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10 Parts of a Motherboard and

Their Function
PATRICK KAMAU • MAY 31, 2021

Welcome to TurboFuture!
Welcome to TurboFuture!

NOW PLAYING: WELCOME TO TURBOFUTURE!

Patrick, a computer technician, is a dedicated writer who wishes to make the

world better by informing individuals who seek more knowledge.

The Parts of a Computer

Motherboard

Some of the major components of a motherboard.

The Computer Mother Board

Explained
The main printed circuit board in a computer is known as the motherboard.
Other names for this central computer unit are system board, mainboard, or
printed wired board (PWB). The motherboard is sometimes shortened to Mobo.

Numerous major components, crucial for the functioning of the computer, are
attached to the motherboard. These include the processor, memory, and
expansion slots. The motherboard connects directly or indirectly to every part
of the PC.

The type of motherboard installed in a PC has a great effect on a computer's

system speed and expansion capabilities.

Major Motherboard Components

and Their Functions

A labeled ASRock K7VT4A Pro Mainboard.

CC, via Wikipedia

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The Computer's Microprocessor

Also known as the microprocessor or the processor, the CPU is the computer's
brain. It is responsible for fetching, decoding, and executing program
instructions as well as performing mathematical and logical calculations.

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The processor chip is identified by the processor type and the manufacturer.
This information is usually inscribed on the chip itself. For example, Intel 386,
Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) 386, Cyrix 486, Pentium MMX, Intel Core 2Duo,
or Core i7.

If the processor chip is not on the motherboard, you can identify the processor
socket as socket 1 to Socket 8, LGA 775 among others. This can help you identify
the processor that fits in the socket. For example, rPGA 988A/Socket G1 will fit
any of the following processors;

Intel Core i7 (600, 700, 800, 900 series)

Intel Core i5 (400, 500 series)

Intel Core i3 (300 series)

Intel Pentium (P6000 series)

Intel Celeron (P4000 series)

Random Access Memory (RAM)

The Computer Memory

Random Access Memory, or RAM, usually refers to computer chips that
temporarily store dynamic data to enhance computer performance while you
are working.

In other words, it is the working place of your computer, where active programs
and data are loaded so that any time the processor requires them, it doesn't
have to fetch them from the hard disk.

Random-Access Memory is volatile, meaning it loses its contents once power is

turned off. This is different from non-volatile memory, such as hard disks and
flash memory, which do not require a power source to retain data.

When a computer shuts down properly, all data located in RAM is returned to
permanent storage on the hard drive or flash drive. At the next boot-up, RAM
begins to fill with programs automatically loaded at startup, a process called
booting. Later on, the user opens other files and programs that are still loaded
in memory.

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System

Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)

The BIOS
BIOS stands for Basic Input/Output System. BIOS is a "read-only" memory,
which consists of low-level software that controls the system hardware and
acts as an interface between the operating system and the hardware.

Most people know the term BIOS by another name—device drivers, or just
drivers. BIOS is essentially the link between the computer hardware and
software in a system.

All motherboards include a small block of Read-Only Memory (ROM) which is

separate from the main system memory used for loading and running software.
On PCs, the BIOS contains all the code required to control the keyboard, display
screen, disk drives, serial communications, and a number of miscellaneous
functions.

The system BIOS is a ROM chip on the motherboard used during the startup
routine (boot process) to check out the system and prepare to run the
hardware.

The BIOS is stored on a ROM chip because ROM retains information even when
no power is being supplied to the computer.

Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

Random Access Memory (CMOS RAM)

Photo Showing the CMOS Battery

A CMOS Battery.
Patkay

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The CMOS Battery

Motherboards also include a small separate block of memory made from CMOS
RAM chips which are kept alive by a battery (known as a CMOS battery) even
when the PC’s power is off. This prevents reconfiguration when the PC is
powered on.

CMOS devices require very little power to operate.

The CMOS RAM is used to store basic information about the PC’s configuration
for instance:-

Floppy disk and hard disk drive types

Information about CPU

RAM size

Date and time

Serial and parallel port information

Plug and Play information

Power Saving settings

Other Important data kept in CMOS memory is the time and date, which is
updated by a Real-Time Clock (RTC).

Cache Memory

The Level 2 Cache Memory on an

Old Motherboard

L2 cache on an old motherboard.

The Computer Cache Memory

Cache memory is a small block of high-speed memory (RAM) that enhances PC
performance by pre-loading information from the (relatively slow) main memory
and passing it to the processor on demand.

Most CPUs have an internal cache memory (built into the processor) which is
referred to as Level 1 or primary cache memory. This can be supplemented by
external cache memory fitted on the motherboard. This is the Level 2 or
secondary cache.

