SPM MODEL SET 2

Bahagian A
Section A
[60 markah]
[60 marks]
Jawab SEMUA soalan.
Answer ALL question.

Agen pencuci A Agen pencuci B

Cleansing agent A Cleansing agent B

Rajah 1
Diagram 1
1. Consumer and industrial chemistry 5m
(a) Nyatakan proses yang menghasilkan agen pencuci A
State the process used to produce cleansing agen A
Saponifikasi/ saponification
………………………………………………………………………………………
[ 1 markah]
[ 1 mark]
(b) Agen pencuci yang manakah lebih efektif dalam air liat? Berikan satu sebab.
Which cleansing agent is more effective in hard water? Give a reason.
B tidak membentuk kekat/ B does not form scum
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
[ 2 markah]
[ 2 marks]

(c) Agen pencuci yang manakah lebih mesra alam? Terangkan pilihan anda.
Which cleansing agent is more environmentally friendly? Explain your choice.
A sebab ianya terbiodegradasi / A because it is biodegradable
………………………………………………………………………………………
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[ 2 markah]
[ 2 marks]
 2. (a) Berikut adalah formula bagi dua sebatian, nyatakan nama bagi sebatian-sebatian
itu.
The following are the formulae of two compounds, state the name of the of the
compounds.

(i) Al2O3

…………………………………………………………………………………..

(ii) PbO

…………………………………………………………………………………...

[2 markah]
[2 marks]

(b)

Natrium karbonat bertindak balas dengan zink nitrat

menghasilkan zink karbonat dan natrium nitrat.

Sodium carbonate react with zinc nitrate produce zinc

carbonate and sodium nitrate.

(i) Tuliskan persamaan kimia yang seimbang berdasarkan maklumat di atas.

Write the balanced chemical equation based on information given above.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 markah]
[2 marks]

(ii) Tafsirkan persamaan kimia di 2(b)(i) dari segi kuantitatif.

Interpret the chemical equation in 2(b)(i) in quantitative terms.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

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[1 markah]
[1 mark]
3.
4. 3 3 menunjukkan satu kebakaran yang sering berlaku di rumah. Alat pemadam yang
Rajah
mengandungi gas P pada tekanan tinggi disyorkan. Peratus kandungan gas P dalam
udara ialah 0.03%.
Diagram 3 shows a fire that normally occurs at home. Fire extinguisher contains gas P at
high pressure is recommended. The percentage of gas P in the air is 0.03%.

Rajah / Diagram 3

(a) (i) Nyatakan nama bagi gas P.

State the name of gas P.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

(Memahami) [1 markah/mark]
(ii) Namakan jenis ikatan kimia dalam gas P.
Name the type of chemical bond in gas P.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

(Mengingat) [1 markah/mark]

(iii) Gas P terbentuk antara atom W dan atom Y. Lukis susunan elektron bagi gas
P.
[Nombor proton W=6, Y=8]
Gas P is formed between atom W and atom Y. Draw the electron arrangement
of gas P.
[Proton number of W=6, Y=8]

(Mengaplikasi) [2 markah/marks]
 (b) Alat pemadam yang mengandungi gas P sesuai digunakan untuk
memadamkan api yang berpunca daripada peralatan elektrik. Terangkan
mengapa.
Fire extinguisher contains gas P is suitable to put out fire that is caused by
electrical devices. Explain why.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

(Mengaplikasi) [2 markah/marks]

4. Rajah 4(a) menunjukkan dua contoh produk yang dihasilkan daripada getah asli.
Diagram 4(a) shows an example of a product made from one type of polymer.

https://proto3000.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/TangoBlack.png
https://www.collinsdictionary.com/images/full/rubbergloves_120864412_1000.jpg

Rajah 4(a)
Diagram 4(a)

(a) Nyatakan monomer bagi getah asli. (PK01)

State the monomer for natural rubber.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

