of verruculose spores, this is likely to be a stage or form of some Rhodocybe.

48
 B. Hymenophore boletinoid, or entirely red to pink (not merely the
pores discolored), or stipe with glandulae; all except one species
{Suillus rubinus) forming mycorrhiza with conifers. Suilloideae, p. 49
B. Hymenophore not boletinoid, and not pink or red inside, and stipe not
glandulose; mycorrhiza with conifers or with other trees or shrubs, or
else mycorrhiza not selective, or perhaps mycorrhiza not always
formed.
C. Pileus appressedly squamulose or strongly viscid; NH4OH reacting
more or less pink or reddish-lilac or green with some parts of the
carpophore; stipe equal; spores usually smaller than 10 p. and
rather pale melleous, elongate, i.e. more than twice as long as
broad; cystidia rather large and incrusted; hymenophoral trama
of the Boletus-type (lateral stratum strongly divergent and hyaline,
very loosely arranged); hymenophore adnate; mycelium forming
mycorrhiza exclusively with conifers. (See Suilloideae, p. 49)
C. Not combining all these characters.
D. Lateral stratum of the hymenophoral trama slightly divergent,
only little paler (if at all) than the mediostratum, and its walls
touching each other, often becoming somewhat irregular in age
[Phylloporus type of trama); hymenophore made up of lamellae
or tubes; spore print always olive brown or olive, rarely
“citrine” (Ridgway). Xerocomoideae, p. 50
D. Hymenophoral trama of the Boletus-type; hymenophore always
made up of tubes; spore print olive brown, olive, or some other
color. Boletoideae, p. 50

Subfamily Gyrodoutoideae Sing.

KEY TO THE GENERA

A. Hymenophore depressed or subfree around the apex of the stipe, not

arcuate-decurrent.
B. Spore print yellow. 178. Gyroporus
B. Spore print olive brown. 179. Phaeogyroporus
A. Hymenophore more or less arcuate-decurrent.
C. Veil present. 180- Paragyrodon
C. Veil none. 181- Gyrodon

Subfamily Suilloideae Sing.

KEY TO THE GENERA

A. Veil none.
B. Stipe somewhat hollow; hymenophore lamellately arranged near the
very margin, more so than near the stipe; pileus not viscid.
J & 182. Psiloboletinus
B Stipe solid; hymenophore not lamellately arranged at the margin or
at least not more so than near the stipe; pileus viscid. 184. Suillus
A. Veil present, at least in young specimens of a majority of a polupation.

49
 G. Stipe without glandulae; pileus not viscid, or rarely becoming viscid
at maturity, starting from the margin; surface of the pileus fibrillose,
or scaly or floccose (this covering may be the outer layer of the veil
when continuing beyond the margin of the pileus in young specimens);
hymenophore in most species very strongly boletinoid, never com¬
posed of fine pores with a diameter of less than 0.5 mm.; clamp con¬
nections present in several species; stipe hollow in several species.
183. Boletinus
C. Stipe with or without glandulae; pileus viscid on the disc of young
specimens; surface of the pileus either glabrous or, if not glabrous, the
fibrils are detersible or easily washed off; hymenophore boletinoid or
consisting of tubes with fine pores; clamp connections absent; stipe
solid. 184. Suillus

Subfamily Xerocomoideae Sing.

KEY TO THE GENERA

A. Hymenophore lamellate. 185. Phylloporus

A. Hymenophore tubulose. 186. Xerocomus

Subfamily Boletoideae Sing.

KEY TO THE GENERA

A. Stipe not scabrous, i.e. not beset with darker or concolorous (and then
yellow) squamules or furfuraceous particles, or else, i.e. if the stipe is
somewhat furfuraceous, the pores are reddish, or the cuticle is neither a
cutis nor an epithelium; the surface of the stipe is also often smooth,
pubescent, finely reticulate to coarsely reticulate or somewhat longi¬
tudinally fibrillose, or pulverulent; pores small or wide, red or concolor¬
ous, free or adnate to somewhat decurrent; mycorrhiza with frondose
trees or with coniferous trees, in some cases the formation of mycorrhiza
not certain.
B. Spore print consistently brownish with an olivaceous tinge, or olive
colored.
C. Pileus covered with a yellow pulverulence or viscid (and then the
cuticle not made up of an epithelium or trichodermium); veil often
present, or stipe viscid; in very old and dried material, the hymeno¬
phore often assuming a very deep golden yellow or golden olive,
or reddish orange color due to an easily dissolved (NH4OH)
pigment which is bright yellow under the microscope and similar
to that of the Gymnopili (Cortinariaceae). On earth or on wood.
187. Pulveroboletus
C. Pileus not covered with yellow pulverulence and not viscid unless
the cuticle is made up by a trichodermium; veil never present;
stipe always dry; yellow pigment often present but usually not as
abundant and deep colored as in Gymnopilus. On earth.
188. Boletus
B. Spore print not showing any trace of olive even if quite fresh.