In modern computers, Levels 1 and 2 cache memory are built into the processor
die. If a third cache is implemented outside the die, it is referred to as the Level
3 (L3) cache.

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Expansion Bus

PCI slots.

The Expansion Buses

An expansion bus is an input/output pathway from the CPU to peripheral
devices and it is typically made up of a series of slots on the motherboard.
Expansion boards (cards) plug into the bus.

PCI is the most common expansion bus in a PC and other hardware platforms.
Buses carry signals such as data, memory addresses, power, and control
signals from component to component. Other types of buses include ISA and
EISA.

Expansion buses enhance the PCs capabilities by allowing users to add missing
features in their computers by slotting adapter cards into expansion slots.

This introduction to computer bus article covers all of them including the new
types.

The Computer Chip-sets

A chipset is a group of small circuits that coordinate the flow of data to and
from a PC's key components. These key components include the CPU itself, the
main memory, the secondary cache, and any devices situated on the buses.

A chipset also controls data flow to and from hard disks and other devices
connected to the IDE channels.

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A computer has got two main chipsets:

The NorthBridge (also called the memory controller) is in charge of

controlling transfers between the processor and the RAM, which is why it is
located physically near the processor. It is sometimes called the GMCH, for
Graphic and Memory Controller Hub.

The SouthBridge (also called the input/output controller or expansion

controller) handles communications between slower peripheral devices. It is
also called the ICH (I/O Controller Hub). The term "bridge" is generally used
to designate a component which connects two buses.

Chipset manufacturers include SIS, VIA, ALI, and OPTI.

The CPU Clock

The CPU clock synchronizes the operation of all parts of the PC and provides
the basic timing signal for the CPU. Using a quartz crystal, the CPU clock
breathes life into the microprocessor by feeding it a constant flow of pulses.

For example, a 200 MHz CPU receives 200 million pulses per second from the
clock. A 2 GHz CPU gets two billion pulses per second. Similarly, in any
communications device, a clock may be used to synchronize the data pulses
between sender and receiver.

A "real-time clock," also called the "system clock," keeps track of the time of day
and makes this data available to the software. A "time-sharing clock"
interrupts the CPU at regular intervals and allows the operating system to
divide its time between active users and/or applications.

The Switches and Jumpers

DIP (Dual In-line Package) switches are small electronic switches found on
the circuit board that can be turned on or off just like a normal switch. They
are very small and so are usually flipped with a pointed object, such as the
tip of a screwdriver, a bent paper clip, or a pen top. Take care when cleaning
near DIP switches, as some solvents may destroy them. Dip switches are
obsolete and you will not find them in modern systems.

Jumper pins are small protruding pins on the motherboard. A jumper cap or
bridge is used to connect or short a pair of jumper pins. When the bridge is
connected to any two pins, via a shorting link, it completes the circuit and a
certain configuration has been achieved.

Jumper caps are metal bridges that close an electrical circuit. Typically, a
jumper consists of a plastic plug that fits over a pair of protruding pins.
Jumpers are sometimes used to configure expansion boards. By placing a
jumper plug over a different set of pins, you can change a board's
parameters.

NOTE: You can check the jumper pins and jumper cap at the back of an IDE
hard disk and a CD/DVD ROM/Writer.

More Resources
If you are on the lookout for more resources about computers, you can buy this
book CompTIA A+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide. This is a good book for
those who want to know much more about computer hardware. I have used the
book on numerous occasions and Mike Meyers never disappoints.

Parts of a Motherboard

Parts of a Motherboard
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This article is accurate and true to the best of the author’s knowledge. Content
is for informational or entertainment purposes only and does not substitute for
personal counsel or professional advice in business, financial, legal, or
technical matters.

Questions & Answers

Question: What is the function of the PCI slot?

Answer: PCI stands for Peripheral Component Interconnect. This is a computer

slot that allows you to insert expansion cards into your computer. These can
come in the form of sound cards, RAID cards, SSDs, graphics cards,
Coprocessors, and several other functional computer parts. So it enables you to
expand the capabilities of the PC by adding what you do not have.

Question: How do I identify whether the RAM slots are DDR 1, DDR 2, DDR 3, or
DDR 4?

Answer: There are a number of ways you can use to determine the kind of RAM
slot you have. To begin with, you can check the number of pins. DDR has 184
pins and DDR2 and 3 has 240 pins while DDR4 has 288 pins. The other method
is to look at the key notch position. DDR notch is almost at the center but
slightly to the right. DDR2 notch is almost at the center as compared to DDR3
which is slightly to the left. DDR4 has a notch slightly to the right but very close
to the center of the RAM slot.
Question: Which is the most important component of a computer system?