[1 markah/mark]
(b) Sifat kekenyalan getah tervulkan menyebabkan ia sesuai digunakan dalam
penghasilan barangan getah berbanding getah asli. Terangkan mengapa
getah tervulkan mempunyai sifat kekenyalan yang tinggi. (KK01)
The elastic properties of vulcanized rubber makes it suitable for the production
of rubber products compared to natural rubber. Explain why vulcanized rubber
has high elastic properties.
 …………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

[2 markah/marks]

c. Hafiz ingin menjalankan eksperimen tentang penggumpalan lateks di rumahnya

sebagai salah satu aktiviti semasa pengajaran dan pembelajaran di rumah.
Hafiz would like to conduct an experiment about coagulation of latex experiment at
his home as one of the activities during teaching and learning at home.
i. Cadangkan sejenis bahan yang boleh digunakan oleh Hafiz bagi menjalankan
eksperimen tersebut.(KK02)
Suggest a material that can be use by Hafiz to carry out the experiment.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah/mark]
ii. Bolehkah lateks itu menggumpal jika dia memasukkan serbuk penaik
kedalam lateks tersebut? Terangkan jawapan anda. (KK02)
Can the latex coagulate if he puts baking powder into the latex? Explain your
answer.
…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

[2 markah/marks]

d.
(https://www.borneotoday.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/tyres-4.jpg)

Rajah 4(b)
Diagram 4(b)

Rajah diatas menunjukkan longgokan tayar terbuang yang boleh mengakibatkan

pencemaran alam sekitar. Keadaan ini berlaku akibat sifat getah sintetik yang sukar
diuraikan. Cadangkan satu cara bagi mengatasi masalah pelupusan tayar. (KK02)
 The diagram above shows a pile of discarded tires that can cause environmental
pollution. This condition occurs due to the properties of synthetic rubber which is
difficult to decompose. Suggest one way to overcome the problem of tire disposal.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 markah/mark]

5.
Eksperimen Bahan tindak balas Suhu asid hidroklorik (oC)
Experiment Reactant Temperature of
hydrochloric acid (oC)
I Serpihan cengkerang berlebihan + 30
100 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.5 mol
dm-3
Excess shells chips + 100 cm3 of 0.5
mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
II Serpihan marmar berlebihan + 100 30
cm3 asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm-3
Excess marble chips + 100 cm3 of
1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
III Serpihan marmar berlebihan + 100 50
cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.5 mol dm-3
Excess marble chips + 100 cm3 of
0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
Jadual 5
Table 5

(a) Apakah maksud kadar tindak balas

State the meaning of rate of reaction
…………………………………………….……………………………………
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[ 1 markah]
[ 1 mark]
(b) Nyatakan semua factor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas dalam eksperimen
I, II dan III.
State all the factors that affect the rate of reaction in Experiment I, II and III.
…………………………………………….……………………………………
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[ 2 markah]
[ 2 marks]
(c) Tulis persamaan kimia yang seimbang bagi tindak balas dalam Eksperimen I.
Write a balance chemical equation for the reaction in Experiment I.
………………………………………………………………………………………
[ 2 markah]
[ 2 marks]
(d) Hitungkan isi padu gas yang dibebaskan di (b)
[Isipadu molar gas pada keadaan bilik = 24.0 dm3mol-1]
Calculate the volume of the gas released in (b)
[Molar volume of gas at room conditions = 24.0 dm3mol-1]
 [ 3 markah]
[ 3 marks]
6. Seorang pelajar menjalankan eksperimen untuk menentukan haba pemendakan.
Keputusan eksperimen ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 6
A student carried out an experiment to determine the heat of precipitation. The results
of the experiment are shown in table 6.
Set Sususnan alat radas Suhu awal/ oC Suhu tertinggi atau
Set-up of apparatus Initial temperature/ terendah campuran/ oC
o
C Lowest or highest
temperature of the
mixture/ oC
I Larutan natrium
klorida
= 29.0 ºC
Larutan argentum
nitrat
= 29.0 ºC
Sodium chloride 32.0 °C
solution = 29.0 ºC
Silver nitrate
20 cm3 larutan
solution = 29.0 ºC
natrium klorida 0.5 mol dm-3 +
20 cm3 larutan argentum nitrat
0.5 mol dm-3
20 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3
sodium chloride solution +
20 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3
silver nitrate solution
II Larutan kalium
karbonat
= 29.0 ºC
Larutan magnesium
nitrat
= 29.0 ºC
Potassium carbonate 26.0 °C
solution = 29.0 °C
20 cm3 larutan kalium karbonat Magnesium nitrate
0.5 mol dm-3 + Solution = 29.0 °C
20 cm3 larutan magnesium
nitrat
0.5 mol dm-3
20 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3
potassium carbonate solution +
20 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3
magnesium nitrate solution
Jadual 6
Table 6
(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan haba pemendakan?
What is meant by heat of precipitation?