50
 E. Spore print rusty yellow; spores bright golden under the micro¬
scope, long-cylindric, almost rod-shaped and narrow in the type;
stipe smooth and glabrous; context white, unchanging, mild.
189. Xanthoconium
E. Spore print deeper ferruginous brown, or wood brown, fawn color,
pinkish vinaceous, etc., spores not golden under the microscope,
not (or exceptionally) rod-shaped; stipe rarely smooth and glabrous
as well; context rarely white and unchanging and mild at the same
time. 190. Tylopilus
A. Stipe scabrous with darker squamules or furfuraceous particles, the
squamules somewhat squarrulose, making the surface appear rough, and
consisting of fascicles of parallel hyphae which end up in a fragmentary
stipe hymenium, consisting of dermatobasidia, dermato-pseudopara-
physes, and dermatocystidia; if the surface of the stipe is merely
furfureaceous, the cuticle consists partly of an epithelium or a cutis
(cinnamon colored horizontal hyphae imbedded in a gelatinous mass);
stipe often rather fibrous-hard and often attenuate from the basal
thickening to the apex, more rarely cylindric or ventricose; pores of the
hymenophore very small, their walls thin, therefore also the hymeno-
phoral trama a very thin layer, the pores never red, the tubes free or
very strongly depressed around the apex of the stipe, very long in most
species in the middle between the apex of the stipe and the margin;
mycorrhiza almost constantly with trees of the orders Salicales or
Fagales (only Leccinum aurantiacum occasionally with 2-needle pines,
but much more frequently with Populus). 191. Leccinum

STROBILOMYCETACEAE Gilbert
KEY TO THE GENERA

A. Hymenophore tubulose.
B. Spores globose to short-ellipsoid; hymenophore white to gray at first,
becoming darker in age; stipe not waxy-costate-lacunose; pileus and
stipe either warty, or woolly, or spinose-squarrose. 192. Strobilomyces
B. Fungi not combining these characters.
C. Tubes and pores in the young carpophores white to pale grayish
cream color, becoming light pinkish vinaceous or sordid gray to
porphyry brown with a grayish tinge when quite mature; spores
with short cylindric spines imbedded in the episporium, making
the spores appear punctulate when their upper surface is focussed
upon (type XII), in some cases the vast majority or all spores
smooth; print varying from “warm sepia” to “Sudan brown”
(Ridgway) or “hazel” (Ridgway) or “Mohawk”, “oak” (Maerz &
Paul) without any olivaceous tinge. 193. Porphyrellus
C. Tubes yellow in youth, becoming melleous or brownish melleous,
or olivaceous with age; spores with an ornamentation as described
above, or with longitudinal wings (type X), or else smooth (most
frequently with longitudinal wings); spore print deep brownish-
olivaceous to black, not reddish when fresh. 194. Boletellus
A. Hymenophore lamellate. 195. Phylloboletellus

51
 RUSSULACEAE Roze
KEY TO THE GENERA
A Latex absent; pigments mostly intracellular, very rarely membranal or
intercellular; Wood’s light and polarized light causing a certain degree
of luminescence; trama of the lamellae usually with spherocysts in the
half nearer the edge ; lamellae equal or intermixed. 196. Russula
A. Latex present (except for older, dry specimens), either forming droplets
of watery or milky-opaque consistency, or merely moistening the surface
of freshly bruised tissue; pigment often only membranal, and inter¬
cellular pigment also occurring; trama of the lamellae mostly (except for
certain primitive groups) not containing spherocysts, at least in the half
closer to the edge; lamellae practically always intermixed. 197. Lactarius

REFERENCES TO EXISTING KEYS TO THE SPECIES

Aeruginospora:
A key to the European species of this group see Kuhner & Romagnesi,
Flore anal., p. 60-61; to the clampless American species, see Smith & Hesler,
Sydowia 8: 319-320. 1954. For European species see also Orton in Trans.
Brit. Myc. Soc. 43: 247-248 (together with Camarophyllus, under Hygro-
phorus).

Agaricus:
Keys to the European species can be found in Pilat, Act. Mus. Nat.
Pragae 7 B, 1951. See also Moeller, Danish Psalliota Species, Friesia 4: 1-60,
135-22. 1950-2, and Kuhner & Romagnesi, Flore analytique, p. 409-416,
1953. For the African species of the Belgian Congo, see Heinemann, Bull.
Jard. Botan. d. I’Etat 26: 1-136. 1956. The determination of the American
species is still difficult and cannot be accomplished with keys. The Asiatic
species are little studied, and so are the Australian ones. The cultivated
species can be determined by a key published by this author in his book
Mushrooms and Truffles, Leonard Hill (World Crops Series) 1961.

Agrocybe:
For the determination of the species there is a key in Lilloa 22 (1951),
p.493-495; also in Kuhner & Romagnesi, Flore anal., p.340-342. For South
American species, a key was published by Singer&Digilio, Lilloa 25: 319-320.

Alnicola:
For European species, see Singer, Lilloa 22: 540-541. 1949 (published
1951) or Kuhner & Romagnesi, Flore analyt., pp. 326-328 (as Naucoria sub¬
genus Alnicola), and Moser in Gams, Kl. Krypt.-Fl., pp. 165-167, or Orton,
Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 43: 311-314. 1960 as Naucoria sect. Alnicola. For
South American species see Singer & Digilio, Lilloa 25: 365. 1951 (publ.
1952) . These keys can also be used for the majority of the known species of
North America, Northern Asia and North Africa.