Answer: Technically speaking, I would say that each and every component is
important. There are those who will be quick to reply that it is the processor.
Yes, it is true the processor plays an important role in the computer. But what
about the memory, can a computer operate without the memory? That is a big
no. What about the power supply? Again can the computer operate without
the power supply? That is not possible. So in simple words, all the components
of a computer are very important as they are there are there for a reason.

Question: Why is thé network card not mentioned?

Answer: If you look at the article closely, we are talking about various
components found on the motherboard. When it comes to the network card,
you will find that most modern computers support an internal network interface
controller embedded in the motherboard directly rather than provided as an
external component. So, in modern motherboards, you will not find a network
card as a device on its own. It will be embedded in a chipset.

Question: What is the function of IDE under system hardware?

Answer: Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) is a standard interface for

connecting a motherboard to storage devices such as hard drives and CD-
ROM/DVD drives. In most older motherboards, there used to be 2 IDE channels
where drives were connected via a ribbon cable. Each cable carries 2 devices.
There is an integrated disk drive controller on the motherboard for controlling
the flow of informing from the drive to the motherboard and vice versa.

Modern motherboards make use of SATA technology. A serial advanced

technology attachment (serial ATA, SATA or S-ATA) is a computer bus interface
used to connect host bus adapters (disk drive controllers) with mass storage
devices like optical drives and hard drives.

Question: What is C.M.O.S?

Answer: Looking at the dictionary you will get this definition;

a) "a technology for making low power integrated circuits.

b) a chip built using CMOS technology."

That is very true, inside the computer, there are what we call RAM chips
normally referred to as the CMOS RAM. CMOS is an acronym for
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor. It is a technology used to
fabricate or make integrated circuits used in most electronic and electrical
fields. These ram chips loose power and hence has to be powered using a
battery referred to as the CMOS battery. CMOS devices require very little power
to operate. The CMOS RAM is used to store basic Information about the PC’s
configuration.

Question: What is BIOS?

Answer: "BIOS" stands for "Basic Input Output System." It is software stored on
a small memory chip on the motherboard. This software instructs the computer
on how to perform some basic functions such as booting and keyboard control.
BIOS is also used to identify and configure the hardware in a computer such as
the hard drive, floppy disk drive, optical drive, CPU, memory, etc.

Question: What is RAM?

Answer: RAM or Random Access Memory is a high-speed type of computer

memory which temporarily stores all the information your PC needs at the
moment. It’s where your computer loads up all the things it thinks it will need to
find out soon, so you can think of it as a working place of your computer. When
it does need something, it fetches it super fast from the memory which is
accessed randomly. Note that RAM is temporary storage; thus when the power
goes off or when you switch off your computer, all data held in RAM is lost.

Question: What are beep codes from a motherboard?

Answer: Beep codes are audio signals given out by a computer to announce
the result of a short diagnostic testing sequence the computer performs when
first powering up (called the Power-On-Self-Test or POST). When you power on
your computer, it has to test major devices such as RAM, Processor, Keyboard,
and Drives among others. If any of the devices are faulty, you will receive a
beep sound indicating which device has a problem.

Question: What are the functions of the south bridge Chipset?

Answer: The Southbridge chipset is the chip that controls all of the computers
I/O (input-output) functions, such as USB, audio, serial, the system BIOS, the ISA
bus, the interrupt controller and the IDE channels.

© 2011 Patrick Kamau

Comments
Aron Bhattarai on July 29, 2020:

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anegaw on July 19, 2020:

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from our school and also to avoid plagiarism.

Thank you and more power!

ednah on June 03, 2020:

thank you

Milnermulenga12@gmail.com on April 23, 2020:

ROM letters stand for

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Muhsin on March 09, 2020:

Hello Peter. Thanks for sharing this knowledge. Is there a reason why ROM isn't
used in place of the CMOS RAM??

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T on February 05, 2020:

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Amber on January 22, 2020:

It's useful but I didn't have all of the explanations for the words I was looking
for. For example: North Bridge and South Bridge. And more

name on January 21, 2020:

very useful

Name on January 21, 2020:

couldnt hear the vid

Thank you so much.we lear a lot. on January 20, 2020:

Nice lessons .

Patrick Kamau (author) from Nairobi, Kenya on December 31, 2019:

Thank you Aakash for reading and leaving a comment. Keep reading to master
what you want to know in your field.

aakash on December 28, 2019:

it was easy to understand

Patrick Kamau (author) from Nairobi, Kenya on November 12, 2019:

Thanks, yemarshet and keep reading to gain more.