…………………………………………..……………………………………..
[ 1 markah]
[ 1 mark]
(b) Nyatakan satu pemerhatian bagi tindak balas dalam Set I atau Set II.
State one observation in for the reaction in Set I or Set II.

…………………………………………..……………………………………..
[ 1 markah]
[ 1 mark]
(c) Tulis persamaan ion bagi tindak balas dalam Set I atau Set II.
Write the ionic equation for the reaction in Set I or Set II.

…………………………………………..……………………………………..
[ 1 markah]
[ 1 mark]
(d) Bandingkan perbezaan dalam perubahan suhu antara eksperimen Set I dan Set II.
Terangkan jawapan anda.
Compare the difference in the temperature change between Set I and Set II of the
experiment. Explain your answer.

…………………………………………….……………………………………
…………………………………………..……………………………………..
[ 2 markah]
[ 2 marks]
(e) Hitung haba pemendakan bagi Set II.
[Muatan haba tentu larutan = 4.2 J g-1 °C-1 . Ketumpatan larutan = 1 g cm-3]
Calculate the heat of precipitation for Set II
[Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2 J g-1 °C-1 . Density of solution = 1 g cm-3 ]

[ 3 markah]
[ 3 marks]

(f) Lukis rajah aras tenaga untuk Set II.

Draw energy level diagram for Set II.

[ 2 markah]
[ 2 marks]
 (g) The value of heat of precipitation from the experiment is less than actual value.
What should be done to reduce heat loss to the surrounding?
Nilai haba pemendakan yang diperoleh daripada eksperimen ini kurang daripada nilai
sebenar. Apakah yang perlu dilakukan untuk mengurangkan haba terbebas ke
persekitaran?

…………………………………………..……………………………………..
[ 1 markah]
[ 1 mark]

7. Rajah 7 menunjukkan sebahagian daripada Jadual Berkala Unsur. Huruf yang

digunakan adalah bukan simbor sebenar unsur itu.
Diagram 7 shows part of the Periodic Table of Element. The letters used are not the
actual symbols of the elements.

G1 G2
X Y1 G3
Y2 G4
W Y3 G5

Rajah 7
Diagram 7
Berdasarkan Rajah 7,
Based on Diagram 7,

(a) Nyatakan bilangan elektron valens bagi unsur W.

State the number of valence electrons of element W.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah]
[1 mark]

(b) Tentukan susunan elektron bagi unsur dengan symbol X.

Determine the electron arrangement for the element with symbol X.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(c) Susun kereaktifan unsur Y1, Y2 dan Y3 dalam tertib menaik.
Arrange the reactivity of elements Y1,Y2, and Y3 in ascending order.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
 (d) Berikan alasan anda berdasarkan jawapan di 7(c).
Give your reason based on your answer in 7(c).

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

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[3 markah]
[3 marks]

(e) Belon sentiasa merupakan pilihan terbaik untuk menghias semasa kejutan hari jadi
mahupun ulangtahun di rumah.
Balloon is the best choice to decorate the house during celebration of birthday or
anniversary.

(i) Cadangkan gas yang sesuai digunakan untuk diisi dalam belon.
Suggest the gas that suitable to fill in these balloons.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(ii) Terangkan cadangan anda di 7(e)(i).
Explain your opinions in 7(e)(i).