52
Amanita:
Keys to European species were published by Kiihner & Romagnesi,
(1953) Singer (1950). The North American species can be determined with
Coker’s key and an approximate determination can also be achieved with
the help of Gilbert in Bresadola, but in both papers the species are often
wrongly defined or misnamed. See also Hongo, Mem. Fac. Lib. Arts Shiga
Un. 972-73. 1959.

Anthracophyllum:
A key to four of the five species recognized here can be found in Lilloa 22 :
207. 1951. For a description of A.discolor see Lilloa 6: 188. 1952; oiA.ber-
terii see Ark. Botan., Stockholm 4 (9): 379. 1959; of A. paxilloides see Anais
Soc. Biol. Pernambuco 13: 227. 1955.

Baeospora:
See Lilloa 25: 241-242, 1952 for the Argentine species; Kiihner & Roma¬
gnesi, Flore anal, (under Collybia) for the European species.

Boletellus:
See Singer, Farlowia 2: 107, 122, 130. 1945.

Boletinus:
Lilloa 22: 653. 1949.

Boletus:
Keys to the various sections of Boletus applicable to European and Eastern
North American, especially Floridian species but also to all other species
sufficiently well known at present, can be found in Singer, Am. Midi. Natur.
37:21-60. 1947.

Callistosporium:
A key to the species was published by Singer, Lilloa 22: 233. 1951.

Calocybe:
For the European species the key by Kiihner & Romagnesi, Flore anal.,
p. 162, is recommended; also Moser in Gams, Kl. Krypt. Flora. Mitt., 2nd.
ed.,p. 51-52. A key including exotic species see Lilloa 22: 170. 1951.

Camarophyllus:
The best key available for North American species is that published in
Lloydia 5: 5-6. 1942 by A. H. Smith & Hesler. For European species see
Kiihner & Romagnesi, Flore anal., p. 54. For subantarctic species see
Sydowia 6: 169. 1952.

Chaetocalathus:
A key to eleven out of the thirteen species known was published in my
monograph, Lilloa 8: 517. 1942 and Lilloa 22. 342, 1951.

53
Clitopilus:
See Lilloa 22: 607. 1949; Lilloa 25: 417. 1951.

Collybia:
Unfortunately, there is no satisfactory key to the species of this genus.
When older taxonomic works are consulted, care should be taken not to
omit the species then considered as Marasmius instead of Collybia. The
relatively few European species may be determined by Moser in Gams,
Kl. Krypt., 2nd. ed., p. 63-66, and the microscopical characters checked in
Kiihner& Romagnesi, Flore anal., where the species of this genus are distri¬
buted among the genera Marasmius sensu Kiihner & Romagnesi, Collybia,
etc.

Conocybe:
The best keys available are these by Kiihner [1935, Le Genre Galera (Fr.)
Quel.], Kiihner & Romagnesi, Flore anal. (1953) under Galera, and for South
America, Singer & Digilio, Lilloa 25, under Conocybe.

Coprinus:
Keys to the European species have been published by Kiihner & Roma¬
gnesi, Flore analytique, pp. 375-390, 1953.

Cortinarius:
The species of the North American Continent are keyed out in Kauffman’s
work, cited twice before [North American Flora 10 (5): 282-290. 1932]; but
many species described later must be looked up in the original papers by
A. H. Smith and W. A. Murrill1).
The species of Europe can be determined by using Moser (in Gams) and
Lange’s keys, with consultation of such works as Ricken’s Blatterpilze and
Bresadola’s Iconographia Mycologica. Lange’s keys, descriptions and colored
figures were republished in Lange, Flora Agaricina Danica 3: 7. 1938. More
species are keyed out by Kiihner & Romagnesi, Flore anal., pp. 250-272.1953.
See also Orton, The Naturalist, Suppl., Cortinarius I—II, 1955, 1958.
Complete keys have been published for certain groups of Cortinarius.
The American species of Bulbopodium, i.e. Phlegmacium with margined
bulb can be determined with the key published by A. H. Smith in the Bull.
Torr. Bot. Cl. 69 (1): 45-48. 1942. The European species of the same group
are treated in a key published by Henry in Revue de Mycologie, supplement
8 (2): 1-56. 1943. He indicates many American species in his key, and it
is not quite clear whether he has studied them himself, and whether he

*) It is perhaps worth-while to indicate here that, according to the author’s

type studies, Hebeloma verruculosum Murr. [recte: Cortinarius verruculosus
(Murr.) Sing.], Hebeloma longisporum Murr. [recte: Cortinarius longisporus
(Murr.) Sing.], Galerula westii Murr. [recte: Cortinarius westii (Murr.) Sing.],
Inocybe w'eberi Murr. [recte: Cortinarius weberianus Sing, n.n.], Naucoria
cuspidata Murr. [recte: Cortinarius cuspidatus (Murr.) Sing.], Naucoria
melleipes Murr. [recte: Cortinarius melleipes (Murr.) Sing.], and Tricholoma
iaganicum (Speg.) Sacc. are Cortinarii.

