Problem 1: Properties of water and steam

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Course

Chemical Engineering Department - FTUI

Ivan is a second-year chemical engineering student at UID (University of Indonesia Depok). They were told to
form groups consisting of four students and to learn thermodynamics using a method called PBL. The
instructor informed the thermodynamics class that he will give a test on PVT and thermodynamic properties
of water and steam. The students have two weeks to learn this topic. The instructor told the students that
water is used in many biological, chemical and physical processes known to man. Not to mention that our
body consist of 70-% water by weight! There are so many fluids to choose from, and therefore, learning the
PVT and thermodynamic properties of water seems important and fun! The students are expected to learn
the topics listed in Table 1 before they take the exam. Ivan was in a group together with Wendi, Ruben, and
Ayu who suggested that they do assignment by following the problem-solving steps as developed by Prof.
Donald Woods and suggested by their instructor.

Table 1. Topics related to properties of water and steam

# Topics Sub-topics
1 Phases Phases of a substance, saturated condition, equilibria between
phases, (Gibbs phase rule), phase changes along certain processes,
intensive and extensive variables, Gibbs phase rule
2 PVT data Data related to processes in our daily life, examples of processes at
constant T or P, critical point of water, steam table and
thermodynamic diagrams,

Wendi suggested that after learning about topic #1, She did not forget to mention that water is a very
important fluid involved in many biological, chemical and physical processes. He found two PVT diagrams
shown below but could not be sure which diagram represented water (H2O) in its three phases (ice, water,
and water vapor). Could you help her? Do you think the fact that ice floats in water could be used to select
the right diagram?

Wendi start to collect more quantitative data. He mentioned, for example, that water freezes at (or very
close to) 0C. Ruben also suggested that they are able to the explain shape of the PVT surfaces, for example
why the solid phase is very steep compared to the surfaces of the other two phases. About the real-life
behavior of water-ice-steam system, Ruben believes that the group should be able the explain the following
phenomena:
why skaters could glide easily across ice wearing an ice-skating shoes, why shalllow ponds are not
completely filled with ice during heavy and long winter, why it takes longer to boil eggs on Himalaya
mountain compared to in the city of Jakarta (on similar cooking utensils, amount of water, eggs, and heating
conditions).

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Ruben suggested to learn how to read steam tables, both for the saturated and the superheated steam
sections, including doing the interpolation. The followings are problems Ivan suggested that the group solve
as preparation for the exam:

(a) Determine the phase or phases in a system consisting of H2O at the following conditions and sketch p–v
and T–v diagrams showing the location of each state: (5 bar, 151.9C); (5 bar, 200C); (200C, 2.5 Mpa).
(b) A piston–cylinder device contains 0.1 m3 of liquid water and 0.9 m3 of water vapor in equilibrium at 800
kPa. Heat is transferred at constant pressure until the temperature reaches 350°C. What is the initial
temperature of the water? Determine the total mass of the water. Calculate the final volume. Show the
process on a P-v and p-T diagram with respect to saturation lines.
(c) Steam is contained in a closed rigid container with a volume of 1 m 3. Initially, the pressure and
temperature of the steam are 7 bar and 500oC, respectively. The temperature drops as a result of heat
transfer to the surroundings. Determine the temperature at which condensation first occurs, in C, and
the fraction of the total mass that has condensed when the pressure reaches 0.5 bar. What is the
volume, in m3, occupied by saturated liquid at the final state?

Ayu is reponsible to explain phase diagram of a substance other than water. Help him find out the reasons
why dry ice (solid CO2) is used to keep ice cream stays cold and not melt? Use the following PT diagram of
CO2.

Ivan agree with Ruben and say that Carbon dioxide gas enters a pipe at 3 MPa and 500 K at a rate of 2 kg/s.
CO2 is cooled at constant pressure as it flows in the pipe and the temperature CO2 drops to 450 K at the
exit. Help him to Determine the volume flow rate and the density of carbon dioxide at the inlet and the
volume flow rate at the exit of the pipe using (a) the ideal-gas equation and (b) the generalized
compressibility chart. Also, determine (c) the error involved in each case. (d) Explain why a compound can
follow the corresponding state of 2 parameters and the corresponding state of 2 parameters and why using
the curve ln (Pr) vs Tr.

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Sasaran dan Rancangan Pembelajaran
Kesetimbangan fasa dan aturan fasa
Gibbs untuk fluida murni: derajat
kebebasan, interpretasi diagram
PVT, besaran intensif dan ekstensif
Tabel kukus (steam table): tabel uap
jenuh (saturated) dan uap lewat
panas (superheated)
Besaran PVT dan besaran
termodinamika dari korelasi:
hukum gas ideal, persamaan
Antoine, korelasi umum Pitzer
Persamaan keadaan kubik untuk
perhitungan volum cairan dan uap
jenuh pada suatu suhu
 Menghitung derajat kebebasan suatu sistem, menjelaskan
makna dan memberikan contoh sistem dengan derajat
kebebasan nol, satu, dan dua.
 Menghubungkan derajat kebebasan dengan berbagai
informasi pada diagram fasa tiga dimensi (PVT) seperti
tekanan uap jenuh, titik didih normal, titik kritis, titik tripel
 Menunjukkan lintasan proses pada diagram PVT dan
mengkonversikan informasi tersebut ke diagram dua
dimensi (PT dan PV) atau kebalikannya
 Membaca tabel kukus dan menghubungkannya dengan
diagram PVT dan kualitas fluida
 Menerapkan hukum gas ideal
 Menjelaskan korelasi umum atau prinsip keadaan
sebanding dengan tiga paramater mencakup acentric
factor dan mengaplikasikannya untuk penentuan faktor
kompresibilitas
 Mampu menjelaskan karakteristik persamaan keadaan
(PK) kubik yang umum dipakai seperti PK van der Waals
dan Peng-Robinson
 Mampu menurunkan polinomial pangkat tiga dalam volum
untuk suatu persamaan keadaan kubik dan menghitung
volum cairan dan uap jenuh akar dari polinomial tersebut
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