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[3 markah/ marks ]
8. Rajah 8 menunjukkan sebuah periuk.
Diagram 8 shows a saucepan.

Rajah 8 / Diagram 8

a) Badan periuk diperbuat daripada keluli nirkarat. Ferum adalah unsur utama dalam keluli
nirkarat.
The saucepan body is made from stainless steel. Iron is the main element in stainless
steel.

(i) Kenalpasti satu unsur selain ferum dalam keluli nirkarat.

Identify one element other than iron in stainless steel.

_________________________________________________________________
[1 markah/mark]
(ii) Bandingkan kekerasan antara keluli nirkarat dan logam tulennya.
Compare the hardness between stainless steel and its pure metal.

_________________________________________________________________
[1 markah/mark]
(iii) Terangkan perbezaan dari segi kekerasan antara keluli nirkarat dan logam
tulennya berdasarkan susunan atom.
Explain the difference in hardness between stainless steel and its pure metal in
term of the arrangement of atom.

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[4 markah/marks]

b) Pemegang periuk diperbuat daripada polivinil klorida(PVC) yang bertindak sebagai

penebat haba.
The handle of saucepan is made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) which acts as heat
insulator.
(i) Nyatakan monomer bagi polivinil klorida(PVC)
State the monomer for polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

_________________________________________________________________
[1 markah/mark]

(ii) Lukiskan formula struktur bagi polivinil klorida(PVC)

Draw the structural formula polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
 _________________________________________________________________
[1 markah/mark]

(iii) Pembuatan dan penggunaan sintetik polimer semakin meningkat. Cadangkan

dua kaedah untuk mengurangkan pencemaran yang disebabkan oleh sintetik
polimer.
The manufacture and use of synthetic polymer has grown tremendously. Suggest
two ways to reduce the pollution caused by synthetic polymer.

_________________________________________________________________
[2 markah/marks]
 Bahagian B
Section B
[20 markah]
[20 marks]
Jawab mana-mana satu soalan.
Answer any one question.

9. Rajah menunjukkan satu siri tindak balas yang melibatkan hidrokarbon X

Diagram shows a series of reaction involving hydrocarbon X.

Mangkin Q,
Hidrokarbon X Catalyst Q
Sebatian Y KMnO4 , H+ Sebatian Z
Hydrocarbon X Compound Compound Z
o
Stim, 300 C, 60 atm Y
o
Steam , 300 C, 60atm

I
III + C3H7COOH

Alkana W Etil butanoat

Alkane W Ethyl butanoate

Rajah / Diagram

Berdasarkan Rajah ,
Based on Diagram ,

(a) Namakan tindak balas I dan III.

Name reaction I and III.
[2 markah/ marks]

(b) Kenalpasti hidrokarbon W, X, mangkin Q, dan sebatian Z .

Identify hydrocarbon W, X, catalyst Q and compounds Z .
[4 markah/ marks ]

(c)(i) Penggunaan cecair pembasmi kuman amat digalakkan bagi menangani

penularan wabak Covid-19. Secara umumnya terdapat dua jenis cecair
pembasmi kuman iaitu berasaskan sebatian Y dan pembersih tangan tanpa
sebatian Y.
The use of hand sanitizer is strongly advised to deal with Covid-19 outbreaks. In
general, there are two types of hand sanitizers, which are compound Y based
and non-compound Y based hand sanitizers.
  namakan sebatian Y.
name compound Y
 nyatakan formula am sebatian Y
State the general formula compound Y
 nyatakan kumpulan berfungsi sebatian Y
state the functional group compound Y
[3 markah/ marks ]

(ii) Cecair pembersih kuman yang manakah akan anda pilih? Jelaskan jawapan
anda berdasarkan sifat sebatian Y.
Which type of hand sanitizers would you choose? Explain your answer based
on the properties of compound Y
[2 markah/ marks ]

(c) Nyatakan permerhatian bagi proses II. Cadangkan satu bahan kimia yang boleh
menggantikan larutan kalium manganat (VII) berasid, KMnO4.
State an observation for the reaction II. Suggest one reagent that can replace
acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution, KMnO4.
[2 markah/ marks ]

(d) Gas tidak berwarna dibebaskan apabila sebatian Z bertindak balas dengan pita
magnesium.
Colourless gas was produced when compound Z react with magnesium ribbon.