54
thinks that they occur in Europe. Another key, containing the sections
Chduchi and Elastici was published in the same journal by the same author
[Rev. Myc. 10: 44-82 (supplement). 1945 (published 1946)]. Several other
keys were published by Moser (in Sydowia and in Gams, Kl. Kryptog.) and
for the whole of subgenus Phlegmacium (treated as genus Phlegmacium) an
excellent illustrated monographic work for Central Europe is now available
(Moser, M., Die Pilze Mitteleuropas 4. 1961).
The Australian species can be determined with the keys and descriptions
given by Cleland. Toadstools and Mushrooms, 1: 104-115, Adelaide 1934.
The two European species indicated among the several Australian species
may be misdeterminations.
Those who do not arrive at satisfactory determinations with the help of
the papers cited above, are advised that innumerable species have been
described that are not considered in these keys. Karsten, Britzelmayr, and
Velenovsky described numerous new species each, and these species have not
come into general use, often rightly so because the species concept of these
authors was a very narrow-one, but also often wrongly since more detailed
studies of the anatomy and the chemical characters of certain species show
that these may be correlated with some minor macroscopical character
emphasized by these authors. The same may be true of the twenty-four
species of Cortinarius described by Murrill from Florida.

Crepidotus:
See key in Lilloa 22: 595-599, 1949. In Europe it is also advantageous
to compare Pilat’s key, and for species not belonging to the European,
North American, and South American Crepidotus flora cf. also Pilat, Trans.
Brit. Mycol. Soc. 33: 240. 1950.

Crinipellis:
An incomplete key to the species has been published in my monograph
(.Lilloa 8: 441-534) and in Lilloa 22: 337-340, 1951. Many of the additional
species were keyed out in Lilloa 25: 218-219. 1952.

Cystoderma:

See the monograph by Singer & Smith, Pap. Mich. Acad. Sc. 30: 80. 1944
(publ. 1945) and Lilloa 22: 449. 1949 (publ. 1951).

Cystolepiota:

See Singer & Digilio, Lilloa 25: 282. 1951.

Dictyopanus:
A key to this genus has been published by Singer, Lloydia 8: 222. 1945.

F iloboletus :
A key has been given in Lilloa 22: 372. 1951. It does not include Favo-
laschia slaudtii which differs from F. gracilis in much wider pores.

55
G ale r in a:
A monograph of the genus with keys to all known species is in preparation
(Smith & Singer, to be published in 1962).

Gerronema:
There is an urgent need for not only a key but a monograph of this
neglected group, especially for those working in the tropics. To a certain
degree, the modern Mycena monographs (R. Kiihner and A. H. Smith, see
literature) will fill the gap for the European respectively North American
species of section Fibulae, and Singer & Digilio, Lilloa 25, for section
Gerronema.

Gloiocephala:
A key to the South American species was provided by Singer, Sydowia 14:
261-262. 1960.

Gomphidius:
The North American species of Gomphidius can be determined with the
help of keys provided in Singer, Mycologia 41: 462-489. 1949. The only
amendment to be made is the status of G.superiorensis which we now con¬
sider autonomous.
This key is also useful for the determination of European and North
Asiatic as well as for all the introduced (with conifer plantations) species,
with the provision that Gomphidius roseus and G.helveticus (Europe) and
G.sibiricus (Asia) do not occur in North America, and are therefore not
represented in these keys. For them, one will advantageously use Singer,
Revue de Mycologie 3: 173. 1938, where only G.helveticus is missing. This
latter species is keyed out in Kiihner & Romagnesi, Flore anal, and Moser
in Gams, Kl. Krypt. IIb (2nd ed.), pp. 35-36, 1955.

Gymnopilus:
The European species may be determined with one of the works distin¬
guishing this genus from Pholiota, such as Kiihner & Romagnesi, Moser in
Gams, etc. For the American species an unpublished key exists at the
Library of the University of Michigan LTniversity Herbarium (thesis by
P. R. Harding); the key to Gymnopilus by Murrill (North American Flora)
is rather inexact and incomplete but may occasionally be helpful. For
Argentine species see Singer & Digilio in Lilloa 25: 369. 1951. Unfortunately,
there are no keys to the species of tropical Asia, Australia, tropical America
between Argentina and the West Indies, and for Africa.

Gyroporus:
See the key published in Farlowia 2: 231. 1944 which takes into account
all species as far as known to Singer.

Gyrodon:

The species are keyed out in Singer, Farlowia 2: 244. 1945.

5(3
Hebeloma:

See Kiihner & Romagnesi (l.c.), pp. 244-248; Moser in Gams, Kl.Krypt.
FI., pp. 149-153 (European species).

Hemimycena:

The key published by Kiihner & Romagnesi, Flore anal., p. 113 (5e groupe)
and p. 116-119 (Delicatula), and Kiihner, Encycl. Mycol. 10:622,638,647-648,
for the European species; A. H. Smith, N.Am. Spec. Mycena, p. 77-80
(Deminutivae), p. 149-150 (Adonidae-Albidae), p. 453-454. (Subtropical
species) for the American species; cf. also Metrod, Mycenes de Madagascar,
for some tropical African species (without indication of chemical characters.)