Patrick Kamau (author) from Nairobi, Kenya on November 12, 2019:

Thanks Mizero Francis. I am happy you found what you wanted. Wishing you
the best.

Mizero Francis on November 12, 2019:

I like the article and it has assisted me a lot. Thank you so much.

yemarshet on November 12, 2019:

very nice

Patrick Kamau (author) from Nairobi, Kenya on November 10, 2019:

Thanks Deputy. It is people like you who give us the morale to write now and
then.

Deputy on November 01, 2019:

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I found it interesting.

shazx on July 03, 2019:

kinda helpful for my assignment

pradeep on June 26, 2019:

i like

Balakumaran U S on June 25, 2019:

What happens the computer, if the CMOS battery failed to operate?

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It is very useful

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Thanks

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This is a bit helpful

CHONG SAMUEL SUNDAY on April 02, 2019:

Grate quick to understand and get my answer.

thanks.

francis on March 27, 2019:

thank you for notes

swaran on February 19, 2019:

what is the role of level 3 cache,In cache memory?

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how to unblock a site ?

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what is the mother board for hp 2000 pavilion entertainment

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thank you

avinash on February 08, 2019:

is a computer run without rom

axchellious grefalda on February 07, 2019:

the main printed circuit board in a computer is known as the motherboard.ther

names for this central unit are system board...can motherboard be?

hugues di taprooo on January 29, 2019:

wonderfull

princesslyn on January 19, 2019:

a song? Its all about the all parts of mother board! Please

Author? Can you hep me to do

sam on January 03, 2019:

 thank you

mohammed on December 18, 2018:

excellent.....................

Mithilesh on November 22, 2018:

It is useful for my school studies

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cute

Hi on November 19, 2018:

great for information

anonymous on October 21, 2018:

could anyone give me a free coding practice website

Ezima john on October 18, 2018:

what are the similar problems of a computer system and their solution

Jeff on October 16, 2018:

You could have used newer hardware. The AGP and PCI slots were replaced by
pci-express in 2003

Mschaurasia2011@gmail.com on October 14, 2018:

Given information is valuable and satisfing

Ajit Pai on October 09, 2018:

this good, thanks four help mi frend

Aherezaanold@gmail.com on October 04, 2018:

Very nice

Patrick Kamau (author) from Nairobi, Kenya on September 27, 2018:

Thanks a lot Rahmatullah for the comment. I am glad that you learnt something
from this article about computer motherboards.

Rahmatullah on September 26, 2018:

Very good lecture

Patrick Kamau (author) from Nairobi, Kenya on September 26, 2018:

Andrew, I am glad you learned a lot from my article. Keep reading and all the
best.

andrew on September 26, 2018:

as a student i have learned a lot drom your blog... thanks a lot..

Sumber Bahasa on September 21, 2018:

Helpful information.

Patrick Kamau (author) from Nairobi, Kenya on September 15, 2018:

You are much welcome Niku Moni Boro. Keep reading even other works to gain
more knowledge.

Patrick Kamau (author) from Nairobi, Kenya on September 15, 2018:

Thanks a lot Piper mcnutt for reading and commenting. I will surely try to add
more information regarding the parts of the motherboard and their functions

piper mcnutt on September 14, 2018:

very interesting but i think yo should include ALL OF THE

INFORMATION!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Niku Moni Boro on September 14, 2018:

very nice ...thnks

Ritu mehta on September 07, 2018:

Wow nice

ETIEBET on September 06, 2018:

Nice

fleen d,soza on August 29, 2018:

how to using for 20- atx power conectar

Joryl De Perkiod on August 28, 2018:

wow magic

md mirazul haque on August 26, 2018:

very nyc

pc on August 25, 2018:

hi sweet

Patrick Kamau (author) from Nairobi, Kenya on August 23, 2018:

In a PC, graphics rendering originally took place in the CPU. Over time,
functions were offloaded to separate circuits and then to GPUs either in
separate cards, the PC's chipset or the CPU chip itself depending on the type of
computer.

Muzammal on August 18, 2018:

Where is GPU???

MANOJ DUTTA on August 17, 2018:

Nice information. But I found it too long.....

Patrick Kamau (author) from Nairobi, Kenya on August 11, 2018:

Hello Peter, you can start by using the various parts of the motherboard that I
have listed on this article.

Patrick Kamau (author) from Nairobi, Kenya on August 11, 2018:

Thanks, Sebusiso for appreciating the work in this article. I am glad you got
what you wanted to know about different parts of the motherboard.

Peter on August 09, 2018:

Thank you sir, blessing follow you.

I need 15 internal device, location and their function

BY PATRICK KAMAU

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