TUGAS MATA KULIAH ENGLISH IN MIDWIFERY PRACTICE

“review journal “

Dosen Pengampu:

Drs. M.Irfan Burhani, M.Pd

Disusun oleh:
Anggun Novita Sari (17321194066)

PRODI SARJANA TERAPAN KEBIDANAN KEDIRI

POLITEKNIK KESEHATAN KEMENKES MALANG
TAHUN AJARAN
2019/2020
journal name Etiology and clinical presentation of birth
defects: population based study

background Birth defects are developmental errors from

birth. Birth defects are clinical and public
health challenges that are increasing and are
large because of their worldwide impact on
the health of the population.Major birth
defects are frequent, expensive and critical.
Collectively, they occur in one in 33 births, 2
of which in 2006 accounted for around 7.9
million babies worldwide.3 In the US alone,
the cost of care for one year (2004) is
estimated at $ 2.6 billion (£ 2 billion) , €
2.4bn) .4 This estimate does not account for
large indirect and lifetime personal and social
costs. Finally, many birth defects that
critically affect survival. In the US, birth
defects are the leading cause of infant
mortality5 and in 2013 were associated with
4,778 deaths, one out of every five deaths in
the first year of life.
Actions taken To identify potential cases, the program uses
various sources of reporting, both prenatal
and postnatal. All reporting sources are
mandated to regularly submit potential
diagnoses to babies up to 24 months old and
are legally protected to report if the diagnosis
is made after 24 months. Detailed clinical
information for each case is based on prenatal
and postnatal clinical records abstracted by
trained data abstractors. The presence of a
prenatal diagnosis without autopsy or
 postnatal confirmation is not enough to be
included in the system, with a few
exceptions, the main one being anencephaly
if properly explained by perinatologists.
Basis for taking action Birth defects are clinical and public health
challenges that are increasing and are large
because of their worldwide impact on the
health of the population. Collectively, they
occur in one in 33 births, 2 which in 2006
translates to around 7.9 million babies
worldwide.3 In the US alone, the cost of care
for one year (2004) is estimated at $ 2.6
billion (£ 2 billion, € 2.4bn) .4 This estimate
does not account for large indirect and
lifetime personal and social costs. Finally,
many birth defects that critically affect
survival. In the US, birth defects are the
leading cause of infant mortality5 and in
2013 were associated with 4,778 deaths, one
out of every five deaths in the first year of
life.
Progress in detecting and characterizing risk
factors for birth defects mainly comes from
epidemiological studies. In fact, such studies
have produced many relationships between
risk factors and birth defects. However,
translating these associations into the real
cause is already difficult. As a first step in
filling this gap, we evaluate the clinical and
etiological profile of birth defects in a
population cohort that is well characterized
by systematic review by physicians, using
multidimensional assessment tools that
combine etiology, morphology, and
 pathogenesis.
Conclusions These findings underscore the gaps in our
knowledge regarding the causes of birth
defects. For the causes that are known, such
as smoking or diabetes, assigning causation
in individual cases remains challenging.
Nevertheless, the ongoing impact of these
exposures on fetal development highlights
the urgency and benefits of population based
preventive interventions. For the causes that
are still unknown, better strategies are
needed. These can include greater integration
of the key elements of etiology, morphology,
and pathogenesis into epidemiologic studies;
greater collaboration between researchers
(such as developmental biologists), clinicians
(such as medical geneticists), and
epidemiologists; and better ways to
objectively measure fetal exposures (beyond
maternal self reports) and closer (prenatally)
to the critical period of organogenesis.