Hohenbuehelia:

For the Southeastern American species see Coker, Journ. Elisha Mitchel
Soc. 60: 73-95. 1944. For the European species see Kiihner & Romagnesi,
Flore anal., p. 68-70 (but which has not the same species concept as the
present paper).

Hydropus:
Many of the species indicated above can be determined in the same way
as the species of Mycena, using the respective monographs.

Hygrocybe:
The key published by Smith & Hesler for the North American species
can be used for that continent (Lloydia 5: 24-27. 1942). Other keys are
those by Lange, especially in his Flora Agaricina Danica, treating the
species observed in Denmark; Kiihner & Romagnesi, Flore analytique,
p. 49—53; Orton, Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 43: 248-257. 1960.

Hygrophorus:
Good keys—though not including the species of Eastern Asia—-have been
published recently, and may be consulted (Lloydia 2: 4-7. 1939; ibid., 5:
82-84. 1942 ] Ann. Mycol, 41: 2-7. 1943; Kiihner & Romagnesi, Flore anal.
p. 55-60).

Inocybe:
The best key for the determination of European species as well as species
adventive with plantation trees of European origin in other continents is
that published by Kiihner & Romagnesi, Flore analytique, pp. 216-232. In
spite of considerable additions to the knowledge of the species of North
America during the last few years, the key published by Kauffman (North.
Am. Flora 10: 228-232. 1924) is still the best available for that continent
and species imported to other continents with mycorrhizal trees of North
American origin. For South America, keys have been published by Singer
(Sydowia 7: 222-223. 1953; 8: 133-134. 1954; 1962, in print).
The European mycologist may also consult Heim (1931); Boursier& Kiih-
ner, Kiihner& Boursier, and Kiihner in Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 44: 171. 1928;
48: 118. 1932; 49: 81. 1933, Lange, Flora Agar. Dan. 3: 64-90. 1938, Moser
in Gams, Kleine Kryplogamenflora 2b: 153-165.

57
 K uehnerom yces;
The reader is referred to the key published by Singer & Smith, Mycologia
38: 504-505.1946. For the South American species see Lilloa 25: 343. 1951.

Lactarius;
There are good regional keys, e.gr. Burlingham, Mem. Torr. Bot. Cl. 14:
1-109. 1908; Kauffman, Agaricaceae of Michigan 1:86. 1918; Coker,J.Elisha
Mitch Soc. 34\2. 1918; Imai, J.Fac.Agr.Hokkaido Imp. Univ. 43 (2):305.
1938; Heim, Prodrome Madagasc. I. Les Lactario-Russulees, pp. 160-161,
Paris 1937 (1938); Lange, Flora Agar. Dan. 5:31. 1940; Kiihner & Roma-
gnesi, Flore anal., pp. 471-484, 1953; Moser, in Gams, Kl. Krypt.-Fl. 11 b
(2nd ed.), pp. 261-267. 1955; Neuhoff, Pilze Mitt. IIb: 218-240. 1956. All
these keys have to be used with great care since the authors do not agree
on the names, often using the wrong name for a common species, or at least
using contradictory terms.
As for the species of the Congo see Heim’s papers cited above; for tropical
America only scattered data (Singer, loc. div.) are available—no keys; for
Australia, Cleland may be consulted.
In general, for the determination, it may be the best policy to ascertain
the correct subgenus, section, subsection, and stirps and the possible species
in each stirps and then proceed to consult local floras und their keys and
illustrations.

Leccinum:

A key to the perfectly known species of this genus has been published by
Singer in Am. Midi. Natur. 37: 111, 112, 118-119. 1947.

Lepiota:

As for keys, the reader is referred to the existing special literature, in

Europe to Kiihner, Recherches sur le genre Lepiota, Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 52:
187. 1936, Kiihner & Romagnesi, also Locquin [Bull. Soc. Linn. Lyon 14:
30. 1945). In North America, such general treatments as North American
Flora, 48. Lepiota (by W. A. Murrill, 10: 42. 1914), and Kauffmann, especi¬
ally The Genus Lepiota in the United States, Pap. Mich. Acad. Sc. Arts Lett.
4: 311-344. 1924, can be used for species identification. Rick has compiled
the descriptions of Brazilian Lepiotas in Lilloa 1: 308-346. 1937. The
species of the Belgian Congo are keyed out and illustrated by Beeli in Flore
iconographique... (1935).

Leucoagaricus:

It would be premature to give the impression that any but the common
European species can be determined with keys.

Lentinellus:

Keys useful to the determination of the species: Lilloa 22: 245-6. 1951;
with an additional key for Argentine species in Lilloa 25: 91. 1952.

58
 Leucopaxillus:

See Lilloa 22: 242-243. 1951. For details see Singer & Smith, Pap. Mich.
Acad.Sci. 28:85-132. 1943 and Mycologia 39: 725-736. 1947. See also Lilloa
26: 108. 1953 (for L. rickii), Sydowia 8: 111. 1954 (for L. patagonicus); for
a key to European species inch L. mirabilis, see Kuhn & Romagnesi, Flore
anal., p. 143-145.