(i) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas ini.

Hitungkan isipadu gas yang terbebas sekiranya 50 cm3 sebatian Z, 0.1 mol
dm3 bercampur dengan logam magnesium yang berlebihan.
[Isipadu molar gas pada keadaan bilik = 24.0 dm3mol-1]

Write the chemical equation for the reaction.

Calculate the volume of gas released if 50 cm3 compound Z , 0.1 mol dm3
react with magnesium in excess.
[Molar volume of gas at room condition = 24.0 dm3mol-1]

[5 markah/ marks ]

(ii) Ramalkan sama ada tindak balas akan berlaku jika pita magnesium
digantikan dengan logam kuprum.
Terangkan jawapan anda.
Predict whether the reaction will take place if magnesium ribbon is substituted
with copper metal.
Explain your answer.
[ 2 markah/ marks ]
10. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nilai pH bagi asid sulfurik dan asid metanoik dengan
kepekatan yang sama.
Table below shows the pH values of sulphuric acid and methanoic acid of the same
concentration.

Asid Kepekatan ( moldm-3 ) Nilai pH

Acid Concentration ( moldm-3 ) pH value
Asid sulfurik 0.1 1
Sulphuric acid
Asid metanoik 0.1 4
Methanoic acid

Jadual / Table

(a) Terangkan perbezaan nilai pH bagi kedua-dua asid itu?

Explain the difference in the pH values of the two acids?
[4 markah / 4 marks ]

(b) Bryan telah menjalankan proses pentitratan bagi asid sulfurik 0.1 mol dm-3
dengan 25 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida di makmal sekolahnya. Jadual
di bawah menunjukkan isi padu asid sulfurik 0.1 mol dm-3 yang telah
digunakannya dalam pentitratan ini.
Bryan conducted a titration process for sulphuric acid 0.1 mol dm-3 with 25 cm3
of sodium hydroxide solution in the school laboratory. Table below show the
volume of sulphuric acid 0.1 mol dm-3 used in the titration.

Titratan I II III
Titration
Asid sulfurik 10.00 19.90 30.00
Sulphuric acid
Asid metanoik 0.00 10.00 19.90
Methanoic acid
Jadual / Table

(i) Tulis persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas antara larutan natrium hidroksida dan
asid sulfurik.
Write the chemical equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide solution
and sulphuric acid.

[ 2 markah / 2 marks ]
 (ii) Berdasarkan jadual , tentukan isipadu purata asid sulfurik yang telah digunakan
oleh Bryan dan hitung kemolaran natrium hidroksida tersebut.
Based on the table, determine the average volume of sulphuric acid used by
Bryan and calculate the molarity of sodium hydroxide.

[ 4 markah / 4 marks ]

(c) Jadual dibawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi dua eksperimen.

Table below shows apparatus set-up for two experiments.

Eksperimen Susunan radas

Experiment Apparatus set-up
Asid hidroklorik di dalam tetraklorometana
Hydrochloric acid in tetrachloromethane

Air kapur
Lime water

Asid hidroklorik di dalam air

Hydrochloric acid in water

II

Air kapur
Lime water

(i) Berdasarkan Jadual di atas, nyatakan pemerhatian untuk eksperimen I dan II.
Based on Table above, state the observations for experiment I and II.

