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Limiting Equilibrium Slope Stability Analysis
Limiting Equilibrium Slope Stability Analysis
Equilibrium Slope
Stability Analysis
Grade Separation – Global Stability
Un‐reinforced Slope
Reinforced Slope
Reinforced Backfill
Retaining Wall
Un‐reinforced Backfill
Retaining Wall
Slope Stability Analysis
• Most common methods are known as
limiting equilibrium methods
• Attractive since they can handle complex
geometries and variable soil and pore
water conditions
• For typical methods, divide cross section
into “slices” and study forces acting on
each slice
Typical Cross Section and Forces Acting on
Slice (after Espinoza et al., 1994)
Slope Stability Analysis
Unknown Source
1 Factor of Safety
n Normal forces at base of slices
(Pi)
n Location of normal forces at base
of slice (ri)
n Shear forces at base of slices (Si)
n‐1 Inter‐slice horizontal forces (Ei)
n‐1 Inter‐slice tangential forces (Ti)
n‐1 Location of interslice forces (hi)
6n‐2 Total
Slope Stability Analysis
Equations Source
n Moment equilibrium for each
slice
2n Force equilibrium in 2
directions for each slice
n Mohr‐Coulomb failure
criteria
4n Total
Recall 6n‐2 unknowns hence for n > 1, system
indeterminate and additional relationships
required
Slope Stability Analysis
• Current analytical methods use one of 3
categories of assumptions relative to the
inter‐slice forces to reduce the # of
unknowns
• Assumption common to all methods ‐ if
use a large # of slices, width of any slice is
small and thus ri also becomes very small
hence location of Pi known ‐ reduces # of
unknowns to n‐2
Slope Stability Analysis
• Remaining unknowns reduced by
assumptions relating to: direction of inter‐
slice forces, i, height of thrust line, hi, or
shape of distribution of internal forces
Reading Assignment:
Espinoza, R.D., Bourdeau, P.L., and Muhunthan, B., (1994), “Unified
Formulation for Analysis of Slopes with general Slip Surface”, ASCE
Journal of geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 120, No.7, pp. 1185-1204.
Slope Stability Analysis
Method Assumption Surface Type
• Conduct analysis during design
stage to assess potential for
instability during construction
and/or performance life
• Conduct analysis to back‐
calculate observed (poor)
performance
Global Stability Analysis
• Structure (and it’s orientation) and
other material properties (inherent,
induced)
• Groundwater
• Boundary forces (Loads – static or
dynamic; waves – seismic or blast)
• Erosion, rainfall, earthquakes,
weathering, man‐induced blasting,
vibrations, drawdown..
Global Stability Analysis
• Deep seated circular surface
• Shallow near‐surface
• Non‐circular surface
• Block surface
• Retrogressive (multiple smaller
slip surfaces)
• Lateral spreads
Slope Stability Analysis
• Biggest issue is getting “best” soil
properties and identifying what type of
analysis to perform
e.g. short‐term ‐ total stress analysis (no
drainage during shear – uses total
undrained shear strength ‐ UU or CU)
e.g. long‐term ‐ effective stress analysis ‐
drained tests or undrained tests with pore
pressure measurements
• Use readily available program as tool to
establish sensitivity of analysis to various
parameters ‐ then focus on improving
estimates of those which have influence
on results
Important Stability
Conditions
• End‐of‐construction conditions ‐
principally of concern when have rapid fill
placement on soft foundation soils ‐ use
total stress analysis
• Steady‐state conditions ‐ normal operating
conditions with “pool” at normal
operating level ‐ use effective stress
analysis with drained strength parameters
• Rapid‐drawdown conditions ‐ upstream
slope should be analyzed ‐ excess pore
pressures present since no time to drain –
effective stress analysis with undrained
strength
• Earthquake conditions ‐ use pseudo‐static
analysis ‐ implemented by using horizontal
or vertical k‐factors which multiply the
individual slice weights
Principal Deficiencies of
Limiting Equilibrium Methods
• Don’t know what actual displacements will
be ‐ only have a factor of safety on forces
• Don’t know what distribution of stresses
will be
• Can only look at completed structure ‐
what about staged construction ?
• Need to use other approaches:
‐ finite element (Plaxis, Sigma/W, CRISP,
ABAQUS, OptumCE)
‐ finite difference (FLAC)
Summary Comments
Limiting Equilibrium Slope
Stability Analysis
• Limiting equilibrium methods are suitable
for many applications
• Minor differences between results
provided by various methods
• Biggest issues are use of “best” soil
properties and selection of appropriate
method of analysis
• Treat program as tool to “develop feel” for
important issues
• Finite difference or finite element codes
used for more complex cases provides
displacements and distribution of stresses
XSTABL Structure
Scope of Problems
Example Problem
(Note: node points, surface
segment numbers, subsurface
segment numbers, soil types)
Example Problem
(Note: node points, surface
segment numbers, subsurface
segment numbers, soil types)
Discontinuous Layers
Simple Model for Analysis
Example Instability Issues