Leptoglossum:

See Kiihner & Romagnesi, Flore anal., p. 64-65 (under Leptoglossum) and
p. 75 (under Pleurotellus).

Lepista:

See Kiihner & Romagnesi, Flore anal. p. 171; Moser in Gams, 2nd ed.,
p. 108; Singer, Lilloa 22 (1st ed. of this work), p. 193.

Lentinus:

A key to the species of Lentinus has been published in Lilloa 22: 279-280.
1951. For the Argentine species see Lilloa 25: 137-138. 1952.

Limacella:
Lilloa 22: 395-396. 1949 (publ. 1951).

Lyophyllum:
Keys have been published in Kiihner & Romagnesi. Flore anal., p. 161,
163-167.

Macrolepiata:
As for Keys, the reader is referred to the existing keys by Lange
[Flora Agaricina Danica 1: 21. 1935), Kiihner [Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 52: 195.
1936), and Locquin [Bull. Soc. Linn. Lyon 14: 30. 1945). These keys are
intented for the European species, but many non-European species can be
determined by using them.

Marasmiellus:
A key to the South American species is in preparation. The majority of
the Argentine species can be keyed out by a key published by Singer & Digi-
lio, Lilloa 25: 146-148. 1952, although this key includes all species of
Marasmiellus sensu lato (Singer 1951). The relatively few European species
and some of the North American ones can be determined by the key to
Marasmius sect. Bameales by Kiihner & Romagnesi, Flore anal., p. 85-86.

Marasmius:
Useful keys for other than the European and South American species
(Kiihner & Romagnesi, Flore anal., and Singer, Sydowia, Beiheft 1962) are
not available. For the neotropical species North American Flora may be
consulted; for tropical Asiatic ones Petch, Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 31: 21-44,
1947 (contains colored figures), and Singer, Sydowia 12: 54-148. 1958 as
well as other type studies by the same author, by A. H. Smith and R. W. G.
Dennis may add some useful information.

59
Melanoleuca:
A key was published in Ann. My col. 41: 50-57, 1943 (Singer), but many
changes have been proposed since and the geographic scope does not
essentially go beyond Europe and North Asia. For Europe, there are the
keys of Ktihner & Romagnesi, Flore anal., p. 145-47, and Moser in Gams,
Kl. Kryptog., 2nd ed., p. 79-82. For the South of South America, Singer’s
key in Sydowia 6: 202, 1952 (taking into consideration also the descriptions
of Sydowia 8: 112-116, 1954, and Singer & Digilio’s in Lilloa 25: 94-95,
1952) can be used. There are, as far as I am aware, no keys available for the
Melanoleucas of North America.
A further key containing some species not admitted here, which are at
the same time described but with a nomenclature not always acceptable,
is that of Metrod which should be consulted by anyone finding difficulties
with European species not determinable with the keys mentioned above,
inasmuch as Metrod makes use of the different types of cystidia he found in
the various species, a character generally neglected in older keys (i.e. keys
published before Metrod’s).

Mycena:
There are excellent keys in both Kiihner’s (Encyclop. Mycol. 10: 1938)
and Smith’s (Univ. Mich. Stud. Scient., Ser. 17) monographs, for the Euro¬
pean and American species respectively. See also Metrod, Mycenes de Mada¬
gascar, for tropical African species.

Mycenella:

See Singer & Digilio, Lilloa 25: 144. 1952 (here, M.subtropicalis is missing)
for Argentine species; Kiihner & Romagnesi, Flore anal., p. Ill, for Euro¬
pean species (here M.cyatheae is missing); Singer, Lilloa 22: 291 (here the
South American species and M.margaritispora are missing); A. H. Smith,
N.Am. Species of Mycena, p. 442, for North America.

Naematoloma:

For European and North American species, the reader disposes now of
the keys published by Kiihner & Romagnesi, Flore anal. (1953) and A. H.
Smith (Mycologia 43: 476-477. 1951), respectively, the former under Geo-
phila sous-genre Hypholoma.

Neoclitocybe:

Some species are keyed out in Lilloa 25: 246-248. 1952.

Omphalina:

If careful attention is paid to the synonymy of the species, the

following keys published for European species may be used: Kiihner &
Romagnesi, Flore anal., p. 123-128; Moser in Gams, Kl. Krypt. Mitt., 2nd
ed., p. 66-68. For the Omphalina species in general (incomplete) see Singer,
Lilloa 22: 213-214. A newer key for all species with gray to fuliginous
pigment, see Singer, Sydowia, Beiheft, Festschr. fur Franz Petrak, pp. 21-23.

60
Panaeolus:
All keys published thus far will serve the purpose of determining the
species according to the Friesian conceptions; this goes for both Europe and
North America as well as temperate Asia since the species occurring in the
northern hemisphere are probably not very different in these continents.

Panus:
A key to the species of Panus has been provided in Lilloa 22: 286. 1951,
but it does not cover all the species known.