[ 3 markah / 3 marks ]
 (ii) Terangkan perbezaan dalam pemerhatian bagi kedua-dua eksperimen ini.
Tuliskan satu persamaan kimia yang terlibat dalam tindakbalas ini.
Explain the differences in the observations for both experiments. Write the
chemical equation involved in this reaction.
[ 5 markah / 5 marks ]

(iii) Apabila cengkerang siput dalam eksperimen II diganti dengan sebuk zink,
sejenis gas tidak berwarna dihasilkan. Cadangkan ujian ringkas untuk gas ini.
When snail shell from experiment II is replaced with zinc powder, a colourless
gas is released.
Suggest a simple test for this gas.

[ 2 markah / 2 marks ]

Bahagian C
Section C
[20 markah]
[20 marks]
Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini
Answer all questions in this section

11 (a) Rajah 11 menunjukkan eksperimen untuk mengkaji elektrolisis bagi bahan X dan
bahan Y.
Diagram 11 shows the experiment to study the electrolysis of substance X and
substance Y.
Sel kering Sel kering
Dry cells Dry cells

Elektrod
karbon
Bahan X Carbon Bahan Y
Substance X electrode Substance Y

Panaskan
heat

Rajah 11
Diagram 11
 Jadual 11 menunjukkan pemerhatian bagi bahan X dan bahan Y selepas 30 minit.
Table 11 shows the observation of substance X and substance Y after 30
minutes.

Bahan Pemerhatian
Substance Observations
Gas perang dibebaskan pada anod dan pepejal kelabu
X terbentuk pada katod
Brown gas released at anode and grey solid formed at
cathode
Gelembung gas tidak berwarna dibebaskan pada anod dan
pepejal perang terenap pada katod
Y
Colorless gas bubbles released at anode and brown solid
precipitated at cathode

Jadual 11
Table 11

(i) Berdasarkan Rajah 11 cadangkan nama bagi bahan X dan Y, nyatakan

maksud bagi elektrolisis dan jelaskan pemerhatian di anod dan katod bagi ke
kedua-dua bahan X dan Y.

Based on Diagram 11, suggest the name of substance X and Y, state the
meaning of electrolysis, and explain the observation for the electrolysis of
substance X and Y.
[7 Markah/ 7 Marks]

(ii) Kenal pasti gas yang dibebaskan di anod oleh elektrolisis bahan Y dalam
Rajah 11.1. Huraikan bagaimana anda dapat mengesahkan gas tersebut.

Identify the gas released at anode by the electrolysis of substance Y of

Diagram 11.1. Describe how you confirm the gas released.
[3 Markah/ 3 Marks]

(b)
Logam kuprum yang digunakan dalam pendawaian elektrik mesti 99.99%
tulen. Ketulenan logam kuprum yang diekstrak melalui peleburan bijihnya
adalah dalam lingkungan 99.5%. Walaupun sedikit perbezaan ketulenan
kuprum itu akan menjejaskan kekonduksian elektrik
Copper metal that is used in the electricity wiring must be 99.99% pure. The
purity of copper metal that is extracted from the melting of its ore is about
99.5%. The slight difference even the smallest will affect the electric
conductivity.
 Berdasarkan pada pernyataan di atas, huraikan secara ringkas bagaimana proses
penulenan kuprum dapat dijalankan di dalam makmal. Dalam huraian anda,
sertakan gambarajah yang bersesuaian.

Based on the above statement, describe how the purification process can be
conducted in the laboratory. In your description, include the suitable diagram.

[6 Markah/ 6 Marks]

(c) Aluminium merupakan logam yang biasa ditemui di dalam kerak bumi. Logam
reaktif aluminium, dapat diekstrak daripada bijihnya dengan menggunakan
kaedah elektrolisis. Namun begitu, mengitar semula aluminium lebih menjimatkan
berbanding proses pengekstrakan aluminium daripada bauksit. Berikan justifikasi
anda berdasarkan kesan pengekstrakan aluminium terhadap alam sekitar.

Aluminium is a common metal that can be found in the earth crust. The reactive
metal aluminium can be extracted from its ore by electrolysis method. However,
recycling aluminium is saving a lot compared to aluminium extraction process
from bauxite. Give your justification based on the effects of aluminium extraction
to the environment.

[4 Markah/ 4 Marks]