Paxillus:
A key was published in the first edition of the present work, p. 631, and
another in Lilloa 25: 430-431. Both keys together should make the de¬
termination of all well known species (excepting the Australian ones)
possible.

Phaeocollybia:
As for Keys seeLilloa22: 567,1949 (publ. 1951), and especially A. H. Smith,
Brittonia 9: 199-200, 209, 1951 where only the two tropical species are
missing.

Phaeomarasmius:
See Singer in Schweiz. Zeitschr. f. Pilzk. 34: 44-47, 53-65. 1956.

Pholiota:
Keys to the species of Pholiota were published by Overholts (where the
genus is understood in the classical sense, i. e. without Flammula, but with
all the annulate ochrosporous genera included) in Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 14:
99-104. 1927 and in Murrill, North American Flora (as Hypodendrum,
equalling section Albocrenulatae and subgenus Pholiota) v. 10 (5): 278. 1932
for the North American species, Singer in Acta Bot. Kom. Acad. Sc. U.S.S.B.
II. 6: 416-419. 1950 for the species occurring in Eastern Europe, Siberia
and the Far East, and Kiihner & Romagnesi, Flore anal., 1953, for the
Western European species (under Dryophila, p. 326-331).

Pholiotina:
The monograph by Kiihner cited above contains a good key to the species
of Pholiotina (under Conocybe), and only three of the species enumerated
above are not keyed out there. These will be found in the author’s key in
Act. Inst. Bot. Komar. Acad. Sc. U.R.S.S. II. 6: 424. 1950.

Physalacria:
Keys were published by Baker (.l.c.) and more recently by Corner,
A Monograph of C lav aria and allied Genera, p. 458—559. 1950.

Pleuro flammula:
A key to the species has been published in Lilloa 22: 521. 1949 (publ.
1951). Two species from Southern South America and one Atlantic species
are still missing from this key, viz. P.fUifera, P.peullensis and P.hiberniana.

61
Pleurotus:
A key to the species was provided in Lilloa 22: 271. 1951, and one
specially for the stirps Hirtus in Mycologia 48: 859. 1956.

Pluteus:
Keys are provided by Singer for South American species (Sydowia, in
print, and Lloydia 21: 200-280. 1958), by Kiihner & Romagnesi, Flore
analytique, p. 418-424, and by Orton, Transact. Brit. My col. Soc. 43:
343-351. 1960, for European species. For species from tropical Asia see
Singer, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 39: 222-232. 1956; this latter key can also
be used for other exotic species and for North American species, in con¬
junction with North American Flora (Murrill, 1917). However, in all these
keys, the correct name and position of the species can only be ascertained
by comparison with the above enumeration of the species.

Polyporus:
Keys to the European species have been published by several authors,
the best being those of Bourdot & Galzin and Pilat in their respective well
known works. The American species can be determined by using the key
provided in Overholts’ work as edited by Lowe although here the group
does not stand out clearly as a major subdivision of Polyporus which makes
it necessary to follow through the whole key. For the species observed in
the LT.S.S.R. and the Caucasus,—for the most part those also observed in
Europe in general—the best key is that by Bondarzew (Trutovye Griby).

Porphyrellus:
See Singer, Farlowia 2: 120. 1945 for a key to the species of section
Cradles.

Porpoloma:
The European species are keyed out by Kiihner & Romagnesi, Flore anal.,
p. 149. The Argentine and Chilean species are keyed out in Lilloa 22: 748.
1951.

Pseudoclitocybe:
For the European species see Kiihner & Romagnesi, Flore anal., p. 129 (as
Omphalia!); for the American ones Murrill in North American Flora vol. 9
under Clitocybe.

Pseudohiatula:

See Lilloa 22: 320. 1951, where some of the tropical and subtropical
species are missing.

Pulveroboletus:

A key taking into consideration all the species indicated above has been
published by Singer, Am. Midi. Natur. 37: 7-12. 1947. Nothing can be added
to this key at present.

62
Ripartites:
See Lilloa 22: 590,1949 (publ. 1951).

Rhodocybe:

The European species can be determined by using the key in Kiihner &
Romagnesi, Flore anal., pp. 172-173. Some of the South American species
are keyed out in Lilloa 25: 423 (by Singer & Digilio).

Rhodophyllus:
For European species one will use with preference the keys published by
Kiihner & Romagnesi, Flore analytique, l.c., under Rhodophyllus. In spite
of many mistakes, some North American species can be determined with
the keys published by Murrill in North American Flora under the genera
Claudopus, Eccilia, Leptoniella, Nolanea, Pleuropus and Entoloma, vol. 10(2).
The species from Madagascar can be determined with keys published by
Romagnesi in Prodrome a une flore mycologique de Madagascar II, Paris 1941.
Species from the West Indies, Trinidad and Venezuela are keyed out by
Dennis in Rull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 69: 158-159. 1953 (under Entoloma).

Russula:
Keys are available, but they cannot be recommended except for small
regions. The composition of a key to all species of Russula is a major under¬
taking and has not been attempted in the existing Floras and Monographs.

Schizophyllum:
The well known species are keyed out in Linder’s paper (Am. Journ.
Bot. 20:555.1933).

Stropharia:
The limited number of species now known completely can be determined
by direct consultation of the original and emended descriptions, or by using
the keys and illustrations of such general works as Lange’s Flora Agaricina
Danica, Kauffman’s Agaricaceae of Michigan, or Kiihner & Romagnesi’s
Flore analytique.

Simocybe:
A good key is unfortunately missing, but the relatively few European
species can be determined with any modern key to “Naucoria”.

Suillus:
As for keys, see Lilloa 22: 659-663, 1949 (publ. 1951).

Strobilomyces:
All known species (except those then imperfectly known) have been
keyed out by Singer in a key published in FarUnvia 2 : 108. 1945.

63
 Date Due
1

Termitomy
V: 9 (publ.
A key t
1 Q^I \

j/ V icholomc_____
'% Ameri-
See Lan
can Flora f<- ,p.149-
158, for Ei 1 Fuego.

T richolomo
The mos For the
T richolomo__ a Un. 9:
60. 1959.

T ubaria:
For the s ial., pp.
238-239, 19

See Singe:

Volvariella:
A key to lagnesi,
Flora afial, j __ )gia. 49:
548-549. 191 152); of
the West In-— -— British
T. NO. 23233
species are 1 PRINTEd i N U. S. A. . 1960.
&

Xerocomus:
See Singer, Farlowia 2: 287-288. 1945.

Xeromphalina:
The North American species can be determined by the key published by
A. H. Smith in Pap. Mich. Acad. Sc. 38: 75-76, 1953. The European species
by Kiihner & Maire, Flore anal., p. 80.

64
 TRENT UN VERS TY

164 00 9283

THE GENERIC NAMES

PROPOSED FOR AGARICACEAE
By M. A.DONK, Leiden

1962. Royal 8v

This paper forms pa

ation is given of al
Agaricaceae form the
attracted most of the
of scientific study, it
1-10 are published ir QK629 .A4S445 1962
intelligible without re

Keys for the determination of

the agaricales.

INI DATE ISSUED TO

KLOTZS 40551
HE]

1962. Royal 8vo. 3

40551
nv Singer, Rolf
Im Jahre 1832 beg 629 Keys for the determination
noch wegen seiner : AAS445 of the agaricales
Grundlage fur systen
1962
turien erschienen, w
Trent x
fortgefiihrt.
Alle groBeren Her University]
oft sind die Faszikel
Bisher existiert keir
des vorliegenden alp
die Herkunftsbestimi
 FUNGI IN OCEANS AND ESTUARIES
By T.W. JOHNSON, jr. and F.K. SPARROW, jr.

1961. Royal 8vo. XXIV and 668 pages, 19 tables, 7 figures in the text and 313 figures
on 17 plates. Clothbound. Price DM 120.- ($30.-; £ 10.15s)

REVIEW (SHORTENED)

J. Kohlmeyer in NOVA HE D WIG I A IV, 3+4:

Within the last two decades a mycological field which was rather unknown before has
gained an increasing interest: marine mycology. Now the first comprehensive publication
on fungi from salty habitats is available for the student of marine biology. A reader who
is not very familiar with this field will be surprised to see such an extensive book dealing
with a relatively young branch of mycology. When looking over the approximately 800
quotations of literature, however, he will learn that the first papers on fungi of salty
environments were already published more than a hundred years ago.
The book is composed of two parts: a biological and a taxonomical one. The first part
deals with the general biological activities of salt water inhabiting fungi as well as with
their physiology and ecology. Some sections, which describe collection, isolation, culture,
and perservation of these fungi are preceeding the main chapters.
Part two of the book deals with taxonomy of marine fungi. The systematic account
is preceeded by a descriptive terminology wherein mycological terms are explained and
illustrated. The second part contains mainly the discussion of Phycomycetes, Fungi
Imperfecti, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Labyrinthulae. The Phycomycetes are
arranged according to the monograph of Sparrow (1960), the Fungi Imperfecti and
Ascomycetes according to the Saccardo sporological system. Dichotomic keys lead
to the single species. Every genus has a diagnosis, and the descriptions of species are
followed by data on the geographical distribution and by general remarks. In addition
to the main groups of fungi a survey of marine representatives of the following organ¬
isms is given: Actinomycetes,Dermocystinium, Eccrinids,“Fossil fungi,”Fungus-Algae
associations, Ichthyosporidium, Krassilnikowiae, Laboulbenia, Spongiophaga, and
Yeasts. In appendix A those terrestrial and fresh water species are listed, wich occur in
marine habitats. Another appendix gives a list of unidentified or incompletely described
forms.
Witb this comprehensive work the authors have solved the difficult problem of compiling all
knowledge of marine mycology. Even if the reader may have a different opinion in inter¬
preting some of the problems, the book is a very valuable contribution to mycology
and will be indispensable for the specialist in marine mycology. Also every other mycologist
whether he is interested in taxonomy, physiology or ecology will profit by using it, and
students of adjacent fields, like marine zoology or algology, will have to consult this
book about many questions.